1
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Vinh LB, Han YK, Park SY, Kim YJ, Phong NV, Kim E, Ahn BG, Jung YW, Byun Y, Jeon YH, Lee KY. Identification of triterpenoid saponin inhibitors of interleukin (IL)-33 signaling from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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2
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Tiotiu A, Novakova P, Guillermo G, Correira de Sousa J, Braido F. Management of adult asthma and chronic rhinitis as one airway disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1135-1147. [PMID: 34030569 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1932470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic rhinitis is defined as nasal inflammation with the presence of minimum two symptoms such as nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, sneezing and/or itching one hour daily for a minimum of 12 weeks/year. According their etiology, four groups of rhinitis are described: allergic, infectious, non-allergic non-infectious and mixed.Chronic rhinitis is frequently associated with asthma, shares similar mechanisms of the pathogenesis and has a negative impact of its outcomes sustaining the concept of unified airways disease.Areas covered: The present review summarizes the complex relationship between chronic rhinitis and asthma on the basis of recent epidemiological data, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapeutic management. All four groups are discussed with the impact of their specific treatment on asthma outcomes. Some medications are common for chronic rhinitis and asthma while others are more specific but able to treat the associated comorbidity.Expert opinion: The systematic assessment of chronic rhinitis in patients with asthma and its specific treatment improves both disease outcomes. Conversely, several therapies of asthma demonstrated beneficial effects on chronic rhinitis. Treating both diseases at the same time by only one medication is an interesting option to explore in the future in order to limit drugs administration, related costs and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Tiotiu
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Nancy, France; 9 Rue Du Morvan, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage. Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control (EA 3450 DevAH), University of Lorraine, - Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Plamena Novakova
- ;department of Allergology, Medical University of Sofia, University Hospital "Alexandrovska"; 1, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Guidos Guillermo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad De México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jaime Correira de Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Campus De, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fulvio Braido
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases Department, University of Genoa, Genova GE, Italy
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3
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Cingi C, Bayar Muluk N, Mitsias DI, Papadopoulos NG, Klimek L, Laulajainen-Hongisto A, Hytönen M, Toppila-Salmi SK, Scadding GK. The Nose as a Route for Therapy: Part 1. Pharmacotherapy. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:638136. [PMID: 35387039 PMCID: PMC8974766 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.638136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews nasal structure and function in the light of intranasal pharmacotherapy. The nose provides an accessible, fast route for local treatment of nose and sinus diseases, with lower doses than are necessary systemically and few adverse effects. It can also be used for other medications as it has sufficient surface area protected from local damage by mucociliary clearance, absence of digestive enzymes, responsive blood flow, and provides a rapid route to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Cingi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Dimitrios I Mitsias
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Centre for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Anu Laulajainen-Hongisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Hytönen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Katriina Toppila-Salmi
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine, The Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Glenis Kathleen Scadding
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Boggu PR, Kim Y, Jung SH. Discovery of benzimidazole analogs as a novel interleukin-5 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111574. [PMID: 31400705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel hydroxyethylaminomethylbenzimidazole analogs 5a-y were synthesized and evaluated for their IL-5 inhibitory activity using pro-B Y16 cell line. Among them, 2-(((4-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino)butan-1-ol (5e, 94.3% inhibition at 30 μM, IC50 = 3.5 μM, cLogP = 4.132) and 3-cyclohexyl-2-(((4-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino) propan-1-ol (5k, 94.7% inhibition at 30 μM, IC50 = 5.0 μM, cLogP = 6.253) showed the most potent inhibitory activity. The essential feature of SAR (Fig. 5) indicated that the chromenone ring can be replaced by a benzimidazole ring to maintain the inhibitory activity. In addition, the hydroxyethylaminomethyl group was suitable for the IL-5 inhibitory activity. Moreover, the hydrophobic substituents on carbon play an important role in the IL-5 inhibitory activity of these analogs. However, N-substituted analogs did not improve inhibitory activity. In addition, MTT assay of 5e and 5k with normal B lymphoblasts revealed that they had no significant effects on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulla Reddy Boggu
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 19421, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Watts AM, Cripps AW, West NP, Cox AJ. Modulation of Allergic Inflammation in the Nasal Mucosa of Allergic Rhinitis Sufferers With Topical Pharmaceutical Agents. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:294. [PMID: 31001114 PMCID: PMC6455085 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic upper respiratory disease estimated to affect between 10 and 40% of the worldwide population. The mechanisms underlying AR are highly complex and involve multiple immune cells, mediators, and cytokines. As such, the development of a single drug to treat allergic inflammation and/or symptoms is confounded by the complexity of the disease pathophysiology. Complete avoidance of allergens that trigger AR symptoms is not possible and without a cure, the available therapeutic options are typically focused on achieving symptomatic relief. Topical therapies offer many advantages over oral therapies, such as delivering greater concentrations of drugs to the receptor sites at the source of the allergic inflammation and the reduced risk of systemic side effects. This review describes the complex pathophysiology of AR and identifies the mechanism(s) of action of topical treatments including antihistamines, steroids, anticholinergics, decongestants and chromones in relation to AR pathophysiology. Following the literature review a discussion on the future therapeutic strategies for AR treatment is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle M. Watts
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Allan W. Cripps
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. West
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda J. Cox
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
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6
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Jie Q, Kodithuwakku ND, Yuan X, He G, Chen M, Xu S, Wu Y. Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties of a potent histamine H1 receptor antagonist, desloratadine citrate disodium injection, and its anti-inflammatory mechanism on EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 754:1-10. [PMID: 25704613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study, demonstrates that, desloratadine citrate disodium injection (DLC) possesses antihistaminic, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties and elucidates its molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory properties. In vitro antihistamine activity of DLC was determined in guinea pig isolated tissues. In vivo antihistamine effects were evaluated after following intravenous administration of DLC in mice with histamine- induced paw edema and in rats with increased capillary permeability. Anti-allergic effects were assessed through passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reactions in sensitized rodents and ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in rats. Anti-inflammatory properties and molecular mechanisms of DLC were determined on histamine- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced EA.hy926 endothelial cells. DLC exhibited significant and reversible inhibition of histamine-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum with pA2 value of 8.88. Histamine-induced paw edema and increased capillary permeability were notably inhibited by DLC intravenous administration. In the model of PCA reactions, DLC showed significant activity in a dose-dependent nd potently inhibited both the early-phase and late-phase allergic reaction of ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in rats. DLC alleviated the rhinitis symptoms and inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, IL-4 and protein leakage in nasal lavage fluid (NLF). In EA.hy926 cells, DLC significantly inhibited the histamine- and LPS- induced IL-6 and IL-8 production and P-selectin and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression. Moreover, DLC reduced translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) to the nucleus in activated EA.hy926 cells. These results provide evidence that DLC possesses potent antihistaminic, anti-allergic and, anti-inflammatory properties via suppressing IL-6, IL-8, P-selectin and ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Jie
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangwei He
- Hefei Yigong Medicine Co., Ltd, Hefei 230088, Anhui, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuhong Xu
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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El-Desouki NI, Tabl GA, Elkhodary YAA. Biological studies on the effect of estrogen on experimentally induced asthma in mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:30-8. [PMID: 23863957 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713486959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influence of estrogen hormone on the experimentally induced asthma in male mice. The animals were divided into four groups, with 20 mice in each group; group I (control mice) included mice that received no treatment, group II included mice that received intraperitoneal estrogen injection (0.25 mg/kg body weight (bw), twice on day 28 of the experiment), group III (asthmatic mice) included asthmatic mice that received intraperitoneal injection of two doses of ovalbumin (OVA; 2 µg of OVA mixed with 100 µg of aluminum potassium sulfate) on days 1 and 14 of the experiment and then challenged intranasally with a single dose of OVA (50 µg dissolved in 0.05 ml phosphate-buffered saline; PBS) on day 28 of the experiment, and group IV (asthmatic mice treated with estrogen) included asthma model male mice that received the estrogen (0.5 mg/kg bw in 40 ml PBS, twice on the day 28 of the experiment). The immunohistochemical studies observed a marked intensity of CD15 immunoreactivity in the lung tissues of asthma model mice. Physiological results recorded that the total and differential count of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of asthma model mice recorded a significant increase in the number of leukocytes especially in the number of eosinophil cells. The BALF of asthma model mice showed high levels of interleukins 4 and 5 (IL-4 and IL-5), and there was a significant decrease in both the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in BALF of asthma model mice treated with estrogen. In conclusion, the obtained results indicated that the asthma is responsible for certain immunohistochemical and physiological alterations induced in lung tissues of mice. The administration of estrogen to asthmatic male mice could improve these changes. For this reason, the present findings support the possible role of estrogen in modulating the inflammatory effects caused by asthma in male mice and may be helpful to cure many asthmatic progressions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada A Tabl
- Department of Zoology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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8
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Yonekura S, Okamoto Y, Horiguchi S, Okubo K, Gotoh M, Konno A, Okuda M. Early intervention for Japanese cedar and cypress pollinosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-9733.2011.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Yonekura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba; Japan
| | - Y. Okamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba; Japan
| | - S. Horiguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba; Japan
| | - K. Okubo
- Department of Otolaryngology; Nippon Medical School; Tokyo; Japan
| | - M. Gotoh
- Department of Otolaryngology; Nippon Medical School; Tokyo; Japan
| | - A. Konno
- Otolaryngology Unit; South Tohoku General Hospital; Fukushima; Japan
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9
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Chemokines and their receptors in the allergic airway inflammatory process. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 41:76-88. [PMID: 20352527 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of the allergic airway disease conveys several cell types, such as T-cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells, which act in a special and temporal synchronization. Cellular mobilization and its complex interactions are coordinated by a broad range of bioactive mediators known as chemokines. These molecules are an increasing family of small proteins with common structural motifs and play an important role in the recruitment and cell activation of both leukocytes and resident cells at the allergic inflammatory site via their receptors. Trafficking and recruitment of cell populations with specific chemokines receptors assure the presence of reactive allergen-specific T-cells in the lung, and therefore the establishment of an allergic inflammatory process. Different approaches directed against chemokines receptors have been developed during the last decades with promising therapeutic results in the treatment of asthma. In this review we explore the role of the chemokines and chemokine receptors in allergy and asthma and discuss their potential as targets for therapy.
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10
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Sokolovskiy EV, Monakhov KN, Dombrovskaya DK, Sokolovsky YV, Monakhov KN, Dombrovskaya DK. Skin condition control in patients with chronic skin diseasesusing dermatic products. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2011. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic skin diseases degrade the patients life quality. Presently, topical steroids are the most efficient drugs for the
treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. However, there is a risk involved in their application: the patient can develop
both systemic and topical adverse effects. As many as 37 patients with atopic dermatitis (including 16 pregnant women)
applied an advanced corticosteroid drug topically for two months (uniderm according to an intermittent regimen: for
two consecutive days with a time window of five days (twice a week) against the background of daily administration
of Emolium, a basic care product. The uniderm administration regimen made it possible to considerably improve the
patients skin condition in most of the cases and improve the life quality in patients with atopic dermatitis.
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11
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Kiotseridis H, Cilio CM, Bjermer L, Aurivillius M, Jacobsson H, Tunsäter A. Swedish translation and validation of the Pediatric Allergic Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PADQLQ). Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:242-7. [PMID: 20874810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to translate and validate the PADQLQ (Pediatric Allergic Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire), a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for the assessment of quality of life in children with pollen allergy. METHODS The PADQLQ was translated into Swedish according to guidelines. Children aged 7-18 with grass pollen allergy were included. Quality of life was assessed in parallel with ordinary symptom scales (VAS) before, during and after the pollen season. RESULTS A total of 98 children were included and 89 (91%) completed the study. The results for PADQLQ showed good cross-sectional and longitudinal validity. The retrospective estimation after the season showed good consensus with the assessment during pollen season. CONCLUSION Quality of life in children assessed with the PADQLQ (Pediatric Allergic Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire) is a reliable strategy for evaluating the burden of disease in children with pollen allergy and for the evaluation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Kiotseridis
- Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
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Bachelet I, Munitz A, Levi-Schaffer F. Tryptase as an inflammatory marker in allergic disease and asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:63-73. [PMID: 20477655 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, varying from occasional episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath, to an irreversible, life-threatening obstructive disease. While many cases are managed with relative ease, others do not respond to the traditional inhaled therapy or even to oral glucocorticosteroids. Although it cannot be cured as yet, asthma can be controlled if properly diagnosed. Usually, functional clinical parameters form the basis for estimation of the disease severity. In addition, the growing database of cytokine and mediator profiles have allowed their exploitation as molecular markers for processes underlying airway inflammation in asthma. Tryptase is a potent and versatile mediator in allergic inflammation, orchestrating both acute and chronic events by acting on a vast array of cells and tissue components. For more than a decade, tryptase has been used as a marker for allergic inflammation in asthma as well as in a variety of other airway diseases. In this review, the current advantages and disadvantages of the use of tryptase as an inflammatory marker in asthma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Bachelet
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Pharmacology, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Gouault N, Martin-Chouly CAE, Lugnier C, Cupif JF, Tonnelier A, Feger F, Lagente V, David M. Solid-phase synthesis and evaluation of libraries of substituted 4,5-dihydropyridazinones as vasodilator agents. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:1029-37. [PMID: 15285848 DOI: 10.1211/0022357043905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The solid-phase parallel preparation of a library of 4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one derivatives substituted at position 6 with piperazinylmethyl or tetrahydroquinolinylmethyl groups and analogues (3) is reported. Polymer-supported γ-keto-δ-aminoesters prepared from Wang resin reacted with hydrazine or methylhydrazine to afford pyridazinones in good yields after a cyclization cleavage approach. We have evaluated these novel analogues and several compounds of other series (1, 2) for their vasorelaxant effect. Among the products tested, 3I and 3d proved to be efficacious and potent relaxant agents of the isolated rat aorta. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase (PDE3), responsible for the breakdown of cyclic AMP in the vascular smooth muscle, are currently developed for cardiac heart failure because of their inotropic effect and coronary vasodilatation. We had expected that the vasodilatation induced by 3l, as efficient as reference PDE3 inhibitors, milrinone or CI-930, to be due to PDE3 inhibition. However 3I and 3d exhibited a low inhibitory effect against PDE3 isoenzyme activity. These compounds induced a significant vasorelaxation, which could be of therapeutic interest even if their mechanism of action remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gouault
- UPRES 2234, Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, France.
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Niese KA, Collier AR, Hajek AR, Cederbaum SD, O'Brien WE, Wills-Karp M, Rothenberg ME, Zimmermann N. Bone marrow cell derived arginase I is the major source of allergen-induced lung arginase but is not required for airway hyperresponsiveness, remodeling and lung inflammatory responses in mice. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:33. [PMID: 19486531 PMCID: PMC2697973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arginase is significantly upregulated in the lungs in murine models of asthma, as well as in human asthma, but its role in allergic airway inflammation has not been fully elucidated in mice. Results In order to test the hypothesis that arginase has a role in allergic airway inflammation we generated arginase I-deficient bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice. Following transfer of arginase I-deficient BM into irradiated recipient mice, arginase I expression was not required for hematopoietic reconstitution and baseline immunity. Arginase I deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells decreased allergen-induced lung arginase by 85.8 ± 5.6%. In contrast, arginase II-deficient mice had increased lung arginase activity following allergen challenge to a similar level to wild type mice. BM-derived arginase I was not required for allergen-elicited sensitization, recruitment of inflammatory cells in the lung, and proliferation of cells. Furthermore, allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and collagen deposition were similar in arginase-deficient and wild type mice. Additionally, arginase II-deficient mice respond similarly to their control wild type mice with allergen-induced inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, proliferation and collagen deposition. Conclusion Bone marrow cell derived arginase I is the predominant source of allergen-induced lung arginase but is not required for allergen-induced inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness or collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Niese
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Asthma results from chronic airway inflammation involving a diversity of activated cells including mast cells, eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells. These cells release proinflammatory cytokine mediators that augment and regulate airway inflammation, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness responsible for the chronic asthma symptoms of dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness. It is hypothesized, but unproven, that inflammatory effects can lead to irreversible structural and functional airway changes. Early intervention with anti-inflammatory agents mitigates inflammatory changes, reverses airway obstruction, and may possibly prevent progression of airway remodeling. Current asthma guidelines recommend that initial management should be based on pretreatment assessments of asthma severity as determined by measures of clinical and spirometric impairment in individual patients; subsequent adjustments of pharmacotherapy and avoidance recommendations should be performed at regular follow-up visits and guided by frequent assessments of asthma control. Physicians and providers should continually educate asthmatic patients about proper use of asthma controller medications, avoidance of asthma triggers, and self-management of asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology & Allergy, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Diamant Z, Boot D, Kamerling I, Bjermer L. Methods used in clinical development of novel anti-asthma therapies. Respir Med 2007; 102:332-8. [PMID: 18061420 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become increasingly important to get as much as possible information on clinical efficacy already in the early phases of drug development. For proof of concept (POC) studies testing novel anti-inflammatory drugs in asthma, there are several validated exacerbation models, inducing various aspects of the airway inflammation and airway responsiveness. The choice of the appropriate asthma model depends on the drug's targets within the inflammatory process. For adequate assessment of the drug's anti-inflammatory potential, it is crucial to choose adequate (surrogate) biomarkers. Ideally, these should include measures of airway response, central and peripheral airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Overall, there are validated non-invasive sampling techniques for the measurement of inflammatory markers in asthma that can be applied as outcome parameters in early clinical trials. If adequately implemented, these measurements can provide early indication of proof of pharmacological and potential therapeutic efficacy-even in first administration to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Diamant
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Yim YK, Lee H, Hong KE, Kim YI, Ko SK, Kim JE, Lee SY, Park KS. Anti-inflammatory and Immune-regulatory Effects of Subcutaneous Perillae Fructus Extract Injections on OVA-induced Asthma in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2007; 7:79-86. [PMID: 18955277 PMCID: PMC2816376 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Perillae fructus (perilla seed) is a traditional medicinal herb used to treat bronchial asthma in Oriental medical clinics. ST36 is one of the most widely used acupuncture points, particularly for immune system regulation. Injection of an herbal extract into an acupuncture point (herbal acupuncture) is a therapeutic technique combining both acupuncture and herbal treatment. Perillae fructus extract was injected subcutaneously (Perillae fructus herbal acupuncture; PF-HA) at acupoint ST36 of OVA-induced asthmatic mice. The lung weight, bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) cell count, the number of CCR3+, CD11b+, CD4+ and CD3e+/CD69+ cells in the lung, and the level of IgE, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF and serum were then measured. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α in the lung. Lung sections were analyzed histologically. PF-HA significantly reduced lung weight, the number of inflammatory cells in the lung and BALF, the levels of IgE and Th2 cytokines in BALF and serum, mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines in the lung, and pathological changes in lung tissue. Our results suggest that PF-HA may have an anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory effect on bronchial allergic asthma by restoring the Th1/Th2 imbalance in the immune system and suppressing eosinophilic inflammation in airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyoung Yim
- Department of Meridian & Acupoint, Department of Acupuncture, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, South Korea, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, South Korea
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18
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Mishra A, Wang M, Schlotman J, Nikolaidis NM, DeBrosse CW, Karow ML, Rothenberg ME. Resistin-like molecule-beta is an allergen-induced cytokine with inflammatory and remodeling activity in the murine lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L305-13. [PMID: 17545488 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00147.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistin-like molecule (RELM)-beta is a cysteine-rich cytokine implicated in insulin resistance and asthmatic responses, but its function remains an enigma. We now report that RELM-beta has a role in promoting airway inflammation and lung remodeling in the mouse lung. RELM-beta is strongly induced by diverse allergens and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines by an IL-13- and STAT6-dependent mechanism. To understand the in vivo role of RELM-beta, we delivered recombinant murine RELM-beta intratracheally to naïve mice. RELM-beta induced dose-dependent leukocyte accumulation (most prominently involving macrophages) and goblet cell hyperplasia. The most prominent effect induced by RELM-beta was increased perivascular and peribronchial collagen deposition. Mice genetically deficient in RELM-beta had reduced accumulation of collagen and goblet cell hyperplasia in an experimental model of allergic airway inflammation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that RELM-beta had fibroblast motogenic activity. These results identify RELM-beta as a Th2-associated cytokine with potent inflammatory and remodeling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Mishra
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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19
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Nikolaidis NM, Wang TC, Hogan SP, Rothenberg ME. Allergen induced TFF2 is expressed by mucus-producing airway epithelial cells but is not a major regulator of inflammatory responses in the murine lung. Exp Lung Res 2007; 32:483-97. [PMID: 17169855 DOI: 10.1080/01902140601059547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex pulmonary disorder characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus cell metaplasia, and inflammation. Employing animal models of pulmonary inflammation induced by different allergens and Th2 cytokines, the authors have previously described the up-regulation of trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) in the lung. Given the known biological role of trefoil factors in epithelial restitution, it has been postulated that allergen-induced TFF2 might have an important role in asthmatic responses. Here the authors show that TFF2 is induced early and maintained for 2 weeks following allergen challenge in the mouse lung. In situ mRNA hybridization demonstrated expression of TFF2 primarily in a subset of bronchial epithelial cells and TFF2 immunohistochemistry identified expression in alcian blue-positive bronchial epithelial cells. TFF2 gene-deleted mice inoculated with allergen displayed a 10-fold increase in total cellularity compared with saline controls. Although this response was modestly attenuated compared to wild type controls, the loss of TFF2 did not affect gross levels of tissue inflammation. Furthermore, the loss of TFF2 did not affect induction or resolution of mucus cell metaplasia as measured by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) or alcian blue staining. Thus, TFF2 is an allergen-induced gene, which is expressed in mucus-positive airways, but is not a major contributor to allergen-induced goblet cell metaplasia, mucus production, or inflammatory responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos M Nikolaidis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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20
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Abstract
At present, there are a wide variety of novel and emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of asthma. Here, we will summarize these state-of-the-art approaches, including specific and nonspecific mediator inhibition-- a quest that has been on going for more than 25 years-- together with cytokine modulation in asthma (primarily attempting to modulate the Th2-Th1 balance in asthma), targeting cell recruitment, angiogenesis, signal transduction and gene transduction pathways. Finally, we will discuss the recently approved anti-IgE therapy for the treatment of allergic asthma and immune modulation using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Leath
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy & Immunological Diseases, Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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21
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Duarte IS, Zollner RL, Bueno SMA. In Vitro Evaluation of Biospecific and Pseudobiospecific Ligands Aimed at Extracorporeal Treatment for Immunoglobulin E Removal. Artif Organs 2006; 30:606-14. [PMID: 16911314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the potential use of an alternative adsorbent to anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE)-agarose for IgE selective adsorption therapy. A screening of several commercially available adsorbents (Concanavalin A, Lens culinaris[Lc], d-tryptophan, poly-l-lysine, and aminohexyl immobilized on agarose) was done through batch system assays, considering some criteria, such as adsorption capacity, selectivity, and biocompatibility. In the Lc-agarose adsorbent, total IgE, and specific IgE--for the airborne allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Blomia tropicalis--were significantly better removed (63, 58, and 59%, respectively) than immunoglobulin G (19%), immunoglobulin A (33%), immunoglobulin M (9%), and albumin (18%). This adsorbent was packed into a column and the effect of superficial velocity, ratio of plasma volume to bed volume, number of perfusions, and temperature on IgE adsorption were evaluated. In vitro simulation of therapeutic adsorption (single perfusion) indicated that about 50% of total IgE could be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa S Duarte
- School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Couëtil LL, Art T, Moffarts B, Becker M, Mélotte D, Jaspar F, Bureau F, Lekeux P. Effect of Beclomethasone Dipropionate and Dexamethasone Isonicotinate on Lung Function, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology, and Transcription Factor Expression in Airways of Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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23
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Zimmermann N, Rothenberg ME. The arginine-arginase balance in asthma and lung inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:253-62. [PMID: 16458291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. Using global microarray analysis, we have recently uncovered that asthmatic responses involve metabolism of arginine by arginase. We found that the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)2, arginase I, and arginase II were particularly prominent among the allergen-induced gene transcripts. These genes are key regulators of critical processes associated with asthma including airway tone, cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition, respectively. Furthermore, systemic arginine levels and arginine metabolism via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can have profound effect on lung inflammation. This review focuses on the current body of knowledge on l-arginine metabolism in asthma and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229, USA
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24
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Ramanitrahasimbola D, Rakotondramanana DA, Rasoanaivo P, Randriantsoa A, Ratsimamanga S, Palazzino G, Galeffi C, Nicoletti M. Bronchodilator activity of Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.) Ching and its bioactive constituent. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 102:400-7. [PMID: 16084046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.) Ching (Polypodiaceae) is widely used in the Eastern coast of Madagascar to treat respiratory disorders. Bioassay-guided fractionation using guinea pig trachea pre-contracted with histamine to monitor the activity led to the isolation of 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin) as the main active constituent. Effectively, it induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the histamine with a median effective concentration (EC(50)) of 35.03 microg/ml, or carbachol (EC(50) = 33.41 microg/ml) pre-contracted guinea pig trachea, and also provoked 100% relaxation at 72.10 microg/ml. It was less active either on KCl pre-contracted trachea (EC(50) = 130.78 microg/ml) or endothelium denuded trachea (153.4 +/- 22 microg/ml). It inhibited, in a non-competitive manner, the histamine and the external calcium spasm effect on the isolated trachea but it did not significantly modify the broncho-constrictive activity of KCl. When combined with theophylline, coumarin produced a significant additive relaxing effect on pre-contracted trachea. Furthermore, its bronchodilator effect was not blocked by propranolol. In vivo, pre-treated guinea pig with coumarin showed significant resistance to histamine inhalation, with an adequate dose protecting 50% of the tested animals (AD(50)) of 75 mg/kg. These results indicate that the bronchodilator effect of coumarin is partly due to the endothelium-dependent tracheal relaxation, and may be mediated through a non-specific tracheal relaxation.
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25
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Abstract
Asthma treatment is evolving as we enter the 21st century. This review focuses on several different areas of asthma treatment now in evolution. These include: (1) the proper role of various asthma controllers--either already approved or under investigation--besides inhaled corticosteriods in asthma therapy; (2) the potential role for immune and cytokine modulation for asthma therapy; (3) the potential role for pharmacogenetics in asthma therapy; and (4) whether single-inhaler therapy with a combination of an inhaled corticosteriod and a long-acted beta-agonist could be used for both maintenance and rescue in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Peters
- Center for Human Genomics and Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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26
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Desmet C, Gosset P, Henry E, Garzé V, Faisca P, Vos N, Jaspar F, Mélotte D, Lambrecht B, Desmecht D, Pajak B, Moser M, Lekeux P, Bureau F. Treatment of experimental asthma by decoy-mediated local inhibition of activator protein-1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:671-8. [PMID: 15961692 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200410-1431oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Asthma is associated with increased expression of a typical array of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, including those encoding the prototypic Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5, and IL-13. Most of these genes contain binding sites for activator protein-1 (AP-1) within their promoter and are therefore believed to depend on AP-1 for their expression, suggesting that this transcription factor could be of particular importance in asthma pathophysiology. OBJECTIVE To clarify the role of AP-1 in the effector phase of pulmonary allergy. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were intratracheally given decoy oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) specifically directed to AP-1 or scrambled control ODNs before challenge with aerosolized OVA. Twenty-four hours after the last OVA challenge, airway hyperresponsiveness was measured and allergic airway inflammation was evaluated quantitatively. AP-1 decoys were localized using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. AP-1 activity in the lung was assessed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intratracheally delivered AP-1 decoys efficiently targeted airway immune cells, thus precluding AP-1 activation on OVA challenge. Decoy-mediated local inhibition of AP-1 resulted in significant attenuation of all the pathophysiologic features of experimental asthma-namely, eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucous cell hyperplasia, production of allergen-specific immunoglobulins, and synthesis of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Scrambled control ODNs had no detectable effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal a key role for AP-1 in the effector phase of pulmonary allergy and indicate that specific AP-1 inhibition in the airways may have therapeutic value in the control of established asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Desmet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Université de Liège, Belgium
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27
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Cockcroft DW. Asthma and therapeutics: recombinant therapies in asthma. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2005; 1:34-41. [PMID: 20529233 PMCID: PMC3225821 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-1-1-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous recombinant therapies are being investigated for the treatment of asthma. This report reviews the current status of several of these novel agents. Anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)E (omalizumab, Xolair) markedly inhibits all aspects of the allergen challenge in subjects who have reduction of free serum IgE to undetectable levels. Several clinical studies in atopic asthma have demonstrated benefit by improved symptoms and lung function and a reduction in corticosteroid requirements. Early use in atopic asthmatics may be even more effective. Several approaches target interleukin (IL)-4. Soluble IL-4 receptor has been shown to effectively replace inhaled corticosteroid; further studies are under way. Recombinant anti-IL-5 and recombinant IL-12 inhibit blood and sputum eosinophils and allergen-induced eosinophilia without any effect on airway responsiveness, allergen-induced airway responses, or allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Efalizumab, a recombinant antibody that inhibits lymphocyte trafficking, is effective in psoriasis. A bronchoprovocation study showed a reduction in allergen-induced late asthmatic response and allergen-induced eosinophilia, which suggests that it should be effective in clinical asthma. These exciting novel therapies provide not only promise of new therapies for asthma but also valuable tools for investigation of asthma mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Cockcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
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28
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29
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Desmet C, Gosset P, Pajak B, Cataldo D, Bentires-Alj M, Lekeux P, Bureau F. Selective blockade of NF-kappa B activity in airway immune cells inhibits the effector phase of experimental asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5766-75. [PMID: 15494529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Knockout mice studies have revealed that NF-kappaB plays a critical role in Th2 cell differentiation and is therefore required for induction of allergic airway inflammation. However, the questions of whether NF-kappaB also plays a role in the effector phase of airway allergy and whether inhibiting NF-kappaB could have therapeutic value in the treatment of established asthma remain unanswered. To address these issues, we have assessed in OVA-sensitized wild-type mice the effects of selectively antagonizing NF-kappaB activity in the lungs during OVA challenge. Intratracheal administration of NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides to OVA-sensitized mice led to efficient nuclear transfection of airway immune cells, but not constitutive lung cells and draining lymph node cells, associated with abrogation of NF-kappaB activity in the airways upon OVA provocation. NF-kappaB inhibition was associated with strong attenuation of allergic lung inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and local production of mucus, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin. IL-4 and OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 production was not reduced. This study demonstrates for the first time that activation of NF-kappaB in local immune cells is critically involved in the effector phase of allergic airway disease and that specific NF-kappaB inhibition in the lungs has therapeutic potential in the control of pulmonary allergy.
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30
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King NE, Rothenberg ME, Zimmermann N. Arginine in asthma and lung inflammation. J Nutr 2004; 134:2830S-2836S; discussion 2853S. [PMID: 15465795 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2830s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. Using global microarray analysis, we recently discovered that asthmatic responses involve metabolism of arginine by arginase. We found that the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)2, arginase I, and arginase II were particularly prominent among the allergen-induced gene transcripts. These genes are key regulators of critical processes associated with asthma, including airway tone, cell hyperplasia, and collagen deposition, respectively. Recent data suggest that arginase induction is not just a marker of allergic airway responses, but that arginase is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple aspects of disease. This review focuses on the current body of knowledge on L-arginine metabolism in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E King
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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31
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Wiley RE, Cwiartka M, Alvarez D, Mackenzie DC, Johnson JR, Goncharova S, Lundblad L, Jordana M. Transient corticosteroid treatment permanently amplifies the Th2 response in a murine model of asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4995-5005. [PMID: 15067081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids (CS) remain the most efficacious pharmacotherapeutic option for the management of asthma. Although the acute anti-inflammatory effects of CS treatment have been amply documented both clinically and experimentally, recent human data intimate that exposure to CS may be associated with retrograde immune phenomena, including enhanced synthesis of IgE in vivo and elevated Th2 cytokine production in vitro. We have investigated the long-term immunologic effects of CS treatment in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. CS treatment during initial exposure to OVA or upon long-term Ag rechallenge remarkably attenuated eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Interestingly, however, Th2 cytokine production by cultured splenocytes from CS-treated mice was significantly elevated, while IFN-gamma synthesis was depressed. Moreover, mice rechallenged with OVA several weeks after CS intervention during allergic sensitization not only developed airway inflammation, but also exhibited enhanced Th2 cytokine production in lymphoid tissues and OVA-specific IgE in serum. This amplification of the systemic immune response was associated with an intact APC compartment during CS-conditioned sensitization to OVA. These data indicate that immune processes underlying the allergic phenotype remain impervious to CS treatment and raise the possibility that treatment with CS during sensitization may amplify elements of the allergen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Wiley
- Division of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Centre for Gene Therapeutics and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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32
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Tsukagoshi H, Tomioka S, Harada T, Yoshimi S, Mori M. A probative approach for noninvasive evaluation of airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in adult asthmatics. Lung 2004; 182:37-50. [PMID: 14752671 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-003-1043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We propose a probative approach for noninvasive evaluation of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and remodeling to investigate their outcome in adult asthmatics treated according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guideline. Pulmonary function and AHR to methacholine were measured twice with an interval of 24.3 +/- 3.4 months in 18 adult asthmatics during the ongoing treatments. Mathematical formulas previously used in an animal model were applied in human asthmatics to eliminate the effect of airway wall thickening on respiratory resistance (Rrs), calculating indices for the proportional changes with time in airway wall thickness (PW(1)/PW(0)) and airway smooth muscle shortening (PMS(1)/PMS(0)), respectively. The minimum cumulative dose of methacholine (Dmin), an ordinary index of AHR measured with the oscillometry Asthograph, correlated with the asthma severity. The disease periods significantly correlated with the indices of airflow limitation. While there was no change in PW(1)/PW(0) (1.00 +/- 0.07) during the assessment periods, methacholine-induced airway smooth muscle shortening was attenuated by 46% (PMS(1)/PMS(0)=0.54 +/- 0.16). Less improvement in PMS(1)/PMS(0) was seen with a correlation to the disease periods, but PMS(1)/PMS(0) improved correlating to the relative length of the assessment period with ongoing treatments in the disease period. In conclusion, this probative approach may be useful to investigate the outcome of AHR and remodeling in human asthmatics, and shows that remodeling may get worse with time or may halt and AHR may improve with a stepwise, early intervention and prolonged treatment given according to the GINA guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsukagoshi
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa Maebashi Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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33
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Sanbongi C, Takano H, Osakabe N, Sasa N, Natsume M, Yanagisawa R, Inoue KI, Sadakane K, Ichinose T, Yoshikawa T. Rosmarinic acid in perilla extract inhibits allergic inflammation induced by mite allergen, in a mouse model. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:971-7. [PMID: 15196288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perilla and its constituent rosmarinic acid have been suggested to have anti-allergic activity. However, few studies have examined the effects on allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of perilla leaf extract, which contains high amount of rosmarinic acid, on a murine model of allergic asthma induced by house dust mite allergen. METHODS C3H/He mice were sensitized by intratracheal administration of Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f). Mice were orally treated with rosmarinic acid in perilla extract (PE) (1.5 mg/mouse/day). RESULTS Der f challenge of sensitized mice elicited pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation, accompanied by an increase in lung expression of IL-4 and IL-5, and eotaxin. Daily treatment with rosmarinic acid in PE significantly prevented the increases in the numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and also in those around murine airways. Rosmarinic acid in PE treatment also inhibited the enhanced protein expression of IL-4 and IL-5, and eotaxin in the lungs of sensitized mice. Der f challenge also enhanced allergen-specific IgG1, which were also inhibited by rosmarinic acid in PE. CONCLUSION These results suggest that oral administration of perilla-derived rosmarinic acid is an effective intervention for allergic asthma, possibly through the amelioration of increases in cytokines, chemokines, and allergen-specific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sanbongi
- Health and Bioscience Laboratories, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd, Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
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34
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King NE, Zimmermann N, Pope SM, Fulkerson PC, Nikolaidis NM, Mishra A, Witte DP, Rothenberg ME. Expression and regulation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 8 in experimental asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:257-65. [PMID: 15087305 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0026oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research. To elucidate novel pathways involved in asthma pathogenesis, we used transcript expression profiling in a murine model of asthma. Employing asthma models induced by different allergens (ovalbumin and Aspergillus fumigatus) we uncovered the involvement of ADAM8, a member of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family. In situ hybridization of mouse lungs revealed strong ADAM8 induction in peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cells as well as in bronchiolar epithelial cells following allergen challenge. Sequence analysis of lung ADAM8 cDNA identified a novel splice variant of ADAM8 that contained an additional exon in juxtaposition to the transmembrane domain. Allergen-induced ADAM8 mRNA accumulation in the lung was dose- and time-dependent. Transgenic or pharmacologic delivery of interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13 to the lungs resulted in a marked increase of ADAM8 expression. Gene-targeted mice studies revealed that ovalbumin-induced ADAM8 was largely dependent upon signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 and the IL-4 receptor alpha-chain. Thus, ADAM8 is an allergen-, IL-4-, and IL-13-induced gene in the experimental asthmatic lung. Taken together with the role of ADAM33 in asthma, these results suggest that allergic lung responses involve the interplay of diverse members of the ADAM family.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins
- Allergens
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Asthma/enzymology
- Asthma/genetics
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Base Sequence/genetics
- Bronchi/enzymology
- Bronchi/pathology
- Bronchi/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/pharmacology
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiopathology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Metalloendopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Metalloendopeptidases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/enzymology
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Respiratory Mucosa/physiopathology
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E King
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinatti College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Nikolaidis NM, Zimmermann N, King NE, Mishra A, Pope SM, Finkelman FD, Rothenberg ME. Trefoil factor-2 is an allergen-induced gene regulated by Th2 cytokines and STAT6 in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:458-64. [PMID: 12702542 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0309oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research, underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. In an effort to provide unbiased insight into the pathogenesis of this disease, we took an empirical approach involving transcript expression profiling of lung tissue from mice with experimental asthma. Employing asthma models induced by different allergens (ovalbumin [OVA] and Aspergillus fumigatus), we found strong induction of trefoil factor-2 (TFF2), a gene involved in epithelial restitution and mucosal secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. Using a combination of pharmacologic delivery and transgenic overexpression, TFF2 was demonstrated to be strongly induced in the lung by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Notably, TFF2 induction by both OVA and pharmacologic delivery of IL-4 and IL-13 was dependent upon signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6. However, the upregulation of TFF2 by both chronic expression of IL-4 and Aspergillus fumigatus antigen was independent of STAT6. These results establish that TFF2 is an allergen-induced lung gene product differentially regulated by Th2 cytokines and STAT6. Given the important role of trefoil factors in wound healing, epithelial restitution, and maintenance of mucosal integrity in the gastrointestinal tract, these results support a potential role for TFF2, in both the acute and chronic phase of experimental asthma, via separate induction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos M Nikolaidis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7028 Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Zimmermann N, King NE, Laporte J, Yang M, Mishra A, Pope SM, Muntel EE, Witte DP, Pegg AA, Foster PS, Hamid Q, Rothenberg ME. Dissection of experimental asthma with DNA microarray analysis identifies arginase in asthma pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1863-74. [PMID: 12813022 PMCID: PMC161427 DOI: 10.1172/jci17912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is on the rise despite intense, ongoing research underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. In an effort to provide unbiased insight into disease pathogenesis, we took an approach involving expression profiling of lung tissue from mice with experimental asthma. Employing asthma models induced by different allergens and protocols, we identified 6.5% of the tested genome whose expression was altered in an asthmatic lung. Notably, two phenotypically similar models of experimental asthma were shown to have distinct transcript profiles. Genes related to metabolism of basic amino acids, specifically the cationic amino acid transporter 2, arginase I, and arginase II, were particularly prominent among the asthma signature genes. In situ hybridization demonstrated marked staining of arginase I, predominantly in submucosal inflammatory lesions. Arginase activity was increased in allergen-challenged lungs, as demonstrated by increased enzyme activity, and increased levels of putrescine, a downstream product. Lung arginase activity and mRNA expression were strongly induced by IL-4 and IL-13, and were differentially dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription 6. Analysis of patients with asthma supported the importance of this pathway in human disease. Based on the ability of arginase to regulate generation of NO, polyamines, and collagen, these results provide a basis for pharmacologically targeting arginine metabolism in allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Abstract
Heaves, or recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is a chronic respiratory disease featuring lower airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus accumulation. Inhaled organic dusts and T helper 2 type immunologic reactions are involved in the complex pathophysiology of RAO. Clinical signs vary and alternate with remission periods. The diagnosis is often based on history and clinical examination in severe cases, but bronchoalveolar lavage may be useful for the detection of early cases. The most important aspect of treatment is to avoid exposure to allergens. Corticosteroids may be administered systemically or by inhalation in combination with bronchodilators and environmental control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léguillette
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
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Domae M, Sagara H, Sakaue M, Fukuda T, Kamikawa Y. The antiallergic drug oxatomide promotes human eosinophil apoptosis and suppresses IL-5-induced eosinophil survival. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:567-72. [PMID: 12642838 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils accumulated in sites of allergic inflammation are thought to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, and tissue eosinophilia is attributable to increased eosinophil survival or decreased eosinophil apoptosis. OBJECTIVE Effects of the antiallergic, histamine H1 blocker oxatomide on viability and apoptosis of eosinophils isolated from the peripheral blood of atopic subjects were studied. METHODS Eosinophil viability and apoptosis were evaluated by using a colorimetric assay and annexin V-labeling, caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation assay. RESULTS The viability of eosinophils increased in the presence of IL-5 (10 ng/mL), confirming that IL-5 prolongs eosinophil survival in vitro. Application of oxatomide at concentrations over 20 micromol/L for 24 hours decreased the IL-5-induced enhancement of eosinophil viability. Double staining of the cells with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that deprivation of IL-5 promoted spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis and that oxatomide facilitated apoptosis and suppressed the prolongation of eosinophil survival stimulated by IL-5. In the absence of IL-5, approximately 71% and 96% of eosinophils after 24 and 48 hours, respectively, underwent spontaneous apoptosis. IL-5 decreased the rate of eosinophil apoptosis to 38% and 52% after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Oxatomide increased eosinophil apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence of IL-5. Furthermore, oxatomide increased caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that oxatomide possesses a novel therapeutic effect of apoptosis promotion on eosinophils and prevents the antiapoptotic effects of IL-5, suggesting that oxatomide may contribute to resolution of tissue eosinophilia in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Domae
- Department of Pharmacology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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Meagher LJ, Wines NY, Cooper AJ. Atopic dermatitis: review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Australas J Dermatol 2002; 43:247-54. [PMID: 12423430 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the theories of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), with a particular emphasis on its immunopathogenesis. The contribution of predisposing factors, immunopathogenic factors and provoking factors in the pathogenesis of AD are considered. Predisposing factors explored in this article include genetics and the disturbance of skin function. Immunopathogenic factors reviewed include T cell dysfunction, biphasic cytokine expression and the role of immunoglobulin E. Provoking factors considered include microbial factors, psychosomatic interactions, contact allergens and irritants, inhalant allergens, food and climate. Immunosuppressive treatments reviewed include cyclosporin, azathioprine, methotrexate, tacrolimus, interferon-gamma, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and pimecrolimus (SDZ ASM 981).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linton J Meagher
- Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Baatjes AJ, Sehmi R, Saito H, Cyr MM, Dorman SC, Inman MD, O'Byrne PM, Denburg JA. Anti-allergic therapies: effects on eosinophil progenitors. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 95:63-72. [PMID: 12163128 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Marked eosinophilic infiltration is the typical inflammatory response associated with allergic inflammation. Previous research involving animal and human models has established a role for the eosinophil/basophil hematopoietic progenitor in a systemic process of allergic inflammation. In this article, we will review the evidence implicating eosinophil/basophil progenitors in this systemic response and will discuss the rationale for targeting this cell in the treatment of allergic disease. In this context, we discuss corticosteroid treatment of allergic diseases, such as asthma and its effects on hematopoietic mechanisms, the effects of therapies that inhibit the actions of cysteinyl leukotrienes, the effects of in vivo blockade of the eosinophil-active cytokine interleukin-5, and the effects of antihistamines on hematopoiesis. It is suggested that several anti-allergic therapies exert their beneficial effects on allergic inflammation by influencing eosinophil production systemically. Therefore, targeting the systemic hematopoietic response may provide additional, more beneficial, therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Baatjes
- Asthma Research Group, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, HSC 3V46, Canada
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Abstract
It is now generally accepted type 2 T helper (Th2) cytokines and some chemoattractants play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the allergic inflammation. The effects of Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, account for virtually all the pathophysiological manifestations of allergy and asthma. Moreover, both Th2 cells and the effector cells usually present in the areas of allergic inflammation (basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils) express chemoattractant receptors, such as CCR3, CCR4, CCR8 and CRTH2. Therefore, interactions of eotaxin(s), eotaxin/CCL11, RANTES/CCL5, and MCP-1/CCL2, MCP-2/CCL8, MCP-3/CCL7, MCP-4/CCL13 with CCR3 are responsible for the recruitment of basophils, eosinophils and mast cells, whereas interactions of CCR4 with MDC/CCL22 or TARC/CCL17, CCR8 with I-309/CCL1, and CRTH2 with prostaglandin D(2) play a critical role in the allergen-induced recruitment of Th2 cells in the target tissues of allergic inflammation. The demonstration that Th2-polarized responses against allergens represent the triggering event for the development of allergic diseases, together with the recognition that some chemoattractants are responsible for the recruitment of both Th2 cells and other effector cells of allergic inflammation, can provide the conceptual basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies in allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnani
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, Firenze 50134, Italy.
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Abstract
Cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating and perpetuating inflammation in asthmatic airways and several specific cytokine and chemokine inhibitors are now in development for the treatment of asthma. Inhibition of IL-4 with soluble IL-4 receptors has shown promising early results in asthma. Anti-IL-5 antibody is very effective at inhibiting peripheral blood and airway eosinophils but does not appear to be effective in symptomatic asthma. Inhibitory cytokines, such as IL-10, interferons, and IL-12 are less promising because systemic delivery produces intolerable side effects. Inhibition of TNF-alpha may be useful in severe asthma. Many chemokines are involved in the inflammatory response of asthma, and small-molecule inhibitors of chemokine receptors are in development. CCR3 antagonists are now in clinical development for the treatment of asthma. Because so many cytokines are involved in asthma, drugs that inhibit the synthesis of multiple cytokines may prove to be more useful. Several such classes of drug are now in clinical development, and the risk of side effects with these nonspecific inhibitors may be reduced by the inhaled route of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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Trautmann A, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Krüger K, Crameri R, Akdis M, Akkaya A, Bröcker EB, Blaser K, Akdis CA. T cells and eosinophils cooperate in the induction of bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:329-37. [PMID: 11842305 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.121460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease associated with an infiltration of T cells and eosinophils, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and shedding of bronchial epithelial cells (ECs). OBJECTIVE Shedding of bronchial ECs is characterized by loss of the normal bronchial pseudostratified epithelium and the maintenance of a few basal cells on a thickened basement membrane. The aim of this study was to investigate whether, and by which mechanism, T cells and eosinophils can cause damage to airway ECs. METHODS Bronchial ECs, cultured and exposed to cytokines, eosinophil cationic protein, activated T cells, and eosinophils were studied for the expression of apoptosis receptors (flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and RNA expression) and for the susceptibility for undergoing apoptosis. In addition, bronchial biopsy specimens from patients with asthma were evaluated for EC apoptosis. RESULTS We demonstrate herein that the respiratory epithelium is an essential target of the inflammatory attack by T cells and eosinophils. Bronchial ECs underwent cytokine-induced cell death with DNA fragmentation and morphologic characteristics of apoptosis mediated by activated T cells and eosinophils. T cell- and eosinophil-induced EC apoptosis was blocked by inhibition of IFN-alpha and TNF-alpha; the Fas ligand-Fas pathway appears to be less important. Recombinant eosinophil cationic protein induced mainly necrosis of ECs. Furthermore, we demonstrated in situ apoptotic features of ECs in bronchial biopsy specimens of asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION T cell- and eosinophil-induced apoptosis represents a key pathogenic event leading to EC shedding in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Trautmann
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland
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Batanero E, Barral P, Villalba M, Rodríguez R. Biodegradable poly (DL-lactide glycolide) microparticles as a vehicle for allergen-specific vaccines: a study performed with Ole e 1, the main allergen of olive pollen. J Immunol Methods 2002; 259:87-94. [PMID: 11730844 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ole e 1, the main allergen of the olive pollen, was entrapped in poly (DL-lactide glycolide) microparticles by a solvent evaporation double emulsion technique. The physical properties of the microparticles, such as particle size, surface morphology, allergen entrapment rate and antigen release pattern were investigated. Microparticles with a spherical morphology displayed a size range of less than 2 microm in diameter and antigen loading up to 60-70% (w/w). SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting of the released Ole e 1 confirmed that the molecular integrity and the antigenic properties of Ole e 1 remained unaltered by the encapsulation process or polymer degradation. This finding suggests that microparticles displaying small particle sizes, rapid antigen release and a high allergen/polymer ratio may be a suitable delivery system for antigen in hyposensitization therapy against allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Batanero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating and perpetuating inflammation in allergic diseases and several specific cytokine inhibitors now in development for the treatment of asthma and other allergic diseases. The effects of inhibiting the T helper 2 cytokines interleukin-5, interleukin-13 and interleukin-9 are discussed, together with inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Inhibitory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, interferons and interleukin-12, are also being considered in the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK.
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Tokura Y, Röcken M, Clark RA, Haliasos E, Takigawa M, Sinha AA. What are the most promising strategies for the therapeutic immunomodulation of allergic diseases? Exp Dermatol 2001; 10:128-37; discussion 138-40. [PMID: 11260252 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2001.010002128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy and other immunomodulatory strategies have long been a stronghold in the management of allergic diseases. In particular, "immunodeviation-therapy" or "vaccination for allergies", i.e. the redirection of Th2-type immune responses towards a Th1-response pattern, has become an ever more popular concept. The present feature of CONTROVERSIES complements our previous discussion of atopy (Röcken et al., Exp Dermatol 7: 97--104, 1998), and is dedicated to a critical analysis of the general problems and limitations one faces with the main immunomodulatory strategies traditionally considered in this context. We also explore alternative approaches that appear promising in order to achieve both a more effective and/or a more specific immunotherapy of allergic diseases. Given that the mast cell remains a key protagonist in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases finally, this feature examines how innovative, more selectively mast cell-targeted strategies may be developed for the management of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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