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Wang C, Du M, Jiang Z, Cong R, Wang W, Zhang T, Chen J, Zhang G, Li L. MAPK/ERK-PK(Ser11) pathway regulates divergent thermal metabolism of two congeneric oyster species. iScience 2024; 27:110321. [PMID: 39055946 PMCID: PMC11269933 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK), as a key rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, has been widely used to assess the stress tolerance and sensitivity of organisms. However, its phosphorylation regulatory mechanisms mainly focused on human cancer research, with no reports in marine organisms. In this study, we firstly reported a conserved PK Ser11 phosphorylation site in mollusks, which enhanced enzyme activity by promoting substrate binding, thereby regulating divergent thermal metabolism of two allopatric congeneric oyster species with differential habitat temperature. It was phosphorylated by ERK kinase, and regulated by the classical MAPK pathway. The MAPK/ERK-PK signaling cascade responded to increased environmental temperature and exhibited stronger activation pattern in the relatively thermotolerant species (Crassostrea angulata), indicating its involvement in shaping temperature adaptation. These findings highlight the presence of complex and unique phosphorylation-mediated signaling transduction mechanisms in marine organisms, and provide new insights into the evolution and function of the crosstalk between classical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogang Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Du
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuxiang Jiang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rihao Cong
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Oyster Seed Industry, Qingdao, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Oyster Seed Industry, Qingdao, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jincheng Chen
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Oyster Seed Industry, Qingdao, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
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Amini Z, Salehi H, Chehrazi M, Etemadi M, Xiang M. miRNAs and Their Target Genes Play a Critical Role in Response to Heat Stress in Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:2004-2017. [PMID: 36913082 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Annual global temperature is increasing rapidly. Therefore, in the near future, plants will be exposed to severe heat stress. However, the potential of microRNAs-mediated molecular mechanism for modulating the expression of their target genes is unclear. To investigate the changes of miRNAs in thermo-tolerant plants, in this study, we first investigated the impact of four high temperature regimes including 35/30 °C, 40/35 °C, 45/40 °C, and 50/45 °C in a day/night cycle for 21 days on the physiological traits (total chlorophyll, relative water content and electrolyte leakage and total soluble protein), antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase, ascorbic peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase), and osmolytes (total soluble carbohydrates and starch) in two bermudagrass accessions named Malayer and Gorgan. The results showed that more chlorophyll and the relative water content, lower ion leakage, more efficient protein and carbon metabolism and activation of defense proteins (such as antioxidant enzymes) in Gorgan accession, led to better maintained plant growth and activity during heat stress. In the next stage, to investigate the role of miRNAs and their target genes in response to heat stress in a thermo-tolerant plant, the impact of severe heat stress (45/40 °C) was evaluated on the expression of three miRNAs (miRNA159a, miRNA160a and miRNA164f) and their target genes (GAMYB, ARF17 and NAC1, respectively). All measurements were performed in leaves and roots simultaneously. Heat stress significantly induced the expression of three miRNAs in leaves of two accession, while having different effects on the expression of these miRNAs in roots. The results showed that a decrease in the expression of the transcription factor ARF17, no change in the expression of the transcription factor NAC1, and an increase in the expression of the transcription factor GAMYB in leaf and root tissues of Gorgan accession led to improved heat tolerance in it. These results also showed that the effect of miRNAs on the modulating expression of target mRNAs in leaves and roots is different under heat stress, and miRNAs and mRNAs show spatiotemporal expression. Therefore, the simultaneous analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs expressions in shoot and roots is needed to comprehensively understand miRNAs regulatory function under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Amini
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Salehi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehrangiz Chehrazi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mingying Xiang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Vinci G, Marques I, Rodrigues AP, Martins S, Leitão AE, Semedo MC, Silva MJ, Lidon FC, DaMatta FM, Ribeiro-Barros AI, Ramalho JC. Protective Responses at the Biochemical and Molecular Level Differ between a Coffea arabica L. Hybrid and Its Parental Genotypes to Supra-Optimal Temperatures and Elevated Air [CO 2]. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2702. [PMID: 36297726 PMCID: PMC9610391 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes with global warming associated with rising atmospheric [CO2] can strongly impact crop performance, including coffee, which is one of the most world's traded agricultural commodities. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the mechanisms of heat tolerance and the potential role of elevated air CO2 (eCO2) in the coffee plant response, particularly regarding the antioxidant and other protective mechanisms, which are crucial for coffee plant acclimation. For that, plants of Coffea arabica cv. Geisha 3, cv. Marsellesa and their hybrid (Geisha 3 × Marsellesa) were grown for 2 years at 25/20 °C (day/night), under 400 (ambient CO2, aCO2) or 700 µL (elevated CO2, eCO2) CO2 L-1, and then gradually submitted to a temperature increase up to 42/30 °C, followed by recovery periods of 4 (Rec4) and 14 days (Rec14). Heat (37/28 °C and/or 42/30 °C) was the major driver of the response of the studied protective molecules and associated genes in all genotypes. That was the case for carotenoids (mostly neoxanthin and lutein), but the maximal (α + β) carotenes pool was found at 37/28 °C only in Marsellesa. All genes (except VDE) encoding for antioxidative enzymes (catalase, CAT; superoxide dismutases, CuSODs; ascorbate peroxidases, APX) or other protective proteins (HSP70, ELIP, Chape20, Chape60) were strongly up-regulated at 37/28 °C, and, especially, at 42/30 °C, in all genotypes, but with maximal transcription in Hybrid plants. Accordingly, heat greatly stimulated the activity of APX and CAT (all genotypes) and glutathione reductase (Geisha3, Hybrid) but not of SOD. Notably, CAT activity increased even at 42/30 °C, concomitantly with a strongly declined APX activity. Therefore, increased thermotolerance might arise through the reinforcement of some ROS-scavenging enzymes and other protective molecules (HSP70, ELIP, Chape20, Chape60). Plants showed low responsiveness to single eCO2 under unstressed conditions, while heat promoted changes in aCO2 plants. Only eCO2 Marsellesa plants showed greater contents of lutein, the pool of the xanthophyll cycle components (V + A + Z), and β-carotene, compared to aCO2 plants at 42/30 °C. This, together with a lower CAT activity, suggests a lower presence of H2O2, likely also associated with the higher photochemical use of energy under eCO2. An incomplete heat stress recovery seemed evident, especially in aCO2 plants, as judged by the maintenance of the greater expression of all genes in all genotypes and increased levels of zeaxanthin (Marsellesa and Hybrid) relative to their initial controls. Altogether, heat was the main response driver of the addressed protective molecules and genes, whereas eCO2 usually attenuated the heat response and promoted a better recovery. Hybrid plants showed stronger gene expression responses, especially at the highest temperature, when compared to their parental genotypes, but altogether, Marsellesa showed a greater acclimation potential. The reinforcement of antioxidative and other protective molecules are, therefore, useful biomarkers to be included in breeding and selection programs to obtain coffee genotypes to thrive under global warming conditions, thus contributing to improved crop sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Vinci
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Alma Mater Studiorum, The University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Oeiras, 2784-505 Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Marques
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Oeiras, 2784-505 Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Rodrigues
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Oeiras, 2784-505 Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Martins
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - António E. Leitão
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Oeiras, 2784-505 Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Magda C. Semedo
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Silva
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Oeiras, 2784-505 Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando C. Lidon
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fábio M. DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Oeiras, 2784-505 Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José C. Ramalho
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Oeiras, 2784-505 Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Stress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. República, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Conaty WC, Broughton KJ, Egan LM, Li X, Li Z, Liu S, Llewellyn DJ, MacMillan CP, Moncuquet P, Rolland V, Ross B, Sargent D, Zhu QH, Pettolino FA, Stiller WN. Cotton Breeding in Australia: Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:904131. [PMID: 35646011 PMCID: PMC9136452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.904131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) cotton breeding program is the sole breeding effort for cotton in Australia, developing high performing cultivars for the local industry which is worth∼AU$3 billion per annum. The program is supported by Cotton Breeding Australia, a Joint Venture between CSIRO and the program's commercial partner, Cotton Seed Distributors Ltd. (CSD). While the Australian industry is the focus, CSIRO cultivars have global impact in North America, South America, and Europe. The program is unique compared with many other public and commercial breeding programs because it focuses on diverse and integrated research with commercial outcomes. It represents the full research pipeline, supporting extensive long-term fundamental molecular research; native and genetically modified (GM) trait development; germplasm enhancement focused on yield and fiber quality improvements; integration of third-party GM traits; all culminating in the release of new commercial cultivars. This review presents evidence of past breeding successes and outlines current breeding efforts, in the areas of yield and fiber quality improvement, as well as the development of germplasm that is resistant to pests, diseases and abiotic stressors. The success of the program is based on the development of superior germplasm largely through field phenotyping, together with strong commercial partnerships with CSD and Bayer CropScience. These relationships assist in having a shared focus and ensuring commercial impact is maintained, while also providing access to markets, traits, and technology. The historical successes, current foci and future requirements of the CSIRO cotton breeding program have been used to develop a framework designed to augment our breeding system for the future. This will focus on utilizing emerging technologies from the genome to phenome, as well as a panomics approach with data management and integration to develop, test and incorporate new technologies into a breeding program. In addition to streamlining the breeding pipeline for increased genetic gain, this technology will increase the speed of trait and marker identification for use in genome editing, genomic selection and molecular assisted breeding, ultimately producing novel germplasm that will meet the coming challenges of the 21st Century.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy M. Egan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zitong Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shiming Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Brett Ross
- Cotton Seed Distributors Ltd., Wee Waa, NSW, Australia
| | - Demi Sargent
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Egan LM, Conaty WC, Stiller WN. Core Collections: Is There Any Value for Cotton Breeding? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:895155. [PMID: 35574064 PMCID: PMC9096653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.895155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Global plant breeding activities are reliant on the available genetic variation held in extant varieties and germplasm collections. Throughout the mid- to late 1900s, germplasm collecting efforts were prioritized for breeding programs to archive precious material before it disappeared and led to the development of the numerous large germplasm resources now available in different countries. In recent decades, however, the maintenance and particularly the expansion of these germplasm resources have come under threat, and there has been a significant decline in investment in further collecting expeditions, an increase in global biosecurity restrictions, and restrictions placed on the open exchange of some commercial germplasm between breeders. The large size of most genebank collections, as well as constraints surrounding the availability and reliability of accurate germplasm passport data and physical or genetic characterization of the accessions in collections, limits germplasm utilization by plant breeders. To overcome these constraints, core collections, defined as a representative subset of the total germplasm collection, have gained popularity. Core collections aim to increase germplasm utilization by containing highly characterized germplasm that attempts to capture the majority of the variation in a whole collection. With the recent availability of many new genetic tools, the potential to unlock the value of these resources can now be realized. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) cotton breeding program supplies 100% of the cotton cultivars grown in Australia. The program is reliant on the use of plant genetic resources for the development of improved cotton varieties to address emerging challenges in pest and disease resistance as well as the global changes occurring in the climate. Currently, the CSIRO germplasm collection is actively maintained but underutilized by plant breeders. This review presents an overview of the Australian cotton germplasm resources and discusses the appropriateness of a core collection for cotton breeding programs.
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Jaconis SY, Thompson AJE, Smith SL, Trimarchi C, Cottee NS, Bange MP, Conaty WC. A standardised approach for determining heat tolerance in cotton using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5419. [PMID: 33686101 PMCID: PMC7940608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the heat tolerance of cotton is a major concern for breeding programs. To address this need, a fast and effect way of quantifying thermotolerant phenotypes is required. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) based enzyme viability testing following high-temperature stress can be used as a vegetative heat tolerance phenotype. This is because when live cells encounter a TTC solution, TTC undergoes a chemical reduction producing a visible, insoluble red product called triphenyl formazan, that can be quantified spectrophotometrically. However, existing TTC based cell viability assays cannot easily be deployed at the scale required in a crop improvement program. In this study, a heat stress assay (HSA) based on the use of TTC enzyme viability testing has been refined and improved for efficiency, reliability, and ease of use through four experiments. Sampling factors that may influence assay results, such as leaf age, plant water status, and short-term cold storage, were also investigated. Experiments conducted in this study have successfully downscaled the assay and identified an optimal sampling regime, enabling measurement of large segregating populations for application in breeding programs. The improved HSA methodology is important as it is proposed that long-term improvements in cotton thermotolerance can be achieved through the concurrent selection of superior phenotypes based on the HSA and yield performance in hot environments. Additionally, a new way of interpreting both heat tolerance and heat resistance was developed, differentiating genotypes that perform well at the time of a heat stress event and those that maintain a similar performance level to a non-stressed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y Jaconis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia.,USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council, 2780 West Pullman Road, Moscow, ID, 83843-4024, USA
| | - Alan J E Thompson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Shanna L Smith
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Chiara Trimarchi
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Nicola S Cottee
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia.,NSW Environment Protection Authority, 4 Parramatta Square, 12 Darcy Street, Parramatta, NSW, 2124, Australia
| | - Michael P Bange
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia.,GRDC (North), 214 Herries St, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Warren C Conaty
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia.
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Impact of heat stress responsive factors on growth and physiology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1069-1079. [PMID: 33609263 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06217-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pakistan ranked highest with reference to average temperatures in cotton growing areas of the world. The heat waves are becoming more intense and unpredictable due to climate change. Identification of heat tolerant genotypes requires comprehensive screening using molecular, physiological and morphological analysis. Heat shock proteins play an important role in tolerance against heat stress. In the current study, eight heat stress responsive factors, proteins and genes (HSFA2, GHSP26, GHPP2A, HSP101, HSC70-1, HSP3, APX1 and ANNAT8) were evaluated morphologically and physiologically for their role in heat stress tolerance. For this purpose, cotton crop was grown at two temperature conditions i.e. normal weather and heat stress at 45 °C. For molecular analysis, genotypes were screened for the presence or absence of heat shock protein genes. Physiological analysis of genotypes was conducted to assess net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf-air temperature and cell membrane stability under control as well as high temperature. The traits photosynthesis, cell membrane stability, leaf-air temperature and number of heat stress responsive factors in each genotypes showed a strong correlation with boll retention percentage under heat stress. The genotypes with maximum heat shock protein genes such as Cyto-177, MNH-886, VH-305 and Cyto-515 showed increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, negative leaf-air temperature and high boll retention percentage under heat stress condition. These varieties may be used as heat tolerant breeding material.
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Matsuoka E, Kato N, Hara M. Induction of the heat shock response in Arabidopsis by heat shock protein 70 inhibitor VER-155008. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:925-932. [PMID: 31217072 DOI: 10.1071/fp18259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor, geldanamycin, is a chemical inducer of the heat shock response (HSR) in Arabidopsis. Geldanamycin is thought to activate the heat shock signal by dissociating the HSP90-heat shock factor (HSF) complex. Recent studies have indicated that plant HSP70 is also associated with HSF, suggesting that inhibition of HSP70 may induce the HSR. However, no studies have been conducted to test this hypothesis. Here, we found that a specific HSP70 inhibitor VER-155008 activated the promoter of a small HSP gene (At1 g53540, HSP17.6C-CI) of Arabidopsis, which was shown to be activated by geldanamycin and other HSP90 inhibitors. The production of HSP17.6C-CI, HSP70 and HSP90.1 proteins in Arabidopsis was enhanced by the addition of VER-155008. The reduction of chlorophyll contents by heat shock was ameliorated by VER-155008. Chaperone analyses indicated that VER-155008 inhibited the chaperone activities of wheat germ extract and human HSP70/HSP40, respectively. These results suggest that the inhibition of HSP70 by VER-155008 enhanced the heat tolerance of Arabidopsis by inducing the HSR in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Matsuoka
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Naoki Kato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; and R & D Center, Menicon Co., Ltd, 5-1-10 Takamoridai, Kasugai, Aichi 487-0032, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hara
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; and Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; and R & D Center, Menicon Co., Ltd, 5-1-10 Takamoridai, Kasugai, Aichi 487-0032, Japan; and Corresponding author.
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9
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Pan C, Zhang H, Ma Q, Fan F, Fu R, Ahammed GJ, Yu J, Shi K. Role of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in elevated CO 2-induced heat stress response in tomato. PLANTA 2019; 250:563-572. [PMID: 31123806 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This article unveiled that ethylene biosynthesis and signaling play a critical role in heat stress response of tomato plants under elevated CO2. Plant responses to elevated CO2 and heat stress are tightly regulated by an intricate network of phytohormones. Plants accumulate ethylene (ET), the smallest hormone, in response to heat stress; however, the role of ET and its signaling in elevated CO2-induced heat stress response remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that transcript levels of multiple genes relating to ET synthesis, signaling, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were induced by elevated CO2 (800 μmol mol-1) compared to ambient CO2 (400 μmol mol-1) in tomato leaves under controlled temperature conditions (25 °C). Elevated CO2-induced responses to heat stress (42 °C) were closely associated with increased ET production and HSP70 expression at both transcript and protein levels. Pretreatment with an antagonist of ET, 1-methylcyclopropene that inhibits ET-dependent responses, abolished elevated CO2-induced stress response without affecting the ET production rate. In addition, silencing of ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) compromised elevated CO2-induced responses to heat stress, which was associated with the concomitant reduction in the transcript of heat shock factor A2, HSP70 and HSP90, indicating that ERF1 is required for elevated CO2-induced responses to heat. All these results provide convincing evidence on the importance of ET biosynthesis and signaling in elevated CO2-induced heat stress response in tomato plants. Thus, the study advances our understanding of the mechanisms of elevated CO2-induced stress response and may potentially be useful for breeding heat-tolerant tomatoes in the era of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhe Pan
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Feijun Fan
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Lishui Crop Research Station, 827 Liyang Street, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruishuang Fu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Pan C, Gu S, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Li X, Shi K. Stomatal movements are involved in elevated CO 2 -mitigated high temperature stress in tomato. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:569-583. [PMID: 29732568 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes such as heat waves often affect plant growth and pose a growing threat to natural and agricultural ecosystems. Elevated atmospheric CO2 can mitigate the negative effects of heat stress, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. We examined the interactive effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and temperature on the generation of the hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and stomatal movement characteristics associated with heat tolerance in tomato seedlings grown under two CO2 concentrations (400 and 800 µmol mol-1 ) and two temperatures (25 and 42°C). eCO2 ameliorated the negative effects of heat stress, which was accompanied by greater amounts of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE 1 (RBOH1) transcripts, apoplastic H2 O2 accumulation and decreased stomatal aperture. Silencing RBOH1 and SLOW-TYPE ANION CHANNEL, impeded eCO2 -induced stomatal closure and compromised the eCO2 -enhanced water use efficiency as well as the heat tolerance. Our findings suggest that RBOH1-dependent H2 O2 accumulation was involved in the eCO2 -induced stomatal closure, which participate in maintaining balance between water retention and heat loss under eCO2 concentrations. This phenomenon may be a contributor to eCO2 -induced heat tolerance in tomato, which will be critical for understanding how plants respond to both future climate extremes and changes in CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caizhe Pan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shaohan Gu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiqing Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Khan A, Tan DKY, Afridi MZ, Luo H, Tung SA, Ajab M, Fahad S. Nitrogen fertility and abiotic stresses management in cotton crop: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14551-14566. [PMID: 28434155 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines nitrogen (N) responses in crop production and potential management decisions to ameliorate abiotic stresses for better crop production. N is a primary constituent of the nucleotides and proteins that are essential for life. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy, and excess is detrimental to the environment. Therefore, increasing plant N use efficiency (NUE) is important for the development of sustainable agriculture. NUE has a key role in crop yield and can be enhanced by controlling loss of fertilizers by application of humic acid and natural polymers (hydrogels), having high water-holding capacity which can improve plant performance under field conditions. Abiotic stresses such as waterlogging, drought, heat, and salinity are the major limitations for successful crop production. Therefore, integrated management approaches such as addition of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), the film antitranspirant (di-1-p-menthene and pinolene) nutrients, hydrogels, and phytohormones may provide novel approaches to improve plant tolerance against abiotic stress-induced damage. Moreover, for plant breeders and molecular biologists, it is a challenge to develop cotton cultivars that can tolerate plant abiotic stresses while having high potential NUE for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Khan
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Daniel Kean Yuen Tan
- Faculty of Science, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Muhammad Zahir Afridi
- Department of Agronomy, Amir Muhammad Khan Campus Mardan, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Honghai Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China.
| | - Shahbaz Atta Tung
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mir Ajab
- Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Feller U. Drought stress and carbon assimilation in a warming climate: Reversible and irreversible impacts. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:84-94. [PMID: 27083537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Global change is characterized by increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, increasing average temperature and more frequent extreme events including drought periods, heat waves and flooding. Especially the impacts of drought and of elevated temperature on carbon assimilation are considered in this review. Effects of extreme events on the subcellular level as well as on the whole plant level may be reversible, partially reversible or irreversible. The photosynthetically active biomass depends on the number and the size of mature leaves and the photosynthetic activity in this biomass during stress and subsequent recovery phases. The total area of active leaves is determined by leaf expansion and senescence, while net photosynthesis per leaf area is primarily influenced by stomatal opening (stomatal conductance), mesophyll conductance, activity of the photosynthetic apparatus (light absorption and electron transport, activity of the Calvin cycle) and CO2 release by decarboxylation reactions (photorespiration, dark respiration). Water status, stomatal opening and leaf temperature represent a "magic triangle" of three strongly interacting parameters. The response of stomata to altered environmental conditions is important for stomatal limitations. Rubisco protein is quite thermotolerant, but the enzyme becomes at elevated temperature more rapidly inactivated (decarbamylation, reversible effect) and must be reactivated by Rubisco activase (carbamylation of a lysine residue). Rubisco activase is present under two forms (encoded by separate genes or products of alternative splicing of the pre-mRNA from one gene) and is very thermosensitive. Rubisco activase was identified as a key protein for photosynthesis at elevated temperature (non-stomatal limitation). During a moderate heat stress Rubisco activase is reversibly inactivated, but during a more severe stress (higher temperature and/or longer exposure) the protein is irreversibly inactivated, insolubilized and finally degraded. On the level of the leaf, this loss of photosynthetic activity may still be reversible when new Rubisco activase is produced by protein synthesis. Rubisco activase as well as enzymes involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species or in osmoregulation are considered as important targets for breeding crop plants which are still productive under drought and/or at elevated leaf temperature in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Feller
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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Wang X, Huang W, Yang Z, Liu J, Huang B. Transcriptional regulation of heat shock proteins and ascorbate peroxidase by CtHsfA2b from African bermudagrass conferring heat tolerance in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28021. [PMID: 27320381 PMCID: PMC4913247 DOI: 10.1038/srep28021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress transcription factor A2s (HsfA2s) are key regulators in plant response to high temperature. Our objectives were to isolate an HsfA2 gene (CtHsfA2b) from a warm-season grass species, African bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy), and to determine the physiological functions and transcriptional regulation of HsfA2 for improving heat tolerance. Gene expression analysis revealed that CtHsfA2b was heat-inducible and exhibited rapid response to increasing temperature. Ectopic expression of CtHsfA2b improved heat tolerance in Arabidopsis and restored heat-sensitive defects of Arabidopsis hsfa2 mutant, which was demonstrated by higher survival rate and photosynthetic parameters, and lower electrolyte leakage in transgenic plants compared to the WT or hsfa2 mutant. CtHsfA2b transgenic plants showed elevated transcriptional regulation of several downstream genes, including those encoding ascorbate peroxidase (AtApx2) and heat shock proteins [AtHsp18.1-CI, AtHsp22.0-ER, AtHsp25.3-P and AtHsp26.5-P(r), AtHsp70b and AtHsp101-3]. CtHsfA2b was found to bind to the heat shock element (HSE) on the promoter of AtApx2 and enhanced transcriptional activity of AtApx2. These results suggested that CtHsfA2b could play positive roles in heat protection by up-regulating antioxidant defense and chaperoning mechanisms. CtHsfA2b has the potential to be used as a candidate gene to genetically modify cool-season species for improving heat tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Ascorbate Peroxidases/genetics
- Ascorbate Peroxidases/metabolism
- Cynodon/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Heat Shock Transcription Factors/genetics
- Heat Shock Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Response/physiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological
- Thermotolerance/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Wang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Wanlu Huang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in cotton. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:1103-21. [PMID: 24942461 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
WRKY proteins are major transcription factors involved in regulating plant growth and development. Although many studies have focused on the functional identification of WRKY genes, our knowledge concerning many areas of WRKY gene biology is limited. For example, in cotton, the phylogenetic characteristics, global expression patterns, molecular mechanisms regulating expression, and target genes/pathways of WRKY genes are poorly characterized. Therefore, in this study, we present a genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in cotton (Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium hirsutum). We identified 116 WRKY genes in G. raimondii from the completed genome sequence, and we cloned 102 WRKY genes in G. hirsutum. Chromosomal location analysis indicated that WRKY genes in G. raimondii evolved mainly from segmental duplication followed by tandem amplifications. Phylogenetic analysis of alga, bryophyte, lycophyta, monocot and eudicot WRKY domains revealed family member expansion with increasing complexity of the plant body. Microarray, expression profiling and qRT-PCR data revealed that WRKY genes in G. hirsutum may regulate the development of fibers, anthers, tissues (roots, stems, leaves and embryos), and are involved in the response to stresses. Expression analysis showed that most group II and III GhWRKY genes are highly expressed under diverse stresses. Group I members, representing the ancestral form, seem to be insensitive to abiotic stress, with low expression divergence. Our results indicate that cotton WRKY genes might have evolved by adaptive duplication, leading to sensitivity to diverse stresses. This study provides fundamental information to inform further analysis and understanding of WRKY gene functions in cotton species.
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