Octopus, a computational framework for exploring light-driven phenomena and quantum dynamics in extended and finite systems

Transient-absorption spectroscopy of dendrimers via nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics simulations

The efficiency of light-harvesting and energy transfer in multi-chromophore ensembles underpins natural photosynthesis. Dendrimers are highly branched synthetic multi-chromophoric conjugated supra-molecules that mimic these natural processes. After photoexcitation, their repeated units participate in a number of intramolecular electronic energy relaxation and redistribution pathways that ultimately funnel to a sink. Here, a model four-branched dendrimer with a pyrene core is theoretically studied using nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. We evaluate excited-state photoinduced dynamics of the dendrimer, and demonstrate on-the-fly simulations of its transient absorption pump-probe (TA-PP) spectra. We show how the evolutions of the simulated TA-PP spectra monitor in real time photoinduced energy relaxation and redistribution, and provide a detailed microscopic picture of the relevant energy-transfer pathways. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first of this kind of on-the-fly atomistic simulation of TA-PP signals reported for a large molecular system.

Benchmarking Functionals for Strong-Field Light-Matter Interactions in Adiabatic Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

In recent years, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) has been extensively employed for highly nonlinear optics in molecules and solids, including high harmonic generation (HHG), photoemission, and more. TDDFT exhibits a relatively low numerical cost while still describing both light-matter and electron-electron interactions ab initio, making it highly appealing. However, the majority of implementations of the theory utilize the simplest possible approximations for the exchange-correlation (XC) functional-either the local density or generalized gradient approximations, which are traditionally considered to have rather poor chemical accuracy. We present the first systematic study of the XC functional effect on molecular HHG, testing various levels of theory. Our numerical results suggest justification for using simpler approximations for the XC functional, showing that hybrid and meta functionals (as well as Hartree-Fock) can, at times, lead to poor and unphysical results. The specific source of the failure in more elaborate functionals should be topic of future work, but we hypothesize that its origin might be connected to the adiabatic approximation of TDDFT.

Efficient exact exchange using Wannier functions and other related developments in planewave-pseudopotential implementation of RT-TDDFT

The plane-wave pseudopotential (PW-PP) formalism is widely used for the first-principles electronic structure calculation of extended periodic systems. The PW-PP approach has also been adapted for real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) to investigate time-dependent electronic dynamical phenomena. In this work, we detail recent advances in the PW-PP formalism for RT-TDDFT, particularly how maximally localized Wannier functions (MLWFs) are used to accelerate simulations using the exact exchange. We also discuss several related developments, including an anti-Hermitian correction for the time-dependent MLWFs (TD-MLWFs) when a time-dependent electric field is applied, the refinement procedure for TD-MLWFs, comparison of the velocity and length gauge approaches for applying an electric field, and elimination of long-range electrostatic interaction, as well as usage of a complex absorbing potential for modeling isolated systems when using the PW-PP formalism.

A Vision for the Future of Multiscale Modeling

The rise of modern computer science enabled physical chemistry to make enormous progresses in understanding and harnessing natural and artificial phenomena. Nevertheless, despite the advances achieved over past decades, computational resources are still insufficient to thoroughly simulate extended systems from first principles. Indeed, countless biological, catalytic and photophysical processes require ab initio treatments to be properly described, but the breadth of length and time scales involved makes it practically unfeasible. A way to address these issues is to couple theories and algorithms working at different scales by dividing the system into domains treated at different levels of approximation, ranging from quantum mechanics to classical molecular dynamics, even including continuum electrodynamics. This approach is known as multiscale modeling and its use over the past 60 years has led to remarkable results. Considering the rapid advances in theory, algorithm design, and computing power, we believe multiscale modeling will massively grow into a dominant research methodology in the forthcoming years. Hereby we describe the main approaches developed within its realm, highlighting their achievements and current drawbacks, eventually proposing a plausible direction for future developments considering also the emergence of new computational techniques such as machine learning and quantum computing. We then discuss how advanced multiscale modeling methods could be exploited to address critical scientific challenges, focusing on the simulation of complex light-harvesting processes, such as natural photosynthesis. While doing so, we suggest a cutting-edge computational paradigm consisting in performing simultaneous multiscale calculations on a system allowing the various domains, treated with appropriate accuracy, to move and extend while they properly interact with each other. Although this vision is very ambitious, we believe the quick development of computer science will lead to both massive improvements and widespread use of these techniques, resulting in enormous progresses in physical chemistry and, eventually, in our society.

Modeling of High-Harmonic Generation in the C60 Fullerene Using Ab Initio, DFT-Based, and Semiempirical Methods

We report calculations of the high-harmonic generation spectra of the C60 fullerene molecule carried out by employing a diverse set of real-time time-dependent quantum chemical methods. All methodologies involve expanding the propagated electronic wave function in bases consisting of the ground and singly excited time-independent eigenstates obtained through the solution of the corresponding linear-response equations. We identify the correlation and exchange effect in the spectra by comparing the results from methods relying on the Hartree-Fock reference determinant with those obtained using approaches based on the density functional theory with different exchange-correlation functionals. The effect of the full random-phase approximation treatment of the excited electronic states is also analyzed and compared with the configuration interaction singles and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. We also showcase the fact that the real-time extension of the semiempirical method INDO/S can be effectively applied for an approximate description of laser-driven dynamics in large systems.

On-the-fly simulation of time-resolved fluorescence spectra and anisotropy

We combine on-the-fly trajectory surface hopping simulations and the doorway-window representation of nonlinear optical response functions to create an efficient protocol for the evaluation of time- and frequency-resolved fluorescence (TFRF) spectra and anisotropies of the realistic polyatomic systems. This approach gives the effective description of the proper (e.g., experimental) pulse envelopes, laser field polarizations, and the proper orientational averaging of TFRF signals directly from the well-established on-the-fly nonadiabatic dynamic simulations without extra computational cost. To discuss the implementation details of the developed protocol, we chose cis-azobenzene as a prototype to simulate the time evolution of the TFRF spectra governed by its nonadiabatic dynamics. The results show that the TFRF is determined by the interplay of several key factors, i.e., decays of excited-state populations, evolution of the transition dipole moments along with the dynamic propagation, and scaling factor of the TFRF signals associated with the cube of emission frequency. This work not only provides an efficient and effective approach to simulate the TFRF and anisotropies of realistic polyatomic systems but also discusses the important relationship between the TFRF signals and the underlining nonadiabatic dynamics.

On the nature of two-photon transitions for a collection of molecules in a Fabry-Perot cavity

We investigate the effect of a cavity on nonlinear two-photon transitions of a molecular system and we analyze how such an effect depends on the cavity quality factor, the field enhancement, and the possibility of dephasing. We find that the molecular response to strong light fields in a cavity with a variable quality factor can be understood as arising from a balance between (i) the ability of the cavity to enhance the field of an external probe and promote multiphoton transitions more easily and (ii) the fact that the strict selection rules on multiphoton transitions in a cavity support only one resonant frequency within the excitation range. Although our simulations use a classical level description of the radiation field (i.e., we solve Maxwell-Bloch or Maxwell-Liouville equations within the Ehrenfest approximation for the field-molecule interaction), based on experience with this level of approximation in the past studies of plasmonic and polaritonic systems, we believe that our results are valid over a wide range of external probing.

Tracking electron motion within and outside of Floquet bands from attosecond pulse trains in time-resolved ARPES

Floquet engineering has recently emerged as a technique for controlling material properties with light. Floquet phases can be probed with time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (Tr-ARPES), providing direct access to the laser-dressed electronic bands. Applications of Tr-ARPES to date focused on observing the Floquet-Bloch bands themselves, and their build-up and dephasing on sub-laser-cycle timescales. However, momentum and energy resolved sub-laser-cycle dynamics between Floquet bands have not been analyzed. Given that Floquet theory strictly applies in time-periodic conditions, the notion of resolving sub-laser-cycle dynamics between Floquet states seems contradictory-it requires probe pulse durations below a laser cycle that inherently cannot discern the time-periodic nature of the light-matter system. Here we propose to employ attosecond pulse train probes with the same temporal periodicity as the Floquet-dressing pump pulse, allowing both attosecond sub-laser-cycle resolution and a proper projection of Tr-ARPES spectra on the Floquet-Bloch bands. We formulate and employ this approach inab-initiocalculations in light-driven graphene. Our calculations predict significant sub-laser-cycle dynamics occurring within the Floquet phase with the majority of electrons moving within and in-between Floquet bands, and a small portion residing and moving outside of them in what we denote as 'non-Floquet' bands. We establish that non-Floquet bands arise from the pump laser envelope that induces non-adiabatic electronic excitations during the pulse turn-on and turn-off. By performing calculations in systems with poly-chromatic pumps we also show that Floquet states are not formed on a sub-laser-cycle level. This work indicates that the Floquet-Bloch states are generally not a complete basis set for sub-laser-cycle dynamics in steady-state phases of matter.

Implementation of the Time-Dependent Complete-Active-Space Self-Consistent-Field Method for Diatomic Molecules

We present a computational approach that implements the time-dependent complete-active-space self-consistent-field method, as introduced in [Phys. Rev. A 88, 023402 (2013)]. Our implementation addresses the challenge of diatomic molecules subjected to an intense laser pulse by considering the full dimensionality of the problem using prolate spheroidal coordinates. The method incorporates the gauge-invariant frozen-core approximation, boosts the evaluation of the electron-electron interaction term using finite-element discrete-variable representation with Neumann expansion, and utilizes an exponential time differencing scheme tailored for the stable propagation of the stiff nonlinear orbital functions. We have successfully applied this methodology to study high-harmonic generation in diatomic molecules such as H2, LiH, and N2, shedding light on the impact of electron correlations in these systems.

Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Simulating Nonequilibrium Electron Dynamics

The explicit real-time propagation approach for time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) has increasingly become a popular first-principles computational method for modeling various time-dependent electronic properties of complex chemical systems. In this Perspective, we provide a nontechnical discussion of how this first-principles simulation approach has been used to gain novel physical insights into nonequilibrium electron dynamics phenomena in recent years. Following a concise overview of the RT-TDDFT methodology from a practical standpoint, we discuss our recent studies on the electronic stopping of DNA in water and the Floquet topological phase as examples. Our discussion focuses on how RT-TDDFT simulations played a unique role in deriving new scientific understandings. We then discuss existing challenges and some new advances at the frontier of RT-TDDFT method development for studying increasingly complex dynamic phenomena and systems.

Ab Initio Calculations of Quantum Light-Matter Interactions in General Electromagnetic Environments

The emerging field of strongly coupled light-matter systems has drawn significant attention in recent years because of the prospect of altering both the physical and chemical properties of molecules and materials. Because this emerging field draws on ideas from both condensed-matter physics and quantum optics, it has attracted the attention of theoreticians from both fields. While the former often employ accurate descriptions of the electronic structure of the matter, the description of the electromagnetic environment is often oversimplified. In contrast, the latter often employs sophisticated descriptions of the electromagnetic environment while using oversimplified few-level approximations of the electronic structure. Both approaches are problematic because the oversimplified descriptions of the electronic system are incapable of describing effects such as light-induced structural changes in the electronic system, while the oversimplified descriptions of the electromagnetic environments can lead to unphysical predictions because the light-matter interactions strengths are misrepresented. In this work, we overcome these shortcomings and present the first method which can quantitatively describe both the electronic system and general electromagnetic environments from first principles. We realize this by combining macroscopic QED (MQED) with Quantum Electrodynamical Density-Functional Theory. To exemplify this approach, we consider the example of an absorbing spherical cavity and study the impact of different parameters of both the environment and the electronic system on the transition from weak-to-strong coupling for different aromatic molecules. As part of this work, we also provide an easy-to-use tool to calculate the cavity coupling strengths for simple cavity setups. Our work is a significant step toward parameter-free ab initio calculations for strongly coupled quantum light-matter systems and will help bridge the gap between theoretical methods and experiments in the field.

Exchange energies with forces in density-functional theory

We propose exchanging the energy functionals in ground-state density-functional theory with physically equivalent exact force expressions as a new promising route toward approximations to the exchange-correlation potential and energy. In analogy to the usual energy-based procedure, we split the force difference between the interacting and auxiliary Kohn-Sham system into a Hartree, an exchange, and a correlation force. The corresponding scalar potential is obtained by solving a Poisson equation, while an additional transverse part of the force yields a vector potential. These vector potentials obey an exact constraint between the exchange and correlation contribution and can further be related to the atomic shell structure. Numerically, the force-based local-exchange potential and the corresponding exchange energy compare well with the numerically more involved optimized effective potential method. Overall, the force-based method has several benefits when compared to the usual energy-based approach and opens a route toward numerically inexpensive nonlocal and (in the time-dependent case) nonadiabatic approximations.

Tracking Charge Migration with Frequency-Matched Strobo-Spectroscopy

We present frequency-matched strobo-spectroscopy (FMSS) of charge migration (CM) in bromobutadiyne, simulated with time-dependent density functional theory. CM + FMSS is a pump-probe scheme that uses a frequency-matched high harmonic generation (HHG)-driving laser as an independent probe step, following the creation of a localized hole on the bromine atom that induces CM dynamics. We show that the delay-dependent harmonic yield tracks the phase of the CM dynamics through its sensitivity to the amount of electron density on the bromine end of the molecule. FMSS takes advantage of the intrinsic attosecond time resolution of the HHG process in which different harmonics are emitted at different times and thus probe different locations of the electron hole. Finally, we show that the CM-induced modulation of the HHG signal is dominated by the recombination step of the HHG process, with a negligible contribution from the ionization step.

Molecular Orbital Insights into Plasmon-Induced Methane Photolysis

As a promising way to reduce the temperature for conventional thermolysis, plasmon-induced photocatalysis has been utilized for the dehydrogenation of methane. Here we probe the microscopic dynamic mechanism for plasmon-induced methane dissociation over a tetrahedral Ag20 nanoparticle with molecular orbital insights using time-dependent density functional theory. We ingeniously built the relationship between the chemical bonds and molecular orbitals via Hellmann-Feynman forces. The time- and energy-resolved photocarrier analysis shows that the indirect hot hole transfer from the Ag nanoparticle to methane dominates the photoreaction at low laser intensity, due to the strong hybridization of the Ag nanoparticle and CH4 orbitals, while indirect and direct charge transfer coexist to facilitate methane dissociation in intense laser fields. Our findings can be used to design novel methane photocatalysts and highlight the broad prospects of the molecular orbital approach for adsorbate-substrate systems.

Mapping Light-Dressed Floquet Bands by Highly Nonlinear Optical Excitations and Valley Polarization

Ultrafast nonlinear optical phenomena in solids have been attracting a great deal of interest as novel methodologies for the femtosecond spectroscopy of electron dynamics and control of the properties of materials. Here, we theoretically investigate strong-field nonlinear optical transitions in a prototypical two-dimensional material, hBN, and show that the k-resolved conduction band charge occupation patterns induced by an elliptically polarized laser can be understood in a multiphoton resonant picture, but, remarkably, only if using the Floquet light-dressed states instead of the undressed matter states. Our work demonstrates that Floquet dressing affects ultrafast charge dynamics and photoexcitation even from a single pump pulse and establishes a direct measurable signature for band dressing in nonlinear optical processes in solids, opening new paths for ultrafast spectroscopy and valley manipulation.

Tunable Tesla-Scale Magnetic Attosecond Pulses through Ring-Current Gating

Coherent control over electron dynamics in atoms and molecules using high-intensity circularly polarized laser pulses gives rise to current loops, resulting in the emission of magnetic fields. We propose, and demonstrate with ab initio calculations, "current-gating" schemes to generate direct or alternating-current magnetic pulses in the infrared spectral region, with highly tunable waveform and frequency, and showing femtosecond-to-attosecond pulse duration. In optimal conditions, the magnetic pulse can be highly isolated from the driving laser and exhibits a high flux density (∼1 T at a few hundred nanometers from the source, with a pulse duration of 787 attoseconds) for application in forefront experiments of ultrafast spectroscopy. Our work paves the way toward the generation of attosecond magnetic fields to probe ultrafast magnetization, chiral responses, and spin dynamics.

Velocity-Gauge Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Tight-Binding for Large-Scale Condensed Matter Systems

We present a new velocity-gauge real-time, time-dependent density functional tight-binding (VG-rtTDDFTB) implementation in the open-source DFTB+ software package (https://dftbplus.org) for probing electronic excitations in large, condensed matter systems. Our VG-rtTDDFTB approach enables real-time electron dynamics simulations of large, periodic, condensed matter systems containing thousands of atoms with a favorable computational scaling as a function of system size. We provide computational details and benchmark calculations to demonstrate its accuracy and computational parallelizability on a variety of large material systems. As a representative example, we calculate laser-induced electron dynamics in a 512-atom amorphous silicon supercell to highlight the large periodic systems that can be examined with our implementation. Taken together, our VG-rtTDDFTB approach enables new electron dynamics simulations of complex systems that require large periodic supercells, such as crystal defects, complex surfaces, nanowires, and amorphous materials.

Phonon-enhanced nonlinearities in hexagonal boron nitride

Polar crystals can be driven into collective oscillations by optical fields tuned to precise resonance frequencies. As the amplitude of the excited phonon modes increases, novel processes scaling non-linearly with the applied fields begin to contribute to the dynamics of the atomic system. Here we show two such optical nonlinearities that are induced and enhanced by the strong phonon resonance in the van der Waals crystal hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). We predict and observe large sub-picosecond duration signals due to four-wave mixing (FWM) during resonant excitation. The resulting FWM signal allows for time-resolved observation of the crystal motion. In addition, we observe enhancements of third-harmonic generation with resonant pumping at the hBN transverse optical phonon. Phonon-induced nonlinear enhancements are also predicted to yield large increases in high-harmonic efficiencies beyond the third.

A call to arms: Making the case for more reusable libraries

The traditional foundation of science lies on the cornerstones of theory and experiment. Theory is used to explain experiment, which in turn guides the development of theory. Since the advent of computers and the development of computational algorithms, computation has risen as the third cornerstone of science, joining theory and experiment on an equal footing. Computation has become an essential part of modern science, amending experiment by enabling accurate comparison of complicated theories to sophisticated experiments, as well as guiding by triage both the design and targets of experiments and the development of novel theories and computational methods. Like experiment, computation relies on continued investment in infrastructure: it requires both hardware (the physical computer on which the calculation is run) as well as software (the source code of the programs that performs the wanted simulations). In this Perspective, I discuss present-day challenges on the software side in computational chemistry, which arise from the fast-paced development of algorithms, programming models, as well as hardware. I argue that many of these challenges could be solved with reusable open source libraries, which are a public good, enhance the reproducibility of science, and accelerate the development and availability of state-of-the-art methods and improved software.

Non-Linear Optics at Twist Interfaces in h-BN/SiC Heterostructures

Understanding the emergent electronic structure in twisted atomically thin layers has led to the exciting field of twistronics. However, practical applications of such systems are challenging since the specific angular correlations between the layers must be precisely controlled and the layers have to be single crystalline with uniform atomic ordering. Here, an alternative, simple, and scalable approach is suggested, where nanocrystallinetwo-dimensional (2D) film on 3D substrates yields twisted-interface-dependent properties. Ultrawide-bandgap hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) thin films are directly grown on high in-plane lattice mismatched wide-bandgap silicon carbide (4H-SiC) substrates to explore the twist-dependent structure-property correlations. Concurrently, nanocrystalline h-BN thin film shows strong non-linear second-harmonic generation and ultra-low cross-plane thermal conductivity at room temperature, which are attributed to the twisted domain edges between van der Waals stacked nanocrystals with random in-plane orientations. First-principles calculations based on time-dependent density functional theory manifest strong even-order optical nonlinearity in twisted h-BN layers. This work unveils that directly deposited 2D nanocrystalline thin film on 3D substrates could provide easily accessible twist-interfaces, therefore enabling a simple and scalable approach to utilize the 2D-twistronics integrated in 3D material devices for next-generation nanotechnology.

Pulse-Induced Dynamics of a Charge-Transfer Complex from First Principles

The ultrafast dynamics of charge carriers in organic donor-acceptor interfaces are of primary importance to understanding the fundamental properties of these systems. In this work, we focus on a charge-transfer complex formed by quaterthiophene p-doped by tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane and investigate electron dynamics and vibronic interactions also at finite temperatures by applying a femtosecond pulse in resonance with the two lowest energy excitations of the system with perpendicular and parallel polarization with respect to the interface. The adopted ab initio formalism based on real-time time-dependent density-functional theory coupled to Ehrenfest dynamics enables monitoring the dynamical charge transfer across the interface and assessing the role played by the nuclear motion. Our results show that the strong intermolecular interactions binding the complex already in the ground state influence the dynamics, too. The analysis of the nuclear motion involved in these processes reveals the participation of different vibrational modes depending on the electronic states stimulated by the resonant pulse. Coupled donor-acceptor modes mostly influence the excited state polarized across the interface, while intramolecular vibrations in the donor molecule dominate the excitation in the orthogonal direction. The results obtained at finite temperatures are overall consistent with this picture, although thermal disorder contributes to slightly decreasing interfacial charge transfer.

A Perspective on Sustainable Computational Chemistry Software Development and Integration

The power of quantum chemistry to predict the ground and excited state properties of complex chemical systems has driven the development of computational quantum chemistry software, integrating advances in theory, applied mathematics, and computer science. The emergence of new computational paradigms associated with exascale technologies also poses significant challenges that require a flexible forward strategy to take full advantage of existing and forthcoming computational resources. In this context, the sustainability and interoperability of computational chemistry software development are among the most pressing issues. In this perspective, we discuss software infrastructure needs and investments with an eye to fully utilize exascale resources and provide unique computational tools for next-generation science problems and scientific discoveries.

Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics

In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.

Ultrafast Spin Dynamics and Photoinduced Insulator-to-Metal Transition in α-RuCl3

Laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization is a phenomenon of utmost interest and attracts significant attention because it enables potential applications in ultrafast optoelectronics and spintronics. As a spin-orbit coupling assisted magnetic insulator, α-RuCl3 provides an attractive platform to explore the physics of electronic correlations and unconventional magnetism. Using time-dependent density functional theory, we explore the ultrafast laser-induced dynamics of the electronic and magnetic structures in α-RuCl3. Our study unveils that laser pulses can introduce ultrafast demagnetizations, accompanied by an out-of-equilibrium insulator-to-metal transition in a few tens of femtoseconds. The spin response significantly depends on the laser wavelength and polarization on account of the electron correlations, band renormalizations, and charge redistributions. These findings provide physical insights into the coupling between the electronic and magnetic degrees of freedom in α-RuCl3 and shed light on suppressing the long-range magnetic orders and reaching a proximate spin liquid phase for two-dimensional magnets on an ultrafast time scale.

Time-resolved plasmon-assisted generation of optical-vortex pulses

The microscopic mechanism of the light-matter interactions that induce orbital angular momentum (OAM) in electromagnetic fields is not thoroughly understood. In this work, we employ Archimedean spiral vortex generators in time-resolved numerical simulations using the Octopus code to observe the behind-the-scenes of OAM generation. We send a perfect circularly-polarized plane-wave light onto plasmonic optical vortex generators and observe the resulting twisted light formation with complete spatio-temporal information. In agreement with previous works, we find that emission from the plasmonic spiral branches shapes the vortex-like structure and governs the OAM generation in the outgoing electromagnetic field. To characterize the generated beam further, we emulate the emission from vortex generators with current emitters preserving the spiral geometry. We subject a point-particle system to the generated field and record the orbital angular momentum transfer between the electromagnetic field and the point particle. Finally, we probe the OAM density locally by studying the induced classical trajectory of point particles, which provides further insight into the spatio-temporal features of the induced OAM.

Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics

When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.

Band Nonlinearity-Enabled Manipulation of Dirac Nodes, Weyl Cones, and Valleytronics with Intense Linearly Polarized Light

We study low-frequency linearly polarized laser-dressing in materials with valley (graphene and hexagonal-Boron-Nitride) and topological (Dirac- and Weyl-semimetals) properties. In Dirac-like linearly dispersing bands, the laser substantially moves the Dirac nodes away from their original position, and the movement direction can be fully controlled by rotating the laser polarization. We prove that this effect originates from band nonlinearities away from the Dirac nodes. We further demonstrate that this physical mechanism is widely applicable and can move the positions of the valley minima in hexagonal materials to tune valley selectivity, split and move Weyl cones in higher-order Weyl semimetals, and merge Dirac nodes in three-dimensional Dirac semimetals. The model results are validated with ab initio calculations. Our results directly affect efforts for exploring light-dressed electronic structure, suggesting that one can benefit from band nonlinearity for tailoring material properties, and highlight the importance of the full band structure in nonlinear optical phenomena in solids.

Giant acceleration of polaron transport by ultrafast laser-induced coherent phonons

Polaron formation is ubiquitous in polarized materials, but severely hampers carrier transport for which effective controlling methods are urgently needed. Here, we show that laser-controlled coherent phonon excitation enables orders of magnitude enhancement of carrier mobility via accelerating polaron transport in a prototypical material, lithium peroxide (Li2O2). The selective excitation of specific phonon modes, whose vibrational pattern directly overlap with the polaronic lattice deformation, can remarkably reduce the energy barrier for polaron hopping. The strong nonadiabatic couplings between the electronic and ionic subsystem play a key role in triggering the migration of polaron, via promoting phonon-phonon scattering in q space within sub-picoseconds. These results extend our understanding of polaron transport dynamics to the nonequilibrium regime and allow for optoelectronic devices with ultrahigh on-off ratio and ultrafast responsibility, competitive with those of state-of-the-art devices fabricated based on free electron transport.

Ultrafast control over chiral sum-frequency generation

We introduce an ultrafast all-optical approach for efficient chiral recognition that relies on the interference between two low-order nonlinear processes that are ubiquitous in nonlinear optics: sum-frequency generation and third-harmonic generation. In contrast to traditional sum-frequency generation, our approach encodes the medium's handedness in the intensity of the emitted harmonic signal, rather than in its phase, and it enables full control over the enantiosensitive response. We show how, by sculpting the sub-optical-cycle oscillations of the driving laser field, we can force one molecular enantiomer to emit bright light while its mirror twin remains dark, thus reaching the ultimate efficiency limit of chiral sensitivity via low-order nonlinear light-matter interactions. Our work paves the way for ultrafast and highly efficient imaging and control of the chiral electronic clouds of chiral molecules using lasers with moderate intensities, in all states of matter: from gases to liquids to solids, with molecular specificity and on ultrafast time scales.

Real-Time GW-Ehrenfest-Fan-Migdal Method for Nonequilibrium 2D Materials

Quantum simulations of photoexcited low-dimensional systems are pivotal for understanding how to functionalize and integrate novel two-dimensional (2D) materials in next-generation optoelectronic devices. First-principles predictions are extremely challenging due to the simultaneous interplay of light-matter, electron-electron, and electron-nuclear interactions. We here present an advanced ab initio many-body method that accounts for quantum coherence and non-Markovian effects while treating electrons and nuclei on equal footing, thereby preserving fundamental conservation laws like the total energy. The impact of this advancement is demonstrated through real-time simulations of the complex multivalley dynamics in a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayer pumped above gap. Within a single framework, we provide a parameter-free description of the coherent-to-incoherent crossover, elucidating the role of microscopic and collective excitations in the dephasing and thermalization processes.

First-Principles Simulations of Tip Enhanced Raman Scattering Reveal Active Role of Substrate on High-Resolution Images

Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) has emerged as a powerful tool to obtain subnanometer spatial resolution fingerprints of atomic motion. Theoretical calculations that can simulate the Raman scattering process and provide an unambiguous interpretation of TERS images often rely on crude approximations of the local electric field. In this work, we present a novel and first-principles-based method to compute TERS images by combining Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) and Density Functional Perturbation Theory (DFPT) to calculate Raman cross sections with realistic local fields. We present TERS results on free-standing benzene and C60 molecules, and on the TCNE molecule adsorbed on Ag(100). We demonstrate that chemical effects on chemisorbed molecules, often ignored in TERS simulations of larger systems, dramatically change the TERS images. This observation calls for the inclusion of chemical effects for predictive theory-experiment comparisons and an understanding of molecular motion at the nanoscale.

Chirality selective magnon-phonon hybridization and magnon-induced chiral phonons in a layered zigzag antiferromagnet

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic systems possess versatile magnetic order and can host tunable magnons carrying spin angular momenta. Recent advances show angular momentum can also be carried by lattice vibrations in the form of chiral phonons. However, the interplay between magnons and chiral phonons as well as the details of chiral phonon formation in a magnetic system are yet to be explored. Here, we report the observation of magnon-induced chiral phonons and chirality selective magnon-phonon hybridization in a layered zigzag antiferromagnet (AFM) FePSe₃. With a combination of magneto-infrared and magneto-Raman spectroscopy, we observe chiral magnon polarons (chiMP), the new hybridized quasiparticles, at zero magnetic field. The hybridization gap reaches 0.25 meV and survives down to the quadrilayer limit. Via first principle calculations, we uncover a coherent coupling between AFM magnons and chiral phonons with parallel angular momenta, which arises from the underlying phonon and space group symmetries. This coupling lifts the chiral phonon degeneracy and gives rise to an unusual Raman circular polarization of the chiMP branches. The observation of coherent chiral spin-lattice excitations at zero magnetic field paves the way for angular momentum-based hybrid phononic and magnonic devices.

Inelastic Light Scattering in the Vicinity of a Single-Atom Quantum Point Contact in a Plasmonic Picocavity

Electromagnetic fields can be confined in the presence of metal nanostructures. Recently, subnanometer scale confinement has been demonstrated to occur at atomic protrusions on plasmonic nanostructures. Such an extreme field may dominate atomic-scale light-matter interactions in "picocavities". However, it remains to be elucidated how atomic-level structures and electron transport affect plasmonic properties of a picocavity. Here, using low-temperature optical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we investigate inelastic light scattering (ILS) in the vicinity of a single-atom quantum point contact (QPC). A vibration mode localized at the single Ag adatom on the Ag(111) surface is resolved in the ILS spectrum, resulting from tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) by the atomically confined plasmonic field in the STM junction. Furthermore, we trace how TERS from the single adatom evolves as a function of the gap distance. The exceptional stability of the low-temperature STM allows to examine distinctly different electron transport regimes of the picocavity, namely, in the tunneling and QPC regimes. This measurement shows that the vibration mode localized at the adatom and its TERS intensity exhibits a sharp change upon the QPC formation, indicating that the atomic-level structure has a crucial impact on the plasmonic properties. To gain microscopic insights into picocavity optomechanics, we scrutinize the structure and plasmonic field in the STM junction using time-dependent density functional theory. The simulations reveal that atomic-scale structural relaxation at the single-atom QPC results in a discrete change of the plasmonic field strength, volume, and distribution as well as the vibration mode localized at the single atom. These findings give a qualitative explanation for the experimental observations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that strong ILS is a characteristic feature of QPC by continuously forming, breaking, and reforming the atomic contact and how the plasmonic resonance evolves throughout the nontunneling, tunneling, and QPC regimes.

First-principles study of electronic and optical properties in 1-dimensional oligomeric derivatives of telomestatin

Real-space self-interaction corrected (time-dependent) density functional theory has been used to investigate the ground-state electronic structure and optical absorption profiles of a series of linear oligomers inspired by the natural product telomestatin. Length-dependent development of plasmonic excitations in the UV region is seen in the neutral species which is augmented by polaron-type absorption with tunable wavelengths in the IR when the chains are doped with an additional electron/hole. Combined with a lack of absorption in the visible region this suggests these oligomers as good candidates for applications such as transparent antennae in dye-sensitised solar energy collection materials. Due to strong longitudinal polarisation in their absorption spectra, these compounds are also indicated for use in nano-structured devices displaying orientation-sensitive optical responses.

Gaussian-Approximated Poisson Preconditioner for Iterative Diagonalization in Real-Space Density Functional Theory

Various real-space methods optimized on massive parallel computers have been developed for efficient large-scale density functional theory (DFT) calculations of materials and biomolecules. The iterative diagonalization of the Hamiltonian matrix is a computational bottleneck in real-space DFT calculations. Despite the development of various iterative eigensolvers, the absence of efficient real-space preconditioners has hindered their overall efficiency. An efficient preconditioner must satisfy two conditions: appropriate acceleration of the convergence of the iterative process and inexpensive computation. This study proposed a Gaussian-approximated Poisson preconditioner (GAPP) that satisfied both conditions and was suitable for real-space methods. A low computational cost was realized through the Gaussian approximation of a Poisson Green's function. Fast convergence was achieved through the proper determination of Gaussian coefficients to fit the Coulomb energies. The performance of GAPP was evaluated for several molecular and extended systems, and it showed the highest efficiency among the existing preconditioners adopted in real-space codes.

High-order harmonic generation from aligned HCN molecules under orthogonally and linearly polarized two-color laser fields

Molecular high-order harmonic generation and molecular orbital ionization probabilities are calculated under orthogonally and linearly polarized two-color laser fields. When a second-harmonic field is applied, the high-order harmonics generated under the linearly polarized two-color laser fields in the antiparallel case are stronger than those generated in the orthogonal polarization case and even stronger than those of the parallel polarization case. The results show that ionization probabilities of various orbitals and harmonic orders are dependent on spatial symmetry of molecular orbitals. It is found that the ionization of low-lying Kohn-Sham molecular orbitals contributes significantly to the ionization and molecular high-order harmonic generation processes. The ionization probability maximum occurs when molecular orbital densities are maximum in the direction of laser field polarization. Furthermore, we show that the degeneracy of π orbitals is broken when the laser-molecule alignment angle deviates from the field axis. Accordingly, we indicated one component of the π orbital is effectively contributed to the ionization and high-order harmonic generation processes. Finally, to confirm the recollision model in the high-order harmonic generation, the quantum time-frequency analysis is used to extract electron paths information on subcycle time scales.

Energy Transfer to Molecular Adsorbates by Transient Hot Electron Spillover

Hot electron (HE) photocatalysis is one of the most intriguing fields of nanoscience, with a clear potential for technological impact. Despite much effort, the mechanisms of HE photocatalysis are not fully understood. Here we investigate a mechanism based on transient electron spillover on a molecule and subsequent energy release into vibrational modes. We use state-of-the-art real-time Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (rt-TDDFT), simulating the dynamics of a HE moving within linear chains of Ag or Au atoms, on which CO, N₂, or H₂O are adsorbed. We estimate the energy a HE can release into adsorbate vibrational modes and show that certain modes are selectively activated. The energy transfer strongly depends on the adsorbate, the metal, and the HE energy. Considering a cumulative effect from multiple HEs, we estimate this mechanism can transfer tenths of an eV to molecular vibrations and could play an important role in HE photocatalysis.

Many-Body Description of STM-Induced Fluorescence of Charged Molecules

A scanning tunneling microscope is used to study the fluorescence of a model charged molecule (quinacridone) adsorbed on a sodium chloride (NaCl)-covered metallic sample. Fluorescence from the neutral and positively charged species is reported and imaged using hyperresolved fluorescence microscopy. A many-body model is established based on a detailed analysis of voltage, current, and spatial dependences of the fluorescence and electron transport features. This model reveals that quinacridone adopts a palette of charge states, transient or not, depending on the voltage used and the nature of the underlying substrate. This model has a universal character and clarifies the transport and fluorescence mechanisms of molecules adsorbed on thin insulators.

Real-time dynamic simulation of laser-induced N2 dissociation on two-dimensional graphene sheets

Due to its relatively high inertness, nitrogen dissociation at ambient temperature and pressure has always been a challenging task. Plasmon driven photocatalysis has proved to be an effective method. Owing to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties, two-dimensional planar materials have become the most promising candidates to replace noble metal catalytic nitrogen reduction. In this study, real-time dynamics of N₂ dissociation on graphene sheets under femtosecond laser irradiation was studied by using time-dependent density functional theory. We confirm that electrons generated by plasmon excitation of graphene transfer to the N₂ molecular antibonding orbital and activate the N-N bond. The threshold of laser intensity of N₂ dissociation can be effectively reduced by mixing CO molecules. This work provides basic insights for understanding the plasmon induced N₂ activation process at the atomic scale and proves that graphene can be used as one of the candidate materials for N₂ reduction photocatalysts with excellent performance.

Eliminating Artificial Boundary Conditions in Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Using Fourier Contour Deformation

We present an efficient method for propagating the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equations in free space, based on the recently introduced Fourier contour deformation (FCD) approach. For potentials which are constant outside a bounded domain, FCD yields a high-order accurate numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation directly in free space, without the need for artificial boundary conditions. Of the many existing artificial boundary condition schemes, FCD is most similar to an exact nonlocal transparent boundary condition, but it works directly on Cartesian grids in any dimension, and runs on top of the fast Fourier transform rather than fast algorithms for the application of nonlocal history integral operators. We adapt FCD to time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), and describe a simple algorithm to smoothly and automatically truncate long-range Coulomb-like potentials to a time-dependent constant outside of a bounded domain of interest, so that FCD can be used. This approach eliminates errors originating from the use of artificial boundary conditions, leaving only the error of the potential truncation, which is controlled and can be systematically reduced. The method enables accurate simulations of ultrastrong nonlinear electronic processes in molecular complexes in which the interference between bound and continuum states is of paramount importance. We demonstrate results for many-electron TDDFT calculations of absorption and strong field photoelectron spectra for one and two-dimensional models, and observe a significant reduction in the size of the computational domain required to achieve high quality results, as compared with the popular method of complex absorbing potentials.

Electronic Descriptors for Supervised Spectroscopic Predictions

Spectroscopic properties of molecules hold great importance for the description of the molecular response under the effect of UV/vis electromagnetic radiation. Computationally expensive ab initio (e.g., MultiConfigurational SCF, Coupled Cluster) or TDDFT methods are commonly used by the quantum chemistry community to compute these properties. In this work, we propose a (supervised) Machine Learning approach to model the absorption spectra of organic molecules. Several supervised ML methods have been tested such as Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR), Multiperceptron Neural Networs (MLP), and Convolutional Neural Networks. [Ramakrishnan et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2015, 143, 084111. Ghosh et al. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1801367.] The use of only geometrical-atomic number descriptors (e.g., Coulomb Matrix) proved to be insufficient for an accurate training. [Ramakrishnan et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2015, 143, 084111.] Inspired by the TDDFT theory, we propose to use a set of electronic descriptors obtained from low-cost DFT methods: orbital energy differences (Δϵ_ia = ϵ_a - ϵ_i), transition dipole moment between occupied and unoccupied Kohn-Sham orbitals (⟨ϕ_i|r|ϕ_a⟩), and when relevant, charge-transfer character of monoexcitations (R_ia). We demonstrate that with these electronic descriptors and the use of Neural Networks we can predict not only a density of excited states but also get a very good estimation of the absorption spectrum and charge-transfer character of the electronic excited states, reaching results close to chemical accuracy (∼2 kcal/mol or ∼0.1 eV).

Electronic circular dichroism from real-time propagation in state space

In this paper, we propose to compute the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of chiral molecules using a real-time propagation of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) in the space of electronic field-free eigenstates, by coupling TDSE with a given treatment of the electronic structure of the target. The time-dependent induced magnetic moment is used to compute the ECD spectrum from an explicit electric perturbation. The full matrix representing the transition magnetic moment in the space of electronic states is generated from that among pairs of molecular orbitals. In the present work, we show the ECD spectra of methyloxirane, of several conformers of L-alanine, and of the Λ-Co(acac)₃ complex, computed from a singly excited ansatz of time-dependent density functional theory eigenstates. The time-domain ECD spectra properly reproduce the frequency-domain ones obtained in the linear-response regime and quantitatively agree with the available experimental data. Moreover, the time-domain approach to ECD allows us to naturally go beyond the ground-state rotationally averaged ECD spectrum, which is the standard outcome of the linear-response theory, e.g., by computing the ECD spectra from electronic excited states.

Accurate Relativistic Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Valence and Core Attosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

First principles theoretical modeling of out-of-equilibrium processes observed in attosecond pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) triggering pure electron dynamics remains a challenging task, especially for heavy elements and/or core excitations containing fingerprints of scalar and spin-orbit relativistic effects. To address this, we formulate a methodology for simulating TAS within the relativistic real-time, time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) framework, for both the valence and core energy regimes. Especially for TAS, full four-component (4c) RT simulations are feasible but computationally demanding. Therefore, in addition to the 4c approach, we also introduce the atomic mean-field exact two-component (amfX2C) Hamiltonian accounting for one- and two-electron picture-change corrections within RT-TDDFT. amfX2C preserves the accuracy of the parent 4c method at a fraction of its computational cost. Finally, we apply the methodology to study valence and near-L_2,3-edge TAS processes of experimentally relevant systems and provide additional physical insights using relativistic nonequilibrium response theory.

Visualizing screening in noble-metal clusters: static vs. dynamic

The localized surface-plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles and clusters corresponds to a collective charge oscillation of the quasi-free metal electrons. The polarization of the more localized d electrons opposes the overall polarization of the electron cloud and thus screens the surface plasmon. By contrast, a static electric external field is well screened, as even very small noble-metal clusters are highly metallic: the field inside is practically zero except for the effect of the Friedel-oscillation-like modulations which lead to small values of the polarization of the d electrons. In the present article, we present and compare representations of the induced densities (i) connected to the surface-plasmon resonance and (ii) resulting from an external static electric field. The two cases allow for an intuitive understanding of the differences between the dynamic and the static screening.

Equation-of-Motion Methods for the Calculation of Femtosecond Time-Resolved 4-Wave-Mixing and N-Wave-Mixing Signals

Femtosecond nonlinear spectroscopy is the main tool for the time-resolved detection of photophysical and photochemical processes. Since most systems of chemical interest are rather complex, theoretical support is indispensable for the extraction of the intrinsic system dynamics from the detected spectroscopic responses. There exist two alternative theoretical formalisms for the calculation of spectroscopic signals, the nonlinear response-function (NRF) approach and the spectroscopic equation-of-motion (EOM) approach. In the NRF formalism, the system-field interaction is assumed to be sufficiently weak and is treated in lowest-order perturbation theory for each laser pulse interacting with the sample. The conceptual alternative to the NRF method is the extraction of the spectroscopic signals from the solutions of quantum mechanical, semiclassical, or quasiclassical EOMs which govern the time evolution of the material system interacting with the radiation field of the laser pulses. The NRF formalism and its applications to a broad range of material systems and spectroscopic signals have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature. This article provides a detailed review of the suite of EOM methods, including applications to 4-wave-mixing and N-wave-mixing signals detected with weak or strong fields. Under certain circumstances, the spectroscopic EOM methods may be more efficient than the NRF method for the computation of various nonlinear spectroscopic signals.

Shining light on the microscopic resonant mechanism responsible for cavity-mediated chemical reactivity

Strong light-matter interaction in cavity environments is emerging as a promising approach to control chemical reactions in a non-intrusive and efficient manner. The underlying mechanism that distinguishes between steering, accelerating, or decelerating a chemical reaction has, however, remained unclear, hampering progress in this frontier area of research. We leverage quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory to unveil the microscopic mechanism behind the experimentally observed reduced reaction rate under cavity induced resonant vibrational strong light-matter coupling. We observe multiple resonances and obtain the thus far theoretically elusive but experimentally critical resonant feature for a single strongly coupled molecule undergoing the reaction. While we describe only a single mode and do not explicitly account for collective coupling or intermolecular interactions, the qualitative agreement with experimental measurements suggests that our conclusions can be largely abstracted towards the experimental realization. Specifically, we find that the cavity mode acts as mediator between different vibrational modes. In effect, vibrational energy localized in single bonds that are critical for the reaction is redistributed differently which ultimately inhibits the reaction.

DFT exchange: sharing perspectives on the workhorse of quantum chemistry and materials science

In this paper, the history, present status, and future of density-functional theory (DFT) is informally reviewed and discussed by 70 workers in the field, including molecular scientists, materials scientists, method developers and practitioners. The format of the paper is that of a roundtable discussion, in which the participants express and exchange views on DFT in the form of 302 individual contributions, formulated as responses to a preset list of 26 questions. Supported by a bibliography of 777 entries, the paper represents a broad snapshot of DFT, anno 2022.

Infrared plasmons propagate through a hyperbolic nodal metal

Metals are canonical plasmonic media at infrared and optical wavelengths, allowing one to guide and manipulate light at the nanoscale. A special form of optical waveguiding is afforded by highly anisotropic crystals revealing the opposite signs of the dielectric functions along orthogonal directions. These media are classified as hyperbolic and include crystalline insulators, semiconductors, and artificial metamaterials. Layered anisotropic metals are also anticipated to support hyperbolic waveguiding. However, this behavior remains elusive, primarily because interband losses arrest the propagation of infrared modes. Here, we report on the observation of propagating hyperbolic waves in a prototypical layered nodal-line semimetal ZrSiSe. The observed waveguiding originates from polaritonic hybridization between near-infrared light and nodal-line plasmons. Unique nodal electronic structures simultaneously suppress interband loss and boost the plasmonic response, ultimately enabling the propagation of infrared modes through the bulk of the crystal.

Polarization spectroscopy of high-order harmonic generation in gallium arsenide

An interesting property of high harmonic generation in solids is its laser polarization dependent nature which in turn provides information about the crystal and band structure of the generation medium. Here we report on the linear polarization dependence of high-order harmonic generation from a gallium arsenide crystal. Interestingly, we observe a significant evolution of the anisotropic response of above bandgap harmonics as a function of the laser intensity. We attribute this change to fundamental microscopic effects of the emission process comprising a competition between intraband and interband dynamics. This intensity dependence of the anisotropic nature of the generation process offers the possibility to drive and control the electron current along preferred directions of the crystal, and could serve as a switching technique in an integrated all-solid-state petahertz optoelectronic device.

Analyzing Excitation-Energy Transfer Based on the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory in Real Time

Excitation-energy transfer is a key step in processes such as photosynthesis that convert light into other forms of energy. Time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) in real time is ideal for the first-principles simulation of such processes due to its computational efficiency. We here demonstrate how real-time DFT can be used for analyzing excitation-energy transfer from first-principles. We discuss several measures of energy transfer that are based solely on the time-dependent density, are well founded in the DFT framework, allow for intuitive understanding and visualization, and reproduce important limiting cases of an analytical model. We demonstrate their usefulness in calculations for model systems, both with static nuclei and in the context of DFT-based Ehrenfest dynamics.