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Zhang T, Zhang B, Ma X, Zhang J, Wei Y, Wang F, Tang X. Research trends in the field of the gut-brain interaction: Functional dyspepsia in the spotlight – An integrated bibliometric and science mapping approach. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1109510. [PMID: 36968499 PMCID: PMC10035075 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThis study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of functional dyspepsia (FD), which includes visualizing bibliographic information, in order to identify prevailing study themes, topics of interest, contributing journals, countries, institutions, and authors as well as co-citation patterns.MethodsThe Web of Science™ Core Collection Database was used to retrieve all peer-reviewed scientific publications related to FD research. The validated search terms were entered into the “title” and “author keywords” fields, and the results were sorted by publication year from 2006 to 2022. There were no restrictions on language. On 12 February 2023, a manual export of the complete metadata for each original publication and review article was performed. CiteSpace was used to reveal co-authorship, publication, and co-citation patterns to find prominent authors, organizations, countries, and journals in FD research as well as to identify author keywords with strong citation bursts, which could indicate an emerging research area. VOSviewer was used to build the co-occurrence indicator (co-word) to identify the main author keywords on which previous studies focused and to induce clustered scientific landscape for two consecutive periods to identify intriguing areas for future research.ResultsA search of the database retrieved 2,957 documents. There was a wave-like pattern in the number of publications until 2017, after which there was a spike in publication volume. The USA, China, and Japan provided the majority of contributions. In terms of institution, Mayo Clin, Univ Newcastle, and Katholieke Univ Leuven were found to be the prolific institutions. Additionally, the results indicate that eastern Asian researchers contributed significantly to the global knowledge of literature that led other countries; however, Canada, the USA, Australia, England, and Germany were found to have the highest degree of betweenness centrality. Nicholas J. Talley, Jan Tack, Gerald Holtmann, Michael Camilleri, Ken Haruma, and Paul Moayyedi occupied the top positions based on productivity and centrality indicators. Six thematic clusters emerged (Helicobacter pylori infection; pathophysiological mechanisms of FD; extraintestinal co-morbidities and overlap syndromes associated with FD; herbal medicine in FD; diabetic gastroparesis; and dietary factors in FD). “Acupuncture,” “duodenal eosinophilia,” “gut microbiota,” and others were among the author keywords with rising prevalence.ConclusionIn FD research, eastern Asian countries have established themselves as major contributors with the highest publishing productivity; however, research has primarily been driven by North America, Europe, and Australia, where cooperation is generally more active and highly influential scientific results are produced. Our analysis suggests that increased investments, training of human resources, improved infrastructures, and expanded collaborations are essential to improving the quality of FD research in Asia. The emerging author keyword analysis suggests that eosinophil-mast cell axis, gut microbiota, mental disorders, and acupuncture are the key areas that attract researchers’ attention as future research boulevards. There is a highly skewed distribution of research output across Asia, with most focus on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) coming from Chinese, Japanese, and South Korean centers. However, CAM remains an underexplored area of research in the context of FD, and it deserves greater research efforts in order to obtain quality scientific evidence. Furthermore, we propose that the research framework of CAM should not be limited to dysmotility; rather, it could be interpreted within a more holistic context that includes the brain-gut-microbiota axis, as well as novel concepts such as duodenitis, increased mucosal permeability, and infiltration and activation of eosinophils and mast cells, among others. Overall, we provided bibliometrics-based overviews of relevant literature to researchers from different backgrounds and healthcare professionals to provide an in-depth overview of major trends in FD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beihua Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxue Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengyun Wang,
| | - Xudong Tang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xudong Tang,
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Wauters L, Burns G, Ceulemans M, Walker MM, Vanuytsel T, Keely S, Talley NJ. Duodenal inflammation: an emerging target for functional dyspepsia? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:511-523. [PMID: 32249629 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1752181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders and is classified into postprandial distress and epigastric pain syndrome. Despite the recognition of duodenal inflammation as a potential trigger of symptoms, only limited anti-inflammatory therapies exist.Areas covered: This narrative review summarizes the recent advances in the pathophysiology and treatment of FD; it identifies potential therapeutic targets and gaps in the field. An electronic literature search was conducted in Pubmed up to 31st of December 2019.Expert opinion: There is compelling evidence for the role of duodenal inflammation and the eosinophil-mast cell axis in the pathogenesis of dyspeptic symptoms. Traditional prokinetic drugs and neuromodulators target gastric dysmotility and visceral hypersensitivity but are hampered by limited efficacy and side effects. Independent of acid suppression, the anti-inflammatory action of proton pump inhibitors, which remain the first-line therapy in FD, may also explain their therapeutic effect. Other existing and newly established anti-inflammatory drugs should be investigated while trials including probiotics and selective antibiotics should examine the host microbiome and immune activation. Targeted treatments for potential causes of duodenal pathology, such as impaired permeability and dysbiosis, are likely to emerge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wauters
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Diseases (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Grace Burns
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Matthias Ceulemans
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Diseases (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjorie M Walker
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Diseases (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Keely
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia.,Vaccine and Asthma (VIVA) Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, Australia
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Abstract
The human eosinophil has long been thought to favorably influence innate mucosal immunity but at times has also been incriminated in disease pathophysiology. Research into eosinophil biology has uncovered a number of interesting contributions by eosinophils to health and disease. However, it appears that not all eosinophils from all species are created equal. It remains unclear, for example, exactly how having eosinophils benefits the human host when helminth infections in the developed world have become scarce. This review focuses on our current state of knowledge as it relates to human eosinophils. When information is lacking, we discuss lessons learned from mouse studies that may or may not directly apply to human biology and disease. It is an exciting time to be an "eosinophilosopher" because the use of biologic agents that selectively target eosinophils provides an unprecedented opportunity to define the contribution of this cell to eosinophil-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Klion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA;
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA;
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Tsutsumiuchi T, Hoshino H, Fujieda S, Kobayashi M. Induction of peripheral lymph node addressin in human nasal mucosa with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Pathology 2019; 51:268-273. [PMID: 30837082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) is characterised by formation of nasal polyps with prominent eosinophilic infiltration; however, how eosinophils are recruited in this pathological setting remains unclear. In the present study, we carried out quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of nasal polyps associated with ECRS (n=30) and non-ECRS (n=30) to evaluate expression of an L-selectin ligand peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd) on vascular endothelial cells. We found that PNAd was induced primarily on the luminal surface of venular vessels present in nasal mucosa in both ECRS and non-ECRS, while the number of PNAd-expressing vessels in ECRS significantly exceeded that seen in non-ECRS. Moreover, the number of eosinophils attached to the luminal surface of PNAd-expressing vessels in ECRS was significantly greater than that in non-ECRS, while the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes attached did not differ significantly between conditions. Furthermore, eosinophils, which express cell surface L-selectin, adhered to PNAd-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in a calcium-dependent manner, and that adhesion was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of eosinophils with DREG-56, an anti-human L-selectin monoclonal antibody. These findings combined suggest that interaction between L-selectin and PNAd plays at least a partial role in eosinophil recruitment in human nasal mucosa with ECRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Tsutsumiuchi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hoshino
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Japan.
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5
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Local and systemic production of proinflammatory chemokines in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Cell Immunol 2018; 334:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu MC, Xiao HQ, Breslin LM, Bochner BS, Schroeder JT. Enhanced antigen presenting and T cell functions during late-phase allergic responses in the lung. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 48:334-342. [PMID: 29105205 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic inflammation is a common feature of asthma and may contribute to both development and perpetuation of disease. The interaction of antigen-presenting cells (APC) with sensitized helper T lymphocytes (TC) producing Th2 cytokines may determine the inflammatory response. Recruitment of APC and TC to the lung during allergic responses has been demonstrated, but functional studies in humans have been limited. OBJECTIVE This study examined the function of APC and TC accumulating at sites of inflammation after segmental allergen challenge (SAC). METHODS Fifteen allergic patients underwent SAC, and cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected after 24 hours. APC and TC from the blood and BAL were purified based on expression of the monocyte marker, CD14; the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) marker, BDCA4, identifying neuropilin-1 (NRP1); and the helper T cell marker, CD4. Functional activity was assessed using allergen-induced T cell proliferation. Flow cytometry identified cells expressing CD14 and NRP1. RESULTS SAC resulted in a 12-fold increase in mononuclear cells having the morphologic appearance of blood monocytes. Most of these cells co-expressed CD14 and NRP1. After saline challenge, BAL mononuclear cells demonstrated little APC function. Following SAC, BAL mononuclear cells showed function equal to pDC from blood and greater than blood monocytes. Purified NRP1+ cells from BAL had even greater function than pDC cells from blood (P = .008). Using consistent sources of APC, enhanced proliferation of TC from lung compared to blood was also demonstrated (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS The marked increase in APC function for allergen-specific TC proliferation during allergic inflammation is largely due to the recruitment of monocytes and dendritic cells. There is also an enhanced response in the lung TC population, consistent with recruitment of allergen-specific T cells. Interactions between recruited APC and TC may occur as an early event promoting allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Liu
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Q Xiao
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L M Breslin
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B S Bochner
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J T Schroeder
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Caldwell JM, Collins MH, Kemme KA, Sherrill JD, Wen T, Rochman M, Stucke EM, Amin L, Tai H, Putnam PE, Jiménez-Dalmaroni MJ, Wormald MR, Porollo A, Abonia JP, Rothenberg ME. Cadherin 26 is an alpha integrin-binding epithelial receptor regulated during allergic inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1190-1201. [PMID: 28051089 PMCID: PMC5496811 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins (CDH) mediate diverse processes critical in inflammation, including cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. Herein, we report that the uncharacterized cadherin 26 (CDH26) is highly expressed by epithelial cells in human allergic gastrointestinal tissue. In vitro, CDH26 promotes calcium-dependent cellular adhesion of cells lacking endogenous CDHs by a mechanism involving homotypic binding and interaction with catenin family members (alpha, beta, and p120), as assessed by biochemical assays. Additionally, CDH26 enhances cellular adhesion to recombinant integrin α4β7 in vitro; conversely, recombinant CDH26 binds αE and α4 integrins in biochemical and cellular functional assays, respectively. Interestingly, CDH26-Fc inhibits activation of human CD4+ T cells in vitro including secretion of IL-2. Taken together, we have identified a novel functional CDH regulated during allergic responses with unique immunomodulatory properties, as it binds α4 and αE integrins and regulates leukocyte adhesion and activation, and may thus represent a novel checkpoint for immune regulation and therapy via CDH26-Fc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Margaret H. Collins
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Katherine A. Kemme
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Joseph D. Sherrill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Emily M. Stucke
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Lissa Amin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Haitong Tai
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Philip E. Putnam
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Maximiliano J. Jiménez-Dalmaroni
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Wormald
- The Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - J. Pablo Abonia
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - ME Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Marc Rothenberg, M.D., Ph.D., Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Allergy and Immunology, 3333 Burnet Ave. ML7028, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 USA. Phone: 513.802.0257; Fax: 513.636.3310;
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Seong Y, Lazarus NH, Sutherland L, Habtezion A, Abramson T, He XS, Greenberg HB, Butcher EC. Trafficking receptor signatures define blood plasmablasts responding to tissue-specific immune challenge. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90233. [PMID: 28352656 PMCID: PMC5358486 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells are generated in regional lymphoid tissues and traffic as plasmablasts (PBs) via lymph and blood to target sites for local immunity. We used multiparameter flow cytometry to define PB trafficking programs (TPs, combinations of adhesion molecules and chemoattractant receptors) and their imprinting in patients in response to localized infection or immune insults. TPs enriched after infection or autoimmune inflammation of mucosae correlate with sites of immune response or symptoms, with different TPs imprinted during small intestinal, colon, throat, and upper respiratory immune challenge. PBs induced after intramuscular or intradermal influenza vaccination, including flu-specific antibody-secreting cells, display TPs characterized by the lack of mucosal homing receptors. PBs of healthy donors display diverse mucosa-associated TPs, consistent with homeostatic immune activity. Identification of TP signatures of PBs may facilitate noninvasive monitoring of organ-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekyung Seong
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Program of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicole H Lazarus
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lusijah Sutherland
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tzvia Abramson
- San Jose State University, Department of Biology, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Song He
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Bochner BS, Zimmermann N. Role of siglecs and related glycan-binding proteins in immune responses and immunoregulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:598-608. [PMID: 25592986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all cells and extracellular material are heavily decorated by various glycans, yet our understanding of the structure and function of these moieties lags behind the understanding of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Recent years have seen a tremendous acceleration of knowledge in the field of glycobiology, revealing many intricacies and functional contributions that were previously poorly appreciated or even unrecognized. This review highlights several topics relevant to glycoimmunology in which mammalian and pathogen-derived glycans displayed on glycoproteins and other scaffolds are recognized by specific glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), leading to a variety of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. The focus for this review is mainly on 2 families of GBPs, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) and selectins, that are involved in multiple steps of the immune response, including distinguishing pathogens from self, cell trafficking to sites of inflammation, fine-tuning of immune responses leading to activation or tolerance, and regulation of cell survival. Importantly for the clinician, accelerated rates of discovery in the field of glycoimmunology are being translated into innovative medical approaches that harness the interaction of glycans and GBPs to the benefit of the host and might soon lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Steinberg A, Axelsson R, Ideström L, Müller S, Nilsson Remahl AIM. White blood cell SPECT during active period of cluster headache and in remission. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:220-5. [PMID: 21771198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cluster headache (CH) is an episodic headache disorder characterized by recurrent, unilateral attacks of excruciating pain in the temporal/orbital region. The pathophysiology of CH is largely unknown although involvement of immunological mechanisms has been suggested. The aim of our study was to investigate whether patients with CH show signs of intracranial inflammation, when using white blood cell single-photon emission computer tomography (WBC-SPECT). METHODS We have examined 14 patients with CH, both in active period and in remission, and five control subjects at one occasion, with WBC-SPECT. To be able to precisely define regions of interest (ROI:s) in the brain, all patients with CH and control subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. RESULTS We found no significant difference in (99m)Tc-labeled WBC uptake between patients with CH in active period and controls. Furthermore, patients with CH in active period were not significantly different in uptake compared with patients with CH in remission. CONCLUSIONS These results did not provide conclusive support for a hypothesis of a pathophysiological role of inflammation intracranially. Our conclusions are restricted to the advantages and limitations of the chosen method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steinberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bochner BS, Gleich GJ. What targeting eosinophils has taught us about their role in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:16-25; quiz 26-7. [PMID: 20434203 PMCID: PMC2902581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated disease is a term used to encompass a range of disorders from hypereosinophilic syndrome to asthma. Despite the longstanding belief that eosinophils can be primary contributors to disease pathophysiology, it is only in recent years that direct and selective reduction or elimination of eosinophils can be achieved in animals or human subjects. These developments have been made possible in mice through clever targeting of eosinophil production. Antibodies and other agents that target soluble eosinophil-related molecules, such as IL-5, or cell-surface structures, such as CCR3, have also proved useful in reducing blood and tissue eosinophil counts. In human subjects the only eosinophil-selective agents tested in clinical trials thus far are neutralizing antibodies to IL-5, with promising but mixed results. At the very least, such forms of pharmacologic hypothesis testing of the role of eosinophils in certain airway, gastrointestinal, and hematologic diseases has finally provided us with new insights into disease pathogenesis. At its optimistic best, these and other targeted agents might someday become available for those afflicted with eosinophil-associated disorders. This review summarizes what has been learned in vivo in both preclinical and clinical studies of eosinophil-directed therapies, with an emphasis on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Eosinophils are potent innate immune cells that home to the gastrointestinal tract where they participate in host immunity to luminal pathogens, and help to maintain intestinal epithelial homeostasis. However, these cells are now recognized to have key functions in the pathogenesis of numerous other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, including primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease, common functional conditions, such as dyspepsia, and also in gastrointestinal disorders in patients with allergic disease. We are just beginning to understand the potential pathological role of eosinophils in gastrointestinal disease, and it is increasingly likely that gastroenterologists and histopathologists will need to account for the presence of gastrointestinal eosinophils and relate their presence to gastrointestinal symptoms. This Review discusses the role of gastrointestinal eosinophils in health and disease, including their associations with functional and allergic disorders.
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13
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Kneilling M, Caroli U, Grimmel C, Fischer J, Eichner M, Wieder T, Maier FC, Röcken M, Biedermann T. Para-phenylenediamine-specific lymphocyte activation test: a sensitive in vitro assay to detect para-phenylenediamine sensitization in patients with severe allergic reactions. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:435-41. [PMID: 20113350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients sensitized to para-phenylenediamine (PPD) by semi-permanent tattoos increasingly develop threatening allergic reactions in response to black hair dye. The gold standard to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis is to perform epicutaneous patch tests, however, iatrogenic sensitizations and severe patch test reactions to PPD have been described, the latter especially in patients with severe allergic reactions. We examined nine patients with severe allergic reactions in response to permanent hair dyes. Patch tests using the standard concentration of 1% or 0.5% PPD resulted in severe and sometimes even bullous reactions in all patients responsive to PPD. Titration revealed that at 1% of the standard concentration (0.01% PPD), patch test sensitivity decreased and only 50% of patients responded. Consequently, we established an in vitro assay to diagnose PPD allergy. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with titrated concentrations of PPD with or without IL-2 supplementation, and cell proliferation was determined by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Lymphocyte activation test (LAT) detected PBMC cell proliferation specific to PPD, with at least 3.5-fold increase in [3H]-thymidine uptake in all PPD allergic patients. Most importantly, PPD-LAT without IL-2 supplementation remained negative in three out of eight PPD allergic patients. Thus, PPD-LAT with IL-2 supplementation demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%, remained unresponsive in controls not sensitized to PPD, and in one patient sensitive to other p-amino compounds. These data demonstrate that LAT with PPD can be used to detect PPD sensitization as a possible alternative to patch testing at least in patients with severe allergic reactions to PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kneilling
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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Shinohara M, Wakiguchi H, Saito H, Matsumoto K. Presence of eosinophils in nasal secretion during acute respiratory tract infection in young children predicts subsequent wheezing within two months. Allergol Int 2008; 57:359-65. [PMID: 18797177 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-08-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In young children with wheezing or bronchiolitis, especially with respiratory syncitial virus, blood eosinophilia and a high eosinophil cationic protein level in nasal secretions predicts subsequent wheezing in later childhood. However, whether eosinophil activation results from virus-induced inflammation or local eosinophilia per se precedes the onset of wheezing remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the association between the presence of nasal eosinophils during respiratory tract infection (RTI) and subsequent wheezing in young children. METHODS A total of 35 young children less than 3 years of age who visited our outpatient clinic with rhinorrhea between April and July 2004 were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Subjects who were given diagnoses of allergic rhinitis were excluded. In all the subjects, the presence of eosinophils in nasal secretions was determined. The subjects were followed, and the cumulative incidences of wheezing during the subsequent 2- and 12-month periods were examined. RESULTS According to a logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, family history, allergies, and wheezing at entry, young children with nasal eosinophil infiltration during acute RTI had a significantly higher risk of wheezing during the subsequent 2 months, compared with those without nasal eosinophil infiltration (adjusted odds ratio, 27.618, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Our findings not only suggest that nasal eosinophil testing may serve as a convenient clinical marker for identifying young children at risk for subsequent wheezing, but also shed new light on the role of eosinophils in the onset of wheezing in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Shinohara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Selectins on activated vascular endothelium mediate inflammation by binding to complementary carbohydrates on circulating neutrophils. The human neutrophil receptor for E-selectin has not been established. We report here that sialylated glycosphingolipids with 5 N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc, Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3) repeats and 2 to 3 fucose residues are major functional E-selectin receptors on human neutrophils. Glycolipids were extracted from 10(10) normal peripheral blood human neutrophils. Individual glycolipid species were resolved by chromatography, adsorbed as model membrane monolayers and selectin-mediated cell tethering and rolling under fluid shear was quantified as a function of glycolipid density. E-selectin-expressing cells tethered and rolled on selected glycolipids, whereas P-selectin-expressing cells failed to interact. Quantitatively minor terminally sialylated glycosphingolipids with 5 to 6 LacNAc repeats and 2 to 3 fucose residues were highly potent E-selectin receptors, constituting more than 60% of the E-selectin-binding activity in the extract. These glycolipids are expressed on human blood neutrophils at densities exceeding those required to support E-selectin-mediated tethering and rolling. Blocking glycosphingolipid biosynthesis in cultured human neutrophils diminished E-selectin, but not P-selectin, adhesion. The data support the conclusion that on human neutrophils the glycosphingolipid NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3[Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3](2)[Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3](2)Galbeta1-4GlcbetaCer (and closely related structures) are functional E-selectin receptors.
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Cheraim AB, Xavier-Elsas P, de Oliveira SHP, Batistella T, Russo M, Gaspar-Elsas MI, Cunha FQ. Leukotriene B4 is essential for selective eosinophil recruitment following allergen challenge of CD4+ cells in a model of chronic eosinophilic inflammation. Life Sci 2008; 83:214-22. [PMID: 18601933 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous heat-coagulated egg white implants (EWI) induce chronic, intense local eosinophilia in mice, followed by asthma-like responses to airway ovalbumin challenge. Our goal was to define the mechanisms of selective eosinophil accumulation in the EWI model. EWI carriers were challenged i.p. with ovalbumin and the contributions of cellular immunity and inflammatory mediators to the resulting leukocyte accumulation were defined through cell transfer and pharmacological inhibition protocols. Eosinophil recruitment required Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II expression, and was abolished by the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor antagonist CP 105.696, the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BWA4C and the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitor MK886. Eosinophil recruitment in EWI carriers followed transfer of: a) CD4+ (but not CD4-) cells, harvested from EWI donors and restimulated ex vivo; b) their cell-free supernatants, containing LTB4. Restimulation in the presence of MK886 was ineffective. CC chemokine receptor ligand (CCL)5 and CCL2 were induced by ovalbumin challenge in vivo. mRNA for CCL17 and CCL11 was induced in ovalbumin-restimulated CD4+ cells ex vivo. MK886 blocked induction of CCL17. Pretreatment of EWI carriers with MK886 eliminated the effectiveness of exogenously administered CCL11, CCL2 and CCL5. In conclusion, chemokine-producing, ovalbumin-restimulated CD4+ cells initiate eosinophil recruitment which is strictly dependent on LTB4 production.
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Ackerman SJ, Bochner BS. Mechanisms of eosinophilia in the pathogenesis of hypereosinophilic disorders. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2007; 27:357-75. [PMID: 17868854 PMCID: PMC2064859 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The increased numbers of activated eosinophils in the blood and tissues that typically accompany hypereosinophilic disorders result from a variety of mechanisms. Exciting advances in translating discoveries achieved from mouse models and molecular strategies to the clinic have led to a flurry of new therapeutics specifically designed to target eosinophil-associated diseases. So far, this form of hypothesis testing in humans in vivo through pharmacology generally has supported the paradigms generated in vitro and in animal models, raising hopes that a spectrum of novel therapies soon may become available to help those who have eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Ackerman
- Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Professor or Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Krueger M, Puthothu B, Heinze J, Forster J, Heinzmann A. Genetic polymorphisms of adhesion molecules in children with severe RSV-associated diseases. Int J Immunogenet 2006; 33:233-5. [PMID: 16893383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are involved in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated diseases. By testing polymorphisms within ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin, we found no evidence for association of any polymorphism with severe RSV infections. Thus, we conclude that these genes do not predispose to severe RSV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krueger
- University Children's Hospital, University of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome have hepatic manifestations, including steatosis and progression of fibrosis. In individuals with chronic hepatitis C, obesity is associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, steatosis, progression of fibrosis, and nonresponse to treatment with interferon or peginterferon alpha and ribavirin. Patients with both hepatitis C and obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are at greater risk for more advanced liver disease. We review the mechanisms by which obesity may be associated with decreased efficacy of interferon-based therapies in individuals with chronic hepatitis C and the therapeutic strategies that may increase the effectiveness of these therapies in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Charlton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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20
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Maxwell SS, Stoklasek TA, Dash Y, Macaluso KR, Wikel SK. Tick modulation of the in-vitro expression of adhesion molecules by skin-derived endothelial cells. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2006; 99:661-72. [PMID: 16212800 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x51490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a tick feeds, its saliva induces innate and acquired immune responses in the host, including leucocyte infiltration into the bite site. Tick salivary glands produce molecules, however, that counteract many host defences against blood feeding. The effects of salivary-gland extracts (SGE) of Dermacentor andersoni and Ixodes scapularis on the expression of various adhesion molecules [E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)] by the sEND.1 cell line (which is based on cells from the subcutaneous tissue of mice) have now been investigated in vitro. The effects were found to differ with the tick species. The SGE of D. andersoni significantly down-regulated the expression of ICAM-1, whereas a similar extract prepared from I. scapularis significantly reduced the expression of P-selectin and VCAM-1. Tick salivary proteins therefore appear to have direct effects on adhesion-molecule expression, in addition to their previously established roles in down-regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate endothelial cells. It remains unclear exactly how the reduction of adhesion-molecule expression in the host's endothelial cells benefits the feeding tick but it may alter leucocyte migration to the bite site and/or reduce antigen presentation by the endothelial cells. It may also modulate the interactions between the host's leucocytes and any tick-borne pathogens, during initial infection of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Maxwell
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, MC-3710, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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21
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Abstract
Healthy individuals initiate an immediate immune response to microbes by using a set of germline-encoded receptors that recognize common molecular patterns found on the surface of pathogens that are distinct from self-antigens. This innate immune response is the first line of defense against microorganisms in vertebrates, and constitutes the only immune response in plants and invertebrates. The innate immune system includes cellular components, as well as a host of soluble products (antimicrobial peptides, complement fragments, cytokines, and chemokines). The adaptive immune response, which provides long-lasting protection, takes days to develop and requires somatic mutations leading to the development of antigen-specific T cell receptors (cell-mediated immunity) and immunoglobulins (humoral immunity). Members of the chemokine superfamily are crucially involved in both innate and adaptive responses. We review the biological actions of the chemokine superfamily, focusing on several functions that are relevant for both immune responses, such as cell recruitment, microbicidal activity, cell activation, polarization of CD4+ T cells, and effects on structural cells. In particular, we will illustrate the central role that chemokines play in host defense, best demonstrated by the tremendous number of chemokine and chemokine receptor homologs found in microbial genomes, which deflect the immune response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Esche
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Rosen SD, Tsay D, Singer MS, Hemmerich S, Abraham WM. Therapeutic targeting of endothelial ligands for L-selectin (PNAd) in a sheep model of asthma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:935-44. [PMID: 15743804 PMCID: PMC1602362 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The homing of lymphocytes to peripheral lymph nodes is initiated by an adhesive interaction between L-selectin on lymphocytes and PNAd, a set of sialomucins that are constitutively displayed on high endothelial venules of lymph nodes. PNAd is defined by monoclonal antibody MECA-79 that recognizes a sulfated oligosaccharide carried by the sialomucins. This epitope overlaps with 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x, a recognition determinant for L-selectin. Previous work has shown that administration of a L-selectin monoclonal antibody blocks both late-phase airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in a sheep model of asthma. We show here that airway-associated lymphoid collections from lungs of allergic sheep exhibited PNAd(+) venules as detected by immunostaining with MECA-79. The same vessels also expressed a GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase known as HEC-GlcNAc6ST, which is known to contribute to the formation of the MECA-79 epitope in high endothelial venules of mouse lymph nodes. Intravenous administration of MECA-79 to allergic sheep significantly blunted both the late-phase airway response and airway hyperresponsiveness induced by airway allergen challenge. Furthermore, MECA-79 inhibited the accumulation of all classes of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings represent the first demonstration that targeting of PNAd has therapeutic efficacy in an inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Rosen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA.
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Abstract
This article focuses on the importance of cell-adhesion molecules in the process of allergic inflammation. After reviewing the contribution of different families of adhesion molecules to the cellular recruitment cascade, phenotypic characteristics of leukocyte subtypes are discussed to illustrate how expression of differing patterns of adhesion molecules and their counterligands within tissues influence the type of inflammatory response that occurs. The involvement of adhesion molecules in allergic inflammation in animal models and human studies is described. Examples of specific adhesion-molecule antagonists are provided, and results of their use in human studies of allergic and other inflammatory conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 2B71, Baltimore, MD 21224-6801, USA.
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Aronica SM, Fanti P, Kaminskaya K, Gibbs K, Raiber L, Nazareth M, Bucelli R, Mineo M, Grzybek K, Kumin M, Poppenberg K, Schwach C, Janis K. Estrogen disrupts chemokine-mediated chemokine release from mammary cells: implications for the interplay between estrogen and IP-10 in the regulation of mammary tumor formation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 84:235-45. [PMID: 15026621 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000019961.59306.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are pro-inflammatory cytokines that function to attract immune cells to the sites of tissue inflammation, injury or infection. We have formulated the hypothesis that release of one chemokine can serve, in a local paracrine or endocrine fashion, to induce the release of other chemokines from neighboring mammary cells. We set out to investigate whether specific chemokines could promote the release of other chemokine members from mammary cells, and whether estrogen could serve to disrupt the release of these chemokines from mammary cells. We found that treatment with the chemokine IP-10 resulted in significant increases in the amount of MIP-1alpha and MCP-1/JE released from murine mammary cells. Estrogen co-treatment significantly blocked the ability of IP-10 to trigger the release of MIP-1alpha and MCP-1/JE. Suppressive effects of estrogen were reversed upon co-treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Estrogen treatment significantly decreased expression of proteins corresponding to the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 on mammary cells. Exposure of female mice to IP-10 in vivo significantly decreased the ability of estrogen to support the growth of CCL-51-based tumors in mammary tissue. Our results suggest that exposure of mammary tissue to estrogen may decrease the release of local chemokines from mammary cells, potentially increasing the risk of tumor growth through decreased immune surveillance. Ongoing studies are investigating the possible mechanisms through which IP-10 stimulates the release of chemokines from mammary cells, and how the action of IP-10 may serve to decrease mammary tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Aronica
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY 14208, USA.
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Bochner BS, Hudson SA, Xiao HQ, Liu MC. Release of both CCR4-active and CXCR3-active chemokines during human allergic pulmonary late-phase reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:930-4. [PMID: 14610482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Segmental antigen bronchoprovocation has long been used as a model to study allergic pulmonary inflammatory responses. Among the characteristics of the resulting cellular infiltrate is the preferential recruitment of TH2 lymphocytes. The mechanisms responsible for their selective recruitment remain unknown, but T(H)(2) cells preferentially express the chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that the chemokines thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) (CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) (CCL22), whose receptor is CCR4, and I-309 (CCL1), whose receptor is CCR8, would be released at sites of segmental allergen challenge. METHODS Segmental allergen challenge with saline or allergen was performed in 10 adult allergic subjects with asthma, who were off medications. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed at both the saline- and allergen-challenged sites 20 hours after challenge. BAL fluids were analyzed for total cell counts and differentials, and supernatants were assayed by ELISA for levels of TARC, MDC, and I-309. As a control, the BAL fluids were also analyzed for levels of interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) (CXCL10), an IFN-gamma-induced chemokine active on CXCR3, a chemokine receptor that is preferentially expressed on TH1 lymphocytes. RESULTS Allergen challenge led to an approximately 6-fold increase in total leukocytes, including lymphocytes, compared with those seen at saline-challenged sites. At antigen-challenged sites, eosinophils predominated. Chemokine levels at control, saline-challenged sites were either below the detectable limit or low, with the predominant chemokine detected being IP-10. At antigen-challenged sites, levels of MDC, TARC, and IP-10 were all significantly increased compared with saline sites, each with a median of 486 to 1130 pg/mL detected. On the basis of a comparison with serum values, BAL chemokine levels at most antigen-challenged sites could not be accounted for by transudation from plasma. In contrast, levels of I-309 were extremely low or undetectable in all BAL and serum samples tested. Finally, BAL levels of MDC significantly correlated with those for TARC, but no significant correlations were found between levels of chemokine and any cell type. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that among the chemokines measured in this study, IP-10 is the predominant chemokine detected 20 hours after saline challenge, likely representing baseline production of a chemokine that favors TH1 cell recruitment. At antigen-challenged sites, levels of both CCR4 and CXCR3 active chemokines, but not CCR8 active chemokines, are markedly increased and are produced at levels that are likely to have biologic significance. Given the preferential accumulation of TH2 cells at these antigen-challenged sites, the increased production of CCR4-active chemokines might contribute to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Matsumoto K, Ogasawara T, Kato A, Homma T, Iida M, Akasawa A, Wakiguchi H, Saito H. Eosinophil degranulation during pregnancy and after delivery by cesarean section. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 131 Suppl 1:34-9. [PMID: 12771547 DOI: 10.1159/000070479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological roles of eosinophils that accumulate in the uterus during pregnancy and of uterus-dwelling mast cells remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the degranulation of eosinophils and mast cells within the normal course of pregnancy and after delivery by measuring the urinary concentrations of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) and N-methylhistamine. METHODS Spot urine samples from 65 pregnant women and 15 nonpregnant, age-matched women were examined. Urinary EDN and N-methylhistamine concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and standardized with urinary creatinine concentration. RESULTS A significant increase in the urinary EDN concentration was observed until the second trimester in the normal pregnancies. The elevated urinary EDN levels decreased after the onset of labor in the third trimester and normalized within 1 month after normal vaginal delivery. In women who underwent a cesarean section, the urinary EDN concentration was significantly higher for up to 1 month after delivery, compared to that in women who underwent a vaginal delivery. In contrast, the urinary N-methylhistamine concentration did not change until the second trimester and was significantly decreased during the third trimester. No significant correlation between the peripheral blood eosinophil count and the urinary EDN concentration was observed in these subjects. CONCLUSIONS Eosinophils appear to play a role in the progression of pregnancy and recovery after a cesarean section through the degranulation of eosinophils. In addition, mast cell degranulation does not appear to be related to the contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
This review summarizes selected "mechanisms of allergy" articles appearing between 2001 and 2002 in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (JACI). Papers chosen include those dealing with human eosinophil and basophil biology from life to death, as well as studies with animal models of allergic disease, including knock-out mice, Brown Norway rats, and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice, that further our understanding of mechanisms of allergic diseases. When appropriate, articles from other journals have been included to supplement the topics being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Ong PY, Leung DYM. The chemokine receptor CCR6 identifies interferon-gamma expressing T cells and is decreased in atopic dermatitis as compared with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:1463-4. [PMID: 12485455 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yoshikawa M, Matsumoto K, Iida M, Akasawa A, Moriyama H, Saito H. Effect of extracellular matrix proteins on platelet-activating factor-induced eosinophil chemotaxis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2002; 128 Suppl 1:3-11. [PMID: 12065903 DOI: 10.1159/000059412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils accumulate in tissues during various allergic inflammatory processes. Selective eosinophil recruitment is the result of orchestrated events involving cell adhesion molecules and chemoattractants. However, the exact mechanism of the regulation of integrin avidity during interstitial migration is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether extracellular matrix proteins might activate human eosinophil chemotaxis and, if so, to clarify the mechanism in terms of integrin avidity. METHOD Eosinophils were purified from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Eosinophil migration was measured using Boyden chambers with filter membranes coated with fibronectin (Fn), vitronectin (Vn), laminin (Ln), hyaluronic acid, collagen type IV, or bovine serum albumin (BSA) overnight. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) was introduced into the lower chamber of each well. Eosinophils were placed in the upper chamber after incubation with IL-5 for 15 min. The number of eosinophils that transmigrated into the lower chamber was calculated by measuring the eosinophil peroxidase activity. RESULTS Fn, Ln and BSA enhanced PAF-induced chemotaxis of eosinophils. Inhibition experiments using blocking monoclonal antibodies showed that in the early phase of chemotaxis, Fn and Ln facilitated eosinophil chemotaxis that was mediated by alpha4 and alpha6 integrins, respectively. In the late phase of chemotaxis, BSA, but not other matrix proteins, facilitated both chemokinesis and chemotaxis that was mediated by beta2 integrin. CONCLUSION Our data strongly suggest that during chemotaxis, matrix proteins might activate eosinophils via binding with integrins to facilitate PAF-induced chemotaxis, and that such a mechanism might participate in allergic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Yoshikawa
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Tachimoto H, Kikuchi M, Hudson SA, Bickel CA, Hamilton RG, Bochner BS. Eotaxin-2 alters eosinophil integrin function via mitogen-activated protein kinases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:645-9. [PMID: 12034562 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.6.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules and chemokines contribute to selective eosinophil recruitment in allergic inflammation. In this study, we examined the effects of eotaxin-2, a CCR3-specific chemokine, on integrin-mediated eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), or both using a parallel plate flow system. Tissue culture plates were coated with various combinations of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and/or eotaxin-2. Human eosinophils were infused at physiologic shear stress (0.5 dyn/cm(2)) for 10 min, and the numbers of attached eosinophils were monitored using video microscopy. Cells accumulated efficiently on VCAM-1 and even better on surfaces co-coated with VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, but poorly on surfaces coated with ICAM-1 or bovine serum albumin alone. When eotaxin-2 was co-immobilized with adhesion proteins, fewer cells adhered to VCAM-1 and more adhered to ICAM-1, whereas levels of attachment to VCAM-1 plus ICAM-1 showed no net change. However, experiments with adhesion molecule blocking monoclonal antibody showed that the contribution of ICAM-1-mediated adhesion was always greater if eotaxin-2 was present. Pretreatment of cells with a CCR3-blocking mAb, or PD98059, a MAP-kinase inhibitor, prevented the eotaxin-2-induced changes in eosinophil attachment. These data suggest that eotaxin-2, acting via MAP kinases, may facilitate eosinophil recruitment at sites of allergic inflammation by shifting their adhesion molecule usage away from VCAM-1-dominated to ICAM-1-dominated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tachimoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Broide D. Fast flowing eosinophils: signals for stopping and stepping out of blood vessels. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:637-40. [PMID: 12034560 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.6.f240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0635, USA.
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Kumar RK, Thomas PS, Seetoo DQ, Herbert C, McKenzie ANJ, Foster PS, Lloyd AR. Eotaxin expression by epithelial cells and plasma cells in chronic asthma. J Transl Med 2002; 82:495-504. [PMID: 11950906 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractants such as eotaxin are believed to play an important role in the recruitment of eosinophils into the airways in asthma. We investigated expression of eotaxin in the airway wall in a model of chronic human asthma, in which systemically sensitized mice were exposed to low mass concentrations of aerosolized antigen for 6 weeks. In these animals, the number of intraepithelial eosinophils in the airways was significantly increased 3 hours after exposure and declined by 24 hours. In parallel, immunoreactivity for eotaxin was strikingly up-regulated in airway epithelial cells and in inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The latter were identified as plasma cells by double immunofluorescent labeling. Increased expression of eotaxin by epithelial cells and plasma cells was also demonstrated in a case of fatal human asthma. In contrast, sensitized mice that received a single exposure to a high mass concentration of aerosolized antigen exhibited delayed eosinophil recruitment, which did not correlate with eotaxin expression. Furthermore, in sensitized chronically exposed interleukin-13-deficient mice there was virtually no recruitment of eosinophils into the airways, although eotaxin expression was greater than or equal to that in wild-type mice. These results indicate that there are striking differences between acute and chronic exposure models in the time course of eotaxin expression and eosinophil recruitment. Although high eotaxin levels alone are not sufficient to cause recruitment of eosinophils into the airways, recurrent exposure may generate or up-regulate additional signals required for eosinophil chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Kumar
- Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Marik
- Trauma Life Support Center, Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Miller M, Sung KL, Muller WA, Cho JY, Roman M, Castaneda D, Nayar J, Condon T, Kim J, Sriramarao P, Broide DH. Eosinophil tissue recruitment to sites of allergic inflammation in the lung is platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule independent. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2292-7. [PMID: 11490017 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM or CD31) is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on circulating leukocytes and endothelial cells that plays an important role in mediating neutrophil and monocyte transendothelial migration in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether eosinophils, like neutrophils and monocytes, utilize PECAM for tissue recruitment to sites of allergic inflammation in vivo. Eosinophils express similar levels of PECAM as neutrophils as assessed by FACS analysis. RT-PCR studies demonstrate that eosinophils like neutrophils express the six extracellular domains of PECAM. Eosinophils exhibit homophilic binding to recombinant PECAM as assessed in a single-cell micropipette adhesion assay able to measure the biophysical strength of adhesion of eosinophils to recombinant PECAM. The strength of eosinophil adhesion to recombinant PECAM is the same as that of neutrophil binding to recombinant PECAM and can be inhibited with an anti-PECAM Ab. Although eosinophils express functional PECAM, anti-PECAM Abs did not inhibit bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia, lung eosinophilia, and airway hyperreactivity to methacholine in a mouse model of OVA-induced asthma in vivo. Thus, in contrast to studies that have demonstrated that neutrophil and monocyte tissue recruitment is PECAM dependent, these studies demonstrate that eosinophil tissue recruitment in vivo in this model is PECAM independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Cameron L, Hamid Q. Regulation of allergic airways inflammation by cytokines and glucocorticoids. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2001; 1:153-63. [PMID: 11899298 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-001-0083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines mediate the allergic inflammatory response of the airways, and glucocorticosteroids ameliorate allergy symptoms by regulating cytokine expression. Recent studies provide insight into the manner by which cytokines work together to mediate allergic airway disease. Real progress has also been gained in our understanding of subcellular mechanisms of allergic inflammation, particularly the role of transcription factors in regulating the expression of specific cytokine profiles and the differentiation of the TH2 subset. This article provides an update of recently reported findings in this field and highlights emerging concepts of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cameron
- Respiratory Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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