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Kiseleva E, Ryabkov M, Baleev M, Bederina E, Shilyagin P, Moiseev A, Beschastnov V, Romanov I, Gelikonov G, Gladkova N. Prospects of Intraoperative Multimodal OCT Application in Patients with Acute Mesenteric Ischemia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:705. [PMID: 33920827 PMCID: PMC8071199 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the introduction of increasingly multifaceted diagnostic techniques and the general advances in emergency abdominal and vascular surgery, the outcome of treatment of patients with acute impaired intestinal circulation remains unsatisfactory. The non-invasive and high-resolution technique of optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used intraoperatively to assess intestine viability and associated conditions that frequently emerge under conditions of impaired blood circulation. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of multimodal (MM) OCT for intraoperative diagnostics of both the microstructure (cross-polarization OCT mode) and microcirculation (OCT angiography mode) of the small intestine wall in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI). METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 18 patients were enrolled in the study. Nine of them suffered from AMI in segments II-III of the superior mesenteric artery (AMI group), whereby the ischemic segments of the intestine were examined. Nine others were operated on for adenocarcinoma of the colon (control group), thus allowing areas of their normal small intestine to be examined for comparison. Data on the microstructure and microcirculation in the walls of the small intestine were obtained intraoperatively from the side of the serous membrane using the MM OCT system (IAP RAS, Russia) before bowel resection. The MM OCT data were compared with the results of histological examination. RESULTS The study finds that MM OCT visualized the damage to serosa, muscularis externa, and blood vessels localized in these layers in 100% of AMI cases. It also visualized the submucosa in 33.3% of AMI cases. The MM OCT images of non-ischemic (control group), viable ischemic, and necrotic small intestines (AMI group) differed significantly across stratification of the distinguishable layers, the severity of intermuscular fluid accumulations, and the type and density of the vasculature. CONCLUSION The MM OCT diagnostic procedure optimally meets the requirements of emergency surgery. Data on the microstructure and microcirculation of the intestinal wall can be obtained simultaneously in real time without requiring contrast agent injections. The depth of visualization of the intestinal wall from the side of the serous membrane is sufficient to assess the volume of the affected tissues. However, the methodology for obtaining MM OCT data needs to be improved to minimize the motion artefacts generated in actual clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kiseleva
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
| | - Maxim Ryabkov
- Thermal Injury Group, University Clinic, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 18/1 Verkhnevolzhskaya Naberezhnaja, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Baleev
- City Clinical Hospital No.30, 85A Berezovskaya St., 605157 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.B.); (V.B.); (I.R.)
| | - Evgeniya Bederina
- The Department of Pathology, University Clinic, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 18/1 Verkhnevolzhskaya Naberezhnaja, 603155 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
| | - Pavel Shilyagin
- Institute of Applied Physics of the RAS, 46 Ulyanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (P.S.); (A.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Alexander Moiseev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the RAS, 46 Ulyanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (P.S.); (A.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Vladimir Beschastnov
- City Clinical Hospital No.30, 85A Berezovskaya St., 605157 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.B.); (V.B.); (I.R.)
| | - Ivan Romanov
- City Clinical Hospital No.30, 85A Berezovskaya St., 605157 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (M.B.); (V.B.); (I.R.)
| | - Grigory Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics of the RAS, 46 Ulyanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (P.S.); (A.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Natalia Gladkova
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
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Corral JE, Mousa OY, Krishna M, Levink IJM, Pursell KR, Afsh M, Kröner PT, Harnois DM, Wolfsen HC, Wallace MB, Lukens FJ. Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in the biliary and pancreatic ducts: a feasibility study with histological correlation. Endoscopy 2018; 50:1089-1094. [PMID: 29913531 DOI: 10.1055/a-0631-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) provides circumferential images 3 mm into the biliary and pancreatic ducts. We aimed to correlate VLE images with the normal and abnormal microstructure of these ducts. METHODS Samples from patients undergoing hepatic or pancreatic resection were evaluated. VLE images were collected using a low-profile VLE catheter inserted manually into the biliary and pancreatic ducts ex vivo. Histological correlation was assessed by two unblinded investigators. RESULTS 25 patients (20 liver and 5 pancreatic samples) and 111 images were analyzed. VLE revealed three histological layers: epithelium, connective tissue, and parenchyma. It identified distinctive patterns for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), pancreatic cysts, neuroendocrine tumor, and adenocarcinoma adjacent to the pancreatic duct or ampulla. VLE failed to identify dysplasia in a dominant stricture and inflammatory infiltrates in PSC. Reflectivity measurements of the liver parenchyma diagnosed liver cirrhosis with high sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS VLE can identify histological changes in the biliary and pancreatic ducts allowing real-time diagnosis. Further studies are needed to measure the accuracy of VLE in a larger sample and to validate our findings in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Corral
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Omar Y Mousa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Murli Krishna
- Division of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Iris J M Levink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Khela R Pursell
- Division of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammad Afsh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul T Kröner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Denise M Harnois
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Herbert C Wolfsen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael B Wallace
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Frank J Lukens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Jelvehgaran P, Alderliesten T, Georgiou G, Meijer SL, Bloemen PR, Kodach LL, van Laarhoven HWM, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Hulshof MCCM, Rasch CRN, van Leeuwen TG, de Boer JF, de Bruin M, van Herk M. Feasibility of using optical coherence tomography to detect radiation-induced fibrosis and residual cancer extent after neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy: an ex vivo study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4196-4216. [PMID: 30615728 PMCID: PMC6157785 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of resectable esophageal cancer includes neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy (nCRT) followed by esophagectomy in operable patients. High-risk surgery may have been avoided in patients with a pathological complete response (pCR). We investigated the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect residual cancer and radiation-induced fibrosis in 10 esophageal cancer patients that underwent nCRT followed by esophagectomy. We compared our OCT findings with histopathology. Overall, OCT was able to differentiate between healthy tissue, fibrotic tissue, and residual cancer with a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 67%, respectively. Hence, OCT has the potential to add to the assessment of a pCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Jelvehgaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Laser Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Alderliesten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Giota Georgiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren L. Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R. Bloemen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Liudmila L. Kodach
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W. M. van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC and Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C. C. M. Hulshof
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Coen R. N. Rasch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Institute for Laser Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn de Bruin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Herk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Science, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Intraoperative optical coherence tomography of the human thyroid: Feasibility for surgical assessment. Transl Res 2018; 195:13-24. [PMID: 29287166 PMCID: PMC5899010 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules assessed with ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy are diagnosed as "suspicious" or "indeterminate" in 15%-20% of the cases. Typically, total thyroidectomy is performed in such cases; however, only 25%-50% are found to be cancerous upon final histopathologic analysis. Here we demonstrate optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the human thyroid as a potential intraoperative imaging tool for providing tissue assessment in real time during surgical procedures. Fresh excised tissue specimens from 28 patients undergoing thyroid surgery were imaged in the laboratory using a benchtop OCT system. Three-dimensional OCT images showed different microstructural features in normal, benign, and malignant thyroid tissues. A similar portable OCT system was then designed and constructed for use in the operating room, and intraoperative imaging of excised thyroid tissue from 6 patients was performed during the surgical procedure. The results demonstrate the potential of OCT to provide real-time imaging guidance during thyroid surgeries.
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Niemeier RC, Etoz S, Gil DA, Skala MC, Brace CL, Rogers JD. Quantifying optical properties with visible and near-infrared optical coherence tomography to visualize esophageal microwave ablation zones. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1648-1663. [PMID: 29675308 PMCID: PMC5905912 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microwave ablation is a minimally invasive image guided thermal therapy for cancer that can be adapted to endoscope use in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Microwave ablation in the GI tract requires precise control over the ablation zone that could be guided by high resolution imaging with quantitative contrast. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides ideal imaging resolution and allows for the quantification of tissue scattering properties to characterize ablated tissue. Visible and near-infrared OCT image analysis demonstrated increased scattering coefficients (μs ) in ablated versus normal tissues (Vis: 347.8%, NIR: 415.0%) and shows the potential for both wavelength ranges to provide quantitative contrast. These data suggest OCT could provide quantitative image guidance and valuable information about antenna performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Niemeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sevde Etoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher L. Brace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Wang J, Xu Y, Boppart SA. Review of optical coherence tomography in oncology. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-23. [PMID: 29274145 PMCID: PMC5741100 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the field of oncology has been prospering over the past decade. OCT imaging has been used to image a broad spectrum of malignancies, including those arising in the breast, brain, bladder, the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts, the skin, and oral cavity, among others. OCT imaging has initially been applied for guiding biopsies, for intraoperatively evaluating tumor margins and lymph nodes, and for the early detection of small lesions that would often not be visible on gross examination, tasks that align well with the clinical emphasis on early detection and intervention. Recently, OCT imaging has been explored for imaging tumor cells and their dynamics, and for the monitoring of tumor responses to treatments. This paper reviews the evolution of OCT technologies for the clinical application of OCT in surgical and noninvasive interventional oncology procedures and concludes with a discussion of the future directions for OCT technologies, with particular emphasis on their applications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Yang Xu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Carle–Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
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Jelvehgaran P, Alderliesten T, Weda JJA, de Bruin M, Faber DJ, Hulshof MCCM, van Leeuwen TG, van Herk M, de Boer JF. Visibility of fiducial markers used for image-guided radiation therapy on optical coherence tomography for registration with CT: An esophageal phantom study. Med Phys 2017; 44:6570-6582. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Jelvehgaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
- Institute for Laser Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam; Physics and Astronomy; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam HV 1081 The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Alderliesten
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer J. A. Weda
- Institute for Laser Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam; Physics and Astronomy; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam HV 1081 The Netherlands
| | - Martijn de Bruin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
- Department of Urology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Faber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C. C. M. Hulshof
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
| | - Ton G. van Leeuwen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van Herk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam AZ 1105 The Netherlands
- Institute of Cancer Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Institute for Laser Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam; Physics and Astronomy; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam HV 1081 The Netherlands
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Gora MJ, Suter MJ, Tearney GJ, Li X. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography: technologies and clinical applications [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2405-2444. [PMID: 28663882 PMCID: PMC5480489 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the current state of technology development and clinical applications of endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT). Key design and engineering considerations are discussed for most OCT endoscopes, including side-viewing and forward-viewing probes, along with different scanning mechanisms (proximal-scanning versus distal-scanning). Multi-modal endoscopes that integrate OCT with other imaging modalities are also discussed. The review of clinical applications of endoscopic OCT focuses heavily on diagnosis of diseases and guidance of interventions. Representative applications in several organ systems are presented, such as in the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems. A brief outlook of the field of endoscopic OCT is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina J Gora
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- ICube Laboratory, CNRS, Strasbourg University, 1 Place de l'Hopital, Strasbourg 67091, France
| | - Melissa J Suter
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Traylor 710, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Review of Laser-Generated Ultrasound Transmitters and Their Applications to All-Optical Ultrasound Transducers and Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app7010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Coda S, Siersema PD, Stamp GWH, Thillainayagam AV. Biophotonic endoscopy: a review of clinical research techniques for optical imaging and sensing of early gastrointestinal cancer. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3:E380-92. [PMID: 26528489 PMCID: PMC4612244 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1392513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection, characterization, and staging constitute the fundamental elements in the endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases, but histology still remains the diagnostic gold standard. New developments in endoscopic techniques may challenge histopathology in the near future. An ideal endoscopic technique should combine a wide-field, "red flag" screening technique with an optical contrast or microscopy method for characterization and staging, all simultaneously available during the procedure. In theory, biophotonic advances have the potential to unite these elements to allow in vivo "optical biopsy." These techniques may ultimately offer the potential to increase the rates of detection of high risk lesions and the ability to target biopsies and resections, and so reduce the need for biopsy, costs, and uncertainty for patients. However, their utility and sensitivity in clinical practice must be evaluated against those of conventional histopathology. This review describes some of the most recent applications of biophotonics in endoscopic optical imaging and metrology, along with their fundamental principles and the clinical experience that has been acquired in their deployment as tools for the endoscopist. Particular emphasis has been placed on translational label-free optical techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), two-photon and multi-photon microscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT), diffuse reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Coda
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom,Department of Endoscopy, North East London NHS Treatment Centre, Care UK, London, United Kingdom,Corresponding author Sergio Coda, MD, PhD Imperial College London – Medicine and PhysicsPrince Consort RoadLondon SW7 2AZUnited Kingdom+44-20-75947714
| | - Peter D. Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gordon W. H. Stamp
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom,Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Thillainayagam
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Tsai TH, Lee HC, Ahsen OO, Liang K, Giacomelli MG, Potsaid BM, Tao YK, Jayaraman V, Figueiredo M, Huang Q, Cable AE, Fujimoto J, Mashimo H. Ultrahigh speed endoscopic optical coherence tomography for gastroenterology. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4387-404. [PMID: 25574446 PMCID: PMC4285613 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe an ultrahigh speed endoscopic swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system for clinical gastroenterology using a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and micromotor imaging catheter. The system had a 600 kHz axial scan rate and 8 µm axial resolution in tissue. Imaging was performed with a 3.2 mm diameter imaging catheter at 400 frames per second with a 12 µm spot size. Three-dimensional OCT (3D-OCT) imaging was performed in patients with a cross section of pathologies undergoing upper and lower endoscopy. The use of distally actuated imaging catheters enabled OCT imaging with more flexibility, such as volumetric imaging in the small intestine and the assessment of hiatal hernia using retroflex imaging. The high rotational scanning stability of the micromotor enabled 3D volumetric imaging with micron scale volumetric accuracy for both en face OCT and cross-sectional imaging, as well as OCT angiography (OCTA) for 3D visualization of subsurface microvasculature. The ability to perform both structural and functional 3D OCT imaging in the GI tract with microscopic accuracy should enable a wide range of studies and enhance the sensitivity and specificity of OCT for detecting pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Osman O. Ahsen
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Kaicheng Liang
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Michael G. Giacomelli
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Benjamin M. Potsaid
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
- Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., 56 Sparta Avenue, Newton, NJ 07860,
USA
| | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | | | - Marisa Figueiredo
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
| | - Qin Huang
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
| | - Alex E. Cable
- Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., 56 Sparta Avenue, Newton, NJ 07860,
USA
| | - James Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA
| | - Hiroshi Mashimo
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
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Tsai TH, Fujimoto JG, Mashimo H. Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography for Clinical Gastroenterology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2014; 4:57-93. [PMID: 26852678 PMCID: PMC4665545 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics4020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a real-time optical imaging technique that is similar in principle to ultrasonography, but employs light instead of sound waves and allows depth-resolved images with near-microscopic resolution. Endoscopic OCT allows the evaluation of broad-field and subsurface areas and can be used ancillary to standard endoscopy, narrow band imaging, chromoendoscopy, magnification endoscopy, and confocal endomicroscopy. This review article will provide an overview of the clinical utility of endoscopic OCT in the gastrointestinal tract and of recent achievements using state-of-the-art endoscopic 3D-OCT imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - James G Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Hiroshi Mashimo
- Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Advances in Gastrointestinal Imaging. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014:376367. [PMID: 24719611 PMCID: PMC3955614 DOI: 10.1155/2014/376367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving field of endoscopic gastrointestinal imaging, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has found many diverse applications. We present the current status of OCT and its practical applications in imaging normal and abnormal mucosa in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and biliary and pancreatic ducts. We highlight technical aspects and principles of imaging, assess published data, and suggest future directions for OCT-guided evaluation and therapy.
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Endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy as a reliable tool for in vivo assessment of colonic inflammation in rats. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:1613-20. [PMID: 23925435 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-013-1755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) imaging of the colon is an important diagnostic tool for early neoplasia, although usually restricted to the rectum in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aimed to evaluate the ability of an endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopic (eUBM) system to detect and characterize lesions simulating Crohn's disease in the colon of rats in vivo. METHODS Colitis was induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid instillated in the distal colon. Eighteen Wistar rats were submitted to eUBM in three time points: week 1 group (18 animals examined on day 3 after colitis induction), week 2 group (12 animals on days 3 and 10), and week 3 group (7 animals on days 3, 10, and 17). This design yielded distinct inflammation intensities. Three untreated rats were used for acquisition of control images. Scores were used for comparison with histology. RESULTS Scores for eUBM and histology in the different moments of examination achieved a Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of 0.87 (p < 0.001). Findings of wall thickening presented positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity of 94 and of 100 %, respectively. Superficial and deep ulcers presented a PPV of 89 and 80 %, respectively, and negative predictive values of 100 and 85 %, respectively. CONCLUSION Accurate detection and analysis of the lesions was achieved. The model is essential for the clinical development of the technique and a reproducible method for the evaluation of experimental colitis. eUBM might be applicable in different segments of the gut, developing into a novel adjunct method for IBD evaluation.
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Alves KZ, Soletti RC, de Britto MA, de Matos DG, Soldan M, Borges HL, Machado JC. In vivo endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopic imaging in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Acad Radiol 2013; 20:90-8. [PMID: 22959583 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The gold-standard tool for colorectal cancer detection is colonoscopy, but it provides only mucosal surface visualization. Ultrasound biomicroscopy allows a clear delineation of the epithelium and adjacent colonic layers. The aim of this study was to design a system to generate endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopic images of the mouse colon, in vivo, in an animal model of inflammation-associated colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen mice (Mus musculus) were used. A 40-MHz miniprobe catheter was inserted into the accessory channel of a pediatric flexible bronchofiberscope. Control mice (n = 3) and mice treated with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium (n = 10) were subjected to simultaneous endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy and white-light colonoscopy. The diagnosis obtained with endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy and colonoscopy was compared and confirmed by postmortem histopathology. RESULTS Endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopic images showed all layers of the normal colon and revealed lesions such as lymphoid hyperplasias and colon tumors. Additionally, endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy was able to detect two cases of mucosa layer thickening, confirmed by histology. Compared to histologic results, the sensitivities of endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy and colonoscopy were 0.95 and 0.83, respectively, and both methods achieved specificities of 1.0. CONCLUSIONS Endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy can be used, in addition to colonoscopy, as a diagnostic method for colonic lesions. Moreover, experimental endoluminal ultrasound biomicroscopy in mouse models is feasible and might be used to further develop research on the differentiation between benign and malignant colonic diseases.
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Hatta W, Uno K, Koike T, Iijima K, Asano N, Imatani A, Shimosegawa T. A prospective comparative study of optical coherence tomography and EUS for tumor staging of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76:548-55. [PMID: 22898413 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise assessment of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SESCCs) limited to the epithelium (EP) or lamina propria mucosa (LPM), the standard indication for endoscopic resection, is important to ensure good outcomes of endoscopic resection. With regard to tomographic imaging techniques, although the accuracy of EUS is practically insufficient, we previously demonstrated that high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) might enable precise assessment for staging in a noninvasive and real-time manner. OBJECTIVE To clarify the accuracy of the preoperative staging of SESCCs by using OCT compared with that by using 20-MHz probe-type EUS. DESIGN A prospective study. SETTING An academic medical center. PATIENTS A total of 123 consecutive patients with 131 SESCCs were enrolled from May 2007 to September 2011. INTERVENTIONS A specialist examined the patients, by using both OCT and EUS, recorded a representative still image for each lesion, and reported the staging immediately after each examination. Another blinded investigator reviewed the recorded images and reported the staging independently. The histological staging was confirmed by the resected specimens. Finally, we calculated the accuracy of staging by using OCT and EUS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The accuracy of OCT or EUS for EP/LPM. RESULT The accuracy for EP/LPM by using OCT was significantly higher than that by using EUS (OCT, 94.6%; HF-EUS, 80.6%; P < .05). Interobserver agreement of OCT and EUS was good and moderate, respectively. LIMITATIONS The small number of patients; a single-center, single-operator, nonrandomized, crossover study. CONCLUSIONS We prospectively demonstrated that the preoperative staging of SESCC by using OCT was more useful than that by using EUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waku Hatta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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17
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Dhawan AP, D'Alessandro B, Fu X. Optical imaging modalities for biomedical applications. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 3:69-92. [PMID: 22275202 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2010.2081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optical photographic imaging is a well known imaging method that has been successfully translated into biomedical applications such as microscopy and endoscopy. Although several advanced medical imaging modalities are used today to acquire anatomical, physiological, metabolic, and functional information from the human body, optical imaging modalities including optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, multiphoton microscopy, multispectral endoscopy, and diffuse reflectance imaging have recently emerged with significant potential for non-invasive, portable, and cost-effective imaging for biomedical applications spanning tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. This paper reviews methods for modeling the propagation of light photons in a biological medium, as well as optical imaging from organ to cellular levels using visible and near-infrared wavelengths for biomedical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atam P Dhawan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in China. The prognosis of esophageal carcinoma is closely related to the stage of the disease at the time of detection. Patients with early lesions have an excellent prognosis, whereas those with more advanced stages of the disease usually have a poor prognosis. Therefore, the early detection of these lesions is of the greatest importance for treatment. Recently, many endoscopic methods have been developed, such as fluorescence endoscopy, confocal endoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electronic staining imaging technology which includes narrow band imaging (NBI), Fujinon intelligent chromoendoscopy (FICE) and I-Scan. However, the clinical value of these techniques needs to be ascertained in the coming years. This paper reviews the progress of endoscopic diagnosis of early esophageal cancer.
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Liu ZX, Deroche T, Remzi FH, Hammel JP, Fazio VW, Ni RZ, Goldblum JR, Shen B. Transmural inflammation is not pathognomonic for Crohn's disease of the pouch. Surg Endosc 2011; 25:3509-17. [PMID: 21660630 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-1749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmural inflammation shown by imaging and histology has been considered a hallmark of Crohn's disease (CD). However, the diagnostic and prognostic value of this feature in CD of the pouch has not been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of transmural inflammation in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) using in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histopathology. METHODS All the patients were recruited from the subspecialty Pouchitis Clinic. The study consisted of two parts: (1) a prospective study with in vivo through-the-scope OCT for the evaluation of transmural disease in patients with normal or diseased pouches and (2) a retrospective pathology re-review for transmural inflammation in excised pouch specimens of CD and chronic pouchitis. RESULTS This prospective OCT study enrolled 53 patients: 11 (20.8%) with normal pouches or irritable pouch syndrome, 10 (18.9%) with acute pouchitis, 11 (20.8%) with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP), and 21 (39.6%) with CD of the pouch. Transmural inflammation, characterized by the loss of layered structure on OCT, was detected in 16 patients (30.2%): 4 with chronic pouchitis and 12 with CD of the pouch. None of the patients with normal pouches, irritable pouch syndrome, or acute pouchitis had transmural disease shown on OCT. Of the 26 patients with pouch failure who had pouch excision, the surgical specimens showed transmural disease in 30% of the CARP patients (3/10) and 12.5% (2/16) of those with CD of the pouch. CONCLUSIONS Transmural disease in the setting of IPAA is not pathognomonic of CD. Transmural inflammation shown by imaging or histopathology was seen in both CD and CARP. Transmural inflammation of the pouch appeared to be associated with poor pouch outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-xiu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
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Shukla R, Abidi WM, Richards-Kortum R, Anandasabapathy S. Endoscopic imaging: How far are we from real-time histology? World J Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 3:183-94. [PMID: 22013499 PMCID: PMC3196726 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v3.i10.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, in gastrointestinal endoscopy there is increasing interest in high resolution endoscopic technologies that can complement high-definition white light endoscopy by providing real-time subcellular imaging of the epithelial surface. These ‘optical biopsy’ technologies offer the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and yield, while facilitating real-time decision-making. Although many endoscopic techniques have preliminarily shown high accuracy rates, these technologies are still evolving. This review will provide an overview of the most promising high-resolution imaging technologies, including high resolution microendoscopy, optical coherence tomography, endocytoscopy and confocal laser endoscopy. This review will also discuss the application and current limitations of these technologies for the early detection of neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus, ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Shukla
- Richa Shukla, Wasif M Abidi, Sharmila Anandasabapathy, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, United States
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Popescu DP, Choo-Smith LP, Flueraru C, Mao Y, Chang S, Disano J, Sherif S, Sowa MG. Optical coherence tomography: fundamental principles, instrumental designs and biomedical applications. Biophys Rev 2011; 3:155. [PMID: 28510064 PMCID: PMC5418377 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-011-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances made in the last two decades in interference technologies, optical instrumentation, catheter technology, optical detectors, speed of data acquisition and processing as well as light sources have facilitated the transformation of optical coherence tomography from an optical method used mainly in research laboratories into a valuable tool applied in various areas of medicine and health sciences. This review paper highlights the place occupied by optical coherence tomography in relation to other imaging methods that are used in medical and life science areas such as ophthalmology, cardiology, dentistry and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Together with the basic principles that lay behind the imaging method itself, this review provides a summary of the functional differences between time-domain, spectral-domain and full-field optical coherence tomography, a presentation of specific methods for processing the data acquired by these systems, an introduction to the noise sources that plague the detected signal and the progress made in optical coherence tomography catheter technology over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P Popescu
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 1Y6.
| | - Lin-P'ing Choo-Smith
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 1Y6
| | - Costel Flueraru
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Youxin Mao
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Shoude Chang
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - John Disano
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Microstructural Sciences, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0R6
| | - Sherif Sherif
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, 75A Chancellor Drive, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 5V6
| | - Michael G Sowa
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 1Y6
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Lin B, Urayama S, Saroufeem RMG, Matthews DL, Demos SG. Endomicroscopy imaging of epithelial structures using tissue autofluorescence. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:046014. [PMID: 21529083 DOI: 10.1117/1.3565216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We explore autofluorescence endomicroscopy as a potential tool for real-time visualization of epithelial tissue microstructure and organization in a clinical setting. The design parameters are explored using two experimental systems--an Olympus Medical Systems Corp. stand-alone clinical prototype probe, and a custom built bench-top rigid fiber conduit prototype. Both systems entail ultraviolet excitation at 266 nm and/or 325 nm using compact laser sources. Preliminary results using ex vivo animal and human tissue specimens suggest that this technology can be translated toward in vivo application to address the need for real-time histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin Lin
- University of California, Davis, NSF Center for Biophotonics Science & Technology, 4800 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Wall RA, Bonnema GT, Barton JK. Novel focused OCT-LIF endoscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:421-30. [PMID: 21412448 PMCID: PMC3047348 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Combined optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) endoscopy has shown higher sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing normal tissue from adenoma when compared to either modality alone. Endoscope optical design is complicated by the large wavelength difference between the two systems. A new high-resolution endoscope 2 mm in diameter is presented that can create focused beams from the ultraviolet to near-infrared. A reflective design ball lens operates achromatically over a large wavelength range, and employs TIR at two faces and reflection at a third internal mirrored face. The 1:1 imaging system obtains theoretically diffraction-limited spots for both the OCT (1300 nm) and LIF (325 nm) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Andrew Wall
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona,
1230 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Garret T. Bonnema
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona,
1230 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Barton
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona,
1230 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona,
1230 East Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Hatta W, Uno K, Koike T, Yokosawa S, Iijima K, Imatani A, Shimosegawa T. Optical coherence tomography for the staging of tumor infiltration in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:899-906. [PMID: 20304395 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive technology that can produce high-resolution cross-sectional images in real-time without acoustic coupling, enabling precise assessment of tumor invasion in superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SESCCs). OBJECTIVE To elucidate the usefulness of in vivo OCT for the staging of SESCCs. DESIGN A single-center, prospective study in 2 phases: phase I to establish the OCT criteria classified into 3 categories (epithelium or lamina propria mucosa [EP/LPM], muscularis mucosa [MM], submucosa [SM]) and phase II to evaluate these criteria. SETTING An academic medical center. PATIENTS Sixty-two patients with a histological diagnosis of SESCC by routine endoscopy. In the phase I study, 35 images from 16 patients were used. In the phase II study, 109 images from 46 subsequent consecutive patients enrolled from January 2007 to May 2009 were used. INTERVENTIONS We performed OCT for preoperative staging followed by endoscopic submucosal dissection or a surgical procedure and compared precisely the visualized OCT sites with the corresponding tissue sections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The accuracy of OCT for the staging. RESULTS The overall accuracy rate was 92.7% (EP/LPM, 94.9%; MM, 85.0%; SM, 90.9%). The OCT signal penetration depth was sufficient to depict the boundary of the deepest region of cancer, the thickness of which was less than 1.5 mm. LIMITATIONS The small number of patients. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that OCT might be useful for the preoperative staging of SESCCs with a high degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waku Hatta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Testoni PA, Mangiavillano B. Optical coherence tomography for bile and pancreatic duct imaging. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2009; 19:637-53. [PMID: 19917469 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging modality introduced in 1991 that performs high-resolution, cross-sectional, subsurface tomographic imaging of the microstructure in materials and biologic systems by measuring backscattered or backreflected infrared light. OCT has been used for biomedical applications where many factors affect the feasibility and effectiveness of any imaging technique. The highly scattering and absorbing living tissues greatly limit the application of optical imaging modalities. In the last decade, OCT technology has evolved from an experimental laboratory tool to a new diagnostic imaging modality with a wide spectrum of clinical applications in medical practice, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreaticobiliary ductal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Alberto Testoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Yokosawa S, Koike T, Kitagawa Y, Hatta W, Uno K, Abe Y, Iijima K, Imatani A, Ohara S, Shimosegawa T. Identification of the layered morphology of the esophageal wall by optical coherence tomography. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:4402-9. [PMID: 19764091 PMCID: PMC2747060 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess each layer of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) image of the esophageal wall with reference to the histological structure.
METHODS: Resected specimens of fresh pig esophagus was used as a model for the esophageal wall. We injected cyanoacrylate adhesive into the specimens to create a marker, and scanned them using a miniature OCT probe. The localization of these markers was assessed in the OCT images. Then we compared the OCT-imaged morphology with the corresponding histological section, guided by the cyanoacrylate adhesive markers. We prepared a second set of experiments using nylon sutures as markers.
RESULTS: The OCT image of the esophageal specimen has a clear five-layered morphology. First, it consisted of a relatively less reflective layer; second, a more reflective layer; third, a less reflective layer; fourth, a more reflective layer; and fifth, a less reflective layer. Comparing the OCT images with marked histological sections showed that the first layer corresponded to stratified squamous epithelium; the second to lamina propria; the third to muscularis mucosa; fourth, submucosa; and fifth, muscularis propria with deeper structures of the esophageal wall.
CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the OCT image of the normal esophageal wall showed a five-layered morphology, which corresponds to histological esophageal wall components.
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Lin B, Urayama S, Saroufeem RMG, Matthews DL, Demos SG. Real-time microscopic imaging of esophageal epithelial disease with autofluorescence under ultraviolet excitation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:12502-12509. [PMID: 19654651 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Detection of esophageal disease in current clinical practice is limited to visualization of macroscopic epithelial morphology. In this work, we investigate high resolution autofluorescence imaging under ultra violet excitation to visualize microscopic epithelial changes related to disease progression using a bench top prototype microscope. The approach is based on the hypothesis that UV excitation light can only penetrate the superficial layer of cells resulting in autofluorescence images of the epithelial layer without using an additional image sectioning approach. The experiments were performed using ex vivo human esophagus biopsy specimens. The results indicate that cellular morphology information related to disease progression is attainable without tissue preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin Lin
- University of California, Davis NSF Center for Biophotonics Science & Technology, 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Gastrointestinal optical coherence tomography: clinical applications, limitations, and research priorities. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2009; 19:243-59. [PMID: 19423022 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography provides the highest resolution available of any of the technologies currently used in endoscopic imaging. There are several potential clinical applications for optical coherence tomography, particularly with precancerous conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The future of optical coherence tomography is discussed.
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Testoni PA, Mangiavillano B. Optical coherence tomography in detection of dysplasia and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and bilio-pancreatic ductal system. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6444-52. [PMID: 19030194 PMCID: PMC2773328 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging modality that performs high-resolution, cross-sectional, subsurface tomographic imaging of the microstructure of tissues. The physical principle of OCT is similar to that of B-mode ultrasound imaging, except that it uses infrared light waves rather than acoustic waves. The in vivo resolution is 10-25 times better (about 10 μm) than with high-frequency ultrasound imaging, but the depth of penetration is limited to 1-3 mm, depending upon tissue structure, depth of focus of the probe used, and pressure applied to the tissue surface. In the last decade, OCT technology has evolved from an experimental laboratory tool to a new diagnostic imaging modality with a wide spectrum of clinical applications in medical practice, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreatic-biliary ductal system. OCT imaging from the GI tract can be done in humans by using narrow-diameter, catheter-based probes that can be inserted through the accessory channel of either a conventional front-view endoscope, for investigating the epithelial structure of the GI tract, or a side-view endoscope, inside a standard transparent ERCP catheter, for investigating the pancreatico-biliary ductal system. Esophagus and the esophago-gastric junction has been the most widely investigated organ so far; more recently, also duodenum, colon and pancreatico-biliary ductal system have been extensively investigated. OCT imaging of the gastro-intestinal wall structure is characterized by a multiple-layer architecture that permits an accurate evaluation of the mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, and part of the submucosa. The technique may be, therefore, used to identify pre-neoplastic conditions of the GI tract, such as Barrett's epithelium and dysplasia, and evaluate the depth of penetration of early-stage neoplastic lesions. OCT imaging of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system could improve the diagnostic accuracy for ductal epithelial changes and the differential diagnosis between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions.
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Yuan Z, Wang Z, Pan R, Liu J, Cohen H, Pan Y. High-resolution imaging diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer: comparison between optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:054007. [PMID: 19021387 DOI: 10.1117/1.2978059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study between 1.3-microm optical coherence tomography (OCT) and 40-MHz high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is presented to enhance imaging of bladder cancers ex vivo. A standard rat bladder cancer model in which transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was induced by intravesical instillation of AY-27 cells was followed independently with both OCT and HFUS, and the image identifications were compared to histological confirmations. Results indicate that both OCT and HFUS were able to delineate the morphology of rat bladder [e.g., the urothelium (low backscattering/echo) and the underlying lamina propria and muscularis (high backscattering/echo]. OCT differentiated inflammatory lesions (e.g., edema, infiltrates and vasodilatation in lamina propria, hyperplasia) and TCC based on characterization of urothelial thickening and enhanced backscattering or heterogeneity (e.g., papillary features), which HFUS failed due to insufficient image resolution and contrast. On the other hand, HFUS was able to stage large T2 tumors that OCT failed due to limited imaging depth. The results suggest that multimodality cystoscopy combining OCT and HFUS may have the potential to enhance the diagnosis and staging of bladder cancers and to guide tumor resection, in which both high resolution (approximately 10 microm) and enhanced penetration (> 3mm) are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Yuan
- SUNY at Stony Brook, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Curvers WL, Kiesslich R, Bergman JJGHM. Novel imaging modalities in the detection of oesophageal neoplasia. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 22:687-720. [PMID: 18656825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of oesophageal neoplasia is dependent on the stage of the disease at the time of detection. Early lesions have an excellent prognosis in contrast to more advanced stages that usually have a dismal prognosis. Therefore, the early detection of these lesions is of the utmost importance. In recent years, several new techniques have been introduced to improve the endoscopic detection of early lesions. The most important improvement, in general, has been the introduction of high-resolution/high-definition endoscopy into daily clinical practice. The value of superimposing techniques such as chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging and computed virtual chromoendoscopy onto high-resolution/high-definition endoscopy will have to be proven in randomised cross-over trials comparing these techniques with standard techniques. Important future adjuncts to white-light endoscopy serving as 'red-flag' techniques for the detection of early neoplasia may be broad field functional imaging techniques such as video autofluorescence endoscopy. In addition, real-time histopathology during endoscopy has become possible with endocytoscopy and confocal endomicroscopy. The clinical value of these techniques needs to be ascertained in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Curvers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Lerner SP, Goh AC, Tresser NJ, Shen SS. Optical Coherence Tomography as an Adjunct to White Light Cystoscopy for Intravesical Real-Time Imaging and Staging of Bladder Cancer. Urology 2008; 72:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zagaynova E, Gladkova N, Shakhova N, Gelikonov G, Gelikonov V. Endoscopic OCT with forward-looking probe: clinical studies in urology and gastroenterology. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2008; 1:114-28. [PMID: 19343643 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200710017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the current paper we present results of application of endoscopic time-domain OCT (EOCT) with lateral scanning by forward looking miniprobe. We analysed material of clinical studies of 554 patients: 164 patients with urinary bladder pathology, and 390 with gastrointestinal tract pathology. We reviewed the materials obtained in different clinics using the OCT device elaborated at the Institute of Applied Physics. We demonstrate results of EOCT application in detection of early cancer and surgery guidance, examples of combined use of OCT and fluorescence imaging. As a result, we show the diagnostic accuracy of EOCT in specific clinical tasks. The sensitivity of EOCT cancer determination in Barrett's esophagus is from 71% to 85% at different stages of neoplasia with specificity 68% for all stages. As for bladder carcinoma, the sensitivity and specificity are 85% and 68%, respectively. In colon dysplasia EOST demonstrates high efficacy: sensitivity 92% and specificity 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zagaynova
- Institute of Applied and Fundamental Medicine, Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a rapidly emerging imaging modality that can provide non-invasive, cross-sectional, high-resolution images of tissue morphology in situ and in real-time. In the present series of studies, we used a high-speed OCT imaging system equipped with a frequency-swept laser light source (1.3 mum wavelength) to study living kidneys in situ. Adult, male Munich-Wistar rats were anesthetized, a laparotomy was performed and the living kidneys were exposed for in situ observation. We observed the kidneys prior to, during and following exposure to renal ischemia induced by clamping the renal artery. The effects of intravenous mannitol infusion (1.0 ml of 25%) prior to and during renal ischemia were also studied. Finally, living kidneys were flushed with a renal preservation solution, excised and observed while being stored at 0-4 degrees C. Three-dimensional OCT data sets enabled visualization of the morphology of the uriniferous tubules and the renal corpuscles. When renal ischemia was induced, OCT revealed dramatic shrinkage of tubular lumens due to swelling of the lining epithelium. Three-dimensional visualization and volumetric rendering software provided an accurate evaluation of volumetric changes in tubular lumens in response to renal ischemia. Observations of kidneys flushed with a renal preservation solution and stored at 0-4 degrees C also revealed progressive and significant loss of tubular integrity over time. Intravenous infusion of mannitol solution resulted in thinning of the tubular walls and an increase in the tubular lumen diameters. Mannitol infusion also prevented the cell swelling that otherwise resulted in shrinkage of proximal tubule lumens during ischemia. We conclude that OCT represents an exciting new approach to visualize, in real-time, pathological changes in the living kidney in a non-invasive fashion. Possible clinical applications are discussed.
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Wilson BC. Detection and treatment of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a pivotal challenge in translating biophotonics from bench to bedside. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:051401. [PMID: 17994862 DOI: 10.1117/1.2795688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a condition that poses high risk of developing dysplasia leading to cancer. Detection of dysplasia is a critical element in determining therapy but is extremely challenging, so that standard white-light endoscopy is used only as a means to guide biopsy. Many novel optical techniques have been aimed at this problem, including various forms of improved wide-field white-light (chromoendscopy/magnification and narrow-band) and fluorescence imaging, and "optical biopsy" techniques (diffuse reflectance, elastic light scattering, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies, confocal microendoscopy, and optical coherence tomography). While promising, either as stand-alone modalities or in combination, to date none has solved this pivotal challenge to the point of clinical adoption. Likewise, minimally invasive treatment of BE patients with dysplasia remains suboptimal, despite recent approval of photodynamic therapy for this indication. This work presents a critique and summary of each of these biophotonic technologies, and discusses the fundamental advantages and limitations of each. The future directions for this field are considered, particularly from the perspective of relying on intrinsic (endogenous) optical signatures compared with the use of exogenous contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Wilson
- University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, Division of BioPhysics and BioImaging, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chowdary MVP, Kumar KK, Thakur K, Anand A, Kurien J, Krishna CM, Mathew S. Discrimination of Normal and Malignant Mucosal Tissues of the Colon by Raman Spectroscopy. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25:269-74. [PMID: 17803383 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2006.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the discrimination parameters Mahalanobis distance, spectral residuals, and limit tests, developed by this group to differentiate normal from malignant colon tissues. BACKGROUND DATA Colon cancers are diagnosed using fiberoptic endoscopic localization and a subsequent histopathological examination of biopsied tissue, which is highly dependent on the skill and experience of the investigator. There exists a risk of missing significant lesions, especially with carcinoma in situ lesions. Raman spectroscopy, which is sensitive to biochemical variations in the samples and amenable to multivariate statistical tools, can lead to rapid and objective detection of colon cancer. METHODS A total of 102 spectra from 11 normal and 11 malignant ex vivo colon tissues were recorded by conventional near infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy (excitation wavelength of 785 nm). Spectral data were analyzed by principal components analysis (PCA) and other discriminating parameters, namely Mahalanobis distance, spectral residuals, and a multiparametric limit test approach. RESULTS Mean malignant spectra exhibit relatively stronger bands, suggesting the presence of additional biomolecules such as protein (stronger amide III and I), lipids (1,100, 1,300 cm(1)), and DNA (1,340, 1,470 cm(1)) versus those seen in normal tissue. Mean normal spectra indicate the presence of disordered structures (hump at 1,247 cm(1)). Scores of factor 1 gave good discrimination, and this is further fine-tuned by employing Mahalanobis distance and spectral residuals as discriminating parameters. A limit test approach provided unambiguous objective discrimination. CONCLUSION This study further supports the efficacy of Raman spectroscopy, in combination with a limit test, for discrimination of normal and malignant colon tissues. The multiparametric limit test approach is user-friendly, and a clinician or minimally trained individual could directly compare the unknown spectra against the available standard sets to make the decision instantly, objectively, and unambiguously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V P Chowdary
- Centre for Laser Spectroscopy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Life Science Centre, India
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Sokolov K, Nida D, Descour M, Lacy A, Levy M, Hall B, Dharmawardhane S, Ellington A, Korgel B, Richards-Kortum R. Molecular optical imaging of therapeutic targets of cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2007; 96:299-344. [PMID: 17161684 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)96011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in discerning the molecular events that accompany carcinogenesis has led to development of new cancer therapies directly targeted against the molecular changes of neoplasia. Molecular-targeted therapeutics have shown significant improvements in response rates and decreased toxicity as compared to conventional cytotoxic therapies which lack specificity for tumor cells. In order to fully explore the potential of molecular-targeted therapy, a new set of tools is required to dynamically and quantitatively image and monitor the heterogeneous molecular profiles of tumors in vivo. Currently, molecular markers can only be visualized in vitro using complex immunohistochemical staining protocols. In this chapter, we discuss emerging optical tools to image in vivo a molecular profile of risk-based hallmarks of cancer for selecting and monitoring therapy. We present the combination of optically active, targeted nanoparticles for molecular imaging with advances in minimally invasive optical imaging systems, which can be used to dynamically image both a molecular and phenotypic profile of risk and to monitor changes in this profile during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Optical techniques using previously unexploited properties of light interaction with tissue may be valuable in the detection, diagnosis and staging of colorectal neoplasia.
Methods
A Medline search (1990 to present) was conducted on optical diagnostics in the detection of colorectal neoplasia. The reference list of each identified article was reviewed for further relevant papers.
Results and conclusion
Chromoendoscopy is the only optical adjunct to colonoscopy that has been tested in large randomized clinical trials. It improves the detection of small and flat colorectal adenomas, and of neoplasia in chronic ulcerative colitis and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. All other techniques are the subject of ongoing research and the practicality of population screening with any of the methods has yet to be established. Optical techniques may, however, permit immediate clinical diagnosis, removing the need for histological analysis. They may also improve the diagnosis of early colonic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Taylor
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
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Familiari L, Strangio G, Consolo P, Luigiano C, Bonica M, Barresi G, Barresi V, Familiari P, D'Arrigo G, Alibrandi A, Zirilli A, Fries W, Scaffidi M. Optical coherence tomography evaluation of ulcerative colitis: the patterns and the comparison with histology. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:2833-40. [PMID: 17227526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality based on infrared light backscattering properties of tissues. OCT studies documented the disappearance of crypts and the alteration in light backscattering as features of ulcerative colitis (UC) in human colon. This technique should be more and more able to identify tissue microstructures with a resolution that is nearly that of histology (optical biopsy). AIM To evaluate whether there are OCT patterns specific for UC and to compare the overall technique performance with the histology. METHODS A total of 27 patients (20-76 yr) with UC underwent OCT imaging during a total colonoscopy. The OCT images were collected both from affected and normal sites in active UC or disease in remission. Two biopsies of the same sites were acquired. The OCT images were separately scored. Two pathologists blinded to the endoscopic and OCT patterns scored the samples. RESULTS Three OCT patterns were identified: the mucosal backscattering alteration (MBA), the delimited dark areas (DDA), and the layered colonic wall (LCW). In colon affected segments of active and UC in remission, these patterns showed a good correspondence with the histology. Moreover, in 14/25 (56%) normal sites above the affected segment, the OCT documented the pathological features, confirmed only in 10/14 by the histology. Thus, the assessed sensitivity and specificity of OCT in normal segments of UC patients have been 100% and 69%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo OCT correctly detected disease features in endoscopically affected colon segments, but even in apparently normal segments of UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Familiari
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University Hospital, Messina, Italy
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Testoni PA, Mangiavillano B, Albarello L, Mariani A, Arcidiacono PG, Masci E, Doglioni C. Optical coherence tomography compared with histology of the main pancreatic duct structure in normal and pathological conditions: an 'ex vivo study'. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:688-95. [PMID: 16807151 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Optical coherence tomography permits high-resolution imaging of tissue microstructures by a probe inserted into the main pancreatic duct through a standard ERCP catheter. The aim of this study was to compare optical coherence tomography images of the main pancreatic duct with histology and identify the optical coherence tomography pattern of the normal and pathological structure of the main pancreatic duct. PATIENTS AND METHODS Multiple sections of neoplastic and non-neoplastic segments of 10 consecutive surgical pancreatic specimens obtained from patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma were investigated by optical coherence tomography scanning within 1h of resection. One hundred optical coherence tomography findings were then compared with the corresponding histopathological diagnoses. RESULTS Main pancreatic duct wall architecture appeared at optical coherence tomography investigation as a three-layer structure with a different back-scattered signal from each layer. Optical coherence tomography imaging was concordant with histology in 81.8% and 18.75% of sections with normal tissue and chronic inflammatory changes. The K statistic between the two procedures was equal to 0.059 for non-neoplastic main pancreatic duct wall appearance. In all neoplastic sections optical coherence tomography showed a subverted layer architecture with heterogeneous back-scattering of the signal and was concordant with histology. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography provided images of main pancreatic duct wall structure that were concordant with histology in 100% of cases in presence of neoplastic ductal changes and did not have false-positive or negative results. Optical coherence tomography images were also concordant with histology in about 80% of cases with normal main pancreatic duct structure; however, the differential diagnosis between normal tissue and chronic pancreatitis or dysplastic changes appeared very difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Testoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vita-Salute-San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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Qi X, Sivak MV, Isenberg G, Willis JE, Rollins AM. Computer-aided diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus using endoscopic optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2006; 11:044010. [PMID: 16965167 DOI: 10.1117/1.2337314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) and associated adenocarcinoma have emerged as a major health care problem over the last two decades. Because of the widespread use of endoscopy, BE is being recognized increasingly in all Western countries. In clinical trials of endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT), we defined certain image features that appear to be characteristic of precancerous (dysplastic) mucosa: decreased scattering and disorganization in the microscopic morphology. The objective of the present work is to develop computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) algorithms that aid the detection of dysplasia in BE. The image dataset used in the present study was derived from a total of 405 EOCT images (13 patients) that were paired with highly correlated histologic sections of corresponding biopsies. Of these, 106 images were included in the study. The CAD algorithm used was based on a standard texture analysis method (center-symmetric auto-correlation). Using histology as the reference standard, this CAD algorithm had a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 74%, and accuracy of 83%. CAD has the potential to quantify and standardize the diagnosis of dysplasia and allows high throughput image evaluation for EOCT screening applications. With further refinements, CAD could also improve the accuracy of EOCT identification of dysplasia in BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Testoni PA, Mariani A, Mangiavillano B, Albarello L, Arcidiacono PG, Masci E, Doglioni C. Main pancreatic duct, common bile duct and sphincter of Oddi structure visualized by optical coherence tomography: An ex vivo study compared with histology. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:409-14. [PMID: 16584931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography has been proposed to obtain high-resolution imaging of tissue structure of GI tract. Up till now, the optical coherence tomography appearance of the common bile duct, main pancreatic duct and sphincter of Oddi wall structure has not yet been defined. AIMS To compare, in a prospective study, optical coherence tomography images of pancreato-biliary ductal system with histology and identify the optical coherence tomography pattern of the normal wall structure of the ducts. METHODS Multiple sections of non-neoplastic segments of five consecutive ex vivo human pancreatic specimens were investigated by optical coherence tomography scanning within 1h of resection. Sixty optical coherence tomography images were compared with the corresponding histological findings. RESULTS Optical coherence tomography appearance of normal common bile duct, main pancreatic duct and sphincter of Oddi is characterized by a differentiated three-layer architecture with a regular surface and a homogeneous back-scattered signal, corresponding to the single layer of epithelial cells, the connective-muscular layer and the muscular or acinar structure, respectively. Optical coherence tomography and histology findings were concordant in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Optical coherence tomography was able to provide in real-time images of wall structure of the normal common bile duct, main pancreatic duct and sphincter of Oddi that are similar to those obtained by histology. These results suggest that optical coherence tomography could enable high-resolution images to be obtained from the pancreato-biliary system during an ERCP procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Testoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vita-Salute-San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Hariri LP, Tumlinson AR, Besselsen DG, Utzinger U, Gerner EW, Barton JK. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a murine colon cancer model. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38:305-13. [PMID: 16596657 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The diagnostic feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) have been evaluated for human colorectal cancer. This study applies these technologies to a murine model of colorectal adenoma. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The lower colon of 10 Apc(Min) and two C57BL/6J mice was surveyed over five 4-week intervals using a prototype 2.0 mm diameter OCT-LIF endoscope-based system. Four categories were histologically classified: control C57BL/6J, adenomatous, non-diseased regions of adenomatous, and non-diseased Apc(Min). OCT images were compared to histology. Spectra from the four categories were compared via the Student's t-test. RESULTS Three Apc(Min) and two control mice completed the study. One adenoma was histologically identified; OCT visualized mucosal thickening/abnormal mass development over the imaging timepoints. LIF spectral comparisons revealed decreased 405 nm intensity and the presence of a peak at 680 nm in the adenomatous Apc(Min). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data indicate endoscopic OCT-LIF has the potential to identify colorectal adenomas in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida P Hariri
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Isenberg G, Sivak MV, Chak A, Wong RCK, Willis JE, Wolf B, Rowland DY, Das A, Rollins A. Accuracy of endoscopic optical coherence tomography in the detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a prospective, double-blinded study. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62:825-31. [PMID: 16301020 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT) is a high-resolution, cross-sectional tissue-imaging technique that provides microscopic morphologic information. EOCT should detect dysplasia in Barrett's epithelium, but this has not been established in a prospective blinded study. This study evaluated the accuracy of EOCT for the diagnosis and the exclusion of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. METHODS A 2.4-mm diameter EOCT probe was modified for use with a cap-fitted, two-channel endoscope. Pairs of EOCT image streams and jumbo biopsy specimens were obtained. Endoscopy/EOCT procedures were performed by 4 endoscopists who separately reviewed the EOCT digital images for the absence or the presence of dysplasia (low grade, high grade, or cancer) for each biopsy specimen obtained. The endoscopists were blinded to the interpretation of the pathology. An experienced pathologist blinded to the endoscopic/EOCT findings evaluated each biopsy for the absence or the presence of dysplasia. The setting of the study was a major academic medical center. Adult patients with documented Barrett's esophagus greater than 2 cm were included in the study. The main outcome measurement was the accuracy of EOCT in the detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. RESULTS A total of 314 usable EOCT image stream/biopsy pairs were obtained in 33 patients. By using histology as the standard, the performance of EOCT was sensitivity, 68%; specificity, 82%; positive predictive value, 53%; negative predictive value, 89%; and diagnostic accuracy, 78%. Diagnostic accuracy for the 4 endoscopists ranged from 56% to 98%. Limitations of the study were the variability in endoscopists' accuracy rates, difficulty in real-time interpretation, and the need for refined criteria of dysplasia by EOCT imaging. CONCLUSIONS The current EOCT system has an accuracy of 78% for the detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. EOCT could be used to target biopsies to areas of Barrett's epithelium with a higher probability for the presence of dysplasia. However, further modifications, including increased resolution and identification of further potential OCT characteristics of dysplasia, are needed before EOCT can be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Isenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-5066, USA
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Testoni PA, Mangiavillano B, Albarello L, Arcidiacono PG, Mariani A, Masci E, Doglioni C. Optical coherence tomography to detect epithelial lesions of the main pancreatic duct: an Ex Vivo study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:2777-83. [PMID: 16393235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high-resolution, real-time, infrared-generated imaging of tissue microstructures by a probe inserted through the endoscope operative channel. Resolution is approximately 10 microm and the penetration depth of the near-focus probe is about 1 mm. The probe can be inserted into the main pancreatic duct (MPD) through a standard endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography catheter. AIMS AND METHODS To assess the ability of OCT to identify the structure of the MPD, to distinguish normal and malignant MPD epithelium, and to assess intra- and interobserver reproducibility of OCT images. Multiple sections of neoplastic and non-neoplastic segments of 10 consecutive surgical pancreatic specimens were obtained from patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma who had undergone Whipple resection, and repeated OCT radial and longitudinal scanning was done within 1 h of resection and before pathological examination. We compared 249 good-quality images with 100 histopathological sections. RESULTS OCT recognized a definite, different pattern in 82.9% of tumor-free and in 97.6% of tumor-involved specimens; sensitivity and specificity for discrimination between adenocarcinoma and normal tissue were 78.6% and 88.9%, respectively. Inflammatory and dysplastic changes of the MPD showed an OCT pattern similar to that of the normal tissue in 53.3% of images. Overall, intraobserver reproducibility ranged from 85.1% to 100% and interobserver reproducibility ranged from 69.9% to 100% and from 89.7% to 100% for tumor-free and tumor-involved segments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS OCT identified the neoplastic and non-neoplastic MPD layer structure and appeared to be a reproducible technique. In non-neoplastic conditions, OCT appeared unable to differentiate between normal and abnormal tissues in about half of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Alberto Testoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vita-Salute-San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The detection of early-stage neoplastic lesions in the upper GI tract is associated with improved survival and the potential for complete endoscopic resection that is minimally invasive and less morbid than surgery. Despite technological advances in standard white-light endoscopy, the ability of the endoscopist to reliably detect dysplastic and early cancerous changes in the upper GI tract remains limited. In conditions such as Barrett's oesophagus, practice guidelines recommend periodic endoscopic surveillance with multiple biopsies, a methodology that is hindered by random sampling error, inconsistent histopathological interpretation, and delay in diagnosis. Early detection may be enhanced by several promising diagnostic modalities such as chromoendoscopy, magnification endoscopy, and optical spectroscopic/imaging techniques, as these modalities offer the potential to identify in real-time lesions that are inconspicuous under conventional endoscopy. The combination of novel diagnostic techniques and local endoscopic therapies will provide the endoscopist with much needed tools that can considerably enhance the detection and management of early stage lesions in the upper GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Hsiung PL, Pantanowitz L, Aguirre AD, Chen Y, Phatak D, Ko TH, Bourquin S, Schnitt SJ, Raza S, Connolly JL, Mashimo H, Fujimoto JG. Ultrahigh-resolution and 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography ex vivo imaging of the large and small intestines. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62:561-74. [PMID: 16185971 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) has an axial resolution of <5 microm, 2 to 3 times finer than standard OCT. This study investigates ultrahigh-resolution and three-dimensional OCT for ex vivo imaging of the large and small intestines and correlates images with histology. METHODS Ultrahigh-resolution OCT imaging was performed on fresh surgical specimens from the large and small intestines in the pathology laboratory, and images were correlated with histology. OCT was performed at 1.3-microm wavelength with 4.5-microm axial x 11-microm transverse resolution and at 1.1-microm wavelength with 3.5-microm axial x 6-microm transverse resolution. Three-dimensional OCT also was investigated. RESULTS Normal and pathologic areas from 23 surgical specimens of the large and small intestines were imaged. Ultrahigh-resolution OCT distinguished the epithelial layer of the mucosa and visualized individual villi, glands, and crypts. Finer transverse resolutions improved visualization of features, e.g., the epithelium, but reduced the depth of field. Architectural distortion of glands from inflammatory and neoplastic processes was observed. Three-dimensional rendering enabled visualization of surface pit pattern and mucosal folds as well as subsurface crypt microstructure. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluates new OCT technology and can provide a baseline for interpreting future ultrahigh-resolution endoscopic OCT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lin Hsiung
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Yang VXD, Tang SJ, Gordon ML, Qi B, Gardiner G, Cirocco M, Kortan P, Haber GB, Kandel G, Vitkin IA, Wilson BC, Marcon NE. Endoscopic Doppler optical coherence tomography in the human GI tract: initial experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61:879-90. [PMID: 15933695 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(05)00323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanding the current endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with Doppler capability may augment this novel high-resolution cross-sectional imaging technique with functional blood flow information. The aim of this feasibility study was to assess the clinical feasibility of an endoscopic Doppler OCT (EDOCT) system in the human GI tract. METHODS During routine endoscopy, 22 patients were imaged by using a prototype EDOCT system, which provided color-Doppler and velocity-variance images of mucosal and submucosal blood flow at one frame per second, simultaneously with high-spatial-resolution (10-25 mum) images of tissue microstructure. The images were acquired from normal GI tract and pathologic tissues. OBSERVATIONS Subsurface microstructure and microcirculation images of normal and pathologic GI tissues, including Barrett's esophagus, esophageal varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy, gastric antral vascular ectasia, gastric lymphoma, and duodenal adenocarcinoma, were obtained from 72 individual sites in vivo. Differences in vessel diameter, distribution, density, and blood-flow velocity were observed among the GI tissue pathologies imaged. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of EDOCT imaging in the human GI tract during routine endoscopy procedures. EDOCT may detect the different microcirculation patterns exhibited by normal and diseased tissues, which may be useful for diagnostic imaging and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor X D Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
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