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Augusteyn J, McCarthy MA, Robley A, Pople A, Nolan B, Hemson G, Melzer R, Richards S, Dinwoodie A. Bringing back the endangered bridled nail-tailed wallaby at Taunton National Park (Scientific) through effective predator control. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/wr21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fancourt BA, Zirbel C, Cremasco P, Elsworth P, Harry G, Gentle MN. Field assessment of the risk of feral cat baits to nontarget species in eastern Australia. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:224-244. [PMID: 33969610 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Feral cats (Felis catus) pose a significant threat to wildlife, agriculture, and human health through predation, disease transmission, and competition with native animals. Controlling feral cats and their impacts, however, is challenging. New and emerging 1080-based feral cat baits have shown promising results in western and central Australia; however, the safety of these new baits for nontarget species in eastern Australia, where many native animals are more sensitive to compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) than their western conspecifics, has not been assessed. We investigated the uptake of 499 toxic Eradicat® baits by nontarget animals across five different eastern Australian environs and the uptake of nontoxic Eradicat and Hisstory® baits at an additional two sites. Using field-based observations of species eating or removing baits, we determined that 13 nontarget species (eight mammals, four birds, and one reptile) were at high risk of individual mortality, with individuals of 11 of those 13 species (seven mammals, four birds) observed consuming enough toxic Eradicat in a single visit to ingest a lethal dose of 1080. Feral cats (the target species) consumed only 3.1% of monitored baits, which was only 52% of the 31 baits they encountered. We recommend undertaking targeted population monitoring of species identified at high risk of individual mortality, to determine whether Eradicat baits present a population-level risk to these species. Our findings suggest that the small-sized Eradicat baits present a greater risk to nontarget species in eastern Australia than the larger traditional 1080-based meat baits used for the control of wild dogs and foxes. Our study highlights the importance of performing risk assessments for different bait types, even when the same toxin is used, and of performing site-specific nontarget risk assessments of new baits such as Eradicat to assist developing guidelines for their safe and effective use in different environs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:224-244. © 2021 State of Queensland. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn A Fancourt
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christine Zirbel
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Cremasco
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Elsworth
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen Harry
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew N Gentle
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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Shoshi Y, Kazato K, Maeda T, Takashima Y, Watari Y, Matsumoto Y, Miyashita T, Sanjoba C. Prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging cats on Tokunoshima Island, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:333-337. [PMID: 33390406 PMCID: PMC7972901 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-ranging cats on
Tokunoshima Island was assessed by testing 125 serum samples using anti-T.
gondii IgG indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall
seropositivity rate was 47.2% (59/125). Seropositivity rates in cats with body weight
>2.0 kg (57.4%) were significantly higher than in those with body weight ≤2.0 kg
(12.5%, P<0.01). Analysis of the number of seropositive cats by
settlement revealed the presence of possibly-infected cats in 17 of 23 settlements,
indicating the widespread prevalence of T. gondii on the island. This is
the first study to show the seroprevalence of T. gondii in free-ranging
cats on Tokunoshima Island. The information revealed in this paper will help to prevent
the transmission of T. gondii among cats and also in both wild and
domestic animals and humans on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kazato
- Laboratory of Biodiversity Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tamao Maeda
- Laboratory of Biodiversity Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Department of Veterinary Parasitological Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuya Watari
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tadashi Miyashita
- Laboratory of Biodiversity Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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McLeod LJ, Evans D, Jones B, Paterson M, Zito S. Understanding the Relationship between Intention and Cat Containment Behaviour: A Case Study of Kitten and Cat Adopters from RSPCA Queensland. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1214. [PMID: 32708752 PMCID: PMC7401661 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Australia, cat owners are encouraged to keep their pet cats contained on their property at all times. This study explores the relationship between the intentions and behaviours of 72 kitten and cat adopters from a RSPCA Queensland animal shelter, to provide a more in-depth understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of cat containment behaviours. At the time of adoption, 64 participants (89%) indicated they were intending to keep their cat fully contained. Eight weeks after adoption, 63 participants (87%) reported they were doing so (59 who had stated their intention at the time of adoption, and 4 who had not). We found cat owner containment behaviour was moderately correlated with containment intentions. For some of the participants when it came to enacting this behaviour, their intentions and the provided education information was not enough to overcome the more compelling capability, opportunity and motivational factors which presented themselves once they got home. We were able to identify these factors and suggest additional behaviour change strategies that would assist. Although it is important to provide cat adopters with advice about how to contain their cats properly, these results also highlight the importance of focusing attention on other behaviour change strategies that address the particular barriers faced by some cat-owners who are unsuccessful in keeping their cat contained on their property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette J. McLeod
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Di Evans
- RSPCA Australia, PO Box 265, Deakin West, ACT 2600, Australia; (D.E.); (B.J.); (S.Z.)
| | - Bidda Jones
- RSPCA Australia, PO Box 265, Deakin West, ACT 2600, Australia; (D.E.); (B.J.); (S.Z.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mandy Paterson
- RSPCA Queensland, Locked Bag 3000, Archerfield BH, Qld 4108, Australia;
| | - Sarah Zito
- RSPCA Australia, PO Box 265, Deakin West, ACT 2600, Australia; (D.E.); (B.J.); (S.Z.)
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Adriaanse K, Firestone SM, Lynch M, Rendall AR, Sutherland DR, Hufschmid J, Traub R. Comparison of the modified agglutination test and real-time PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii exposure in feral cats from Phillip Island, Australia, and risk factors associated with infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:126-133. [PMID: 32547918 PMCID: PMC7286925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is considered a disease risk for many native Australian species. Feral cats are the key definitive host of T. gondii in Australia and therefore, investigating the epidemiology of T. gondii in cat populations is essential to understanding the risk posed to wildlife. Test sensitivity and specificity are poorly defined for diagnostic tests targeting T. gondii in cats and there is a need for validated techniques. This study focused on the feral cat population on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia. We compared a novel real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol to the modified agglutination test (MAT) and used a Bayesian latent class modelling approach to assess the diagnostic parameters of each assay and estimate the true prevalence of T. gondii in feral cats. In addition, we performed multivariable logistic regression to determine risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in cats. Overall T. gondii prevalence by qPCR and MAT was 79.5% (95% confidence interval 72.6-85.0) and 91.8% (84.6-95.8), respectively. Bayesian modelling estimated the sensitivity and specificity of the MAT as 96.2% (95% credible interval 91.8-98.8) and 82.1% (64.9-93.6), and qPCR as 90.1% (83.6-95.5) and 96.0% (82.1-99.8), respectively. True prevalence of T. gondii infection in feral cats on Phillip Island was estimated as 90.3% (83.2-95.1). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that T. gondii infection was positively associated with weight and this effect was modified by season. Cats trapped in winter had a high probability of infection, regardless of weight. The present study suggests qPCR applied to tissue is a highly sensitive, specific and logistically feasible tool for T. gondii testing in feral cat populations. Additionally, T. gondii infection is highly prevalent in feral cats on Phillip Island, which may have significant impacts on endemic and introduced marsupial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Adriaanse
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Melbourne Zoo, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael Lynch
- Melbourne Zoo, Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony R Rendall
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria, 3922, Australia.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Duncan R Sutherland
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Cowes, Victoria, 3922, Australia
| | - Jasmin Hufschmid
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Rebecca Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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McKenny L, O'Handley R, Kovaliski J, Mutze G, Peacock D, Lanyon S. Evidence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in South Australia: using wild rabbits as a sentinel species. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:380-387. [PMID: 32350856 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to utilise wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as a sentinel species to study levels of environmental contamination with N. caninum and T. gondii in South Australia, and to examine associations with rainfall, climate and land use. DESIGN Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), an apicomplexan parasite, causes the clinical disease toxoplasmosis, which can affect sheep as well as humans and many other animals. Neosporosis, the clinical disease caused by closely related Neospora caninum (N. caninum), causes abortions in cattle, with large economic impacts to cattle industries. METHODS Aliquots of wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) serum were obtained from twelve sites across South Australia over a period of eighteen years, with a total of 2114 samples. An in-house Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was developed, and samples were screened for the specific antibodies against both T.gondii and N. caninum. RESULTS Overall, 9.9% of samples screened for T. gondii tested positive and 6.1% of samples screened for N. caninum tested positive. There was no difference observed in seroprevalence of T.gondii specific antibodies between samples collected throughout summer, autumn, winter or spring. By contrast, a significantly higher (p=0.030) seroprevalence of N. caninum specific antibodies was observed in spring than any other season. T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies were discovered at sites across a broad area of South Australia, indicating these environments maybe infected with both parasites. CONCLUSION Results provide evidence that suggests N. caninum oocysts may have different survival characteristics, such as varying tolerances to low relative humidity, than T. gondii oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McKenny
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - R O'Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Kovaliski
- Invasive Species, Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions SA, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Mutze
- Invasive Species, Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions SA, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - D Peacock
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.,Invasive Species, Biosecurity SA, Primary Industries and Regions SA, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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Taggart PL, McAllister MM, Rutley D, Caraguel C. Oesophageal sarcocystosis observed at slaughter provides a reliable and efficient proximate measure of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in sheep. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:305-311. [PMID: 32253762 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Successful disease management requires effective surveillance. Slaughterhouse inspections provide opportunities to efficiently collect regular disease data from many animals across large areas. Toxoplasma is a cat-borne parasite that causes reproduction failure in sheep, although it is not visually detectable at slaughterhouses. Macroscopic sarcocystosis is a disease of sheep that is visually detectable at slaughter and is caused by parasites that share a similar biology with Toxoplasma. We investigated if sarcocystosis could act as a proximate measure for Toxoplasma exposure in sheep to facilitate its efficient surveillance at large scales. DESIGN/METHODS We compared the presence of macroscopic sarcocystosis to Toxoplasma serostatus at the animal and farm levels. RESULTS At the animal level, we found a weak association between Toxoplasma seropositivity and sarcocysts in the oesophagus (OR = 1.76 [95% CI: 1.17, 2.65; McFadden's R2 = 0.01]) but no association between Toxoplasma seropositivity and sarcocysts in skeletal muscles. At the farm level, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma was strongly associated with oesophageal sarcocystosis prevalence (OR = 28.59 [95% CI: 13.07, 62.57; McFadden's R2 = 0.34]) but less strongly associated with sarcocystosis prevalence in skeletal muscles (OR = 7.91 [95% CI: 1.24, 50.39; McFadden's R2 = 0.02]). CONCLUSIONS For Toxoplasma surveillance in sheep at the farm level, routine slaughter inspection and recording of macroscopic oesophageal sarcocystosis could be are liable and efficient proximate measure. The monitoring of oesophageal sarcocystosis may be a useful passive Toxoplasma surveillance tool for guiding the timing and location of other Toxoplasma detection methods to facilitate the management of Toxoplasma impacts within the sheep industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Taggart
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.,Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - M M McAllister
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - D Rutley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.,Thomas Foods International, Lagoon Road, Murray Bridge, South Australia, 5253, Australia
| | - Cgb Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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Legge S, Woinarski JCZ, Dickman CR, Murphy BP, Woolley LA, Calver MC. We need to worry about Bella and Charlie: the impacts of pet cats on Australian wildlife. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/wr19174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research and management attention on the impacts of the introduced domestic cat (Felis catus) on Australian fauna have focussed mainly on the feral population. Here, we summarise the evidence for impacts of predation by pet cats on Australian wildlife. We collate examples of local wildlife population decline and extirpation as a result, at least in part, of predation by pet cats. We assemble information across 66 studies of predation by pet cats worldwide (including 24 Australian studies) to estimate the predation toll of pet cats in Australia, plus the predation pressure per unit area in residential areas. We compared these estimates to those published for feral cats in Australia. The per capita kill rate of pet cats is 25% that of feral cats. However, pet cats live at much higher densities, so the predation rate of pets per square kilometre in residential areas is 28–52 times larger than predation rates by feral cats in natural environments, and 1.3–2.3 times greater than predation rates per km2 by feral cats living in urban areas. Pet cats kill introduced species more often than do feral cats living in natural environments, but, nonetheless, the toll of native animals killed per square kilometre by pet cats in residential areas is still much higher than the toll per square kilometre by feral cats. There is no evidence that pet cats exert significant control of introduced species. The high predation toll of pet cats in residential areas, the documented examples of declines and extirpations in populations of native species caused by pet cats, and potential pathways for other, indirect effects (e.g. from disease, landscapes of fear, ecological footprints), and the context of extraordinary impacts from feral cats on Australian fauna, together support a default position that pet cat impacts are serious and should be reduced. From a technical perspective, the pet cat impacts can be reduced more effectively and humanely than those of feral cats, while also enhancing pet cat welfare. We review the management options for reducing predation by pet cats, and discuss the opportunities and challenges for improved pet cat management and welfare.
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Ross AK, Lowry J, Elphinstone A, Lawes JC. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in endangered bridled nailtail wallabies and co-occurring species. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/am19030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Toxoplasma gondii can infect any warm-blooded species; however, seroprevalence in most species remains largely unknown. In this study we examined the presence of T. gondii antibodies in captured individuals in the two remaining wild populations and one captive population of endangered bridled nailtail wallabies (Onychogalea fraenata). Samples from cats (Felis catus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and dogs (Canis lupus) were also taken opportunistically during invasive species control at the two wild populations. Seventy-one wallabies, sixteen cats, four rabbits, and two dogs’ blood samples were tested for T. gondii using a modified agglutination test. Half of the tested feral cats (n = 8) were seropositive and all intermediate hosts were seronegative for T. gondii antibodies. This unexpected result suggests a loss of infected individuals before capture and testing, or parasite infectivity being suppressed by Queensland’s hot, dry climate.
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Taggart PL, Fancourt BA, Peacock D, Caraguel CGB, McAllister MM. Variation in Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence: effects of site, sex, species and behaviour between insular and mainland macropods. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/wr19041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Context Feral cats threaten wildlife conservation through a range of direct and indirect effects. However, most studies that have evaluated the impacts of feral cats on species of conservation significance have focussed on direct impacts such as predation; few studies have considered the indirect impacts of cat-borne disease. Toxoplasma gondii, a cat-borne parasite, causes both acute and latent disease in a range of wildlife species, and macropods are particularly susceptible. Kangaroo Island is Australia’s third largest island and supports a high density of feral cats and high seroprevalence of T. gondii in multiple species, relative to the mainland. This suggests that Kangaroo Island has a high environmental contamination with the parasite and a high risk of infection for other species. Aims We aimed to describe T. gondii seroprevalence in culled and road-killed macropods, so as to assess the effects of island versus mainland location, sex, species and behaviour. Methods Macropod sera were tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies using a commercially available modified agglutination test. Key results The seroprevalence of T. gondii in culled western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was significantly higher on the island (20%, 11/54 positive) than on the mainland (0%, 0/61 positive). There was no difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed (21%, 21/102 positive) kangaroos from the island. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in female (32%, 12/38 positive) than in male (13%, 8/60 positive) kangaroos, but we observed no sex effect in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii), and no effect of species. Conclusions The higher T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods supports previous reports of higher T. gondii exposure in other Kangaroo Island fauna. The lack of difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed kangaroos suggests that T. gondii-positive animals are not more vulnerable to road mortality, in contrast to that suggested previously. Implications Our findings suggest greater potential adverse conservation impacts owing to toxoplasmosis on the island than on the mainland. In light of a recent study demonstrating higher cat abundance on the island than on the mainland, the higher observed T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods is likely to be a consequence of higher cat density.
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Brennan A, Hawley J, Dhand N, Boland L, Beatty JA, Lappin MR, Barrs VR. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Owned Domestic Cats in Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:275-280. [PMID: 31886739 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing surveillance of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and exposure risks in owned cats is important to identify effective mechanisms to decrease the prevalence of this global zoonotic parasite. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and risk factors for seropositivity in owned domestic cats in Australia. Sera, signalment data, postcode, and completed owner-questionnaires surveying diet composition and lifestyle factors were collected for cats presenting to 18 veterinary clinics across Australia. T. gondii-specific IgG was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression to evaluate risk factors associated with positive T. gondii IgG serology. Among 417 cats, T. gondii seroprevalence was 39%. More than two-thirds of cats tested (69%) had outdoor access and 59% were fed a diet containing raw meat. Univariable analyses identified, age (>1 year, p < 0.001), a diet containing any raw meat (p = 0.001), raw kangaroo (p = 0.008), raw chicken (p = 0.012), or raw beef (p = 0.017), and hunting (p = 0.049) as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Age (>1 year, odds ratio [OR]: 7.15) and feeding of raw meat (OR: 2.23) remained significant risk factors (p < 0.001) in multivariable analyses. T. gondii seroprevalence did not differ between cats domiciled in urban and semiurban or rural areas. Pet cats in Australia are commonly infected with T. gondii. Feeding raw meat to cats, a common practice in Australia, is associated with T. gondii infection, highlighting the need for education about the health implications for cats from feeding a diet containing raw meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea Brennan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer Hawley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Navneet Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lara Boland
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Fancourt BA, Cremasco P, Wilson C, Gentle MN. Do introduced apex predators suppress introduced mesopredators? A multiscale spatiotemporal study of dingoes and feral cats in Australia suggests not. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn A. Fancourt
- Pest Animal Research Centre Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Biosecurity Queensland Toowoomba Qld Australia
- School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
| | - Peter Cremasco
- Pest Animal Research Centre Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Biosecurity Queensland Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Cameron Wilson
- Pest Animal Research Centre Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Biosecurity Queensland Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Matthew N. Gentle
- Pest Animal Research Centre Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Biosecurity Queensland Toowoomba Qld Australia
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Taggart PL, Fancourt BA, Fabijan J, Peacock DE, Speight KN, Caraguel CGB, McAllister MM. No Evidence of Toxoplasma Gondii Exposure in South Australian Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/19-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Taggart
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra RD, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - B. A. Fancourt
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia; and Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries, 116 Allingham St. Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - J. Fabijan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra RD, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - D. E. Peacock
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra RD, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - K. N. Speight
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra RD, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - C. G. B. Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra RD, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
| | - M. M. McAllister
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Mudla Wirra RD, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
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Woolley L, Geyle HM, Murphy BP, Legge SM, Palmer R, Dickman CR, Augusteyn J, Comer S, Doherty TS, Eager C, Edwards G, Harley DK, Leiper I, McDonald PJ, McGregor HW, Moseby KE, Myers C, Read JL, Riley J, Stokeld D, Turpin JM, Woinarski JC. Introduced catsFelis catuseating a continental fauna: inventory and traits of Australian mammal species killed. Mamm Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh‐Ann Woolley
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT0909Australia
| | - Hayley M. Geyle
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT0909Australia
| | - Brett P. Murphy
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT0909Australia
| | - Sarah M. Legge
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland St Lucia Qld4072Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT2602Australia
| | - Russell Palmer
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 Australia
| | - Christopher R. Dickman
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Desert Ecology Research Group School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08 University of Sydney NSW2006Australia
| | - John Augusteyn
- Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service PO Box 3130Red HillQld4701Australia
| | - Sarah Comer
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions South Coast Region Albany WA6330Australia
| | - Tim S. Doherty
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences (Burwood Campus) Deakin University Geelong Vic3220Australia
| | | | - Glenn Edwards
- Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesAlice Springs NT0871Australia
| | - Dan K.P. Harley
- Wildlife Conservation and Science Department Zoos Victoria PO Box 248 Healesville Vic.3777Australia
| | - Ian Leiper
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT0909Australia
| | - Peter J. McDonald
- Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesAlice Springs NT0871Australia
| | - Hugh W. McGregor
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Private Bag 55 Hobart Tas7001Australia
| | | | - Cecilia Myers
- Dunkeld Pastoral Co Pty Ltd P.O. Box 50 Dunkeld Vic3294Australia
| | - John L. Read
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA5000Australia
| | - Joanna Riley
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol 24 Tyndall Ave BristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Danielle Stokeld
- Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesBerrimah NT0828Australia
| | - Jeff M. Turpin
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology Western Australian Museum 49 Kew Street Welshpool WA6106Australia
| | - John C.Z. Woinarski
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT0909Australia
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15
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McLeod LJ, Hine DW, Driver AB. Change the Humans First: Principles for Improving the Management of Free-Roaming Cats. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080555. [PMID: 31416202 PMCID: PMC6720588 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For free-roaming cat management to be effective, people—including land managers, conservationists, cat lovers and the general public—need to be sufficiently empowered and motivated to accept and implement management actions. Research in the social and behavioural sciences has shown that engaging everyone and gaining consensus can be incredibly challenging. This paper describes an integrative framework based on the behavioural literature to design better, equitable and ethically acceptable interventions for free-roaming cat management. Abstract In Australia, free-roaming cats can be found in urban and rural areas across the country. They are inherently difficult to manage but it is frequently human behaviour that demands the most attention and is in most need of change. To the frustration of policy makers and practitioners, scientific knowledge, technological developments, and legal and institutional innovations, often run afoul of insufficient public capacity, opportunity and motivation to act. This paper demonstrates how the behavioural science literature can provide important insights into maximising the impact of free-roaming cat control activities within an ethical framework that prioritises acting “with” all stakeholders, rather than “on” stakeholders. By better understanding how human values, attitudes and beliefs are shaped, practitioners can more effectively and respectfully interact with how people interpret the world around them, make choices and behave. This literature also has much to say about why certain types of media and marketing messages elicit behaviour change and why other types fall flat. Finally, in addition to explaining the behavioural science and its implications, this review provides researchers, policy makers and engagement specialists with an inclusive, practical framework for conceptualising behaviour change and working to ensure land managers, cat owners and the general public can agree on and adopt best practices for managing free-roaming cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette J McLeod
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - Donald W Hine
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Aaron B Driver
- UNE Business School, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
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16
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Bedoya-Pérez MA, Smith KL, Kevin RC, Luo JL, Crowther MS, McGregor IS. Parameters That Affect Fear Responses in Rodents and How to Use Them for Management. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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A Case of Letting the Cat out of The Bag-Why Trap-Neuter-Return Is Not an Ethical Solution for Stray Cat ( Felis catus) Management. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040171. [PMID: 30995809 PMCID: PMC6523511 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs, in which stray cats are captured, neutered and returned to the environment are advocated as a humane, ethical alternative to euthanasia. We review the TNR literature in light of current debate over whether or not there should be further TNR trials in Australia. We revisit the problems arising from stray cats living in association with human habitation and estimate how many stray cats would have to be processed through a scientifically-guided TNR program to avoid high euthanasia rates. We also identify 10 ethical and welfare challenges that have to be addressed: we consider the quality of life for stray cats, where they would live, whether the TNR process itself is stressful, whether TNR cats are vulnerable to injury, parasites and disease, can be medically treated, stray cats' body condition and diet, and their impacts on people, pet cats, and urban wildlife, especially endemic fauna. We conclude that TNR is unsuitable for Australia in almost all situations because it is unlikely to resolve problems caused by stray cats or meet ethical and welfare challenges. Targeted adoption, early-age desexing, community education initiatives and responsible pet ownership have greater promise to minimize euthanasia, reduce numbers rapidly, and address the identified issues.
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18
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Taggart PL, Fancourt BA, Bengsen AJ, Peacock DE, Hodgens P, Read JL, McAllister MM, Caraguel CGB. Evidence of significantly higher island feral cat abundance compared with the adjacent mainland. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr18118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Feral cats (Felis catus) impact the health and welfare of wildlife, livestock and humans worldwide. They are particularly damaging where they have been introduced into island countries such as Australia and New Zealand, where native prey species evolved without feline predators. Kangaroo Island, in South Australia, is Australia’s third largest island and supports several threatened and endemic species. Cat densities on Kangaroo Island are thought to be greater than those on the adjacent South Australian mainland, based on one cat density estimate on the island that is higher than most estimates from the mainland. The prevalence of cat-borne disease in cats and sheep is also higher on Kangaroo Island than the mainland, suggesting higher cat densities. A recent continental-scale spatial model of cat density predicted that cat density on Kangaroo Island should be about double that of the adjacent mainland. However, although cats are believed to have severe impacts on some native species on the island, other species that are generally considered vulnerable to cat predation have relatively secure populations on the island compared with the mainland.
Aims
The present study aimed to compare feral cat abundance between Kangaroo Island and the adjacent South Australian mainland using simultaneous standardised methods. Based on previous findings, we predicted that the relative abundance of feral cats on Kangaroo Island would be approximately double that on the South Australian mainland.
Methods
Standardised camera trap surveys were used to simultaneously estimate the relative abundance of feral cats on Kangaroo Island and the adjacent South Australian mainland. Survey data were analysed using the Royle–Nichols abundance-induced heterogeneity model to estimate feral cat relative abundance at each site.
Key results
Cat abundance on the island was estimated to be over 10 times greater than that on the adjacent mainland.
Conclusions
Consistent with predictions, cat abundance on the island was greater than on the adjacent mainland. However, the magnitude of this difference was much greater than expected.
Implications
The findings show that the actual densities of cats at local sites can vary substantially from predictions generated by continental-scale models. The study also demonstrates the value of estimating abundance or density simultaneously across sites using standardised methods.
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19
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Abstract
Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts. This aspect of parasite evolution is a continuing area for research in the case of helminths, but remains to be addressed for many other parasitic groups.
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20
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McLeod LJ, Hine DW, Bengsen AJ, Driver AB. Assessing the impact of different persuasive messages on the intentions and behaviour of cat owners: A randomised control trial. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Boughattas S, Behnke J, Sharma A, Abu-Madi M. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in feral cats in Qatar. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:26. [PMID: 28100230 PMCID: PMC5242050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats are essential in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii as they can shed the environmentally resistant oocysts after acquiring infection. Human populations living in cities with high densities of feral cats are therefore likely to be at risk of infection. The current study is the first to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the feral cat population in Qatar. We investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii among 495 adult cats from urban and suburban districts in Qatar. Using results from the Modified Agglutination Test, we fitted statistical models with host sex, area and season as explanatory factors and seropositivity as the outcome. RESULTS The analysis revealed an overall seroprevalence of 82%. Seroprevalence was significantly higher in the summer season (P = 0.006). No significant difference was detected (P > 0.05) between seroprevalence in female and male cats and in cats from urban and suburban districts of Qatar. CONCLUSIONS Despite the seasonal difference, the observed seroprevalence of T. gondii suggests high environmental contamination throughout the year, with some female cats generating more intense responses compared to males. Both findings merit further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Boughattas
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jerzy Behnke
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marawan Abu-Madi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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22
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Doherty TS, Dickman CR, Johnson CN, Legge SM, Ritchie EG, Woinarski JCZ. Impacts and management of feral catsFelis catusin Australia. Mamm Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim S. Doherty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood campus); Deakin University; Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - Chris R. Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group; School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Chris N. Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Sarah M. Legge
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub; National Environmental Science Program; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Euan G. Ritchie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood campus); Deakin University; Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - John C. Z. Woinarski
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub; National Environmental Science Programme; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina NT Australia
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Fancourt BA. Diagnosing species decline: a contextual review of threats,causes and future directions for management and conservation of the eastern quoll. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/wr15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing the cause of a species’ decline is one of the most challenging tasks faced by conservation practitioners. For a species approaching extinction, it is not possible to go back in time to measure the agents that operated at various stages of the decline. Accordingly, managers are often restricted to measuring factors currently affecting residual populations, which may not be related to factors that operated earlier in the decline, and inferring other mechanisms from different lines of evidence. In this review, I adopt a methodical diagnostic framework to comprehensively evaluate the potential causal factors for the decline of the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) in Tasmania, and propose a hypothesis as to the cause of decline. Potential causal agents were gleaned from two key sources: factors implicated in the eastern quoll’s historical demise on the Australian mainland, and factors that changed during the recent period of quoll decline in Tasmania. The three most likely candidate causal agents were investigated over 4 years to evaluate their likely contribution to the decline. Here, I synthesise the findings from this recent research to advance a hypothesis as to the cause of the eastern quoll decline in Tasmania. I suggest that a period of unsuitable weather reduced quoll populations to an unprecedented low abundance, and that populations are now too small to overcome established threat intensities to which they were robust when at higher densities. Residual small populations are inherently more susceptible to demographic, environmental and genetic stochasticity and are unlikely to recover without management intervention. I propose a study design to experimentally test this hypothesis, and outline priority areas for future research and actions to guide in the future management and conservation of the species. This case study illustrates an approach by which practical species conservation problems might be solved and recovery strategies may be better informed, thereby ensuring positive conservation outcomes for threatened species.
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Doherty TS, Algar D. Response of feral cats to a track-based baiting programme usingEradicat®baits. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fancourt BA, Nicol SC, Hawkins CE, Jones ME, Johnson CN. Beyond the disease: Is Toxoplasma gondii infection causing population declines in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus)? Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2014; 3:102-12. [PMID: 25161908 PMCID: PMC4142269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disease is often considered a key threat to species of conservation significance. For some, it has resulted in localised extinctions and declines in range and abundance. However, for some species, the assertion that a disease poses a significant threat of extinction is based solely on correlative or anecdotal evidence, often inferred from individual clinical case reports. While a species' susceptibility to a disease may be demonstrated in a number of individuals, investigations rarely extend to measuring the impact of disease at the population level and its contribution, if any, to population declines. The eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized Australian marsupial carnivore that is undergoing severe and rapid decline in Tasmania, its last refuge. Reasons for the decline are currently not understood. Feral cats (Felis catus) may be undergoing competitive release following the ongoing decline of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), with cats suppressing eastern quolls through increased predation, competition, exclusion or exposure to diseases such as toxoplasmosis. To investigate the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection, eastern quoll populations at four sites were regularly screened for the seroprevalence of T. gondii-specific IgG antibodies. Seroprevalence was approximately five times higher at sites with declining quoll populations, and there was a negative association between seroprevalence and quoll abundance. However, T. gondii infection did not reduce quoll survival or reproduction. Despite a high susceptibility to T. gondii infection, eastern quoll populations do not appear to be limited by the parasite or its resultant disease. Significantly higher seroprevalence is a signal of greater exposure to feral cats at sites where eastern quolls are declining, suggesting that increased predation, competition or exclusion by feral cats may be precipitating population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn A. Fancourt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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