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Notghi P, Mehranjani MS, Shariatzadeh SMA. Atorvastatin improves ovarian function and follicular reserve in rats with premature ovarian insufficiency. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 49:104324. [PMID: 39197401 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.104324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Can atorvastatin, with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, improve ovarian function and follicular reserve in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)? DESIGN In this experimental study, 24 adult female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control; POI; POI + atorvastatin; and atorvastatin. After treatment with atorvastatin, serum concentrations of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, malondialdehyde, FSH, oestradiol, anti-Müllerian hormone, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were evaluated. Additionally, mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and VEGF-A; number of follicles; and total volume of the ovary, and volumes of the cortex and medulla were examined. RESULTS The results showed that serum concentrations of total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.001), glutathione, oestradiol and anti-Müllerian hormone (P < 0.05); mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF-A (P < 0.05); number of primordial and primary follicles (P < 0.001), and preantral and antral follicles (P < 0.01); and total volume of the ovary, and volume of the cortex (P < 0.05) increased significantly in the POI + atorvastatin group compared with the POI group. Serum concentrations of malondialdehyde, FSH, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6; and mRNA and protein expression of Bax decreased significantly in the POI + atorvastatin group compared with the POI group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin reduces the detrimental effects of cyclophosphamide in the POI model significantly by reducing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines; regulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and VEGF-A; and improving ovarian function and follicular reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmis Notghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Ahmadpour S, Moshkdanian G, Rezvani Z, Almasi M. L-carnitine fails to rescue chemotherapy injured ovaries by epigenetic changes of transcription factors. Gene 2024; 901:148128. [PMID: 38181927 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP), as an anti-cancer drug, is frequently used to treat various types of cancer. A decreased number of ovarian follicles impaired normal ovarian function, and subsequent premature ovarian failure (POF) presented as a side effect of cyclophosphamide usage. These events may eventually affect the fertility rate of individuals. The present study showed the effect of cyclophosphamide on ovarian reserves and the protective effect of L-carnitine (LC) as an antioxidant to prevent POF. To design the study, six to eight-week-old NMRI female mice were divided into three groups: control, cyclophosphamide (CP), and cyclophosphamide + L-carnitine (CP + LC). Mice received drugs intraperitoneally (IP) for 21 days. In the following 24 h after the last injection, both ovaries were used to evaluate the expression of Sohlh1 and Lhx8 genes by Real-time PCR. Furthermore, the alteration of Lhx8 promoter methylation was examined by Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis (MS-HRM). The present data showed the negative effect of CP on regulator genes of oogenesis including Sohlh1 and Lhx8. In addition, an examination of the epigenetic status of the Lhx8 gene showed a change in promoter methylation of this gene following cyclophosphamide injection. Although, L-carnitine is an effective antioxidant in relieving oxidative stress caused by cyclophosphamide and its damage, in the present study, however, the use of L-carnitine failed to protect the ovaries from changes caused by CP injection. So, using cyclophosphamide can alter the expression of folliculogenesis genes through its effects on epigenetic changes and may cause POF. The results of the present study showed that L-carnitine consumption can't protect the ovaries against the adverse effects of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmadpour
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Moshkdanian
- Gametogenesis Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Zahra Rezvani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Almasi
- Gametogenesis Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
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Keshani M, Alikiaii B, Babaei Z, Askari G, Heidari Z, Sharma M, Bagherniya M. The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients with sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Nutr J 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38444016 PMCID: PMC10916166 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a host's dysregulated response to infection with an inflammatory process, becomes a real challenge for the healthcare systems. L-carnitine (LC) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as in previous studies. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of LC on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical parameters in critically ill septic patients. METHODS A randomized double-blinded controlled trial was conducted. A total of 60 patients were randomized to receive LC (3 g/day, n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 7 days. Inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters (C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), 28-day mortality rate, and some monitoring variables were evaluated. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between study arms in baseline characteristics and disease severity scores. CRP (p < 0.001) and ESR (p: 0.004) significantly reduced, and SOD (p < 0.001) and TAC (p < 0.001) significantly improved in the LC group after 7 days. Between-group analysis revealed a significant reduction in CRP (p: 0.001) and serum chloride (p: 0.032), an increase in serum albumin (p: 0.036) and platelet (p: 0.004) significantly, and an increase in SOD marginally (p: 0.073). The 28-day mortality rate was also lower in the LC group compared with placebo (7 persons vs. 15 persons) significantly (odds ratio: 0.233, p: 0.010). CONCLUSIONS L-carnitine ameliorated inflammation, enhanced antioxidant defense, reduced mortality, and improved some clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with sepsis. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT20201129049534N1; May 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Keshani
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Social & Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, & Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Sheida A, Davar R, Tabibnejad N, Eftekhar M. The effect of adding L-Carnitine to the GnRH-antagonist protocol on assisted reproductive technology outcome in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:1878135. [PMID: 33517804 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1878135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding L-Carnitine to the gonadotropins on ART outcome in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles among PCOS women. METHODS In this randomized clinical trial, 83 patients with PCOS were randomized to either L-Carnitine supplemented (n = 42) or control (n = 41) groups. The L-Carnitine group was given 3000 mg of oral L-Carnitine daily until the final day of ovulation. The numbers of metaphase II (MII) oocytes, 2-pronuclears (2PNs), oocyte maturity rate, fertilization rate, fertilization proportion as well as implantation, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Even though the duration of stimulation and endometrial thickness were comparable between groups (p > .05), serum estradiol level on the day of oocyte triggering, was significantly higher in the L-Carnitine group compared to the control group (p < .05). In contrast, the number of retrieved and MII oocytes as well as the number of 2PNs and obtained embryos were similar between groups (p > .05). Moreover, oocyte maturity rate (0.85 ± 0.38 vs. 1.02 ± 0.90), fertilization proportion (0.62 ± 0.44 vs. 0.80 ± 0.86), fertilization rate (0.70 ± 0.22 vs. 0.76 ± 0.19) along with implantation rate (18.1 vs. 13.7%), chemical (26.8 vs. 30.7%) and clinical (24.3 vs. 25.6%) pregnancy rates, were all comparable between L-Carnitine and control groups respectively (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Our result showed that oral L-Carnitine administration during induction of ovulation among PCOS women could not improve laboratory and pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Sheida
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Robab Davar
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nasim Tabibnejad
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Eftekhar
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Samir H, Swelum AA, Abdelnaby EA, El-Sherbiny HR. Incorporation of L-Carnitine in the OvSynch protocol enhances the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of the ovarian structures and uterus in ewes under summer climatic conditions. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:246. [PMID: 37996926 PMCID: PMC10668402 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively impacts the reproductive performance of sheep including the efficiency of estrous synchronization regimens. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of L-Carnitine (LC) administration on the efficacy of the OvSynch protocol in ewes under summer climatic conditions. Ewes were synchronized for estrus using the OvSynch protocol and a dose of LC (20 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously (IV) administered on the same day of PGF2α injection to one group (n = 8; LC group), while other ewes (n = 8; control group) received the same protocol without LC. Ultrasonographic evaluation (including B-mode, color, and pulsed Doppler) was used to assess the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of ovarian structures [number, size, and blood flow of follicles (GFs) and corpora lutea (CLs)] and uterus during the estrous phase (Day 0), and on Day 8 post ovulation (luteal phase). Uterine artery blood flow (MUA) was assessed by measuring the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) at both stages. The serum samples were collected to measure the concentrations of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using commercial kits. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the colored pixel area of GFs and uterus in the LC group (392.84 ± 31.86 and 712.50 ± 46.88, respectively) compared to the control one (226.25 ± 17.74 and 322 ± 18.78, respectively) during Day 0. Circulating E2 and TAC levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the LC-treated ewes (31.45 ± 1.53 pg/ml and 1.80 ± 0.13 mM/L, respectively) compared to those in the control ewes (21.20 ± 1.30 pg/ml and 0.98 ± 0.09 mM/L, respectively) during Day 0. Moreover, LC improved the colored pixel area of CLs (2038.14 ± 102.94 versus 1098 ± 82.39) and uterus (256.38 ± 39.28 versus 121.75 ± 11.36) and circulating P4 (2.99 ± 0.26 ng/ml versus1.67 ± 0.15 ng/ml) on Day 8. Values of RI of MUA were significantly lower in the LC group compared to the control one on Day 0 and Day 8 (0.48 ± 0.03 versus 0.72 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.03 versus 0.78 ± 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, LC incorporation in the OvSynch protocol enhanced the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of the ovarian structures and the uterus concomitantly with improvements in the TAC, E2, and P4 concentrations in ewes under hot summer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haney Samir
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hossam R El-Sherbiny
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Placidi M, Vergara T, Casoli G, Flati I, Capece D, Artini PG, Virmani A, Zanatta S, D’Alessandro AM, Tatone C, Di Emidio G. Acyl-Carnitines Exert Positive Effects on Mitochondrial Activity under Oxidative Stress in Mouse Oocytes: A Potential Mechanism Underlying Carnitine Efficacy on PCOS. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2474. [PMID: 37760915 PMCID: PMC10525604 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitines play a key physiological role in oocyte metabolism and redox homeostasis. In clinical and animal studies, carnitine administration alleviated metabolic and reproductive dysfunction associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Oxidative stress (OS) at systemic, intraovarian, and intrafollicular levels is one of the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. We investigated the ability of different acyl-carnitines to act at the oocyte level by counteracting the effects of OS on carnitine shuttle system and mitochondrial activity in mouse oocytes. Germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and propionyl-l-carnitine (PLC) alone or in association with l-carnitine (LC) and acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) under different conditions. Expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (Cpt1) was monitored by RT-PCR. In in vitro matured oocytes, metaphase II (MII) apparatus was assessed by immunofluorescence. Oocyte mitochondrial respiration was evaluated by Seahorse Cell Mito Stress Test. We found that Cpt1a and Cpt1c isoforms increased under prooxidant conditions. PLC alone significantly improved meiosis completion and oocyte quality with a synergistic effect when combined with LC + ALC. Acyl-carnitines prevented Cpt1c increased expression, modifications of oocyte respiration, and ATP production observed upon OS. Specific effects of PLC on spare respiratory capacity were observed. Therefore, carnitine supplementation modulated the intramitochondrial transfer of fatty acids with positive effects on mitochondrial activity under OS. This knowledge contributes to defining molecular mechanism underlying carnitine efficacy on PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Placidi
- Department of Life, Health and Experimental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.P.); (T.V.); (G.C.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Teresa Vergara
- Department of Life, Health and Experimental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.P.); (T.V.); (G.C.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Giovanni Casoli
- Department of Life, Health and Experimental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.P.); (T.V.); (G.C.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Irene Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (D.C.)
| | - Daria Capece
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (D.C.)
| | - Paolo Giovanni Artini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology “P. Fioretti”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Ashraf Virmani
- Research, Innovation and Development, Alfasigma B.V., 3528 BG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Samuele Zanatta
- Research and Development, Labomar Spa, 31036 Istrana, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria D’Alessandro
- Department of Life, Health and Experimental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.P.); (T.V.); (G.C.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Carla Tatone
- Department of Life, Health and Experimental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.P.); (T.V.); (G.C.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Giovanna Di Emidio
- Department of Life, Health and Experimental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.P.); (T.V.); (G.C.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
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FaragAllah EM, Algharib SA, Goda NIA, El-Malkey NF, Mahboub HH, El-Fayoumi SH, Al-Hoshani N, Wahid RM, Aref M. Protective effect of Salvia hispanica (chia seeds) against obesity induced ovarian disorders in rat model. Tissue Cell 2023; 83:102156. [PMID: 37437332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the current report is to assess the protective impacts of chia seeds against obesity-induced ovarian dysfunctions with a trial to elucidate the mechanism of action. Forty rats were divided into 4 groups including lean untreated, lean consuming chia seeds, obese untreated, and rats consumed high-fat diet (HFD) mixed with ground chia seeds for 10 weeks. Anthropometric measures including visceral fat, peri-ovarian fat, ovarian weights, and duration of the estrous cycle were computed. Serum luteinizing (LH), follicular stimulating (FSH), progesterone, estradiol hormones, and tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) were estimated. Ovarian histopathology and immunohistochemistry (CD31) were performed. Results showed that chia seeds clearly reduced obesity and induced alteration in anthropometric measures with a clear increase in LH and progesterone. Such seeds notably reversed histopathological alteration and reduced TNF-α, and CD31 induced by HFD. Conclusively, chia seeds have a potential protective role against obesity-induced ovarian dysfunction owing to their anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mahmoud FaragAllah
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736 Toukh, QG, Egypt; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, China
| | - Nehal I A Goda
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Nanees F El-Malkey
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Heba H Mahboub
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa H El-Fayoumi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Egypt
| | - Nawal Al-Hoshani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M Wahid
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aref
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
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A Carnitine-Containing Product Improves Aspects of Post-Exercise Recovery in Adult Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040657. [PMID: 36830444 PMCID: PMC9951645 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise can cause tissue damage, leading to an extended recovery period. To counteract delayed post-exercise recovery, a commercial product containing L-carnitine (AID) was tested in adult horses performing consecutive exercise tests to exhaustion. Fit Thoroughbreds were administered an oral bolus of placebo (CON) or AID prior to performing an exercise test to exhaustion (D1). The heart rate (HR) and fetlock kinematics were captured throughout the exercise test. Blood was collected before, 10 min and 1, 4 and 6 h relative to exercise for the quantification of cytokine (IL1β, IL8, IL10, TNFa) gene expression and lactate concentration. Horses performed a second exercise test 48 h later (D2), with all biochemical and physiological measures repeated. The results demonstrate that the horses receiving AID retained a greater (p < 0.05) amount of flexion in the front fetlock on D2 than the horses given CON. The horses presented a reduced (p < 0.05) rate of HR decline on D2 compared to that on D1. The expression of IL1β, IL8 and IL10 increased at 1 h post-exercise on D1 and returned to baseline by 6 h; the cytokine expression pattern was not duplicated on D2. These results provide evidence of disrupted cytokine expression, HR recovery and joint mobility in response to consecutive bouts of exhaustive exercise. Importantly, AID may accelerate recovery through an undetermined mechanism.
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Elmosalamy SH, Elleithy EMM, Ahmed ZSO, Rashad MM, Ali GE, Hassan NH. Dysregulation of intraovarian redox status and steroidogenesis pathway in letrozole-induced PCOS rat model: a possible modulatory role of l-Carnitine. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive disorder associated with several endocrine and metabolic alterations. The mechanism underlying this syndrome is controversial. On the other hand, drugs used for the treatment are associated with several side effects and poor in controlling PCOS phenotype. l-Carnitine (LC) has been reported to have a significant regulatory function on the redox and metabolic status of female reproductive system. Nevertheless, its regulatory pathways to regulate PCOS are still under investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of LC on the steroidogenic pathways, oxidative stress markers and metabolic profile in letrozole (LTZ)-induced PCOS rat model.
Methods
For this aim, animals were divided into four groups (n = 6). Control group, untreated letrozole-induced PCOS group (1 mg/kg bwt) for 21 days, PCOS group treated with l-Carnitine (100 mg/kg bwt) for 14 days and PCOS group treated with clomiphene citrate (2 mg/kg bwt) for 14 days. Finally, body and ovarian weight, metabolic state(glucose and lipid profile), hormonal assays (testosterone, 17 β estradiol, LH and FSH levels), intraovarian relative gene expression (CYP17A1, StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 genes), ovarian redox state (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and catalase enzyme activity (CAT)) as well as serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were detected. Also, histomorphometric ovarian evaluation (number and diameter of cystic follicles, granulosa cell thickness and theca cell thickness) as well as immune expression of caspase-3 of granulosa cells of cystic follicles were determined.
Results
LC significantly improved ovarian redox state (GSH, MDA and CAT), steroidogenic pathways gene expression (CYP17A1, StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 genes), hormonal profile (Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol), metabolic state (Glucose and lipid profile) histomorphometric alterations and decreased caspase 3 immune reaction of granulosa cells.
Conclusion
l-Carnitine supplementation can ameliorate the PCOS phenotype through its energetic, antioxidant and antiapoptotic functions as well as steroidogenesis regulatory role. This protocol could be modified to produce the best therapeutic benefits, and it could be regarded as a prospective therapeutic intervention for PCOS.
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Sanamiri K, Soleimani Mehranjani M, Shahhoseini M, Shariatzadeh MA. L-Carnitine improves follicular survival and function in ovarian grafts in the mouse. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:713-721. [PMID: 35500571 DOI: 10.1071/rd21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Ovarian tissue transplantation is performed to preserve fertility in patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, the ischemia-reperfusion injury which occurs after the ovarian tissue transplantation causes follicular depletion and apoptosis. l -Carnitine has antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties. AIMS Therefore, we aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of l -carnitine on mouse ovaries following heterotopic autotransplantation. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into three groups (six mice per group): control, autografted and autografted+l -carnitine (200mg/kg daily intraperitoneal injections). Seven days after ovary autografting, the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were measured. Ovary histology, serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were also measured 28days after autotransplantation. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test, and the means were considered significantly different at P Key results: In the autografted+l -carnitine group, the total volume of the ovary, the volume of the cortex, the number of follicles, the serum concentrations of IL-10, estradiol and progesterone significantly increased compared to the autografted group. In the autografted+l -carnitine group, serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α and MDA were significantly decreased compared to the autografted group. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that l -carnitine can ameliorate the consequences of ischemia-reperfusion on the mice ovarian tissue following autotransplantation. IMPLICATIONS l -carnitine improves the structure and function of transplanted ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Sanamiri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Shahhoseini
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Antioxidative Effects of Standardized Aronia melanocarpa Extract on Reproductive and Metabolic Disturbances in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061099. [PMID: 35739998 PMCID: PMC9220112 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents the most common endocrinopathy among childbearing-age women, with oxidative stress (OS) underlying its etiopathogenesis. Metformin (MET) represents a frequently used agent in PCOS. However, weak results encourage alternative treatments. We aimed to investigate isolated and synergistic effects of Standardized Aronia melanocarpa extract (SEA) and MET for alleviating reproductive and metabolic PCOS abnormalities. PCOS induction was followed by 28-day treatment with MET, SAE, or MET + SEA. Bodyweight (BW), cyclicity, histological, and ultrasonographical ovarian analyses were performed. Hormonal, glycemic, and lipid profiles were accessed, as well as systemic and ovarian oxidative status; BW, cyclicity, ovarian histomorphology, ovarian volume, testosterone and progesterone levels, as well as LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels were aggravated after PCOS-induction and improved after MET, SEA, and MET + SEA treatment. MET + SEA had the greatest impact on glycoregulation. Alterations in OS parameters (TBARS, O2−, H2O2, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) could be responsible for observed differences; (4) Conclusions: Our findings confirmed that SAE alone or along with MET was capable of ameliorating reproductive and metabolic disturbances in the PCOS rat model, with the restoration of OS parameters. SAE alone did not alter the protective effects of MET in PCOS.
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12
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Carnitines as Mitochondrial Modulators of Oocyte and Embryo Bioenergetics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040745. [PMID: 35453430 PMCID: PMC9024607 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the importance of bioenergetics in the reproductive process has emerged. For its energetic demand, the oocyte relies on numerous mitochondria, whose activity increases during embryo development under a fine regulation to limit ROS production. Healthy oocyte mitochondria require a balance of pyruvate and fatty acid oxidation. Transport of activated fatty acids into mitochondria requires carnitine. In this regard, the interest in the role of carnitines as mitochondrial modulators in oocyte and embryos is increasing. Carnitine pool includes the un-esterified l-carnitine (LC) and carnitine esters, such as acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) and propionyl-l-carnitine (PLC). In this review, carnitine medium supplementation for counteracting energetic and redox unbalance during in vitro culture and cryopreservation is reported. Although most studies have focused on LC, there is new evidence that the addition of ALC and/or PLC may boost LC effects. Pathways activated by carnitines include antiapoptotic, antiglycative, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory signaling. Nevertheless, the potential of carnitine to improve energetic metabolism and oocyte and embryo competence remains poorly investigated. The importance of carnitine as a mitochondrial modulator may suggest that this molecule may exert a beneficial role in ovarian disfunctions associated with metabolic and mitochondrial alterations, including PCOS and reproductive aging.
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13
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Virmani MA, Cirulli M. The Role of l-Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052717. [PMID: 35269860 PMCID: PMC8910660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria control cellular fate by various mechanisms and are key drivers of cellular metabolism. Although the main function of mitochondria is energy production, they are also involved in cellular detoxification, cellular stabilization, as well as control of ketogenesis and glucogenesis. Conditions like neurodegenerative disease, insulin resistance, endocrine imbalances, liver and kidney disease are intimately linked to metabolic disorders or inflexibility and to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to a relative lack of micronutrients and substrates is implicated in the development of many chronic diseases. l-carnitine is one of the key nutrients for proper mitochondrial function and is notable for its role in fatty acid oxidation. l-carnitine also plays a major part in protecting cellular membranes, preventing fatty acid accumulation, modulating ketogenesis and glucogenesis and in the elimination of toxic metabolites. l-carnitine deficiency has been observed in many diseases including organic acidurias, inborn errors of metabolism, endocrine imbalances, liver and kidney disease. The protective effects of micronutrients targeting mitochondria hold considerable promise for the management of age and metabolic related diseases. Preventing nutrient deficiencies like l-carnitine can be beneficial in maintaining metabolic flexibility via the optimization of mitochondrial function. This paper reviews the critical role of l-carnitine in mitochondrial function, metabolic flexibility and in other pathophysiological cellular mechanisms.
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14
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Chen W, Pang Y. Metabolic Syndrome and PCOS: Pathogenesis and the Role of Metabolites. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120869. [PMID: 34940628 PMCID: PMC8709086 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases among women of reproductive age and is associated with many metabolic manifestations, such as obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and hyperandrogenism. The underlying pathogenesis of these metabolic symptoms has not yet been fully elucidated. With the application of metabolomics techniques, a variety of metabolite changes have been observed in the serum and follicular fluid (FF) of PCOS patients and animal models. Changes in metabolites result from the daily diet and occur during uncommon physiological routines. However, some of these metabolite changes may provide evidence to explain possible mechanisms and new approaches for prevention and therapy. This article reviews the pathogenesis of PCOS metabolic symptoms and the relationship between metabolites and the pathophysiology of PCOS. Furthermore, the potential clinical application of some specific metabolites will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China;
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanli Pang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China;
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
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15
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Fatahi Dehpahni M, Chehri K, Azadbakht M. Therapeutic effects of silver nanoparticle and L-carnitine on aerobic vaginitis in mice: an experimental study. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2021; 12:33-42. [PMID: 35087714 PMCID: PMC8783078 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a type of vaginal infection that occurs at the reproductive age of women. In this study, we aimed to study the possible anti-AV therapeutic effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and L-carnitine (LC) in the mouse model. Methods: AV model was established by intra-vaginal inoculation of 108 CFU/mL Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (1:1) in adult NMRI mice. Susceptibilities of the bacteria were examined against AgNPs by inhibitory concentration (IC-50 and IC-90) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC- 90) methods. The regimens therapy was intra-vaginal inoculation of AgNPs at MBIC- 90 and a daily injection of 250 mg/kg LC for two weeks. Mice were classified into healthy (control) and AV groups and then treated by LC, AgNPs, and AgNPs + LC. The vaginal smears were taken daily and tissue sections were prepared using the hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) method. Results: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of AgNPs for E. coli, S. aureus, and their mixture were 250, 125, and 500 ppm, and their MBIC-90% were 500, 250, and 1000 ppm, respectively. The estrus cycle of mice treated with co-administration of AgNPs and LC was similar to the control group (P < 0.05). The results of histology also showed that infected mice were treated with AgNPs and LC, simultaneously. Conclusion: Single bacteria are more sensitive than their mixed model to these NPs. Co-administration of AgNPs as an antibacterial agent and LC as an antioxidant agent can treat AV in the infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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16
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Li J, Liu L, Weng J, Yin TL, Yang J, Feng HL. Biological roles of l-carnitine in oocyte and early embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:673-685. [PMID: 34618389 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poor oocyte quality is responsible for female infertility. Multiple studies have been carried out to find supplements to enhance oocyte quality and mitigate infertility problems. l-carnitine and its derivatives have diverse roles in developing oocytes and early embryos. This review focuses on the in vitro and in vivo studies that using l-carnitine alone or in combination with other supplements for oocyte quality enhancement. The key roles of l-carnitine in oocyte quality and embryo growth were summarized, and the underlying mechanism was also elucidated. l-carnitine helps in the lipid metabolism process by controlling the transfer of fatty acids to mitochondria for β-oxidation. l-carnitine modulates glucose metabolism and enhances respiratory chain enzyme activity. Furthermore, it acts as an antioxidant to prevent oxidative damage and inhibit apoptosis, a signal in response to oxidative stress. Results show the potential of l-carnitine as a potential agent in assisted reproductive technology to improve oocyte quality and the subsequent embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajian Li
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Weng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tai-Lang Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huai L Feng
- The New York Fertility Center, New York-Presbyterian Queens Affiliate with Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Fatahi Dehpahni M, Chehri K, Azadbakht M. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and L-Carnitine Supplement on Mixed Vaginitis Caused by Candida albicans/ Staphylococcus aureus in Mouse Models: An Experimental Study. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3945-3956. [PMID: 34542662 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens is a global health and development threat. Nanomedicine is rapidly becoming the main driving force behind ongoing changes in antimicrobial studies. Among nanoparticles, silver (AgNPs) have attracted attention due to their versatile properties. The study aimed to investigate the effects of AgNPs and L-carnitine (LC) on mixed Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus in the mice vaginitis model. Study of antimicrobial activity of AgNPs evaluated by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Biocidal Concentration (MBC) assays. AgNPs inhibited biofilm formation of microbial strains, which was tested by using crystal violet staining. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of AgNPs and LC in NMRI mice infected intravaginally with C. albicans/ S. aureus for two weeks. The proportion of mice in each stage of the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) was examined. Histological properties were assessed by hematoxylin/ eosin (H&E) staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded vaginal tissue sections. Based on the results, MICs of AgNPs against S. aureus, C. albicans, and their combination were 252.3, 124.8, and 501.8 ppm, and their minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was 500, 250, and 1000 ppm, respectively. The estrous cycle in the treated group was similar to the control. Vaginal histology and cytology showed that LC can improve tissue damages caused by vaginitis and AgNPs. This study demonstrates the promising use of AgNPs as antimicrobial agents and the combination of AgNPs/ LC could be a great future alternative in the control of vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khosrow Chehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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18
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Bries AE, Webb JL, Vogel B, Carrillo C, Keating AF, Pritchard SK, Roslan G, Miller JW, Schalinske KL. Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Attenuates Cystathionine-β Synthase mRNA and Protein Abundance in the Ovaries of Female Sprague Dawley Rats. J Nutr 2021; 151:1407-1415. [PMID: 33758914 PMCID: PMC8169814 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects 10% of reproductive-aged women and leads to hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and infertility. PCOS has been associated with elevated serum homocysteine as well as altered methylation status; however, characterization of one-carbon metabolism (OCM) in PCOS remains incomplete. OBJECTIVES The aim of our research was to assess OCM in a letrozole-induced Sprague Dawley rat model of PCOS. METHODS Five-week-old female rats (n = 36) were randomly assigned to letrozole [0.9 mg/kg body weight (BW)] treatment or vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose) control that was administered via subcutaneously implanted slow-release pellets every 30 d. For both treatment groups, 12 rats were randomly assigned to be euthanized during proestrus at one of the following time points: 8, 16, or 24 wk of age. Daily BW was measured and estrous cyclicity was monitored during the last 30 d of the experimental period. Ovaries were collected to assess mRNA and protein abundance of OCM enzymes. RESULTS Letrozole-induced rats exhibited 1.9-fold higher cumulative BW gain compared with control rats across all age groups (P < 0.0001). Letrozole reduced the time spent at proestrus (P = 0.0001) and increased time in metestrus (P < 0.0001) of the estrous cycle. Cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs) mRNA abundance was reduced in the letrozole-induced rats at 16 (59%; P < 0.05) and 24 (77%; P < 0.01) wk of age. In addition, CBS protein abundance was 32% lower in 8-wk-old letrozole-induced rats (P = 0.02). Interestingly, betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase mRNA abundance increased as a function of age in letrozole-induced rats (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that letrozole-induced PCOS Sprague Dawley rats temporally decrease the ovarian abundance of Cbs mRNA and protein in the early stages of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Bries
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joseph L Webb
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brooke Vogel
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Claudia Carrillo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Gina Roslan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua W Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin L Schalinske
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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19
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Bellamine A, Pham TNQ, Jain J, Wilson J, Sahin K, Dallaire F, Seidah NG, Durkee S, Radošević K, Cohen ÉA. L-Carnitine Tartrate Downregulates the ACE2 Receptor and Limits SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041297. [PMID: 33919991 PMCID: PMC8071056 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for one of the worst pandemics in modern history. Several prevention and treatment strategies have been designed and evaluated in recent months either through the repurposing of existing treatments or the development of new drugs and vaccines. In this study, we show that L-carnitine tartrate supplementation in humans and rodents led to significant decreases of key host dependency factors, notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and Furin, which are responsible for viral attachment, viral spike S-protein cleavage, and priming for viral fusion and entry. Interestingly, pre-treatment of Calu-3, human lung epithelial cells, with L-carnitine tartrate led to a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of the infection by SARS-CoV-2. Infection inhibition coincided with a significant decrease in ACE2 mRNA expression levels. These data suggest that L-carnitine tartrate should be tested with appropriate trials in humans for the possibility to limit SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatef Bellamine
- Lonza Consumer Health, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (É.A.C.)
| | - Tram N. Q. Pham
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W1R7, Canada; (T.N.Q.P.); (J.J.); (F.D.); (N.G.S.)
| | - Jaspreet Jain
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W1R7, Canada; (T.N.Q.P.); (J.J.); (F.D.); (N.G.S.)
| | - Jacob Wilson
- Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, FL 33607, USA;
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey;
| | - Frederic Dallaire
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W1R7, Canada; (T.N.Q.P.); (J.J.); (F.D.); (N.G.S.)
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W1R7, Canada; (T.N.Q.P.); (J.J.); (F.D.); (N.G.S.)
| | - Shane Durkee
- Lonza Consumer Health, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA;
| | | | - Éric A. Cohen
- Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W1R7, Canada; (T.N.Q.P.); (J.J.); (F.D.); (N.G.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (É.A.C.)
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20
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Bhardwaj JK, Panchal H, Saraf P. Ameliorating Effects of Natural Antioxidant Compounds on Female Infertility: a Review. Reprod Sci 2020; 28:1227-1256. [PMID: 32935256 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of female infertility cases has been increasing at a frightening rate, affecting approximately 48 million women across the world. However, oxidative stress has been recognized as one of the main mediators of female infertility by causing various reproductive pathologies in females such as endometriosis, PCOS, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, and unexplained infertility. Nowadays, concerned women prefer dietary supplements with antioxidant properties over synthetic drugs as a natural way to lessen the oxidative stress and enhance their fertility. Therefore, the current review is an attempt to explore the efficacy of various natural antioxidant compounds including vitamins, carotenoids, and plant polyphenols and also of some medicinal plants in improving the fertility status of females. Our summarization of recent findings in the current article would pave the way toward the development of new possible antioxidant therapy to treat infertility in females. Natural antioxidant compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and other dietary sources, alone or in combination with other antioxidants, were found to be effective in ameliorating the oxidative stress-mediated infertility problems in both natural and assisted reproductive settings. Numerous medicinal plants showed promising results in averting the various reproductive disorders associated with female infertility, suggesting a plant-based herbal medicine to treat infertility. Although optimum levels of natural antioxidants have shown favorable results, however, their excessive intake may have adverse health impacts. Therefore, larger well-designed, dose-response studies in humans are further warranted to incorporate natural antioxidant compounds into the clinical management of female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
| | - Harish Panchal
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Priyanka Saraf
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
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21
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Di Emidio G, Rea F, Placidi M, Rossi G, Cocciolone D, Virmani A, Macchiarelli G, Palmerini MG, D’Alessandro AM, Artini PG, Tatone C. Regulatory Functions of L-Carnitine, Acetyl, and Propionyl L-Carnitine in a PCOS Mouse Model: Focus on Antioxidant/Antiglycative Molecular Pathways in the Ovarian Microenvironment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090867. [PMID: 32942589 PMCID: PMC7554995 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex metabolic disorder associated with female infertility. Based on energy and antioxidant regulatory functions of carnitines, we investigated whether acyl-L-carnitines improve PCOS phenotype in a mouse model induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). CD1 mice received DHEA for 20 days along with two different carnitine formulations: one containing L-carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), and the other one containing also propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC). We evaluated estrous cyclicity, testosterone level, ovarian follicle health, ovulation rate and oocyte quality, collagen deposition, lipid droplets, and 17ß-HSD IV (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type IV) expression. Moreover, we analyzed protein expression of SIRT1, SIRT3, SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2), mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (mtTFA), RAGE (receptor for AGEs), GLO2 (glyoxalase 2) and ovarian accumulation of MG-AGEs (advanced glycation end-products formed by methylglyoxal). Both carnitine formulations ameliorated ovarian PCOS phenotype and positively modulated antioxidant molecular pathways in the ovarian microenvironment. Addition of PLC to LC-ALC formulation mitigated intraovarian MG-AGE accumulation and increased mtTFA expression. In conclusion, our study supports the hypothesis that oral administration of acyl-L-carnitines alleviates ovarian dysfunctions associated with this syndrome and that co-administration of PLC provides better activity. Molecular mechanisms underlying these effects include anti-oxidant/glycative activity and potentiation of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Emidio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)-862-433-441
| | - Francesco Rea
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Martina Placidi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
- Infertility Service, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
- Infertility Service, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Domenica Cocciolone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Ashraf Virmani
- Alfasigma Health Science, 3528 BG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Guido Macchiarelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Maria Grazia Palmerini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Anna Maria D’Alessandro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
| | - Paolo Giovanni Artini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology “P. Fioretti” University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Carla Tatone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.); (G.R.); (D.C.); (G.M.); (M.G.P.); (A.M.D.); (C.T.)
- Infertility Service, San Salvatore Hospital, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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The protective role of l-carnitine on spermatogenesis after cisplatin treatment during prepubertal period in rats: A pathophysiological study. Life Sci 2020; 258:118242. [PMID: 32784056 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As the spermatogenesis process is targeted by cisplatin (Cis) that changes testicular morphology, alters sperm quality, and hence causes male infertility. This study investigated the possible therapeutic effects of l-carnitine (LC) on Cis impaired spermatogenesis's establishment during the prepubertal phase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-six prepubertal Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups. CONTROL GROUP rats were injected with 0.9% saline solution intraperitoneally (i.p.). LC group: animals were injected for eight weeks, with 250 mg/kg/wk. LC (i.p.). Cis group: animals were injected with a single dose of 5 mg/kg Cis (i.p.). LC + Cis group: animals were pre-injected with LC 250 mg/kg 2 h before Cis injection. The rats were sacrificed at 37, 60, and 90 days old, and their testes were taken for biochemical, molecular, and histopathological studies. The motility, viability, morphology, and DNA fragmentation of sperm in adult rats were also measured. KEY FINDINGS Group treated with LC and Cis showed an increase in antioxidant and hormonal activity compared to the Cis treated group in the pre and post-pubertal period. Moreover, there was an increase in sperm survival, motility, and DNA integrity. Furthermore, LC showed an increase in the anti-apoptotic and chromatin remodeling genes and a decrease in the pro-inflammatory genes. SIGNIFICANCE LC could enhance the spermatogenesis process after exposure to Cis during the prepubertal phase by restoring the balance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant activity, improving hormonal activity, sperm quality and DNA integrity, promoting protamination and blood-testis barrier integrity, and maintaining the testicular architecture.
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23
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Della Corte L, Foreste V, Barra F, Gustavino C, Alessandri F, Centurioni MG, Ferrero S, Bifulco G, Giampaolino P. Current and experimental drug therapy for the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:819-830. [PMID: 32543238 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1781815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects 8-13% of reproductive-age women. Irregular periods, hirsutism, or infertility are the most common clinical presentations of patients affected by PCOS. This syndrome is also linked to metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity. The optimal therapeutic approach is still unknown. AREAS COVERED This narrative review offers an overview of the literature on current and experimental pharmacological options for treating PCOS and highlights ongoing clinical trials. Several electronic databases were searched and current research registers were analyzed to the present year. The papers selected for this review were critically analyzed, and all data available were summarized, organized, and explored to derive key information. EXPERT OPINION The main goal of PCOS treatment is to obtain a metabolic and hormonal balance. Optimal PCOS therapy should be direct to the reproductive abnormalities and the entire spectrum of endocrine and metabolic complications that appear to have a long-term negative impact on PCOS patient health, as in post-menopausal period. The discovery of new mechanisms in PCOS pathogenesis will offer the possibility of testing new drug classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Della Corte
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Foreste
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Barra
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (Dinogmi), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Gustavino
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Alessandri
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Simone Ferrero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (Dinogmi), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Giampaolino
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II , Naples, Italy
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Kluson P, Stavarek P, Penkavova V, Vychodilova H, Hejda S, Jaklova N, Curinova P. Stereoselective synthesis of optical isomers of ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate in a microfluidic chip reactor. J Flow Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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