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Yari P, Liang S, Chugh VK, Rezaei B, Mostufa S, Krishna VD, Saha R, Cheeran MCJ, Wang JP, Gómez-Pastora J, Wu K. Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 and Future Epidemics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15419-15449. [PMID: 37826859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Yari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vinit Kumar Chugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bahareh Rezaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Shahriar Mostufa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Venkatramana Divana Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Yadav SK, Verma D, Yadav U, Kalkal A, Priyadarshini N, Kumar A, Mahato K. Point-of-Care Devices for Viral Detection: COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1744. [PMID: 37763907 PMCID: PMC10535693 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 and its widespread transmission have made us realize the importance of early, quick diagnostic tests for facilitating effective cure and management. The primary obstacles encountered were accurately distinguishing COVID-19 from other illnesses including the flu, common cold, etc. While the polymerase chain reaction technique is a robust technique for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 in patients of COVID-19, there arises a high demand for affordable, quick, user-friendly, and precise point-of-care (POC) diagnostic in therapeutic settings. The necessity for available tests with rapid outcomes spurred the advancement of POC tests that are characterized by speed, automation, and high precision and accuracy. Paper-based POC devices have gained increasing interest in recent years because of rapid, low-cost detection without requiring external instruments. At present, microfluidic paper-based analysis devices have garnered public attention and accelerated the development of such POCT for efficient multistep assays. In the current review, our focus will be on the fabrication of detection modules for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we have included a discussion on various strategies for the detection of viral moieties. The compilation of these strategies would offer comprehensive insight into the detection of the causative agent preparedness for future pandemics. We also provide a descriptive outline for paper-based diagnostic platforms, involving the determination mechanisms, as well as a commercial kit for COVID-19 as well as their outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K. Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh 825301, Jharkhand, India
| | - Damini Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ujala Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ashish Kalkal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nivedita Priyadarshini
- Department of Zoology, DAV PG College Siwan, Jai Prakash University, Chhapra 841226, Bihar, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46637, USA
| | - Kuldeep Mahato
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Mousavi SM, Kalashgrani MY, Gholami A, Omidifar N, Binazadeh M, Chiang WH. Recent Advances in Quantum Dot-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassays for the Rapid, Point-of-Care Diagnosis of COVID-19. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:786. [PMID: 37622872 PMCID: PMC10452855 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred demand for efficient and rapid diagnostic tools that can be deployed at point of care to quickly identify infected individuals. Existing detection methods are time consuming and they lack sensitivity. Point-of-care testing (POCT) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its user-friendliness, rapidity, and high specificity and sensitivity. Such tests can be conveniently conducted at the patient's bedside. Immunodiagnostic methods that offer the rapid identification of positive cases are urgently required. Quantum dots (QDs), known for their multimodal properties, have shown potential in terms of combating or inhibiting the COVID-19 virus. When coupled with specific antibodies, QDs enable the highly sensitive detection of viral antigens in patient samples. Conventional lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) have been widely used for diagnostic testing due to their simplicity, low cost, and portability. However, they often lack the sensitivity required to accurately detect low viral loads. Quantum dot (QD)-based lateral flow immunoassays have emerged as a promising alternative, offering significant advancements in sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) method, which fulfils POCT standards, has gained popularity in diagnosing COVID-19. This review focuses on recent advancements in QD-based LFIA for rapid POCT COVID-19 diagnosis. Strategies to enhance sensitivity using QDs are explored, and the underlying principles of LFIA are elucidated. The benefits of using the QD-based LFIA as a POCT method are highlighted, and its published performance in COVID-19 diagnostics is examined. Overall, the integration of quantum dots with LFIA holds immense promise in terms of revolutionizing COVID-19 detection, treatment, and prevention, offering a convenient and effective approach to combat the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
| | - Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Mojtaba Binazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran;
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
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Hossain MAM, Uddin SMK, Hashem A, Mamun MA, Sagadevan S, Johan MR, Johan MR. Advancements in Detection Approaches of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Malays J Med Sci 2022; 29:15-33. [PMID: 36818907 PMCID: PMC9910375 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2022.29.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic testing to identify individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays a key role in selecting appropriate treatments, saving people's lives and preventing the global pandemic of COVID-19. By testing on a massive scale, some countries could successfully contain the disease spread. Since early viral detection may provide the best approach to curb the disease outbreak, the rapid and reliable detection of coronavirus (CoV) is therefore becoming increasingly important. Nucleic acid detection methods, especially real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assays are considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnostics. Some non-PCR-based molecular methods without thermocycler operation, such as isothermal nucleic acid amplification have been proved promising. Serologic immunoassays are also available. A variety of novel and improved methods based on biosensors, Clustered-Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology, lateral flow assay (LFA), microarray, aptamer etc. have also been developed. Several integrated, random-access, point-of-care (POC) molecular devices are rapidly emerging for quick and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 that can be used in the local hospitals and clinics. This review intends to summarize the currently available detection approaches of SARS-CoV-2, highlight gaps in existing diagnostic capacity, and propose potential solutions and thus may assist clinicians and researchers develop better technologies for rapid and authentic diagnosis of CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Motalib Hossain
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Muhammad Kamal Uddin
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abu Hashem
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Microbial Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Al Mamun
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Dinnes J, Sharma P, Berhane S, van Wyk SS, Nyaaba N, Domen J, Taylor M, Cunningham J, Davenport C, Dittrich S, Emperador D, Hooft L, Leeflang MM, McInnes MD, Spijker R, Verbakel JY, Takwoingi Y, Taylor-Phillips S, Van den Bruel A, Deeks JJ. Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 7:CD013705. [PMID: 35866452 PMCID: PMC9305720 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013705.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection would be a useful tool to help manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Testing strategies that use rapid antigen tests to detect current infection have the potential to increase access to testing, speed detection of infection, and inform clinical and public health management decisions to reduce transmission. This is the second update of this review, which was first published in 2020. OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We consider accuracy separately in symptomatic and asymptomatic population groups. Sources of heterogeneity investigated included setting and indication for testing, assay format, sample site, viral load, age, timing of test, and study design. SEARCH METHODS We searched the COVID-19 Open Access Project living evidence database from the University of Bern (which includes daily updates from PubMed and Embase and preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv) on 08 March 2021. We included independent evaluations from national reference laboratories, FIND and the Diagnostics Global Health website. We did not apply language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies of people with either suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, known SARS-CoV-2 infection or known absence of infection, or those who were being screened for infection. We included test accuracy studies of any design that evaluated commercially produced, rapid antigen tests. We included evaluations of single applications of a test (one test result reported per person) and evaluations of serial testing (repeated antigen testing over time). Reference standards for presence or absence of infection were any laboratory-based molecular test (primarily reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) or pre-pandemic respiratory sample. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard screening procedures with three people. Two people independently carried out quality assessment (using the QUADAS-2 tool) and extracted study results. Other study characteristics were extracted by one review author and checked by a second. We present sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each test, and pooled data using the bivariate model. We investigated heterogeneity by including indicator variables in the random-effects logistic regression models. We tabulated results by test manufacturer and compliance with manufacturer instructions for use and according to symptom status. MAIN RESULTS We included 155 study cohorts (described in 166 study reports, with 24 as preprints). The main results relate to 152 evaluations of single test applications including 100,462 unique samples (16,822 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2). Studies were mainly conducted in Europe (101/152, 66%), and evaluated 49 different commercial antigen assays. Only 23 studies compared two or more brands of test. Risk of bias was high because of participant selection (40, 26%); interpretation of the index test (6, 4%); weaknesses in the reference standard for absence of infection (119, 78%); and participant flow and timing 41 (27%). Characteristics of participants (45, 30%) and index test delivery (47, 31%) differed from the way in which and in whom the test was intended to be used. Nearly all studies (91%) used a single RT-PCR result to define presence or absence of infection. The 152 studies of single test applications reported 228 evaluations of antigen tests. Estimates of sensitivity varied considerably between studies, with consistently high specificities. Average sensitivity was higher in symptomatic (73.0%, 95% CI 69.3% to 76.4%; 109 evaluations; 50,574 samples, 11,662 cases) compared to asymptomatic participants (54.7%, 95% CI 47.7% to 61.6%; 50 evaluations; 40,956 samples, 2641 cases). Average sensitivity was higher in the first week after symptom onset (80.9%, 95% CI 76.9% to 84.4%; 30 evaluations, 2408 cases) than in the second week of symptoms (53.8%, 95% CI 48.0% to 59.6%; 40 evaluations, 1119 cases). For those who were asymptomatic at the time of testing, sensitivity was higher when an epidemiological exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was suspected (64.3%, 95% CI 54.6% to 73.0%; 16 evaluations; 7677 samples, 703 cases) compared to where COVID-19 testing was reported to be widely available to anyone on presentation for testing (49.6%, 95% CI 42.1% to 57.1%; 26 evaluations; 31,904 samples, 1758 cases). Average specificity was similarly high for symptomatic (99.1%) or asymptomatic (99.7%) participants. We observed a steady decline in summary sensitivities as measures of sample viral load decreased. Sensitivity varied between brands. When tests were used according to manufacturer instructions, average sensitivities by brand ranged from 34.3% to 91.3% in symptomatic participants (20 assays with eligible data) and from 28.6% to 77.8% for asymptomatic participants (12 assays). For symptomatic participants, summary sensitivities for seven assays were 80% or more (meeting acceptable criteria set by the World Health Organization (WHO)). The WHO acceptable performance criterion of 97% specificity was met by 17 of 20 assays when tests were used according to manufacturer instructions, 12 of which demonstrated specificities above 99%. For asymptomatic participants the sensitivities of only two assays approached but did not meet WHO acceptable performance standards in one study each; specificities for asymptomatic participants were in a similar range to those observed for symptomatic people. At 5% prevalence using summary data in symptomatic people during the first week after symptom onset, the positive predictive value (PPV) of 89% means that 1 in 10 positive results will be a false positive, and around 1 in 5 cases will be missed. At 0.5% prevalence using summary data for asymptomatic people, where testing was widely available and where epidemiological exposure to COVID-19 was suspected, resulting PPVs would be 38% to 52%, meaning that between 2 in 5 and 1 in 2 positive results will be false positives, and between 1 in 2 and 1 in 3 cases will be missed. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Antigen tests vary in sensitivity. In people with signs and symptoms of COVID-19, sensitivities are highest in the first week of illness when viral loads are higher. Assays that meet appropriate performance standards, such as those set by WHO, could replace laboratory-based RT-PCR when immediate decisions about patient care must be made, or where RT-PCR cannot be delivered in a timely manner. However, they are more suitable for use as triage to RT-PCR testing. The variable sensitivity of antigen tests means that people who test negative may still be infected. Many commercially available rapid antigen tests have not been evaluated in independent validation studies. Evidence for testing in asymptomatic cohorts has increased, however sensitivity is lower and there is a paucity of evidence for testing in different settings. Questions remain about the use of antigen test-based repeat testing strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening programmes at reducing transmission of infection, whether mass screening or targeted approaches including schools, healthcare setting and traveller screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dinnes
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pawana Sharma
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Berhane
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Susanna S van Wyk
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Nyaaba
- Infectious Disease Unit, 37 Military Hospital, Cantonments, Ghana
| | - Julie Domen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jane Cunningham
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clare Davenport
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Lotty Hooft
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mariska Mg Leeflang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - René Spijker
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sian Taylor-Phillips
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Bao L, Park J, Qin B, Kim B. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies detection using a patch sensor containing porous microneedles and a paper-based immunoassay. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10693. [PMID: 35778408 PMCID: PMC9249772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. A new coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, China in 2019, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared its outbreak, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global pandemic in 2020. COVID-19 can spread quickly from person to person. One of the most challenging issues is to identify the infected individuals and prevent potential spread of SARS-CoV-2. Recently, anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody tests using immunochromatographic methods have been used as a complement to current detection methods and have provided information of the approximate course of COVID-19 infection. However, blood sampling causes pain and poses risks of infection at the needle puncture site. In this study, a novel patch sensor integrating porous microneedles and an immunochromatographic assay (PMNIA) was developed for the rapid detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG in dermal interstitial fluid (ISF), which is a rich source of protein biomarkers, such as antibodies. Biodegradable porous microneedles (MNs) made of polylactic acid were fabricated to extract ISF from human skin by capillary effect. The extracted ISF was vertically transported and flowed into the affixed immunoassay biosensor, where specific antibodies could be detected colorimetrically on-site. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibodies were simultaneously detected within 3 min in vitro. Moreover, the limit of detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG concentrations was as low as 3 and 7 ng/mL, respectively. The developed device integrating porous MNs and immunochromatographic biosensors is expected to enable minimally invasive, simple, and rapid anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG antibody testing. Furthermore, the compact size of the MN and biosensor-integrated device is advantageous for its widespread use. The proposed device has great potential for rapid screening of various infectious diseases in addition to COVID-19 as an effective complementary method with other diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Bao
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jongho Park
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Boyu Qin
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The Univeristy of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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Thapa D, Samadi N, Baker A, dos Santos C, Trahtemberg U, Tabatabaei N. Rapid and Low-Cost Detection and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titers of ICU Patients with Respiratory Deterioration Using a Handheld Thermo-Photonic Device. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061424. [PMID: 35740446 PMCID: PMC9220023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While research suggests that COVID-19 vaccines are effective in producing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that reduce the risk of COVID-19 and its potentially severe complications, how long these antibodies persist after the infection/vaccination is unknown. Longitudinal studies and rapid and scalable platforms are needed for large-scale sero-diagnosis and vaccine evaluation. In this study, we examine the efficacy of our recently-developed handheld thermo-photonic device for rapid and low-cost assessment of the adaptive immune response of COVID+ and COVID− patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a local hospital due to respiratory deterioration. Antibody testing included detection and quantification of IgG and IgM via thermo-photonic sensing of a commercially available COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test as well as standard measurements with quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (qELISA). The results demonstrate that the thermo-photonic reader in conjunction with COVID-19 IgG/IgM test cassettes can detect and quantify IgG levels in COVID-19 antibody assays within the clinically relevant range and with a high correlation to those obtained from qELISA. We also found that the IgG antibody is more reliable for detecting individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 compared to the IgM antibody. The developed reader offers a low-cost, portable, and scalable solution for accessing the antibody titer of individuals against SARS-CoV-2 and can be used in local hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damber Thapa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (D.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Nakisa Samadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (D.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Andrew Baker
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (A.B.); (C.d.S.)
| | - Claudia dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (A.B.); (C.d.S.)
| | - Uriel Trahtemberg
- Critical Care Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel;
- Keenan Research Centre of Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (D.T.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Y, Chai Y, Hu Z, Xu Z, Li M, Chen X, Yang C, Liu J. Recent Progress on Rapid Lateral Flow Assay-Based Early Diagnosis of COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:866368. [PMID: 35592553 PMCID: PMC9111179 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.866368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in enormous losses worldwide. Through effective control measures and vaccination, prevention and curbing have proven significantly effective; however, the disease has still not been eliminated. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple, convenient, and rapid detection strategy for controlling disease recurrence and transmission. Taking advantage of their low-cost and simple operation, point-of-care test (POCT) kits for COVID-19 based on the lateral flow assay (LFA) chemistry have become one of the most convenient and widely used screening tools for pathogens in hospitals and at home. In this review, we introduce essential features of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, compare existing detection methods, and focus on the principles, merits and limitations of the LFAs based on viral nucleic acids, antigens, and corresponding antibodies. A systematic comparison was realized through summarization and analyses, providing a comprehensive demonstration of the LFA technology and insights into preventing and curbing the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujuan Chai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zulu Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meirong Li
- Central Laboratory, Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengbin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Central Laboratory, Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Lateral Flow Assays for Detection of Host Antibodies and COVID-19 Proteins. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091456. [PMID: 35564165 PMCID: PMC9102158 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses, that are now well-known to the public, include a family of viruses that can cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and other respiratory diseases, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the seventh member of this coronavirus family, was detected in 2019 and can cause a number of respiratory symptoms, from dry cough and fever to fatal viral pneumonia. Various diagnostic assays ranging from real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to point-of-care medical diagnostic systems have been developed for detection of viral components or antibodies targeting the virus. Point-of-care assays allow rapid diagnostic assessment of infectious patients. Such assays are ideally simple, low-cost, portable tests with the possibility for on-site field detection that do not require skilled staff, sophisticated equipment, or sample pretreatment, as compared to RT-PCR. Since early 2021 when new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern increased, rapid tests became more crucial in the disease management cycle. Among rapid tests, gold nanoparticle (GNP)-based lateral flow assays (LFAs) have high capacity for performing at the bedside, paving the way to easy access to diagnosis results. In this review, GNP-based LFAs used for either COVID-19 proteins or human response antibodies are summarized and recommendations for their improvement have been suggested.
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10
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Rajil N, Esmaeili S, Neuman BW, Nessler R, Wu HJ, Yi Z, Brick RW, Sokolov AV, Hemmer PR, Scully MO. Quantum optical immunoassay: upconversion nanoparticle-based neutralizing assay for COVID-19. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1263. [PMID: 35075142 PMCID: PMC8786937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In a viral pandemic, a few important tests are required for successful containment of the virus and reduction in severity of the infection. Among those tests, a test for the neutralizing ability of an antibody is crucial for assessment of population immunity gained through vaccination, and to test therapeutic value of antibodies made to counter the infections. Here, we report a sensitive technique to detect the relative neutralizing strength of various antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We used bright, photostable, background-free, fluorescent upconversion nanoparticles conjugated with SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain as a phantom virion. A glass bottom plate coated with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) protein imitates the target cells. When no neutralizing IgG antibody was present in the sample, the particles would bind to the ACE-2 with high affinity. In contrast, a neutralizing antibody can prevent particle attachment to the ACE-2-coated substrate. A prototype system consisting of a custom-made confocal microscope was used to quantify particle attachment to the substrate. The sensitivity of this assay can reach 4.0 ng/ml and the dynamic range is from 1.0 ng/ml to 3.2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu$$\end{document}μg/ml. This is to be compared to 19 ng/ml sensitivity of commercially available kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rajil
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shahriar Esmaeili
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Benjamin W Neuman
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Global Health Research Complex, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Reed Nessler
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhenhuan Yi
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Robert W Brick
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Alexei V Sokolov
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Philip R Hemmer
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", Sibirsky Tract, Kazan, Russia, 420029
| | - Marlan O Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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11
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Miller LM, Simmons MD, Silver CD, Krauss TF, Thomas GH, Johnson SD, Duhme-Klair AK. Antibiotic-functionalized gold nanoparticles for the detection of active β-lactamases. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:573-581. [PMID: 36132685 PMCID: PMC9419081 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00635e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to threaten the effective treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. The spread of resistant infections is accelerated by the lack of fast and cost-effective tests for the detection of AMR at the point-of-care. We aimed to address this challenge by developing a diagnostic tool to detect one of the major forms of AMR, the β-lactamase enzymes. Antibiotic-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been successfully developed for the detection of β-lactamases in challenging biological media, namely undiluted urine. Furthermore, these tools are compatible with samples containing a urine sample preservative (boric acid) or hematuria (blood). The functionalized AuNPs interact with the active β-lactamases, resulting in the hydrolysis of the surface-bound antibiotics, which then inhibits binding of the AuNPs to a capture protein (a penicillin-binding protein) to indicate the presence of active β-lactamases. We successfully integrated the antibiotic-functionalized AuNPs into a new lateral flow assay (LFA), which can be used to detect active β-lactamases down to the detection limit of 11 nM. While we demonstrate the use of antibiotic-functionalized AuNPs in an LFA format to provide a novel method of detecting active β-lactamases, these functionalized AuNPs are amenable to a range of alternative diagnostic technologies and could lead to vital point-of-care diagnostics for the early detection of multi-drug resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Matthew D Simmons
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Callum D Silver
- Department of Physics, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Thomas F Krauss
- Department of Physics, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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12
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Current Advances in Paper-Based Biosensor Technologies for Rapid COVID-19 Diagnosis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022; 16:376-396. [PMID: 35968255 PMCID: PMC9363872 DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had significant economic and social impacts on billions of people worldwide since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in November 2019. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technology serves as a robust test to detect SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19, there is a high demand for cost-effective, rapid, comfortable, and accurate point-of-care diagnostic tests in medical facilities. This review introduces the SARS-CoV-2 viral structure and diagnostic biomarkers derived from viral components. A comprehensive introduction of a paper-based diagnostic platform, including detection mechanisms for various target biomarkers and a COVID-19 commercial kit is presented. Intrinsic limitations related to the poor performance of currently developed paper-based devices and unresolved issues are discussed. Furthermore, we provide insight into novel paper-based diagnostic platforms integrated with advanced technologies such as nanotechnology, aptamers, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the development of highly sensitive, accurate, cost-effective, and easy-to-use point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostic methods.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhan L, Shen JW, Baro B, Alemany A, Sackrison J, Mitjà O, Bischof JC. fM-aM Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Antigen by Advanced Lateral Flow Immunoassay Based on Gold Nanospheres. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:13826-13837. [PMID: 34957379 PMCID: PMC8691201 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic created an unprecedented need for rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests to treat and control the disease. Many POC SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) have been developed and/or commercialized, but with only limited sensitivity (μM-fM). We created an advanced LFA based on gold nanospheres (GNSs) with comprehensive assay redesign for enhanced specific binding and thermal contrast amplification (TCA) on GNSs for signal amplification, which enabled fM-aM detection sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) proteins within 30 min. The advanced LFA can visually detect RBD proteins down to 3.6 and 28.6 aM in buffer and human nasopharyngeal wash, respectively. This is the first reported LFA achieving sensitivity comparable to that of the PCR (aM-zM) by visual reading, which was much more sensitive than traditional LFAs. We also developed a fast (<1 min) TCA reading algorithm, with results showing that this TCA could distinguish 26-32% visual false negatives for clinical commercial LFAs. When our advanced LFAs were applied with this TCA, the sensitivities were further improved by eightfold to 0.45 aM (in buffer) and 3.6 aM (in the human nasopharyngeal wash) with a semiquantitative readout. Our proposed advanced LFA with a TCA diagnostic platform can help control the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Furthermore, the simplicity and speed with which this assay was assembled may also facilitate preparedness for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Li Zhan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jesse W. Shen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bàrbara Baro
- ISGlobal,
Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Andrea Alemany
- Fight
AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Hospital
Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - James Sackrison
- 3984
Hunters Hill Way, Minnetonka, Minnesota 55345, United States
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- Fight
AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Hospital
Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Lihir Medical
Centre − International SOS, Lihir Island, New Ireland 633, Papua New Guinea
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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14
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Bradbury DW, Trinh JT, Ryan MJ, Cantu CM, Lu J, Nicklen FD, Du Y, Sun R, Wu BM, Kamei DT. On-demand nanozyme signal enhancement at the push of a button for the improved detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in serum. Analyst 2021; 146:7386-7393. [PMID: 34826321 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed an innovative 3D printed casing that incorporates a lateral-flow immunoassay, dehydrated signal enhancement reagents, and a sealed buffer chamber. With only the push of a button for signal enhancement, our device detected the SARS-CoV-2 N-protein in 40 min at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng mL-1 in undiluted serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Bradbury
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jasmine T Trinh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Milo J Ryan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Cassandra M Cantu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jiakun Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Frances D Nicklen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yushen Du
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,ZJU-UCLA Joint Center for Medical Education and Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. .,Division of Advanced Prosthodontics & Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel T Kamei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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15
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Lateral flow assays (LFA) as an alternative medical diagnosis method for detection of virus species: The intertwine of nanotechnology with sensing strategies. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 145:116460. [PMID: 34697511 PMCID: PMC8529554 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for multiple infections in humans that impose huge health burdens on individuals and populations worldwide. Therefore, numerous diagnostic methods and strategies have been developed for prevention, management, and decreasing the burden of viral diseases, each having its advantages and limitations. Viral infections are commonly detected using serological and nucleic acid-based methods. However, these conventional and clinical approaches have some limitations that can be resolved by implementing other detector devices. Therefore, the search for sensitive, selective, portable, and costless approaches as efficient alternative clinical methods for point of care testing (POCT) analysis has gained much attention in recent years. POCT is one of the ultimate goals in virus detection, and thus, the tests need to be rapid, specific, sensitive, accessible, and user-friendly. In this review, after a brief overview of viruses and their characteristics, the conventional viral detection methods, the clinical approaches, and their advantages and shortcomings are firstly explained. Then, LFA systems working principles, benefits, classification are discussed. Furthermore, the studies regarding designing and employing LFAs in diagnosing different types of viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2 as a main concern worldwide and innovations in the LFAs' approaches and designs, are comprehensively discussed here. Furthermore, several strategies addressed in some studies for overcoming LFA limitations like low sensitivity are reviewed. Numerous techniques are adopted to increase sensitivity and perform quantitative detection. Employing several visualization methods, using different labeling reporters, integrating LFAs with other detection methods to benefit from both LFA and the integrated detection device advantages, and designing unique membranes to increase reagent reactivity, are some of the approaches that are highlighted.
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16
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Abstract
During the last year, mass screening campaigns have been carried out to identify immunological response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and establish a possible seroprevalence. The obtained results gained new importance with the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign, as the lack of doses has persuaded several countries to introduce different policies for individuals who had a history of COVID-19. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) may represent an affordable tool to support population screening in low-middle-income countries, where diagnostic tests are lacking and epidemiology is still widely unknown. However, LFAs have demonstrated a wide range of performance, and the question of which one could be more valuable in these settings still remains. We evaluated the performance of 11 LFAs in detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection, analyzing samples collected from 350 subjects. In addition, samples from 57 health care workers collected at 21 to 24 days after the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine were also evaluated. LFAs demonstrated a wide range of specificity (92.31% to 100%) and sensitivity (50% to 100%). The analysis of postvaccination samples was used to describe the most suitable tests to detect IgG response against S protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Tuberculosis (TB) therapy was identified as a potential factor affecting the specificity of LFAs. This analysis identified which LFAs represent a valuable tool not only for the detection of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection but also for the detection of IgG elicited in response to vaccination. These results demonstrated that different LFAs may have different applications and the possible risks of their use in high-TB-burden settings. IMPORTANCE Our study provides a fresh perspective on the possible employment of SARS-CoV-2 LFA antibody tests. We developed an in-depth, large-scale analysis comparing LFA performance to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and evaluating their sensitivity and specificity in identifying COVID-19 patients at different time points from symptom onset. Moreover, for the first time, we analyzed samples of patients undergoing treatment for endemic poverty-related diseases, especially tuberculosis, and we evaluated the impact of this therapy on test specificity in order to assess possible performance in TB high-burden countries.
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17
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Rajil N, Esmaeili S, Neuman BW, Nessler R, Wu HJ, Yi Z, Brick RW, Sokolov AV, Hemmer PR, Scully MO. Quantum Optical Immunoassay: Upconversion Nanoparticle-based Neutralizing Assay for COVID-19. ARXIV 2021:arXiv:2110.06755v1. [PMID: 34671697 PMCID: PMC8528078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In a viral pandemic, a few important tests are required for successful containment of the virus and reduction in severity of the infection. Among those tests, a test for the neutralizing ability of an antibody is crucial for assessment of population immunity gained through vaccination, and to test therapeutic value of antibodies made to counter the infections. Here, we report a sensitive technique to detect the relative neutralizing strength of various antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We used bright, photostable, background-free, fluorescent upconversion nanoparticles conjugated with SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain as a phantom virion. A glass bottom plate coated with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) protein imitates the target cells. When no neutralizing IgG antibody was present in the sample, the particles would bind to the ACE-2 with high affinity. In contrast, a neutralizing antibody can prevent particle attachment to the ACE-2-coated substrate. A prototype system consisting of a custom-made confocal microscope was used to quantify particle attachment to the substrate. The sensitivity of this assay can reach 4.0 ng/ml and the dynamic range is from 1.0 ng/ml to 3.2 {\mu}g/ml. This is to be compared to 19 ng/ml sensitivity of commercially available kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rajil
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
| | - Shahriar Esmaeili
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
| | - Benjamin W. Neuman
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, US
- Global Health Research Complex, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, US
| | - Reed Nessler
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
| | - Hung-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, US
| | - Zhenhuan Yi
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
| | - Robert W. Brick
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
| | - Alexei V. Sokolov
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
- Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, US
| | - Philip R. Hemmer
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, US
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of RAS”, Sibirsky Tract, 420029 Kazan, RU
| | - Marlan O. Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M university, TX 77843, US
- Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, US
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18
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Thapa D, Samadi N, Tabatabaei N. Handheld Thermo-Photonic Device for Rapid, Low-Cost, and On-Site Detection and Quantification of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:18504-18511. [PMID: 35581990 PMCID: PMC8864951 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3089016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of vaccines and antibody therapeutics, rapid and scalable platforms are needed to quantify the antibody response of individuals. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) based test strips provide a rapid, low-cost, and point-of-care approach to antibody testing against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These convenient and scalable tests, however, are qualitative in nature and cannot quantify the immune response of the infected and/or vaccinated individuals. This study reports on the development of a rapid, low cost and portable thermo-photonic device that enables sensitive detection and quantification of antibody levels using commercially available COVID-19 Antibody LFAs. Unlike conventional LFA readers, the developed technology is based on sensing the infrared thermal radiation of tag gold nanoparticles following laser excitation (aka photothermal response). Our proof-of-concept results with humanized monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) IgG demonstrate that the thermo-photonic technology can detect and quantify antibody concentrations within the clinically relevant range and with a limit of detection of [Formula: see text]/ml. The reader in conjunction with antibody LFAs offers a low-cost, portable, and scalable solution for assessment of the degree of immunity in populations, quality control of convalescent plasma donations for antibody therapeutics, and monitoring the immune response of infected individuals and vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damber Thapa
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringYork UniversityTorontoONM3J 1P3Canada
| | - Nakisa Samadi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringYork UniversityTorontoONM3J 1P3Canada
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringYork UniversityTorontoONM3J 1P3Canada
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19
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Hsiao WWW, Le TN, Pham DM, Ko HH, Chang HC, Lee CC, Sharma N, Lee CK, Chiang WH. Recent Advances in Novel Lateral Flow Technologies for Detection of COVID-19. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:295. [PMID: 34562885 PMCID: PMC8466143 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of reliable and robust diagnostic tests is one of the most efficient methods to limit the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, most laboratory diagnostics for COVID-19, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), are expensive, time-consuming, and require highly trained professional operators. On the other hand, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a simpler, cheaper device that can be operated by unskilled personnel easily. Unfortunately, the current technique has some limitations, mainly inaccuracy in detection. This review article aims to highlight recent advances in novel lateral flow technologies for detecting SARS-CoV-2 as well as innovative approaches to achieve highly sensitive and specific point-of-care testing. Lastly, we discuss future perspectives on how smartphones and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be integrated to revolutionize disease detection as well as disease control and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (H.-C.C.); (N.S.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Trong-Nghia Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (H.-C.C.); (N.S.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Dinh Minh Pham
- GENTIS JSC, 249A, Thuy Khue, Tay Ho, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hui-Hsin Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (H.-C.C.); (N.S.); (C.-K.L.)
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (H.-C.C.); (N.S.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Cheng-Kang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (H.-C.C.); (N.S.); (C.-K.L.)
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (H.-C.C.); (N.S.); (C.-K.L.)
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20
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Koller G, Morrell AP, Galão RP, Pickering S, MacMahon E, Johnson J, Ignatyev K, Neil SJD, Elsharkawy S, Fleck R, Machado PMP, Addison O. More than the Eye Can See: Shedding New Light on SARS-CoV-2 Lateral Flow Device-Based Immunoassays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25694-25700. [PMID: 34048220 PMCID: PMC8188736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Containing the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been an unprecedented challenge due to high horizontal transmissivity and asymptomatic carriage rates. Lateral flow device (LFD) immunoassays were introduced in late 2020 to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic or presymptomatic individuals rapidly. While LFD technologies have been used for over 60 years, their widespread use as a public health tool during a pandemic is unprecedented. By the end of 2020, data from studies into the efficacy of the LFDs emerged and showed these point-of-care devices to have very high specificity (ability to identify true negatives) but inadequate sensitivity with high false-negative rates. The low sensitivity (<50%) shown in several studies is a critical public health concern, as asymptomatic or presymptomatic carriers may wrongly be assumed to be noninfectious, posing a significant risk of further spread in the community. Here, we show that the direct visual readout of SARS-CoV-2 LFDs is an inadequate approach to discriminate a potentially infective viral concentration in a biosample. We quantified significant immobilized antigen-antibody-labeled conjugate complexes within the LFDs visually scored as negative using high-sensitivity synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging. Correlating quantitative X-ray fluorescence measurements and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) determined numbers of viral copies, we identified that negatively scored samples could contain up to 100 PFU (equivalent here to ∼10 000 RNA copies/test). The study demonstrates where the shortcomings arise in many of the current direct-readout SARS-CoV-2 LFDs, namely, being a deficiency in the readout as opposed to the potential level of detection of the test, which is orders of magnitude higher. The present findings are of importance both to public health monitoring during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to the rapid refinement of these tools for immediate and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrit Koller
- Centre
for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral &
Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs College
London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Morrell
- Centre
for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry,
Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs
College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Rui Pedro Galão
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Pickering
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne MacMahon
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Guyʼs
and St Thomasʼ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Johnson
- Guyʼs
and St Thomasʼ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart J. D. Neil
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kingʼs College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Sherif Elsharkawy
- Centre
for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry,
Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs
College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
| | - Roland Fleck
- Centre for
Ultrastructural Imaging, Kingʼs College
London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Owen Addison
- Centre
for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry,
Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kingʼs
College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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21
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Development and Clinical Evaluation of an Immunochromatography-Based Rapid Antigen Test (GenBody™ COVAG025) for COVID-19 Diagnosis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050796. [PMID: 33946860 PMCID: PMC8146967 DOI: 10.3390/v13050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis are simpler and faster than their molecular counterparts. Clinical validation of such tests is a prerequisite before their field applications. We developed and clinically evaluated an immunochromatographic immunoassay, GenBody™ COVAG025, for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (NP) antigen in two different clinical studies. Retrospectively, 130 residual nasopharyngeal swabs transferred in viral transport medium (VTM), pre-examined for COVID-19 through emergency use authorization (EUA)-approved real-time RT-PCR assay and tested with GenBody™ COVAG025, revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 90.00% (27/30; 95% CI: 73.47% to 97.89%) and 98.00% (98/100; 95% CI: 92.96% to 99.76%), respectively, fulfilling WHO guidelines. Subsequently, the prospective examination of 200 symptomatic and asymptomatic nasopharyngeal swabs, collected on site and tested with GenBody™ COVAG025 and EUA-approved real-time RT-PCR assay simultaneously, revealed a significantly higher sensitivity and specificity of 94.00% (94/100; 95% CI: 87.40% to 97.77%) and 100.00% (100/100; 95% CI: 96.38% to 100.00%), respectively. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were significantly high for samples with Ct values ≤ 30 as well as within 3 days of symptom onset, justifying its dependency on the viral load. Thus, it is assumed this can help with the accurate diagnosis and timely isolation and treatment of patients with COVID-19, contributing to better control of the global pandemic.
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22
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Yadav S, Sadique MA, Ranjan P, Kumar N, Singhal A, Srivastava AK, Khan R. SERS Based Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Point-of-Care Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Clinical Samples. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2974-2995. [PMID: 35014387 PMCID: PMC7986978 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current scenario, an ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, places a dreadful burden on the healthcare system worldwide. Subsequently, there is a need for a rapid, user-friendly, and inexpensive on-site monitoring system for diagnosis. The early and rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role in combating the outbreak. Although conventional methods such as PCR, RT-PCR, and ELISA, etc., offer a gold-standard solution to manage the pandemic, they cannot be implemented as a point-of-care (POC) testing arrangement. Moreover, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) having a high enhancement factor provides quantitative results with high specificity, sensitivity, and multiplex detection ability but lacks in POC setup. In contrast, POC devices such as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) offer rapid, simple-to-use, cost-effective, reliable platform. However, LFIA has limitations in quantitative and sensitive analyses of SARS-CoV-2 detection. To resolve these concerns, herein we discuss a unique modality that is an integration of SERS with LFIA for quantitative analyses of SARS-CoV-2. The miniaturization ability of SERS-based devices makes them promising in biosensor application and has the potential to make a better alternative of conventional diagnostic methods. This review also demonstrates the commercially available and FDA/ICMR approved LFIA kits for on-site diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Yadav
- Microfluidics & MEMS Centre,
CSIR−Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mohd. Abubakar Sadique
- Microfluidics & MEMS Centre,
CSIR−Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
| | - Pushpesh Ranjan
- Microfluidics & MEMS Centre,
CSIR−Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Microfluidics & MEMS Centre,
CSIR−Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ayushi Singhal
- Microfluidics & MEMS Centre,
CSIR−Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Avanish K. Srivastava
- Microfluidics & MEMS Centre,
CSIR−Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
| | - Raju Khan
- Microfluidics & MEMS Centre,
CSIR−Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
(AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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