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van der Meer M, Lee H, de Visser PHB, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM. Consequences of interplant trait variation for canopy light absorption and photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1012718. [PMID: 36743508 PMCID: PMC9895853 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1012718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-to-plant variation (interplant variation) may play an important role in determining individual plant and whole canopy performance, where interplant variation in architecture and photosynthesis traits has direct effects on light absorption and photosynthesis. We aimed to quantify the importance of observed interplant variation on both whole-plant and canopy light absorption and photosynthesis. Plant architecture was measured in two experiments with fruiting tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in glasshouses in the Netherlands, in week 16 (Exp. 1) or week 19 (Exp. 2) after transplanting. Experiment 1 included four cultivars grown under three supplementary lighting treatments, and Experiment 2 included two different row orientations. Measured interplant variations of the architectural traits, namely, internode length, leaf area, petiole angle, and leaflet angle, as well as literature data on the interplant variation of the photosynthesis traits alpha, J max28, and V cmax28, were incorporated in a static functional-structural plant model (FSPM). The FSPM was used to analyze light absorption and net photosynthesis of whole plants in response to interplant variation in architectural and photosynthesis traits. Depending on the trait, introducing interplant variation in architecture and photosynthesis traits in a functional-structural plant model did not affect or negatively affected canopy light absorption and net photosynthesis compared with the reference model without interplant variation. Introducing interplant variation of architectural and photosynthesis traits in FSPM results in a more realistic simulation of variation of plants within a canopy. Furthermore, it can improve the accuracy of simulation of canopy light interception and photosynthesis although these effects at the canopy level are relatively small (<4% for light absorption and<7% for net photosynthesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van der Meer
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hyeran Lee
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ep Heuvelink
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Rouet S, Barillot R, Leclercq D, Bernicot MH, Combes D, Escobar-Gutiérrez A, Durand JL. Interactions Between Environment and Genetic Diversity in Perennial Grass Phenology: A Review of Processes at Plant Scale and Modeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672156. [PMID: 34868095 PMCID: PMC8635016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In perennial grasses, the reproductive development consists of major phenological stages which highly determine the seasonal variations of grassland biomass production in terms of quantity and quality. The reproductive development is regulated by climatic conditions through complex interactions subjected to high genetic diversity. Understanding these interactions and their impact on plant development and growth is essential to optimize grassland management and identify the potential consequences of climate change. Here, we review the main stages of reproductive development, from floral induction to heading, i.e., spike emergence, considering the effect of the environmental conditions and the genetic diversity observed in perennial grasses. We first describe the determinants and consequences of reproductive development at individual tiller scale before examining the interactions between plant tillers and their impact on grassland perenniality. Then, we review the available grassland models through their ability to account for the complexity of reproductive development and genetic × environmental interactions. This review shows that (1) The reproductive development of perennial grasses is characterized by a large intraspecific diversity which has the same order of magnitude as the diversity observed between species or environmental conditions. (2) The reproductive development is determined by complex interactions between the processes of floral induction and morphogenesis of the tiller. (3) The perenniality of a plant is dependent on the reproductive behavior of each tiller. (4) Published models only partly explain the complex interactions between morphogenesis and climate on reproductive development. (5) Introducing more explicitly the underlying processes involved in reproductive development in models would improve our ability to anticipate grassland behavior in future growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis Leclercq
- Groupe d’Etude et de Contrôle des Variétés Et des Semences (GEVES), Lusignan, France
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Gauthier M, Barillot R, Schneider A, Chambon C, Fournier C, Pradal C, Robert C, Andrieu B. A functional structural model of grass development based on metabolic regulation and coordination rules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5454-5468. [PMID: 32497176 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Shoot architecture is a key component of the interactions between plants and their environment. We present a novel model of grass, which fully integrates shoot morphogenesis and the metabolism of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) at organ scale, within a three-dimensional representation of plant architecture. Plant morphogenesis is seen as a self-regulated system driven by two main mechanisms. First, the rate of organ extension and the establishment of architectural traits are regulated by concentrations of C and N metabolites in the growth zones and the temperature. Second, the timing of extension is regulated by rules coordinating successive phytomers instead of a thermal time schedule. Local concentrations are calculated from a model of C and N metabolism at organ scale. The three-dimensional representation allows the accurate calculation of light and temperature distribution within the architecture. The model was calibrated for wheat (Triticum aestivum) and evaluated for early vegetative stages. This approach allowed the simulation of realistic patterns of leaf dimensions, extension dynamics, and organ mass and composition. The model simulated, as emergent properties, plant and agronomic traits. Metabolic activities of growing leaves were investigated in relation to whole-plant functioning and environmental conditions. The current model is an important step towards a better understanding of the plasticity of plant phenotype in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gauthier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- ITK, Clapiers, France
| | | | - Anne Schneider
- Université d'Angers, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Angers, France
| | - Camille Chambon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christian Fournier
- Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR LEPSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Pradal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, and Inria, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Vidal T, Andrieu B. Contrasting phenotypes emerging from stable rules: A model based on self-regulated control loops captures the dynamics of shoot extension in contrasting maize phenotypes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:615-633. [PMID: 31630162 PMCID: PMC7489064 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The dynamics of plant architecture is a central aspect of plant and crop models. Most models assume that whole shoot development is orchestrated by the leaf appearance rate, which follows a thermal time schedule. However, leaf appearance actually results from leaf extension and taking it as an input hampers our ability to understand shoot construction. The objective of the present study was to assess a modelling framework for grasses, in which the emergence of leaves and other organs is explicitly calculated as a result of their extension. METHODS The approach builds on a previous model, which uses a set of rules co-ordinating the timing of development within and between phytomers. We first assessed rule validity for four experimental datasets, including different cultivars, planting densities and environments, and accordingly revised the equations driving the extension of the upper leaves and of internodes. We then fitted model parameters for each dataset and evaluated the ability to simulate the measured phenotypes across time. Finally, we carried out a sensitivity analysis to identify the parameters that had the greatest impact and to investigate model behaviour. KEY RESULTS The modified version of the model simulated correctly the contrasting maize phenotypes. Co-ordination rules accounted for the observations in all studied cultivars. Factors with major impact on model output included extension rates, the time of tassel initiation and initial conditions. A large diversity of phenotypes could be simulated. CONCLUSIONS This work provides direct experimental evidence for co-ordination rules and illustrates the capacity of the model to represent contrasting phenotypes. These rules play an important role in patterning shoot architecture and some of them need to be assessed further, considering contrasting growth conditions. To make the model more predictive, several parameters could be considered in the future as internal variables driven by plant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vidal
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - B Andrieu
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Louarn G, Song Y. Two decades of functional-structural plant modelling: now addressing fundamental questions in systems biology and predictive ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:501-509. [PMID: 32725187 PMCID: PMC7489058 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) explore and integrate relationships between a plant's structure and processes that underlie its growth and development. In the last 20 years, scientists interested in functional-structural plant modelling have expanded greatly the range of topics covered and now handle dynamical models of growth and development occurring from the microscopic scale, and involving cell division in plant meristems, to the macroscopic scales of whole plants and plant communities. SCOPE The FSPM approach occupies a central position in plant science; it is at the crossroads of fundamental questions in systems biology and predictive ecology. This special issue of Annals of Botany features selected papers on critical areas covered by FSPMs and examples of comprehensive models that are used to solve theoretical and applied questions, ranging from developmental biology to plant phenotyping and management of plants for agronomic purposes. Altogether, they offer an opportunity to assess the progress, gaps and bottlenecks along the research path originally foreseen for FSPMs two decades ago. This review also allows discussion of current challenges of FSPMs regarding (1) integration of multidisciplinary knowledge, (2) methods for handling complex models, (3) standards to achieve interoperability and greater genericity and (4) understanding of plant functioning across scales. CONCLUSIONS This approach has demonstrated considerable progress, but has yet to reach its full potential in terms of integration and heuristic knowledge production. The research agenda of functional-structural plant modellers in the coming years should place a greater emphasis on explaining robust emergent patterns, and on the causes of possible deviation from it. Modelling such patterns could indeed fuel both generic integration across scales and transdisciplinary transfer. In particular, it could be beneficial to emergent fields of research such as model-assisted phenotyping and predictive ecology in managed ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youhong Song
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Agronomy, Hefei, Anhui Province, PR China
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Boudon F, Persello S, Jestin A, Briand AS, Grechi I, Fernique P, Guédon Y, Léchaudel M, Lauri PÉ, Normand F. V-Mango: a functional-structural model of mango tree growth, development and fruit production. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:745-763. [PMID: 32391865 PMCID: PMC7489065 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world. Its cultivation, mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions, raises a number of issues such as the irregular fruit production across years, phenological asynchronisms that lead to long periods of pest and disease susceptibility, and the heterogeneity of fruit quality and maturity at harvest. To address these issues, we developed an integrative functional-structural plant model that synthesizes knowledge about the vegetative and reproductive development of the mango tree and opens up the possible simulation of cultivation practices. METHODS We designed a model of architectural development in order to precisely characterize the intricate developmental processes of the mango tree. The appearance of botanical entities was decomposed into elementary stochastic events describing occurrence, intensity and timing of development. These events were determined by structural (position and fate of botanical entities) and temporal (appearance dates) factors. Daily growth and development of growth units and inflorescences were modelled using empirical distributions and thermal time. Fruit growth was determined using an ecophysiological model that simulated carbon- and water-related processes at the fruiting branch scale. KEY RESULTS The model simulates the dynamics of the population of growth units, inflorescences and fruits at the tree scale during a growing cycle. Modelling the effects of structural and temporal factors makes it possible to simulate satisfactorily the complex interplays between vegetative and reproductive development. The model allowed the characterization of the susceptibility of mango tree to pests and the investigatation of the influence of tree architecture on fruit growth. CONCLUSIONS This integrative functional-structural model simulates mango tree vegetative and reproductive development over successive growing cycles, allowing a precise characterization of tree phenology and fruit growth and production. The next step is to integrate the effects of cultivation practices, such as pruning, into the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Boudon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34098 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Persello
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34098 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandra Jestin
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34098 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sarah Briand
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34098 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Grechi
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Fernique
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34098 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Guédon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, 34098 Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Léchaudel
- CIRAD, UMR QualiSud, 97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Éric Lauri
- UMR ABSys, INRAE, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Normand
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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Szymczak LS, de Moraes A, Sulc RM, Monteiro ALG, Lang CR, Moraes RF, da Silva DFF, Bremm C, de Faccio Carvalho PC. Tall fescue sward structure affects the grazing process of sheep. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11786. [PMID: 32678270 PMCID: PMC7366922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of factors influencing animal intake can provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the pasture ecosystem and serve as a basis for managing livestock in a more efficient way. We measured different sward surface heights of tall fescue in the process of short-term intake rate of sheep. There was a significant effect of sward surface height on herbage mass (P < 0.001), leaf lamina mass (P < 0.001), other species mass (P = 0.02), bite mass (P = 0.01) and short-term intake rate (P = 0.03) of sheep. There was a quadratic fit between time per bite and bite mass (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis showed that the short-term intake rate and bite mass were positively correlated (r = 0.97), bite rate and total jaw movement rate were positively correlated but both were negatively correlated with time per bite. The sward surface height of tall fescue corresponding to the maximum short-term herbage intake rate was 22.3 cm. The underlying processes were driven by the bite mass, which was influenced by the leaf lamina bulk density and its consequences upon time per bite. This sward surface height can be adopted as a pre-grazing target for rotational stocking systems to optimize sheep nutrition on pastures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Silvestri Szymczak
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Anibal de Moraes
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Reuben Mark Sulc
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210-1086, USA
| | - Alda Lucia Gomes Monteiro
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Claudete R Lang
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Renata Francieli Moraes
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Delma Fabiola Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Crop Production and Protection, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, Paraná, 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Carolina Bremm
- Department of Agricultural Diagnosis and Research, Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Gonçalves Dias 570, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90130060, Brazil
| | - Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho
- Department of Forage Plants and Agrometeorology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 7712, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
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Faverjon L, Escobar-Gutiérrez A, Litrico I, Julier B, Louarn G. A generic individual-based model can predict yield, nitrogen content, and species abundance in experimental grassland communities. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2491-2504. [PMID: 30219923 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional-structural plant models are increasingly being used to analyse relationships between plant functioning and the topological and spatial organisation of their modular structure. In this study, the performance of an individual-based model accounting for the the architecture and population dynamics of forage legumes in multi-species grasslands was assessed. Morphogenetic shoot and root parameters were calibrated for seven widely used species. Other model parameters concerning C and N metabolism were obtained from the literature. The model was evaluated using a series of independent experiments combining the seven species in binary mixtures that were subject to regular defoliation. For all the species, the model could accurately simulate phytomer demography, leaf area dynamics, and root growth under conditions of weak competition. In addition, the plastic changes induced by competition for light and N in terms of plant development, leaf area, N uptake, and total plant biomass were correctly predicted. The different species displayed contrasting sensitivities to defoliation, and the model was able to predict the superior ability of creeping species to sustain regular defoliation. As a result of competition and management, the balance between species changed over time and was strongly dependent on the pair of species used. The model proved able to capture these differences in community dynamics. Overall, the results demonstrate that integrating the individual components of population dynamics in a process-based model can provide good predictive capacity regarding mixtures of cultivated species.
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Louarn G, Faverjon L. A generic individual-based model to simulate morphogenesis, C-N acquisition and population dynamics in contrasting forage legumes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:875-896. [PMID: 29300872 PMCID: PMC5906914 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Individual-based models (IBMs) are promising tools to disentangle plant interactions in multi-species grasslands and foster innovative species mixtures. This study describes an IBM dealing with the morphogenesis, growth and C-N acquisition of forage legumes that integrates plastic responses from functional-structural plant models. Methods A generic model was developed to account for herbaceous legume species with contrasting above- and below-ground morphogenetic syndromes and to integrate the responses of plants to light, water and N. Through coupling with a radiative transfer model and a three-dimensional virtual soil, the model allows dynamic resolution of competition for multiple resources at individual plant level within a plant community. The behaviour of the model was assessed on a range of monospecific stands grown along gradients of light, water and N availability. Key Results The model proved able to capture the diversity of morphologies encountered among the forage legumes. The main density-dependent features known about even-age plant populations were correctly anticipated. The model predicted (1) the 'reciprocal yield' law relating average plant mass to density, (2) a self-thinning pattern close to that measured for herbaceous species and (3) consistent changes in the size structure of plant populations with time and pedo-climatic conditions. In addition, plastic changes in the partitioning of dry matter, the N acquisition mode and in the architecture of shoots and roots emerged from the integration of plant responses to their local environment. This resulted in taller plants and thinner roots when competition was dominated by light, and shorter plants with relatively more developed root systems when competition was dominated by soil resources. Conclusions A population dynamic model considering growth and morphogenesis responses to multiple resources heterogeneously distributed in the environment was presented. It should allow scaling plant-plant interactions from individual to community levels without the inconvenience of average plant models.
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Ihtisham M, Fahad S, Luo T, Larkin RM, Yin S, Chen L. Optimization of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization Rates for Overseeded Perennial Ryegrass Turf on Dormant Bermudagrass in a Transitional Climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:487. [PMID: 29713331 PMCID: PMC5911507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf loss due to severe cold in transitional climates is a major concern. To overcome this problem, warm-season grass is often overseeded with a cool-season turfgrass. In this study, modeling and efficient nutrient management were used to evaluate this problem. A three-factor and five-level central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with a simulation of a regression model was used to optimize fertilization rates. The study investigated the combined effects of fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) on both the morphological and physiological attributes and on the integrated turf performance (ITP) of overseeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Fertilization with N and P significantly increased turf height, density, color, fresh and dry weights, while N, P, and K significantly affected turf cover, quality and winter-kill. The Spring transition was delayed by fertilization with N and P, and accelerated by fertilization with K. Photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) were considerably enhanced by fertilization with N, P, and K. Protein levels and total chlorophyll levels were substantially increased by fertilization with N and P and with N, P, and K, respectively, during a 2-year period. During two separate experiments conducted during 2 consecutive years, the optimal combinations of N, P, and K were N: 30, P: 24, K: 9, and N: 30, P: 27, K: 6 g m-2. The major conclusion of this study is that a balanced nutrient application utilizing N, P, and K is key to enhancing the winter performance of perennial ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ihtisham
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Agricultural Department, The University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Tao Luo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert M. Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaohua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Southwest Engineering Technology and Research Center of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry Administration), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Voorend W, Lootens P, Nelissen H, Roldán-Ruiz I, Inzé D, Muylle H. LEAF-E: a tool to analyze grass leaf growth using function fitting. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:37. [PMID: 25435898 PMCID: PMC4246515 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In grasses, leaf growth is often monitored to gain insights in growth processes, biomass accumulation, regrowth after cutting, etc. To study the growth dynamics of the grass leaf, its length is measured at regular time intervals to derive the leaf elongation rate (LER) profile over time. From the LER profile, parameters such as maximal LER and leaf elongation duration (LED), which are essential for detecting inter-genotype growth differences and/or quantifying plant growth responses to changing environmental conditions, can be determined. As growth is influenced by the circadian clock and, especially in grasses, changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and evaporative demand, the LER profiles show considerable experimental variation and thus often do not follow a smooth curve. Hence it is difficult to quantify the duration and timing of growth. For these reasons, the measured data points should be fitted using a suitable mathematical function, such as the beta sigmoid function for leaf elongation. In the context of high-throughput phenotyping, we implemented the fitting of leaf growth measurements into a user-friendly Microsoft Excel-based macro, a tool called LEAF-E. LEAF-E allows to perform non-linear regression modeling of leaf length measurements suitable for robust and automated extraction of leaf growth parameters such as LER and LED from large datasets. LEAF-E is particularly useful to quantify the timing of leaf growth, which forms an important added value for detecting differences in leaf growth development. We illustrate the broad application range of LEAF-E using published and unpublished data sets of maize, Miscanthus spp. and Brachypodium distachyon, generated in independent experiments and for different purposes. In addition, we show that LEAF-E could also be used to fit datasets of other growth-related processes that follow the sigmoidal profile, such as cell length measurements along the leaf axis. Given its user-friendliness, ability to quantify duration and timing of leaf growth and broad application range, LEAF-E is a tool that could be routinely used to study growth processes following the sigmoidal profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Voorend
- />Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- />Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- />Plant Sciences Unit – Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Peter Lootens
- />Plant Sciences Unit – Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- />Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- />Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roldán-Ruiz
- />Plant Sciences Unit – Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- />Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- />Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Muylle
- />Plant Sciences Unit – Growth and Development, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Zhu J, Andrieu B, Vos J, van der Werf W, Fournier C, Evers JB. Towards modelling the flexible timing of shoot development: simulation of maize organogenesis based on coordination within and between phytomers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:753-62. [PMID: 24748619 PMCID: PMC4217678 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experimental evidence challenges the approximation, central in crop models, that developmental events follow a fixed thermal time schedule, and indicates that leaf emergence events play a role in the timing of development. The objective of this study was to build a structural development model of maize (Zea mays) based on a set of coordination rules at organ level that regulate duration of elongation, and to show how the distribution of leaf sizes emerges from this. METHODS A model of maize development was constructed based on three coordination rules between leaf emergence events and the dynamics of organ extension. The model was parameterized with data from maize grown at a low plant population density and tested using data from maize grown at high population density. KEY RESULTS The model gave a good account of the timing and duration of organ extension. By using initial conditions associated with high population density, the model reproduced well the increase in blade elongation duration and the delay in sheath extension in high-density populations compared with low-density populations. Predictions of the sizes of sheaths at high density were accurate, whereas predictions of the dynamics of blade length were accurate up to rank 9; moderate overestimation of blade length occurred at higher ranks. CONCLUSIONS A set of simple rules for coordinated growth of organs is sufficient to simulate the development of maize plant structure without taking into account any regulation by assimilates. In this model, whole-plant architecture is shaped through initial conditions that feed a cascade of coordination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhu
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Environnement et Grandes Cultures, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jan Vos
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Fournier
- INRA, UMR 759 LEPSE, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- SupAgro, UMR 759 LEPSE, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhu J, Vos J, van der Werf W, van der Putten PEL, Evers JB. Early competition shapes maize whole-plant development in mixed stands. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:641-53. [PMID: 24307719 PMCID: PMC3904716 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixed cropping is practised widely in developing countries and is gaining increasing interest for sustainable agriculture in developed countries. Plants in intercrops grow differently from plants in single crops, due to interspecific plant interactions, but adaptive plant morphological responses to competition in mixed stands have not been studied in detail. Here the maize (Zea mays) response to mixed cultivation with wheat (Triticum aestivum) is described. Evidence is provided that early responses of maize to the modified light environment in mixed stands propagate throughout maize development, resulting in different phenotypes compared with pure stands. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), red:far-red ratio (R:FR), leaf development, and final organ sizes of maize grown in three cultivation systems were compared: pure maize, an intercrop with a small distance (25cm) between maize and wheat plants, and an intercop with a large distance (44cm) between the maize and the wheat. Compared with maize in pure stands, maize in the mixed stands had lower leaf and collar appearance rates, increased blade and sheath lengths at low ranks and smaller sizes at high ranks, increased blade elongation duration, and decreased R:FR and PAR at the plant base during early development. Effects were strongest in the treatment with a short distance between wheat and maize strips. The data suggest a feedback between leaf initiation and leaf emergence at the plant level and coordination between blade and sheath growth at the phytomer level. A conceptual model, based on coordination rules, is proposed to explain the development of the maize plant in pure and mixed stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Zhu
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Vos
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter E. L. van der Putten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Demotes-Mainard S, Bertheloot J, Boumaza R, Huché-Thélier L, Guéritaine G, Guérin V, Andrieu B. Rose bush leaf and internode expansion dynamics: analysis and development of a model capturing interplant variability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:418. [PMID: 24167509 PMCID: PMC3807087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rose bush architecture, among other factors, such as plant health, determines plant visual quality. The commercial product is the individual plant and interplant variability may be high within a crop. Thus, both mean plant architecture and interplant variability should be studied. Expansion is an important feature of architecture, but it has been little studied at the level of individual organs in rose bushes. We investigated the expansion kinetics of primary shoot organs, to develop a model reproducing the organ expansion of real crops from non-destructive input variables. We took interplant variability in expansion kinetics and the model's ability to simulate this variability into account. Changes in leaflet and internode dimensions over thermal time were recorded for primary shoot expansion, on 83 plants from three crops grown in different climatic conditions and densities. An empirical model was developed, to reproduce organ expansion kinetics for individual plants of a real crop of rose bush primary shoots. Leaflet or internode length was simulated as a logistic function of thermal time. The model was evaluated by cross-validation. We found that differences in leaflet or internode expansion kinetics between phytomer positions and between plants at a given phytomer position were due mostly to large differences in time of organ expansion and expansion rate, rather than differences in expansion duration. Thus, in the model, the parameters linked to expansion duration were predicted by values common to all plants, whereas variability in final size and organ expansion time was captured by input data. The model accurately simulated leaflet and internode expansion for individual plants (RMSEP = 7.3 and 10.2% of final length, respectively). Thus, this study defines the measurements required to simulate expansion and provides the first model simulating organ expansion in rosebush to capture interplant variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Demotes-Mainard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Jessica Bertheloot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Rachid Boumaza
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Lydie Huché-Thélier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Gaëlle Guéritaine
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Vincent Guérin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1345 IRHSBeaucouzé, France
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 IRHSAngers, France
- SFR4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1091 EGCThiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1091 EGCThiverval-Grignon, France
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Khaembah EN, Irving LJ, Thom ER, Faville MJ, Easton HS, Matthew C. Leaf Rubisco turnover in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mapping population: genetic variation, identification of associated QTL, and correlation with plant morphology and yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1305-16. [PMID: 23505311 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that: (i) genetic variation in Rubisco turnover may exist in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.); (ii) such variation might affect nitrogen use efficiency and plant yield; and (iii) genetic control of Rubisco turnover might be amenable to identification by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. A set of 135 full-sib F1 perennial ryegrass plants derived from a pair cross between genotypes from the cultivars 'Grasslands Impact' and 'Grasslands Samson' was studied to test these hypotheses. Leaf Rubisco concentration at different leaf ages was measured and modelled as a log-normal curve described by three mathematical parameters: D (peak Rubisco concentration), G (time of D), and F (curve standard deviation). Herbage dry matter (DM) yield and morphological traits (tiller weight (TW), tiller number (TN), leaf lamina length (LL), and an index of competitive ability (PI)) were also measured. The progeny exhibited continuous variation for all traits. Simple correlation and principal component analyses indicated that plant productivity was associated with peak Rubisco concentration and not Rubisco turnover. Lower DM was associated with higher leaf Rubisco concentration indicating that Rubisco turnover effects on plant productivity may relate to energy cost of Rubisco synthesis rather than photosynthetic capacity. QTL detection by a multiple QTL model identified seven significant QTL for Rubisco turnover and nine QTL for DM and morphological traits. An indication of the genetic interdependence of DM and the measures of Rubisco turnover was the support interval overlap involving QTL for D and QTL for TN on linkage group 5 in a cluster involving QTL for DM and PI. In this region, alleles associated with increased TN, DM, and PI were associated with decreased D, indicating that this region may regulate Rubisco concentration and plant productivity via increased tillering. A second cluster involving QTL for LL, TN, PI and DM was found on linkage group 2. The two clusters represent marker-trait associations that might be useful for marker-assisted plant breeding applications. In silico comparative analysis indicated conservation of the genetic loci controlling Rubisco concentration in perennial ryegrass and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith N Khaembah
- Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Thomas H. Senescence, ageing and death of the whole plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:696-711. [PMID: 23176101 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED 696 I. 697 II. 697 III. 699 IV. 700 V. 703 VI. 704 VII. 707 708 References 708 SUMMARY This review considers the relationship between the lifespan of an individual plant and the longevity of its component cells, tissues and organs. It begins by defining the terms senescence, growth, development, turnover, ageing, death and program. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulating phase change from juvenility to maturity influence directly the capacity for responding to senescence signals and factors determining reproduction-related patterns of deteriorative ageing and death. Senescence is responsive to communication between sources and sinks in which sugar signalling and hormonal regulation play central roles. Monocarpy and polycarpy represent contrasting outcomes of the balance between the determinacy of apical meristems and source-sink cross-talk. Even extremely long-lived perennials sustain a high degree of meristem integrity. Factors associated with deteriorative ageing in animals, such as somatic mutation, telomere attrition and the costs of repair and maintenance, do not seem to be particularly significant for plant lifespan, but autophagy-related regulatory networks integrated with nutrient signalling may have a part to play. Size is an important influence on physiological function and fitness of old trees. Self-control of modular structure allows trees to sustain viability over prolonged lifespans. Different turnover patterns of structural modules can account for the range of plant life histories and longevities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Thomas
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
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17
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Espinoza LDCL, Huguet T, Julier B. Multi-population QTL detection for aerial morphogenetic traits in the model legume Medicago truncatula. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 124:739-54. [PMID: 22075808 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula, as a model species, is useful to study the genetic control of traits of agronomic interest in legumes species. Aerial morphogenesis is a key component of forage and seed yield. It was measured in four mapping populations originating from five parental lines. Single and multi-population quantitative trait locus (QTL) detections were carried out. A large variation was observed within populations and transgressive segregation was noted. Most traits showed high heritabilities in all seasons. Length of primary branches (LPB, cm) was positively correlated to branch elongation rate (BER, cm day(-1)) and aerial dry matter (ADM, g). Flowering time (FT, °C day(-1)) showed negative correlations with length of main stem (LMS, cm) and BER. One hundred and forty-one QTLs for BER, LMS, FT, LPB, diameter of primary branches (DPB), number of primary branches (NPB), number of nodes (NI) and ADM were identified and localized over all eight chromosomes. Single and multi-population analyses showed that the most important regions for aerial morphogenetic traits were chromosomes 1, 2, 7 and 8. Multi-population analysis revealed three regions of major QTLs affecting aerial morphogenetic traits (LPB, LMS, NPB, BER and FT). A region involved in flowering time variation was revealed on chromosome 6 on a single population. These results were used to identify candidate genes that could control variation for aerial morphogenesis traits in this species and in related crop legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz del Carmen Lagunes Espinoza
- INRA, UR 4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, BP 80006, 86600, Lusignan, France
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18
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Auzanneau J, Huyghe C, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ, Julier B, Gastal F, Barre P. Association study between the gibberellic acid insensitive gene and leaf length in a Lolium perenne L. synthetic variety. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:183. [PMID: 22204490 PMCID: PMC3292539 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies are of great interest to identify genes explaining trait variation since they deal with more than just a few alleles like classical QTL analyses. They are usually performed using collections representing a wide range of variability but which could present a genetic substructure. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that association studies can be performed using synthetic varieties obtained after several panmictic generations. This demonstration is based on an example of association between the gibberellic acid insensitive gene (GAI) polymorphism and leaf length polymorphism in 'Herbie', a synthetic variety of perennial ryegrass. METHODS Leaf growth parameters, consisted of leaf length, maximum leaf elongation rate (LERmax) and leaf elongation duration (LED), were evaluated in spring and autumn on 216 plants of Herbie with three replicates. For each plant, a sequence of 370 bp in GAI was analysed for polymorphism. RESULTS Genetic effect was highly significant for all traits. Broad sense heritabilities were higher for leaf length and LERmax with about 0.7 in each period and 0.5 considering both periods than for LED with about 0.4 in each period and 0.3 considering both periods. GAI was highly polymorphic with an average of 12 bp between two consecutive SNPs and 39 haplotypes in which 9 were more frequent. Linkage disequilibrium declined rapidly with distance with r 2 values lower than 0.2 beyond 150 bp. Sequence polymorphism of GAI explained 8-14% of leaf growth parameter variation. A single SNP explained 4% of the phenotypic variance of leaf length in both periods which represents a difference of 33 mm on an average of 300 mm. CONCLUSIONS Synthetic varieties in which linkage disequilibrium declines rapidly with distance are suitable for association studies using the "candidate gene" approach. GAI polymorphism was found to be associated with leaf length polymorphism which was more correlated to LERmax than to LED in Herbie. It is a good candidate to explain leaf length variation in other plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Auzanneau
- INRA, UR4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, 86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Christian Huyghe
- INRA, UR4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, 86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Abraham J Escobar-Gutiérrez
- INRA, UR4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, 86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Bernadette Julier
- INRA, UR4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, 86600 Lusignan, France
| | - François Gastal
- INRA, UR4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, 86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Philippe Barre
- INRA, UR4, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, Le Chêne, RD 150, 86600 Lusignan, France
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DeJong TM, Da Silva D, Vos J, Escobar-Gutiérrez AJ. Using functional–structural plant models to study, understand and integrate plant development and ecophysiology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:987-9. [PMID: 22084818 PMCID: PMC3189848 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Functional–structural plant models (FSPMs) explore and integrate relationships between a plant’s structure and processes that underlie its growth and development. In recent years, the range of topics being addressed by scientists interested in functional–structural plant modelling has expanded greatly. FSPM techniques are now being used to dynamically simulate growth and development occurring at the microscopic scale involving cell division in plant meristems to the macroscopic scales of whole plants and plant communities. The plant types studied also cover a broad spectrum from algae to trees. FSPM is highly interdisciplinary and involves scientists with backgrounds in plant physiology, plant anatomy, plant morphology, mathematics, computer science, cellular biology, ecology and agronomy. This special issue of Annals of Botany features selected papers that provide examples of comprehensive functional–structural models, models of key processes such as partitioning of resources, software for modelling plants and plant environments, data acquisition and processing techniques and applications of functional–structural plant models for agronomic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore M DeJong
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Combes D, Decau ML, Rakocevic M, Jacquet A, Simon JC, Sinoquet H, Sonohat G, Varlet-Grancher C. Simulating the grazing of a white clover 3-D virtual sward canopy and the balance between bite mass and light capture by the residual sward. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1203-12. [PMID: 21821625 PMCID: PMC3189844 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The productivity and stability of grazed grassland rely on dynamic interactions between the sward and the animal. The descriptions of the sward canopies by standard 2-D representations in studies of animal-sward interactions at the bite scale need to be improved to account for the effect of local canopy heterogeneity on bite size and regrowth ability. The aim of this study was to assess a methodology of 3-D digitized canopies in order to understand the balance between bite mass and light interception by the residual sward. METHODS 3-D canopy structures of four white clover swards were recorded using a POLHEMUS electromagnetic digitizer and adapted software (POL95). Plant components were removed after digitizing to determine aerial dry matter. Virtual canopies were synthesized and then used to derive canopy geometrical parameters, to compute directional interception and to calculate bite mass. The bit masses of cattle and sheep were simulated according to their form, depth and placement on the patch, taking account of explicit sward architecture. The resulting light interception efficiency (LIE) of each organ was then calculated using a projective method applied to the virtual residual sward. This process enabled an evaluation of light interception based on Beer's law at the bite scale. KEY RESULTS The patterns of the vertical profiles of LAI appeared as bimodal, triangular or skewed parabolic functions. For a single bite of similar area and depth, the lowest mass was observed with half-spherical form and the highest for the cylindrical form, whatever the initial sward structure. The differences between the actual LIE and that calculated by Beer's law were marked for residual swards shorter than 8 cm. Bite mass and LIE values after grazing were more strongly affected by the initial structure of the sward than by bite form and placement. CONCLUSIONS 3-D digitizing techniques enabled a definition of the geometry of each component in sward canopies and an accurate description of their vertical and horizontal heterogeneities. The discrepancy between Beer's law results and actual light interception was reduced when the sward regrew rapidly and if the rest period was long. Studies on the biting process would greatly benefit from this method as a framework to formulate and test hypotheses in a quantitative manner.
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Dornbusch T, Watt J, Baccar R, Fournier C, Andrieu B. A comparative analysis of leaf shape of wheat, barley and maize using an empirical shape model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:865-73. [PMID: 20929895 PMCID: PMC3077976 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The phenotypes of grasses show differences depending on growth conditions and ontogenetic stage. Understanding these responses and finding suitable mathematical formalizations are an essential part of the development of plant and crop models. Usually, a marked change in architecture between juvenile and adult plants is observed, where dimension and shape of leaves are likely to change. In this paper, the plasticity of leaf shape is analysed according to growth conditions and ontogeny. METHODS Leaf shape of Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare and Zea mays cultivars grown under varying conditions was measured using digital image processing. An empirical leaf shape model was fitted to measured shape data of single leaves. Obtained values of model parameters were used to analyse the patterns in leaf shape. KEY RESULTS The model was able to delineate leaf shape of all studied species. The model error was small. Differences in leaf shape between juvenile and adult leaves in T. aestivum and H. vulgare were observed. Varying growth conditions impacted leaf dimensions but did not impact leaf shape of the respective species. CONCLUSIONS Leaf shape of the studied T. aestivum and H. vulgare cultivars was remarkably stable for a comparable ontogenetic stage (leaf rank), but differed between stages. Along with other aspects of grass architecture, leaf shape changed during the transition from juvenile to adult growth phase. Model-based analysis of leaf shape is a method to investigate these differences. Presented results can be integrated into architectural models of plant development to delineate leaf shape for different species, cultivars and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Dornbusch
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jillian Watt
- University College London, Department of Geography, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rim Baccar
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christian Fournier
- INRA, UMR 759 LEPSE, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- SupAgro, UMR 759 LEPSE, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- INRA, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 EGC, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Louarn G, Andrieu B, Giauffret C. A size-mediated effect can compensate for transient chilling stress affecting maize (Zea mays) leaf extension. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:106-118. [PMID: 20456066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
*In this study, we examined the impact of transient chilling in maize (Zea mays). We investigated the respective roles of the direct effects of stressing temperatures and indirect whorl size-mediated effects on the growth of leaves chilled at various stages of development. *Cell production, individual leaf extension and final leaf size of plants grown in a glasshouse under three temperature regimes (a control and two short chilling transfers) were studied using two genotypes contrasting in terms of their architecture. *The kinetics of all the leaves emerging after the stress were affected, but not all final leaf lengths were affected. No size-mediated propagation of an initial growth reduction was observed, but a size-mediated effect was associated with a longer duration of leaf elongation which compensated for reduced leaf elongation rates when leaves were stressed during their early growth. Both cell division and cell expansion contributed to explaining cold-induced responses at the leaf level. *These results demonstrate that leaf elongation kinetics and final leaf length are under the control of processes at the n - 1 (cell proliferation and expansion) and n + 1 (whorl size signal) scales. Both levels may respond to chilling stress with different time lags, making it possible to buffer short-term responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Louarn
- INRA, UMR1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, BP 136, F80203 Péronne, France
- INRA, UR4 Pluridisciplinaire Prairies et Plantes Fourragères, BP6, F86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Bruno Andrieu
- INRA, UMR1091 Environnement et Grandes Cultures, F78850 Thiverval - Grignon, France
| | - Catherine Giauffret
- INRA, UMR1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, BP 136, F80203 Péronne, France
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Evers JB, Vos J, Yin X, Romero P, van der Putten PEL, Struik PC. Simulation of wheat growth and development based on organ-level photosynthesis and assimilate allocation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2203-16. [PMID: 20231326 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intimate relationships exist between form and function of plants, determining many processes governing their growth and development. However, in most crop simulation models that have been created to simulate plant growth and, for example, predict biomass production, plant structure has been neglected. In this study, a detailed simulation model of growth and development of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) is presented, which integrates degree of tillering and canopy architecture with organ-level light interception, photosynthesis, and dry-matter partitioning. An existing spatially explicit 3D architectural model of wheat development was extended with routines for organ-level microclimate, photosynthesis, assimilate distribution within the plant structure according to organ demands, and organ growth and development. Outgrowth of tiller buds was made dependent on the ratio between assimilate supply and demand of the plants. Organ-level photosynthesis, biomass production, and bud outgrowth were simulated satisfactorily. However, to improve crop simulation results more efforts are needed mechanistically to model other major plant physiological processes such as nitrogen uptake and distribution, tiller death, and leaf senescence. Nevertheless, the work presented here is a significant step forwards towards a mechanistic functional-structural plant model, which integrates plant architecture with key plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Evers
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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