1
|
Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Varasteh AR, Koushki K, Ayati SH, Mashayekhi K, Sadeghi M, Moghadam M, Sankian M. Sublingual dendritic cells targeting by aptamer: Possible approach for improvement of sublingual immunotherapy efficacy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106603. [PMID: 32485357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy improvement of current sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for preventing and treating respiratory airway allergic diseases is the main purpose of many investigations. In this study, we aimed to assess whether ovalbumin (Ova) encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) decorated with dendritic cells (DCs)-specific aptamer could be applied for this purpose.The nanoparticles containing Ova were synthesized by emulsion/solvent evaporation method and attached to DCs-specific aptamer. Ova-sensitized BALB/c mice have been treated in five ways: subcutaneously with free Ova (SCIT), sublingually either with free Ova, Ova-PLGA NPs (two doses), Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (two doses) and placebo/control Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs. For assessment of immunologic responses, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL10, and TGF-β and IgE antibody levels were measured by ELISA and T cell proliferation were evaluated by MTT. In addition, lung and nasal histological examinations, NALF cells counting were carried out. Results declared that the lowest IgE and IL- 4 levels were observed in Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (both doses). In the other hands, Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (high dose) showed the highest increase of IFN- γ and TGF- β, decrease of IL-17 levels, total cell count and T-cell proliferation. IL-10 levels showed more decrease in SCIT, Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (high dose) and Ova-PLGA NPs (high dose) than other groups. Histopathological examinations also confirmed in vitro results. Our findings suggest SLIT with this functionalized delivery system could be a promising approach for promoting the SLIT efficiency by decreasing the required allergen doses through specific delivery of allergen to sublingual DCs and enhancing the suppression of allergic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdol-Reza Varasteh
- Allergy Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Koushki
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hasan Ayati
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Mashayekhi
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Moghadam
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schülke S. Induction of Interleukin-10 Producing Dendritic Cells As a Tool to Suppress Allergen-Specific T Helper 2 Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:455. [PMID: 29616018 PMCID: PMC5867300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are gatekeepers of the immune system that control induction and polarization of primary, antigen-specific immune responses. Depending on their maturation/activation status, the molecules expressed on their surface, and the cytokines produced DCs have been shown to either elicit immune responses through activation of effector T cells or induce tolerance through induction of either T cell anergy, regulatory T cells, or production of regulatory cytokines. Among the cytokines produced by tolerogenic DCs, interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a key regulatory cytokine limiting und ultimately terminating excessive T-cell responses to microbial pathogens to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Because of their important role in preventing autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, allergic reactions, or in controlling chronic inflammation DCs have become an interesting tool to modulate antigen-specific immune responses. For the treatment of allergic inflammation, the aim is to downregulate allergen-specific T helper 2 (Th2) responses and the associated clinical symptoms [allergen-driven Th2 activation, Th2-driven immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, IgE-mediated mast cell and basophil activation, allergic inflammation]. Here, combining the presentation of allergens by DCs with a pro-tolerogenic, IL-10-producing phenotype is of special interest to modulate allergen-specific immune responses in the treatment of allergic diseases. This review discusses the reported strategies to induce DC-derived IL-10 secretion for the suppression of allergen-specific Th2-responses with a focus on IL-10 treatment, IL-10 transduction, and the usage of both whole bacteria and bacteria-derived components. Interestingly, while IL-10-producing DCs induced either by IL-10 treatment or IL-10 transduction are arrested in an immature/semi-mature state, treatment of DCs with live or killed bacteria as well as isolated bacterial components results in the induction of both anti-inflammatory IL-10 and pro-inflammatory, Th1-promoting IL-12 secretion often paralleled by an enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the stimulated DCs. By the secretion of DC-derived exosomes or CC-chemokine ligand 18, as well as the expression of inhibitory molecules like cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, TNF receptor superfamily member 4, Ig-like transcript-22/cluster of differentiation 85, or programmed death-1, IL-10-producing DCs have been repeatedly shown to suppress antigen-specific Th2-responses. Therefore, DC-based vaccination approaches hold great potential to improve the treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Vice President's Research Group 1, Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kitzmüller C, Kalser J, Mutschlechner S, Hauser M, Zlabinger GJ, Ferreira F, Bohle B. Fusion proteins of flagellin and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 show enhanced immunogenicity, reduced allergenicity, and intrinsic adjuvanticity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:293-299.e6. [PMID: 28456624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant fusion proteins of flagellin and antigens have been demonstrated to induce strong innate and adaptive immune responses. Such fusion proteins can enhance the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize different fusion proteins of flagellin and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 for suitability as allergy vaccines. METHODS A truncated version of flagellin (NtCFlg) was genetically fused to the N- or C-terminus of Bet v 1. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 binding was assessed with HEK293 cells expressing TLR5. Upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells from allergic patients was analyzed by using flow cytometry. The T cell-stimulatory capacity of the fusion proteins was assessed with naive and Bet v 1-specific T cells. IgE binding was tested in inhibition ELISAs and basophil activation tests. Mice were immunized with the fusion proteins in the absence and presence of aluminum hydroxide. Cellular and antibody responses were monitored. Murine antibodies were tested for blocking capacity in basophil activation tests. RESULTS Both fusion proteins matured monocyte-derived dendritic cells through TLR5. Compared with Bet v 1, the fusion proteins showed stronger T cell-stimulatory and reduced IgE-binding capacity and induced murine Bet v 1-specific antibodies in the absence of aluminum hydroxide. However, only antibodies induced by means of immunization with NtCFlg fused to the C-terminus of Bet v 1 inhibited binding of patients' IgE antibodies to Bet v 1. CONCLUSION Bet v 1-flagellin fusion proteins show enhanced immunogenicity, reduced allergenicity, and intrinsic adjuvanticity and thus represent promising vaccines for birch pollen allergen-specific immunotherapy. However, the sequential order of allergen and adjuvant within a fusion protein determines its immunologic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kitzmüller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kalser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Mutschlechner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hauser
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Srivastava KD, Siefert A, Fahmy TM, Caplan MJ, Li XM, Sampson HA. Investigation of peanut oral immunotherapy with CpG/peanut nanoparticles in a murine model of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:536-543.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
5
|
Hergert B, Grambow E, Butschkau A, Vollmar B. Effects of systemic pretreatment with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on skin wound healing in mice. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:723-9. [PMID: 23927054 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) bind to the Toll-like receptor 9, thus stimulating the immune system. To study the effects of systemic pretreatment with CpG ODN on dermal regeneration, C57BL6/J Tyr mice were treated with CpG or control ODN 6 days prior to implantation of a dorsal skinfold chamber and skin wounding. Wound epithelialization was analyzed by planimetric microscopy. On day 18, wound tissues were taken for (immuno)histochemical staining. CpG ODN increased epithelialization compared with control ODN treatment. Histological analysis revealed reduced capillary density, reduced wound cellularity, and reduced numbers of infiltrating leukocytes, as well as reduced F4/80-positive macrophages, but increased numbers of RELM-α-positive M2 macrophages after CpG ODN treatment, reflecting a better quality of wound healing on day 18 compared with control ODN treatment. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of Toll-like receptor 9 showed the receptor expression on both fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Fibroblasts showed an increase of migration upon increasing dosages of CpG and not control ODN, reaching ∼50% of the response of basic fibroblast growth factor-exposed cells. Keratinocytes dose-dependently responded to both CpG and control ODN up to values found in keratinocyte growth factor-exposed cells. In summary, CpG ODN support late tissue-remodeling processes that contribute to resolution of inflammation and solid wounds during skin regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hergert
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. Chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, as well as variable airflow obstruction within the lung. With time, such airflow obstruction may become permanent due to remodeling. It has been treated for more than 100 years by subcutaneous immunotherapy with allergen extracts but in recent years, other forms and types of immunotherapy have been introduced. Perhaps the most successful of these to date, is sublingual immunotherapy, which has attained significant usage in European countries but has yet to make inroads into clinical practice in North America. Other mechanisms to modify the inflammatory responses of asthma have included immunotherapy with recombinant allergens, the use of allergen peptides targeting antigen-specific T cells and the administration of Toll-like receptor agonists coupled to allergen proteins. As the inflammatory responses in asthma frequently involve IgE, a modified monoclonal antibody to IgE and interfering with its binding to the IgE receptor have gained acceptance for treating severe allergic asthma. Other monoclonal antibodies or recombinant receptor antagonists are being assessed for their ability to block other contributors to the inflammatory response. Finally, attempts have been made to generate autoantibody responses to cytokines implicated in asthma. Most of these therapies aim to modify or inhibit the so-called Th 2 immune response, which is implicated in many forms of asthma, or to inhibit cytokines involved in these responses. However, an added benefit of classical immunotherapy seems to be the ability to prevent the allergic progression to new sensitivities and new forms of allergic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Warrington
- University of Manitoba, GC319, 820 Sherbook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1R9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sakaguchi M, Hirahara K, Fujimura T, Toda M. Approaches to immunotherapies for Japanese cedar pollinosis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011; 38:431-8. [PMID: 21227607 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica; CJ) pollinosis is a typical type I allergy induced by CJ pollen and one of the most common allergic diseases in Japan. New immunotherapies have been developed for treatment of CJ pollinosis. We focus here on new immunotherapies for CJ pollinosis including sublingual immunotherapy with crude extract of CJ antigen, oral immunotherapy with transgenic rice expressing CJ allergens, a peptide vaccine using T cell epitopes of CJ allergens, DNA vaccines encoding either the CJ allergen gene or T cell epitope gene, and adjuvant-conjugated vaccines using CJ allergen conjugated with adjuvants such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotide or pullulan.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Administration, Sublingual
- Allergens/genetics
- Allergens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cryptomeria/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy
- Vaccines, Conjugate/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaburaki Y, Fujimura T, Kurata K, Masuda K, Toda M, Yasueda H, Chida K, Kawarai S, Sakaguchi M. Induction of Th1 immune responses to Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 1) in mice immunized with Cry j 1 conjugated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 34:157-61. [PMID: 20638725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether a major Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 1) conjugated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide would enhance allergen-specific Th1 responses in mice. Cry j 1 conjugated with CpG (Cry j 1-CpG) induced IL-12 in the spleen cells of naïve mice. Cry j 1-CpG immunization of BALB/c mice suppressed anti-Cry j 1 IgE response and enhanced anti-Cry j 1 IgG(2a) to subsequent Cry j 1 and alum adjuvant injection. CD4(+)T cells isolated from the spleens in mice immunized with Cry j 1-CpG produced higher IFN-γ levels than did CD4(+)T cells obtained from mice as negative controls. Our results suggested that Cry j 1-CpG immunization can induce Cry j 1-specific Th1 immune responses, thereby inhibiting IgE response to the pollen allergen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaburaki
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
CpG-induced Th1-type response in the downmodulation of early development of allergy and inhibition of B7 expression on T cells of newborn mice. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:280-91. [PMID: 20084440 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several differences have been described between neonatal and adult immune responses. The predisposition in early life to Th2-type response or tolerance makes it a susceptible period for infections and allergic sensitization. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides on neonatal and adult immunization with ovalbumin and Blomia tropicalis extract and compare the CpG effects on B and T cells of neonatal and adult mice. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mice that received CpG showed reduced immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production in both neonatal and adult periods, in parallel to increased IgG2a antibody levels. We observed that spleen cells of mice that received CpG in early life produced increased amounts of interferon-gamma upon anti-CD3 stimulation. Negative regulation of IgE response was more pronounced in adult than neonate mice; further, CpG decreased anaphylactic antiovalbumin IgG1 only in adults. Also, an upregulation of toll-like receptor 9 expression was detected in adult B cells, but not in neonatal, upon CpG stimuli. Neonatal B cells showed enhanced interleukin (IL)-10 expression and decreased IL-6 levels than adult B cells in response to CpG. When we analyzed in vitro activation of CD4+ T cells, an increased expression of B7 molecules on T cells in neonates was suppressed by CpG. CONCLUSION Altogether, we verified qualitative and quantitative evidences regarding CpG effect on neonatal and adult allergens immunizations, which points to the importance of understanding neonatal immune system to establish immunomodulatory strategies for prevention of allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Type I allergy represents an important health problem that affects more than 25% of the population in industrialized countries. Specific immunotherapy is one of the few causative treatment approaches for type I allergy and is currently performed with crude allergen extracts, which consist of a mixture of allergenic and nonallergenic components, are difficult to standardize and cannot be applied according to the patient's reactivity profile. With the introduction of molecular biological techniques into allergy research, a large panel of individual recombinant allergens has become available. Recombinant allergens can be used for improved diagnosis of allergy to determine the patient's sensitization profile, which is a prerequisite to select the allergens for patient-tailored immunotherapy. They allow the elucidation of the properties of allergens and of the mechanisms of allergy as well as of the mechanisms of immunotherapy. Moreover, recombinant allergens allow the development of hypoallergenic allergen derivatives with reduced allergenic activity and retained immunogenicity. First immunotherapy trials with hypoallergenic allergen derivatives have shown that this treatment might improve immunotherapy in the near future. This review summarizes the results, which were obtained with recombinant allergens and hypoallergenic allergen derivatives. The experiences from the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the hypoallergenic derivatives and from clinical studies as well as the contribution of hypoallergenic derivatives to develop new treatment strategies and possibly prophylactic vaccination strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology, Department for Pathophysiology, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tse K, Horner AA. Update on toll-like receptor-directed therapies for human disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66 Suppl 3:iii77-80. [PMID: 17934102 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.078998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate responses to microbes are mediated in large part by toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognise a diverse range of molecules produced by viruses, bacteria and fungi. Great effort has been directed towards translating this knowledge into the development of new therapies for a wide spectrum of diseases, including infectious, malignant, autoimmune and allergic diseases. This review will provide a brief update on completed, ongoing and planned clinical trials of TLR ligand-based therapies for the treatment of diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tse
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code 0663, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gerstmayr M, Ilk N, Schabussova I, Jahn-Schmid B, Egelseer EM, Sleytr UB, Ebner C, Bohle B. A Novel Approach to Specific Allergy Treatment: The Recombinant Allergen-S-Layer Fusion Protein rSbsC-Bet v 1 Matures Dendritic Cells That Prime Th0/Th1 and IL-10-Producing Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7270-5. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Baeza ML, Zubeldia JM. Immunology of anaphylaxis: lessons from murine models. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7:49-55. [PMID: 17504661 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of animal models is increasing, and mice are suitable animals to use in exploring systemic anaphylaxis based on the similarity between human and mouse immune systems. Two anaphylaxis pathways have been characterized in mice, which may help in understanding some of the discrepancies found in humans. In addition, cytokine studies are raising new concepts that may put together some of the puzzling mechanisms described in this disease. Finally, the study of the mechanisms that parasitic infections use to evade the human immune system and the scene in which a parasite induces clinical anaphylaxis are opening new insights in the immunology pathways and new strategies to fight against this exclusive disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Baeza
- Allergy Service, HGU Gregorio Marañón, Dr Esquerdo 47, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Suzuki M, Ohta N, Min WP, Matsumoto T, Min R, Zhang X, Toida K, Murakami S. Immunotherapy with CpG DNA conjugated with T-cell epitope peptide of an allergenic Cry j 2 protein is useful for control of allergic conditions in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:46-54. [PMID: 17161816 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using T-cell epitope peptides or CpG DNA conjugated with allergenic protein is useful, although the mechanisms of these therapies differ. However, the combination of CpG DNA and peptide, but not protein, had not been documented. Therefore, we investigated CpG DNA conjugated with peptide to obtain positive synergistic effects. In the first experiment, mice were vaccinated with a conjugate of CpG DNA and Cry j 2 T-cell epitope peptide p246-259 (CpG-peptide); a mixture of CpG DNA and peptide (CpG+peptide); peptide alone, or PBS alone, and immunized with Cry j 2. In the second experiment, mice were immunized with Cry j 2 and injected with CpG-peptide, CpG+peptide, peptide only, or PBS only. In both experiments, Cry j 2-specific IgE, IL-4, and IL-5 were significantly lower in mice given CpG-peptide, versus those given CpG+peptide, peptide alone, or PBS alone. However, IgG2a, IgG2b and IFN-gamma did not increase in mice injected with CpG-peptide. In the third experiment, CpG-peptide significantly attenuated nasal symptoms (sneezing and nasal rubbing) compared to CpG+peptide, peptide alone, or PBS alone. Mice were also injected with a conjugate of CpG DNA and Cry j 2 protein (CpG-Cry j 2) or CpG-peptide to compare prime responses. Mice vaccinated with CpG-Cry j 2 generated Cry j 2-specific IgG1, whereas those vaccinated with CpG-peptide did not produce IgG1. This study demonstrated, for the first time, that immunotherapy with CpG DNA conjugated with a T-cell peptide is useful in preventing and treating allergic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Suzuki
- Department of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario 339 Windermere Road, London, Canada N6A5A5.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Adel-Patient K, Ah-Leung S, Bernard H, Durieux-Alexandrenne C, Créminon C, Wal JM. Oral sensitization to peanut is highly enhanced by application of peanut extracts to intact skin, but is prevented when CpG and cholera toxin are added. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 143:10-20. [PMID: 17191005 DOI: 10.1159/000098221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CpG oligonucleotides might offer an alternative to conventional immunotherapy in preventing and potentially reversing Th2-biased immune deregulation which leads to allergy. However, non-invasive ways of administration, especially in peanut-allergic patients, should be explored. METHODS One hundred micrograms of whole peanut protein extract (PE) alone, or mixed with cholera toxin (CT, 50 microg) plus CpG (100 microg) as adjuvant, was applied on intact skin of mice (40 min, twice). Initiation of an immune response was monitored by detection of specific antibodies in sera. The effect of this pretreatment on a further oral sensitization by PE was then evaluated by assaying antibodies and cytokines specific for PE and purified allergens. Cytokine production in liver 40 min after skin application was also assayed. RESULTS Two brief skin applications of PE alone highly potentiated further oral sensitization, as demonstrated by very intense specific IgE, IL-4 and IL-5 productions. Conversely, skin pretreatment with PE and CT + CpG efficiently prevented further sensitization via gastro-intestinal exposure. In both cases, the specificity of the antibodies and cytokines was the same as in control mice. CT + CpG treatment allowed the rapid production of IL-12 and TGFbeta in liver and of specific IgG2a in sera, suggesting the activation of Th1 and/or regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS Oral sensitization to peanut is highly enhanced by a previous short exposure of allergens to intact skin. Conversely, the use of CT + CpG adjuvant for skin application efficiently prevents further oral sensitization. The potential of such treatment in specific immunotherapy needs to be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Adel-Patient
- Laboratoire Inra d'Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire, CEA de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Horner AA. Update on toll-like receptor ligands and allergy: implications for immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2006; 6:395-401. [PMID: 16899201 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-996-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate responses to microbes are mediated in large part via toll-like receptors (TLRs) that recognize a diverse family of ligands produced by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Great effort has been directed toward translating this knowledge into the development of therapies for the prevention and treatment of diseases, including those fueled by allergic (Th2-biased) hypersensitivities. In this review, we consider the ways in which ligands for different TLRs influence the allergic phenotype. In addition, an update on safety and efficacy data from clinical trials of allergic patients treated with TLR9 ligand-based interventions is provided. Finally, recent experimental results that help elucidate how ambient TLR ligand exposures influence allergic risk and their relevance to the development of TLR ligand-based therapeutics are discussed. Investigations presented within this opinion paper suggest that several TLR ligands could have clinical utility in the treatment of allergic diseases, whereas other TLR ligands appear less attractive, as they facilitate development of Th2-biased hypersensitivities in murine studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Horner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego,9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code 0663, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
A significant amount of data generated over the last few years supports the contention that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9-based immunotherapy is effective in the prevention and treatment of animal models of allergic disorders. We will review here our experience with two distinct therapeutic strategies: TLR9-based immunomodulation and TLR9-based vaccination. Immunomodulation of allergic inflammation by TLR9 ligand (TLR9-L) is transient. It prevents both the early and late phases of the allergic reaction in experimental models of allergic asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. It also reverses ongoing allergic inflammation. Indoleamine 2.3-dioxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan, is induced by TLR9-L and mediates, in part, these anti-inflammatory effects. TLR9-based immunomodulation is independent of allergens and, therefore, has a potential therapeutic advantage in a broad spectrum of allergic patients. On the other hand, TLR9-based vaccination therapy is an allergen-specific mode of immunotherapy, which provides long-term inhibition of allergen-specific hypersensitivities. Current clinical trials with TLR9-based immunotherapy demonstrate high immunogenic and therapeutic efficacy, as well as improved safety when compared with conventional allergen desensitization. Thus, if proven efficient, therapeutic strategies with TLR9-L may revolutionize the current treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horner AA. Toll-like receptor ligands and atopy: a coin with at least two sides. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:1133-40. [PMID: 16675343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic disease prevalence rates have increased dramatically in affluent countries over the last half century. One proposed explanation is that decreased exposures to microbes caused by modern public health practices has led to deficiencies in an important source of immune education and a consequent increase in the risk of pathogenic immune responses to environmental antigens. Recently, it has become clear that innate responses to microbes are mediated in large part by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize a diverse family of ligands produced by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In this perspectives article we will review experimental evidence suggesting that TLRs also play a dominant role in innate responses to noninfectious immunostimulatory materials present in environments of daily living. We will further discuss how ligands for different TLRs can polarize the T(H) bias of adaptive responses in opposing directions. Finally, we will consider how TLRs might contribute to the genesis of atopy and the clinical potential of pharmacologic interventions that target TLRs for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Horner
- Department of Medicineand The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lazarczyk M, Grzela K, Grzela T. Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides in therapy of allergic diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:525-36. [PMID: 15934830 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
At present, the improvement of hygienic life standards is considered as an environmental condition, increasing the prevalence of allergic diseases, as early contact with some pathogens is, according to the hygiene hypothesis, required for maturation of the immune system. The recognition of microbial components involves acquired and innate immunity mechanisms. Recently, the link between innate and acquired immunity has been discovered. It involves the evolutionarily old Toll-like receptor (TLR) system. Ligands recognised by TLRs include unmethylated deoxycytidil-deoxyguanosine (CpG) motif-containing microbial DNA. TLR-mediated signalling induces expression of cytokines preferentially promoting a Th1-directed response. Therefore, synthetic CpG motif-containing immunostimulatory oligonucleotides could be employed in causal allergy treatment. This review discusses some molecular aspects of the TLR system, as well as results of animal studies and early experiences, including treatment safety, from human clinical trials with immunostimulatory CpG motif-containing oligonucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Lazarczyk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biostructure Research Center, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chalubinskiego Str., PL 02 004 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Teshima R, Okunuki H, Sato Y, Akiyama H, Maitani T, Sawada JI. Effect of oral administration of CpG ODN-OVA on WBB6F1-W/Wv mice. Allergol Int 2006; 55:43-8. [PMID: 17075285 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.55.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have already reported that antigen-specific IgG1 antibody production in WBB6F1-W/Wv (W/Wv) mice after oral administration of ovalbumin (OVA) was extremely high. Active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) was induced in these mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of OVA, and Th2-dominant helper T-cell activation occurred. In this study, we examined the effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) conjugation of OVA on oral immunization of W/Wv mice. METHODS W/Wv mice were sensitized by administration of 0.1 mg OVA or CpG ODN-OVA by gavage every day for 4 weeks, and the serum titers of OVA-specific IgG1, IgE, and IgG2a antibody were determined. ASA was induced by i.p. injection of OVA, and the changes in body temperature were monitored. In vitro production of Th1- and Th2- type cytokines by splenocytes re-stimulated with antigen was also measured. RESULTS The antigen-specific IgG1 antibody titer in the CpG ODN-OVA-sensitized W/Wv mice was lower than in the OVA-sensitized group, but the IgG2a titer was higher. ASA was not induced by i.p. OVA challenge. There were significant increases in the production of Th1-type cytokine (IFN-gamma) by splenocytes in the CpG ODN-OVA-sensitized mice, but the Th2-type cytokine (IL-4) level in the splenocyte culture medium was lower. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that oral administration of CpG ODN-OVA conjugate significantly induced antigen-specific Th1 responses and reduced Th2 responses (allergic reactions) on re-stimulation. These findings suggest that CpG ODN-antigen conjugate may be useful as an oral vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Teshima
- Division of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kitagaki K, Businga TR, Kline JN. Oral administration of CpG-ODNs suppresses antigen-induced asthma in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:249-59. [PMID: 16412048 PMCID: PMC1809575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.03003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODNs) can protect against eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma. Previously we have found that parenteral or mucosal administration of CpG-ODNs is effective in preventing (as well as reversing established) disease. In this study, we examined the effect of oral CpG-ODNs on the development of immune tolerance. Using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma, we found that CpG-ODNs, administered orally around the time of sensitization, prevented eosinophilic airway inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Although oral co-administration of CpG-ODNs with OVA (known to induce tolerance) did not significantly change the inhibition of OVA-induced airway eosinophilia, it did modulate OVA-specific immunoglobulin responses: oral administration of OVA alone suppressed OVA-specific IgG1 production, but only mice that received CpG-ODNs demonstrated enhanced levels of OVA-specific IgG2c. Finally, we examined whether oral administration of CpG-ODNs, alone or with OVA, could reverse established eosinophilic airway inflammation. Again, neither OVA nor CpG-ODNs alone modulated established eosinophilic airway inflammation, but a combination of the OVA and CpG-ODNs successfully desensitized the mice. This desensitization was associated with suppression of OVA-specific IgE and enhancement of OVA-specific IgG2c production. These findings provide the first indication that oral administration of CpG-ODNs is effective in preventing and reversing antigen-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. CpG-ODNs may be useful as a component of oral immunotherapy to promote tolerance in established asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kitagaki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tsalik EL. DNA-based immunotherapy to treat atopic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95:403-10; quiz 410-1, 451. [PMID: 16312161 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current literature regarding DNA-based immunotherapy with respect to signaling mechanisms, cytokine profiles, and the applicability and success of this strategy to treat allergic disease. DATA SOURCES English-language articles were identified from the PubMed database using both standard and clinical queries. Search terms included CpG, allergy, atopic disease, immunotherapy, DNA vaccination, immunomodulation, and immunostimulatory DNA. Other sources included bibliographies from relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION Recent studies that provide information about the mechanisms or applications of DNA-based immunotherapy with respect to atopic disease are included in this review. RESULTS DNA-based immunotherapy composed of unmethylated CpG repeats is capable of inducing a shift in the cytokine profile and immune response that favors the T(H)1 arm. This observation makes DNA-based immunotherapy a promising candidate for the treatment of atopic diseases, which are known to be mediated by T(H)2-based responses. Early animal and human trials of DNA-based immunotherapy have shown the strategy to be both safe and effective. CONCLUSIONS DNA-based immunotherapy, although still in the early stages of development, has thus far been shown to be both safe and effective for a variety of atopic diseases and offers the potential for significant improvements over current immunotherapy protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim L Tsalik
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Daftarian P, Sharan R, Haq W, Ali S, Longmate J, Termini J, Diamond DJ. Novel conjugates of epitope fusion peptides with CpG-ODN display enhanced immunogenicity and HIV recognition. Vaccine 2005; 23:3453-68. [PMID: 15837369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies remain elusive that are effective against viral disease pathogens yet remain gentle enough for widespread human use. We developed a model system that relies on the recognition of specific T-cell epitopes from immunodominant antigens of HIV to explore single-stranded CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) (CpG) as an adjuvant. We improved upon current strategies of utilizing CpG in combination with peptide vaccines by covalently modifying epitope fusion peptides with CpG motifs. Characterization of the immune recognition of DNA-peptide conjugates was carried out in a murine model of human HLA A2. Immunogenicity of DNA-peptide conjugates was superior in sensitivity to non-covalently linked mixtures of the same functional molecules as measured by peptide-mediated cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma release, as well as protection against viral infection. Enhancement of sensitivity of immune recognition by covalent attachment of DNA to epitope peptides should be further evaluated as a novel prophylactic vaccine strategy for HIV infection and other infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirouz Daftarian
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Fox South, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sano K, Shirota H. CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as a Future Vaccine for Allergic Diseases. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
25
|
Creticos PS, Chen YH, Schroeder JT. New approaches in immunotherapy: allergen vaccination with immunostimulatory DNA. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2004; 24:569-81, v. [PMID: 15474859 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite its success, conventional immunotherapy is saddled with a number of encumbrances. An allergenic vaccine that could reduce allergenicity, maintain immunogenicity, and be given in a few doses would have important therapeutic implications, as millions of patients with poorly controlled allergic rhinitis and asthma would be candidates for such a form of immunomodulation. This article addresses a specific adjuvant approach to immunotherapy in which highly active immunostimulatory phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotide moieties are linked to the principal allergenic moiety of a relevant aeroallergen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Socrates Creticos
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 2B, 71, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Horner AA, Redecke V, Raz E. Toll-like receptor ligands: hygiene, atopy and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 4:555-61. [PMID: 15640699 DOI: 10.1097/00130832-200412000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic and certain other inflammatory diseases have become more common in industrialized countries over the past few decades. One potential explanation for such trends is that with a decreased incidence of microbial exposures, as a result of modern public health practices, an important source of immune stimulation has been lost, with a consequent increase in inflammatory responses and their associated diseases. This review will focus on our current understanding of how microbial exposures impact on host immunity and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS In the past decade, it has become clear that a number of molecular interactions between immunocytes and microbial compounds are mediated by Toll-like receptors on host cells. Moreover, recent investigations have suggested that ligands for different Toll-like receptors have the potential both to inhibit and promote the development of allergic hypersensitivities and diseases. SUMMARY On the basis of studies discussed herein, we speculate that physiological exposures to Toll-like receptor ligands have important yet complex effects on immune homeostasis and host susceptibility towards atopic diseases. Moreover, we anticipate that a fuller understanding of how physiological Toll-like receptor ligand exposures impact on immune development will lead to novel therapeutic interventions for the prevention and treatment of atopic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Horner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0663, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Datta SK, Cho HJ, Takabayashi K, Horner AA, Raz E. Antigen-immunostimulatory oligonucleotide conjugates: mechanisms and applications. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:217-26. [PMID: 15233737 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of protein antigen with immunostimulatory oligonucleotides creates a potent immunogen. Physical linking of oligonucleotides to antigen enhances antigen uptake and targets the adjuvant properties of the oligonucleotides to the antigen-presenting cell. In addition, the conjugated oligonucleotides appear to have improved immunostimulatory abilities compared to free oligonucleotides, presumably due to enhanced activation of Toll-like receptor 9. Immunization with these conjugate preparations elicits antigen-specific antibody responses, a T-helper cell 1-biased cytokine profile from CD4 T cells, and CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity that is CD4 independent. The humoral and cellular immune responses induced by these conjugates suggest they can be used to create effective vaccines against infectious pathogens and tumors and to beneficially modulate allergic responses. Indeed, recent clinical trial data show symptom relief and immunomodulation of the allergic response in patients with allergic rhinitis. This review considers the mechanisms of action of antigen-oligonucleotide conjugates and discusses available data regarding their use for the prevention and treatment of infectious, oncologic, and allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K Datta
- The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0663, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Vrtala S, Focke-Tejkl M, Swoboda I, Kraft D, Valenta R. Strategies for converting allergens into hypoallergenic vaccine candidates. Methods 2004; 32:313-20. [PMID: 14962766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2003.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy is based on the administration of increasing doses of allergens to allergic patients with the aim of inducing a state of antigen-specific unresponsiveness. Specific immunotherapy is one of the few causative treatment approaches for Type I allergy but may cause numerous side effects, including local inflammatory reactions, systemic manifestations (e.g., asthma attacks) and in the worst case, anaphylactic shock which may lead to death. Several attempts have been made in the past to reduce the rate of side effects. They included the chemical modification of allergen extracts to reduce their allergenic activity and the adsorption of allergen extracts to adjuvants to prevent the systemic release of allergens after administration. During the last decade, cDNAs coding for the most relevant allergens have been isolated and the corresponding allergens have been produced as recombinant molecules. Using allergen-encoding cDNAs, the amino acid sequence of allergens or purified recombinant allergens several strategies can now be applied to produce allergen derivatives with reduced allergenic activity for allergy vaccination in a controlled and reproducible manner. Currently, allergen-encoding cDNAs are used to engineer recombinant hypoallergenic allergen derivatives. According to the amino acid sequences and experimental epitope mapping data, synthetic peptides representing T- or B-cell epitopes are produced and purified recombinant allergens are coupled to novel adjuvants for vaccine formulation. In this article, strategies for the production and evaluation of allergen derivatives with reduced allergenic activity for allergy vaccination are described. These new vaccines hold great promise to improve the current practice of allergen-specific immunotherapy and maybe also used for prophylactic vaccination in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Valenta R, Ball T, Focke M, Linhart B, Mothes N, Niederberger V, Spitzauer S, Swoboda I, Vrtala S, Westritschnig K, Kraft D. Immunotherapy of allergic disease. Adv Immunol 2004; 82:105-53. [PMID: 14975256 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)82003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Medical School, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Over the last year, the understanding of early childhood allergen exposures and their impact on the development of allergy has radically changed. This article reviews these epidemiologic discoveries, although they have not yet led to therapeutic initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berrylin J Ferguson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Muñoz-López F. Asthma: will the therapeutic strategy change? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2003; 31:201-4, 205-8. [PMID: 12890411 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0546(03)79178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
33
|
Takabayashi K, Libet L, Chisholm D, Zubeldia J, Horner AA. Intranasal immunotherapy is more effective than intradermal immunotherapy for the induction of airway allergen tolerance in Th2-sensitized mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3898-905. [PMID: 12646659 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy (IT) by injection more readily induces clinical tolerance to stinging insects than to respiratory allergens. However, while systemic immunization induces adaptive responses systemically, the induction of mucosal immunity generally requires local Ag exposure. Taken together, these observations suggest that the poor success rate of systemic IT for asthma could be a consequence of inadequate immune modulation in the airways. In support of this position, investigations presented in this report demonstrate that allergen IT more effectively induces airway allergen tolerance in Th2-sensitized mice, when delivered by the intranasal (i.n.) vs the intradermal (i.d.) route. Moreover, compared with native allergen, allergen immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate proved to be a more effective i.n. IT reagent for protecting allergic mice from airway hypersensitivity responses. Furthermore, for both native allergen and allergen immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate, i.n. and i.d. IT delivery were similarly effective in modulating systemic immune profiles in Th2-sensitized mice, while only i.n. IT had significant immunomodulatory activity on B and T cell responses in the airways. The present investigations may be the first to suggest that i.n. IT is more effective than i.d. IT for the treatment of asthma. Furthermore, our results suggest that modulating airway rather than systemic immunity may be the more important therapeutic target for the induction of clinical tolerance to respiratory allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takabayashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies continue to find an increased prevalence of rhinitis, asthma, and atopy in more westernized countries. Both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis are risk factors for development of asthma, particularly in adulthood. In patients who have both asthma and rhinitis, treatment of the latter decreases the likelihood of emergency department visits or hospitalization for asthma. The protective effect of intranasal cortico-steroids is much greater than that of antihistamines. This mirrors the effect on rhinitis symptoms, in which nasal corticosteroids are much more effective than antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, or the combination of both. In patients with severe asthma, sinus mucosal thickening on computed tomography (CT) correlates with the severity of lower airway disease indicated by sputum eosinophilia, exhaled nitrous oxide (NO), functional residual capacity, and diffusing capacity. Preseasonal specific immunotherapy (SIT) is less effective, but additive to treatment with omalizumab. It is also somewhat less effective in reducing nasal symptoms than nasal corticosteroids; however, it is superior to them for reducing lower airway inflammation. SIT in children with only allergic rhinitis reduces both the incidence of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. High-dose sublingual immunotherapy appears to be safe and effective, but less effective than injection immunotherapy. It is not clear that there are cost savings with sublingual immunotherapy, as home administration savings may be offset by the much larger amount of allergen extracts required. New approaches to allergen immunotherapy, designed to increase efficacy and safety, include conjugation of allergens to immunostimulatory sequences and encapsulation in liposomes. Cross-reactivity between inhalants and foods demonstrated by skin prick tests is more predictive of clinically important sensitivity than is that demonstrated by RAST testing. The latter, because of cross-reacting profilins, is often clinically irrelevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Nelson
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu AH, Szefler SJ. Advances in childhood asthma: hygiene hypothesis, natural history, and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:S785-92. [PMID: 12618744 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is significant interest in early identification and intervention in childhood asthma. Current asthma guidelines identify inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as the preferred initial long-term control therapy even in young children. ICS clearly improve asthma control in children with mild to moderate persistent asthma, but it is not clear that they can alter the natu-ral history and progression of asthma. New insights regarding the origins of asthma and allergy and their natural history will continue to stimulate questions regarding the appropriate time for intervention and will stimulate the design of new treatment strategies and the discovery of new medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Liu
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Horner AA, Raz E. Immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide-based vaccination and immunomodulation: two unique but complementary strategies for the treatment of allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:706-12. [PMID: 12417878 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.129122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite a number of effective pharmaceutical options for the prevention and treatment of the pathophysiologic responses that occur in sensitized patients on allergen exposure, the termination of allergic hypersensitivities remains an elusive therapeutic goal. Traditional immunotherapy with allergen extracts is the only currently used intervention that has been shown to induce allergen tolerance, but it has a limited scope of efficacy. However, recent studies suggest that immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS-ODN) -based interventions might offer an alternative and potentially more effective means for extinguishing T (H)2-biased hypersensitivities. Three basic ISS-ODN -based immunotherapeutic strategies have been studied to date. Immunization with allergen mixed with ISS- ODN, immunization with allergen -ISS- ODN conjugates, and immunomodulation with ISS- ODN alone all have proved efficacy in the attenuation of the allergic phenotype in mice. Preliminary results with allergen -ISS- ODN conjugate vaccines in allergic patients have also been encouraging. This article will provide our perspective on the application of ISS-ODN -based vaccination and immunomodulation to the treatment of atopic diseases and the immunologic basis for their antiallergic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Adam Horner
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|