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Zhong X, Moresco JJ, SoRelle JA, Song R, Jiang Y, Nguyen MT, Wang J, Bu CH, Moresco EMY, Beutler B, Choi JH. Disruption of the ZFP574-THAP12 complex suppresses B cell malignancies in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2409232121. [PMID: 39047044 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2409232121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of life-extending treatments for B cell leukemias and lymphomas, many of these cancers remain incurable. Thus, the development of new molecular targets and therapeutics is needed to expand treatment options. To identify new molecular targets, we used a forward genetic screen in mice to identify genes required for development or survival of lymphocytes. Here, we describe Zfp574, an essential gene encoding a zinc finger protein necessary for normal and malignant lymphocyte survival. We show that ZFP574 interacts with zinc finger protein THAP12 and promotes the G1-to-S-phase transition during cell cycle progression. Mutation of ZFP574 impairs nuclear localization of the ZFP574-THAP12 complex. ZFP574 or THAP12 deficiency results in cell cycle arrest and impaired lymphoproliferation. Germline mutation, acute gene deletion, or targeted degradation of ZFP574 suppressed Myc-driven B cell leukemia in mice, but normal B cells were largely spared, permitting long-term survival, whereas complete lethality was observed in control animals. Our findings support the identification of drugs targeting ZFP574-THAP12 as a unique strategy to treat B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhong
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - James J Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jeffrey A SoRelle
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ran Song
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Yiao Jiang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Mylinh T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Chun Hui Bu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jin Huk Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Yellajoshyula D. Transcriptional regulatory network for neuron-glia interactions and its implication for DYT6 dystonia. DYSTONIA (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 2:11796. [PMID: 38737544 PMCID: PMC11087070 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies have identified novel genes associated with inherited forms of dystonia, providing valuable insights into its genetic basis and revealing diverse genetic pathways and mechanisms involved in its pathophysiology. Since identifying genetic variation in the transcription factor coding THAP1 gene linked to isolated dystonia, numerous investigations have employed transcriptomic studies in DYT-THAP1 models to uncover pathogenic molecular mechanisms underlying dystonia. This review examines key findings from transcriptomic studies conducted on in vivo and in vitro DYT-THAP1 models, which demonstrate that the THAP1-regulated transcriptome is diverse and cell-specific, yet it is bound and co-regulated by a common set of proteins. Prominent among its functions, THAP1 and its co-regulatory network target molecular pathways critical for generating myelinating oligodendrocytes that ensheath axons and generate white matter in the central nervous system. Several lines of investigation have demonstrated the importance of myelination and oligodendrogenesis in motor function during development and in adults, emphasizing the non-cell autonomous contributions of glial cells to neural circuits involved in motor function. Further research on the role of myelin abnormalities in motor deficits in DYT6 models will enhance our understanding of axon-glia interactions in dystonia pathophysiology and provide potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
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3
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Li M, Kasan K, Saha Z, Yoon Y, Schmidt-Ott U. Twenty-seven ZAD-ZNF genes of Drosophila melanogaster are orthologous to the embryo polarity determining mosquito gene cucoid. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0274716. [PMID: 36595500 PMCID: PMC9810180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The C2H2 zinc finger gene cucoid establishes anterior-posterior (AP) polarity in the early embryo of culicine mosquitoes. This gene is unrelated to genes that establish embryo polarity in other fly species (Diptera), such as the homeobox gene bicoid, which serves this function in the traditional model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The cucoid gene is a conserved single copy gene across lower dipterans but nothing is known about its function in other species, and its evolution in higher dipterans, including Drosophila, is unresolved. We found that cucoid is a member of the ZAD-containing C2H2 zinc finger (ZAD-ZNF) gene family and is orthologous to 27 of the 91 members of this family in D. melanogaster, including M1BP, ranshi, ouib, nom, zaf1, odj, Nnk, trem, Zif, and eighteen uncharacterized genes. Available knowledge of the functions of cucoid orthologs in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that the progenitor of this lineage specific expansion may have played a role in regulating chromatin. We also describe many aspects of the gene duplication history of cucoid in the brachyceran lineage of D. melanogaster, thereby providing a framework for predicting potential redundancies among these genes in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Koray Kasan
- Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Zinnia Saha
- Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Yoseop Yoon
- Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Urs Schmidt-Ott
- Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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Zhang X, Wang K, Ren XL, Zhang MD, Wu KN, Wu H, Chu ZW, Liu SS, Jiang XX, Zhu JH, Wu HM. Zinc Deficiency Exacerbates Behavioral Impediments and Dopaminergic Neuron Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease. J Nutr 2023; 153:167-175. [PMID: 36913450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating zinc (Zn) concentrations are lower than normal in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). It is unknown whether Zn deficiency increases the susceptibility to PD. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary Zn deficiency on behaviors and dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of PD and to explore potential mechanisms. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice aged 8-10 wk were fed Zn adequate (ZnA; 30 μg/g) or Zn deficient (ZnD; <5 μg/g) diet throughout the experiments. Six weeks later 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was injected to generate the PD model. Controls were injected with saline. Thus, 4 groups (Saline-ZnA, Saline-ZnD, MPTP-ZnA, and MPTP-ZnD) were formed. The experiment lasted 13 wk. Open field test, rotarod test, immunohistochemistry, and RNA sequencing were performed. Data were analyzed with t-test, 2-factor ANOVA, or Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Both MPTP and ZnD diet treatments led to a significant reduction in blood Zn concentrations (PMPTP = 0.012, PZn = 0.014), reduced total distance traveled (PMPTP < 0.001, PZn = 0.031), and affected the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (PMPTP < 0.001, PZn = 0.020). In the MPTP-treated mice, the ZnD diet significantly reduced total distance traveled by 22.4% (P = 0.026), decreased latency to fall by 49.9% (P = 0.026), and reduced dopaminergic neurons by 59.3% (P = 0.002) compared with the ZnA diet. RNA sequencing analysis revealed a total of 301 differentially expressed genes (156 upregulated; 145 downregulated) in the substantia nigra of ZnD mice compared with ZnA mice. The genes were involved in a number of processes, including protein degradation, mitochondria integrity, and α-synuclein aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Zn deficiency aggravates movement disorders in PD mice. Our results support previous clinical observations and suggest that appropriate Zn supplementation may be beneficial for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Institute of Geriatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Geriatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Neurology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University (the Central Hospital of Lishui), Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ren
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Di Zhang
- Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai-Nian Wu
- Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Wu
- Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Chu
- Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Shu Liu
- Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Jiang
- Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Institute of Geriatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Wu
- Institute of Nutrition and Diseases, Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Nitrosylation of ferric zebrafish nitrobindin: A spectroscopic, kinetic, and thermodynamic study. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:111996. [PMID: 36150290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrobindins (Nbs) are all-β-barrel heme-proteins present in all the living kingdoms. Nbs inactivate reactive nitrogen species by sequestering NO, converting NO to HNO2, and isomerizing peroxynitrite to NO3- and NO2-. Here, the spectroscopic characterization of ferric Danio rerio Nb (Dr-Nb(III)) and NO scavenging through the reductive nitrosylation of the metal center are reported, both processes being relevant for the regulation of blood flow in fishes through poorly oxygenated tissues, such as retina. Both UV-Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies indicate that Dr-Nb(III) is a mixture of a six-coordinated aquo- and a five-coordinated species, whose relative abundancies depend on pH. At pH ≤ 7.0, Dr-Nb(III) binds reversibly NO, whereas at pH ≥ 7.8 NO induces the conversion of Dr-Nb(III) to Dr-Nb(II)-NO. The conversion of Dr-Nb(III) to Dr-Nb(II)-NO is a monophasic process, suggesting that the formation of the transient Dr-Nb(III)-NO species is lost in the mixing time of the rapid-mixing stopped-flow apparatus (∼ 1.5 ms). The pseudo-first-order rate constant for the reductive nitrosylation of Dr-Nb(III) is not linearly dependent on the NO concentration but tends to level off. Values of the rate-limiting constant (i.e., klim) increase linearly with the OH- concentration, indicating that the conversion of Dr-Nb(III) to Dr-Nb(II)-NO is limited by the OH--based catalysis. From the dependence of klim on [OH-], the value of the second-order rate constant kOH- was obtained (5.2 × 103 M-1 s-1). Reductive nitrosylation of Dr-Nb(III) leads to the inactivation of two NO molecules: one being converted to HNO2, and the other being tightly bound to the heme-Fe(II) atom.
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Cheng F, Zheng W, Barbuti PA, Bonsi P, Liu C, Casadei N, Ponterio G, Meringolo M, Admard J, Dording CM, Yu-Taeger L, Nguyen HP, Grundmann-Hauser K, Ott T, Houlden H, Pisani A, Krüger R, Riess O. DYT6 mutated THAP1 is a cell type dependent regulator of the SP1 family. Brain 2022; 145:3968-3984. [PMID: 35015830 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT6 dystonia is caused by mutations in the transcription factor THAP1. THAP1 knock-out or knock-in mouse models revealed complex gene expression changes, which are potentially responsible for the pathogenesis of DYT6 dystonia. However, how THAP1 mutations lead to these gene expression alterations and whether the gene expression changes are also reflected in the brain of THAP1 patients are still unclear. In this study we used epigenetic and transcriptomic approaches combined with multiple model systems [THAP1 patients' frontal cortex, THAP1 patients' induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons, THAP1 heterozygous knock-out rat model, and THAP1 heterozygous knock-out SH-SY5Y cell lines] to uncover a novel function of THAP1 and the potential pathogenesis of DYT6 dystonia. We observed that THAP1 targeted only a minority of differentially expressed genes caused by its mutation. THAP1 mutations lead to dysregulation of genes mainly through regulation of SP1 family members, SP1 and SP4, in a cell type dependent manner. Comparing global differentially expressed genes detected in THAP1 patients' iPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic neurons and THAP1 heterozygous knock-out rat striatum, we observed many common dysregulated genes and 61 of them were involved in dystonic syndrome-related pathways, like synaptic transmission, nervous system development, and locomotor behaviour. Further behavioural and electrophysiological studies confirmed the involvement of these pathways in THAP1 knock-out rats. Taken together, our study characterized the function of THAP1 and contributes to the understanding of the pathogenesis of primary dystonia in humans and rats. As SP1 family members were dysregulated in some neurodegenerative diseases, our data may link THAP1 dystonia to multiple neurological diseases and may thus provide common treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Cheng
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxu Zheng
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Antony Barbuti
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tuebingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giulia Ponterio
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Jakob Admard
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tuebingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claire Marie Dording
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Libo Yu-Taeger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Ott
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- NGS Competence Center Tuebingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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7
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Hale MD, Koal T, Pham TH, Bowden JA, Parrott BB. Transcriptional networks underlying a primary ovarian insufficiency disorder in alligators naturally exposed to EDCs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 557:111751. [PMID: 35963581 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the endocrine system and environmental contaminants are responsible for impairing reproductive development and function. Despite the taxonomic diversity of affected species and attendant complexity inherent to natural systems, the underlying signaling pathways and cellular consequences are mostly studied in lab models. To resolve the genetic and endocrine pathways that mediate affected ovarian function in organisms exposed to endocrine disrupting contaminants in their natural environments, we assessed broad-scale transcriptional and steroidogenic responses to exogenous gonadotropin stimulation in juvenile alligators (Alligator missippiensis) originating from a lake with well-documented pollution (Lake Apopka, FL) and a nearby reference site (Lake Woodruff, FL). We found that individuals from Lake Apopka are characterized by hyperandrogenism and display hyper-sensitive transcriptional responses to gonadotropin stimulation when compared to individuals from Lake Woodruff. Site-specific transcriptomic divergence appears to be driven by wholly distinct subsets of transcriptional regulators, indicating alterations to fundamental genetic pathways governing ovarian function. Consistent with broad-scale transcriptional differences, ovaries of Lake Apopka alligators displayed impediments to folliculogenesis, with larger germinal beds and decreased numbers of late-stage follicles. After resolving the ovarian transcriptome into clusters of co-expressed genes, most site-associated modules were correlated to ovarian follicule phenotypes across individuals. However, expression of two site-specific clusters were independent of ovarian cellular architecture and are hypothesized to represent alterations to cell-autonomous transcriptional programs. Collectively, our findings provide high resolution mapping of transcriptional patterns to specific reproductive function and advance our mechanistic understanding regarding impaired reproductive health in an established model of environmental endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hale
- Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - John A Bowden
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin B Parrott
- Eugene P. Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA.
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8
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Grofik M, Cibulka M, Olekšáková J, Turčanová Koprušáková M, Galanda T, Necpál J, Jungová P, Kurča E, Winkelmann J, Zech M, Jech R. A case of novel DYT6 dystonia variant with serious complications after deep brain stimulation therapy: a case report. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:344. [PMID: 36096774 PMCID: PMC9465909 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DYT6 dystonia belongs to a group of isolated, genetically determined, generalized dystonia associated with mutations in the THAP1 gene. Case presentation We present the case of a young patient with DYT6 dystonia associated with a newly discovered c14G>A (p.Cys5Tyr) mutation in the THAP1 gene. We describe the clinical phenotype of this new mutation, effect of pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS), which was accompanied by two rare postimplantation complications: an early intracerebral hemorrhage and delayed epileptic seizures. Among the published case reports of patients with DYT6 dystonia, the mentioned complications have not been described so far. Conclusions DBS in the case of DYT6 dystonia is a challenge to thoroughly consider possible therapeutic benefits and potential risks associated with surgery. Genetic heterogeneity of the disease may also play an important role in predicting the development of the clinical phenotype as well as the effect of treatment including DBS. Therefore, it is beneficial to analyze the genetic and clinical relationships of DYT6 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grofik
- Department of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - M Cibulka
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - J Olekšáková
- Department of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - M Turčanová Koprušáková
- Department of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - T Galanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Slovak Medical University and Roosevelt Hospital, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - J Necpál
- Department of Neurology, Zvolen Hospital, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - P Jungová
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Genetics - Centre of Rare Genetic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine & Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - E Kurča
- Department of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava and University Hospital Martin, Martin, Slovakia
| | - J Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Centrum, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Zech
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Genetics - Centre of Rare Genetic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine & Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Centrum, Munich, Germany
| | - R Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Yellajoshyula D, Rogers AE, Kim AJ, Kim S, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. A pathogenic DYT-THAP1 dystonia mutation causes hypomyelination and loss of YY1 binding. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1096-1104. [PMID: 34686877 PMCID: PMC8976427 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a disabling disease that manifests as prolonged involuntary twisting movements. DYT-THAP1 is an inherited form of isolated dystonia caused by mutations in THAP1 encoding the transcription factor THAP1. The phe81leu (F81L) missense mutation is representative of a category of poorly understood mutations that do not occur on residues critical for DNA binding. Here, we demonstrate that the F81L mutation (THAP1F81L) impairs THAP1 transcriptional activity and disrupts CNS myelination. Strikingly, THAP1F81L exhibits normal DNA binding but causes a significantly reduced DNA binding of YY1, its transcriptional partner that also has an established role in oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Our results suggest a model of molecular pathogenesis whereby THAP1F81L normally binds DNA but is unable to efficiently organize an active transcription complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail E Rogers
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Audrey J Kim
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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10
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Yellajoshyula D, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Oligodendrocyte and Extracellular Matrix Contributions to Central Nervous System Motor Function: Implications for Dystonia. Mov Disord 2022; 37:456-463. [PMID: 34989453 PMCID: PMC11152458 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to elucidate nervous system function and dysfunction in disease has focused largely on neurons and neural circuits. However, fundamental aspects of nervous system development, function, and plasticity are regulated by nonneuronal elements, including glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The rapid rise of genomics and neuroimaging techniques in recent decades has highlighted neuronal-glial interactions and ECM as a key component of nervous system development, plasticity, and function. Abnormalities of neuronal-glial interactions have been understudied but are increasingly recognized to play a key role in many neurodevelopmental disorders. In this report, we consider the role of myelination and the ECM in the development and function of central nervous system motor circuits and the neurodevelopmental disease dystonia. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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11
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Domingo A, Yadav R, Shah S, Hendriks WT, Erdin S, Gao D, O'Keefe K, Currall B, Gusella JF, Sharma N, Ozelius LJ, Ehrlich ME, Talkowski ME, Bragg DC. Dystonia-specific mutations in THAP1 alter transcription of genes associated with neurodevelopment and myelin. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:2145-2158. [PMID: 34672987 PMCID: PMC8595948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurologic disorder associated with an increasingly large number of genetic variants in many genes, resulting in characteristic disturbances in volitional movement. Dissecting the relationships between these mutations and their functional outcomes is critical in understanding the pathways that drive dystonia pathogenesis. Here we established a pipeline for characterizing an allelic series of dystonia-specific mutations. We used this strategy to investigate the molecular consequences of genetic variation in THAP1, which encodes a transcription factor linked to neural differentiation. Multiple pathogenic mutations associated with dystonia cluster within distinct THAP1 functional domains and are predicted to alter DNA-binding properties and/or protein interactions differently, yet the relative impact of these varied changes on molecular signatures and neural deficits is unclear. To determine the effects of these mutations on THAP1 transcriptional activity, we engineered an allelic series of eight alterations in a common induced pluripotent stem cell background and differentiated these lines into a panel of near-isogenic neural stem cells (n = 94 lines). Transcriptome profiling followed by joint analysis of the most robust signatures across mutations identified a convergent pattern of dysregulated genes functionally related to neurodevelopment, lysosomal lipid metabolism, and myelin. On the basis of these observations, we examined mice bearing Thap1-disruptive alleles and detected significant changes in myelin gene expression and reduction of myelin structural integrity relative to control mice. These results suggest that deficits in neurodevelopment and myelination are common consequences of dystonia-associated THAP1 mutations and highlight the potential role of neuron-glial interactions in the pathogenesis of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shivangi Shah
- The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - William T Hendriks
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dadi Gao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathryn O'Keefe
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin Currall
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - D Cristopher Bragg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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12
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Senft AD, Macfarlan TS. Transposable elements shape the evolution of mammalian development. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:691-711. [PMID: 34354263 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) promote genetic innovation but also threaten genome stability. Despite multiple layers of host defence, TEs actively shape mammalian-specific developmental processes, particularly during pre-implantation and extra-embryonic development and at the maternal-fetal interface. Here, we review how TEs influence mammalian genomes both directly by providing the raw material for genetic change and indirectly via co-evolving TE-binding Krüppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs). Throughout mammalian evolution, individual activities of ancient TEs were co-opted to enable invasive placentation that characterizes live-born mammals. By contrast, the widespread activity of evolutionarily young TEs may reflect an ongoing co-evolution that continues to impact mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Senft
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Todd S Macfarlan
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Gal C, Carelli FN, Appert A, Cerrato C, Huang N, Dong Y, Murphy J, Frapporti A, Ahringer J. DREAM represses distinct targets by cooperating with different THAP domain proteins. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109835. [PMID: 34686342 PMCID: PMC8552245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The DREAM (dimerization partner [DP], retinoblastoma [Rb]-like, E2F, and MuvB) complex controls cellular quiescence by repressing cell-cycle and other genes, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that two C. elegans THAP domain proteins, LIN-15B and LIN-36, co-localize with DREAM and function by different mechanisms for repression of distinct sets of targets. LIN-36 represses classical cell-cycle targets by promoting DREAM binding and gene body enrichment of H2A.Z, and we find that DREAM subunit EFL-1/E2F is specific for LIN-36 targets. In contrast, LIN-15B represses germline-specific targets in the soma by facilitating H3K9me2 promoter marking. We further find that LIN-36 and LIN-15B differently regulate DREAM binding. In humans, THAP proteins have been implicated in cell-cycle regulation by poorly understood mechanisms. We propose that THAP domain proteins are key mediators of Rb/DREAM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Gal
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Nicola Carelli
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Appert
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chiara Cerrato
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ni Huang
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yan Dong
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane Murphy
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Frapporti
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie Ahringer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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An update on the molecular pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targeting of AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22.1);RUNX1-RUNX1T1. Blood Adv 2021; 4:229-238. [PMID: 31935293 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(8;21)(q22;q22.1);RUNX1-RUNX1T1, one of the core-binding factor leukemias, is one of the most common subtypes of AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities and is associated with a favorable outcome. The translocation leads to the formation of a pathological RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion that leads to the disruption of the normal function of the core-binding factor, namely, its role in hematopoietic differentiation and maturation. The consequences of this alteration include the recruitment of repressors of transcription, thus blocking the expression of genes involved in hematopoiesis, and impaired apoptosis. A number of concurrent and cooperating mutations clearly play a role in modulating the proliferative potential of cells, including mutations in KIT, FLT3, and possibly JAK2. RUNX1-RUNX1T1 also appears to interact with microRNAs during leukemogenesis. Epigenetic factors also play a role, especially with the recruitment of histone deacetylases. A better understanding of the concurrent mutations, activated pathways, and epigenetic modulation of the cellular processes paves the way for exploring a number of approaches to achieve cure. Potential approaches include the development of small molecules targeting the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 protein, the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib and FLT3 inhibitors to target mutations that lead to a proliferative advantage of the leukemic cells, and experimentation with epigenetic therapies. In this review, we unravel some of the recently described molecular pathways and explore potential therapeutic strategies.
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15
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HIM-17 regulates the position of recombination events and GSP-1/2 localization to establish short arm identity on bivalents in meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016363118. [PMID: 33883277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016363118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The position of recombination events established along chromosomes in early prophase I and the chromosome remodeling that takes place in late prophase I are intrinsically linked steps of meiosis that need to be tightly regulated to ensure accurate chromosome segregation and haploid gamete formation. Here, we show that RAD-51 foci, which form at the sites of programmed meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), exhibit a biased distribution toward off-centered positions along the chromosomes in wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans, and we identify two meiotic roles for chromatin-associated protein HIM-17 that ensure normal chromosome remodeling in late prophase I. During early prophase I, HIM-17 regulates the distribution of DSB-dependent RAD-51 foci and crossovers on chromosomes, which is critical for the formation of distinct chromosome subdomains (short and long arms of the bivalents) later during chromosome remodeling. During late prophase I, HIM-17 promotes the normal expression and localization of protein phosphatases GSP-1/2 to the surface of the bivalent chromosomes and may promote GSP-1 phosphorylation, thereby antagonizing Aurora B kinase AIR-2 loading on the long arms and preventing premature loss of sister chromatid cohesion. We propose that HIM-17 plays distinct roles at different stages during meiotic progression that converge to promote normal chromosome remodeling and accurate chromosome segregation.
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16
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The dystonia gene THAP1 controls DNA double-strand break repair choice. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2611-2624.e10. [PMID: 33857404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Shieldin complex shields double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) from nucleolytic resection. Curiously, the penultimate Shieldin component, SHLD1, is one of the least abundant mammalian proteins. Here, we report that the transcription factors THAP1, YY1, and HCF1 bind directly to the SHLD1 promoter, where they cooperatively maintain the low basal expression of SHLD1, thereby ensuring a proper balance between end protection and resection during DSB repair. The loss of THAP1-dependent SHLD1 expression confers cross-resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor and cisplatin in BRCA1-deficient cells and shorter progression-free survival in ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, the embryonic lethality and PARPi sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient mice is rescued by ablation of SHLD1. Our study uncovers a transcriptional network that directly controls DSB repair choice and suggests a potential link between DNA damage and pathogenic THAP1 mutations, found in patients with the neurodevelopmental movement disorder adult-onset torsion dystonia type 6.
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Gonzalez-Latapi P, Marotta N, Mencacci NE. Emerging and converging molecular mechanisms in dystonia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:483-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Domingo A, Yadav R, Ozelius LJ. Isolated dystonia: clinical and genetic updates. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 128:405-416. [PMID: 33247415 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four genes associated with isolated dystonia are currently well replicated and validated. DYT-THAP1 manifests as young-onset generalized dystonia with predominant craniocervical symptoms; and is associated with mostly deleterious missense variation in the THAP1 gene. De novo and inherited missense and protein truncating variation in GNAL as well as primarily missense variation in ANO3 cause isolated focal and/or segmental dystonia with preference for the upper half of the body and older ages at onset. The GAG deletion in TOR1A is associated with generalized dystonia with onset in childhood in the lower limbs. Rare variation in these genes causes monogenic sporadic and inherited forms of isolated dystonia; common variation may confer risk and imply that dystonia is a polygenic trait in a subset of cases. Although candidate gene screens have been successful in the past in detecting gene-disease associations, recent application of whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing methods enable unbiased capture of all genetic variation that may explain the phenotype. However, careful variant-level evaluation is necessary in every case, even in genes that have previously been associated with disease. We review the genetic architecture and phenotype of DYT-THAP1, DYT-GNAL, DYT-ANO3, and DYT-TOR1A by collecting case reports from the literature and performing variant classification using pathogenicity criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Collaborative Center for X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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19
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Durnaoglu S, Kim HS, Ahnn J, Lee SK. Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-K) can drive gene expression as a promoter in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32867919 PMCID: PMC7607151 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retrotransposons present in various metazoan genomes and have been implicated in metazoan evolution as well as in nematodes and humans. The long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons contain several regulatory sequences including promoters and enhancers that regulate endogenous gene expression and thereby control organismal development and response to environmental change. ERVs including the LTR retrotransposons constitute 8% of the human genome and less than 0.6% of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans) genome, a nematode genetic model system. To investigate the evolutionarily conserved mechanism behind the transcriptional activity of retrotransposons, we generated a transgenic worm model driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression using Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV)-K LTR as a promoter. The promoter activity of HERV-K LTR was robust and fluorescence was observed in various tissues throughout the developmental process. Interestingly, persistent GFP expression was specifically detected in the adult vulva muscle. Using deletion constructs, we found that the region from positions 675 to 868 containing the TATA box was necessary for promoter activity driving gene expression in the vulva. Interestingly, we found that the promoter activity of the LTR was dependent on che-1 transcription factor, a sensory neuron driver, and lin-15b, a negative regulator of RNAi and germline gene expression. These results suggest evolutionary conservation of the LTR retrotransposon activity in transcriptional regulation as well as the possibility of che-1 function in non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpen Durnaoglu
- Department of Life Science, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- Department of Life Science, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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20
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Sherry T, Handley A, Nicholas HR, Pocock R. Harmonization of L1CAM expression facilitates axon outgrowth and guidance of a motor neuron. Development 2020; 147:dev.193805. [PMID: 32994172 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain development requires precise regulation of axon outgrowth, guidance and termination by multiple signaling and adhesion molecules. How the expression of these neurodevelopmental regulators is transcriptionally controlled is poorly understood. The Caenorhabditis elegans SMD motor neurons terminate axon outgrowth upon sexual maturity and partially retract their axons during early adulthood. Here we show that C-terminal binding protein 1 (CTBP-1), a transcriptional corepressor, is required for correct SMD axonal development. Loss of CTBP-1 causes multiple defects in SMD axon development: premature outgrowth, defective guidance, delayed termination and absence of retraction. CTBP-1 controls SMD axon guidance by repressing the expression of SAX-7, an L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM). CTBP-1-regulated repression is crucial because deregulated SAX-7/L1CAM causes severely aberrant SMD axons. We found that axonal defects caused by deregulated SAX-7/L1CAM are dependent on a distinct L1CAM, called LAD-2, which itself plays a parallel role in SMD axon guidance. Our results reveal that harmonization of L1CAM expression controls the development and maturation of a single neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Sherry
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ava Handley
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hannah R Nicholas
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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21
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Development of an MS Workflow Based on Combining Database Search Engines for Accurate Protein Identification and Its Validation to Identify the Serum Proteomic Profile in Female Stress Urinary Incontinence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8740468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A critical stage of shotgun proteomics is database search, a process which attempts to match the experimental spectra to the theoretical one. Given the considerable time and effort spent in analysis, it is self-evident for a researcher to aspire for rigorous computational analysis and a more confident and accurate peptide/protein identification. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been applied across several clinical disciplines. The pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), caused by a damaged pelvic floor, has become a boundless disease altering the quality of life worldwide. Although some studies pointed markers that can be bioindicators for SUI, these findings raise the issue of sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, it is critical to have a sensitive and specific analytical approach to identify markers that have been associated with protective and deleterious associations in disease. Here, we describe our designed and developed workflow for protein identification from tandem mass spectrometry that uses multiple search engines. We apply our workflow to an existing study addressing the pathophysiology of SUI. We demonstrate how using the combined approach together with high-performance computing techniques can surmount the challenges of complex analyses and extended computing time. We also compare the relative performance of each combination. Our results suggest that a combination of MS-GF+ and COMET represents the best sensitivity-specificity trade-off, outperforming all other tested combinations. The approach was also sensitive and accurately identified a set of protein that was shown to be markers for categories of diseases associated with the pathophysiology of SUI. This workflow was developed to encourage proteomic researchers to adopt MS-based techniques for accurate analysis and to promote MS as a routine tool to the clinical cohorts.
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22
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Identifying Cattle Breed-Specific Partner Choice of Transcription Factors during the African Trypanosomiasis Disease Progression Using Bioinformatics Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020246. [PMID: 32456126 PMCID: PMC7350023 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a disease caused by pathogenic trypanosomes which affects millions of livestock every year causing huge economic losses in agricultural production especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is spread by the tsetse fly which carries the parasite in its saliva. During the disease progression, the cattle are prominently subjected to anaemia, weight loss, intermittent fever, chills, neuronal degeneration, congestive heart failure, and finally death. According to their different genetic programs governing the level of tolerance to AAT, cattle breeds are classified as either resistant or susceptible. In this study, we focus on the cattle breeds N’Dama and Boran which are known to be resistant and susceptible to trypanosomiasis, respectively. Despite the rich literature on both breeds, the gene regulatory mechanisms of the underlying biological processes for their resistance and susceptibility have not been extensively studied. To address the limited knowledge about the tissue-specific transcription factor (TF) cooperations associated with trypanosomiasis, we investigated gene expression data from these cattle breeds computationally. Consequently, we identified significant cooperative TF pairs (especially DBP−PPARA and DBP−THAP1 in N’Dama and DBP−PAX8 in Boran liver tissue) which could help understand the underlying AAT tolerance/susceptibility mechanism in both cattle breeds.
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23
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Dehaene H, Praz V, Lhôte P, Lopes M, Herr W. THAP11F80L cobalamin disorder-associated mutation reveals normal and pathogenic THAP11 functions in gene expression and cell proliferation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224646. [PMID: 31905202 PMCID: PMC6944463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve human THAP proteins share the THAP domain, an evolutionary conserved zinc-finger DNA-binding domain. Studies of different THAP proteins have indicated roles in gene transcription, cell proliferation and development. We have analyzed this protein family, focusing on THAP7 and THAP11. We show that human THAP proteins possess differing homo- and heterodimer formation properties and interaction abilities with the transcriptional co-regulator HCF-1. HEK-293 cells lacking THAP7 were viable but proliferated more slowly. In contrast, HEK-293 cells were very sensitive to THAP11 alteration. Nevertheless, HEK-293 cells bearing a THAP11 mutation identified in a patient suffering from cobalamin disorder (THAP11F80L) were viable although proliferated more slowly. Cobalamin disorder is an inborn vitamin deficiency characterized by neurodevelopmental abnormalities, most often owing to biallelic mutations in the MMACHC gene, whose gene product MMACHC is a key enzyme in the cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolic pathway. We show that THAP11F80L selectively affected promoter binding by THAP11, having more deleterious effects on a subset of THAP11 targets, and resulting in altered patterns of gene expression. In particular, THAP11F80L exhibited a strong effect on association with the MMACHC promoter and led to a decrease in MMACHC gene transcription, suggesting that the THAP11F80L mutation is directly responsible for the observed cobalamin disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmonie Dehaene
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Praz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lhôte
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maykel Lopes
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Winship Herr
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Chen CP, Sang Y, Liu L, Feng ZQ, Liang Z, Pei X. THAP7 promotes cell proliferation by regulating the G1/S phase transition via epigenetically silencing p21 in lung adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5651-5660. [PMID: 31372002 PMCID: PMC6634299 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s208908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The THanatos-Associated Proteins (THAP) family plays an essential role in multiple cancers. However, the role of THAP7 in cancers has remained elusive. METHODS THAP7 expression status in LUAD tissues was analysed by using the Oncomine database and qRT-PCR, and its expression level in LUAD cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The role of THAP7 in LUAD cells was determined by proliferation, colony formation, and cell cycle analyses. In vivo role of THAP7 was studied on xenograft models. Luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to determine the activity and acetylation of the p21 promoter. RESULTS THAP7 expression was increased in LUAD tissues and cell lines. Moreover, the high expression of THAP7 was correlated with poor prognosis. The overexpression of THAP7 accelerated the G1/S phase transition and promoted tumour growth both in vitro and in vivo. A mechanistic study revealed that THAP7 reduced the acetylation of histone H3 on the p21 promoter to suppress p21 transcription. CONCLUSION For the first time, we demonstrated the function of THAP7 in LUAD, and our findings suggested that THAP7 may be a potential molecular therapy target in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Sang
- Department of Center Laboratory, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis and Precision Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi330008, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi330029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zibin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Pei
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Cancer Center of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong519000, People’s Republic of China
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Frederick NM, Shah PV, Didonna A, Langley MR, Kanthasamy AG, Opal P. Loss of the dystonia gene Thap1 leads to transcriptional deficits that converge on common pathogenic pathways in dystonic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1343-1356. [PMID: 30590536 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive co-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Dystonia 6 (DYT6) is an autosomal dominant dystonia caused by loss-of-function mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor THAP1. We have generated Thap1 knock-out mice with a view to understanding its transcriptional role. While germ-line deletion of Thap1 is embryonic lethal, mice lacking one Thap1 allele-which in principle should recapitulate the haploinsufficiency of the human syndrome-do not show a discernable phenotype. This is because mice show autoregulation of Thap1 mRNA levels with upregulation at the non-affected locus. We then deleted Thap1 in glial and neuronal precursors using a nestin-conditional approach. Although these mice do not exhibit dystonia, they show pronounced locomotor deficits reflecting derangements in the cerebellar and basal ganglia circuitry. These behavioral features are associated with alterations in the expression of genes involved in nervous system development, synaptic transmission, cytoskeleton, gliosis and dopamine signaling that link DYT6 to other primary and secondary dystonic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gu X, Ruan H, Yang J. Estimating the strength of expression conservation from high throughput RNA-seq data. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:5030-5038. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Motivation
Evolution of gene across species is usually subject to the stabilizing selection to maintain the optimal expression level. While it is generally accepted that the resulting expression conservation may vary considerably among genes, statistically reliable estimation remains challenging, due to few species included in current comparative RNA-seq data with high number of unknown parameters.
Results
In this paper, we develop a gamma distribution model to describe how the strength of expression conservation (denoted by W) varies among genes. Given the high throughput RNA-seq datasets from multiple species, we then formulate an empirical Bayesian procedure to estimate W for each gene. Our case studies showed that those W-estimates are useful to study the evolutionary pattern of expression conservation.
Availability and implementation
Our method has been implemented in the R-package software, TreeExp, which is publically available at Github develop site https://github.com/hr1912/TreeExp. It involves three functions: estParaGamma, estParaQ and estParaWBayesian. The manual for software TreeExp is available at https://github.com/hr1912/TreeExp/tree/master/vignettes. For any question, one may contact Dr Hang Ruan (Hang.Ruan@uth.tmc.edu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Hang Ruan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jingwen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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27
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De Simone G, di Masi A, Polticelli F, Ascenzi P. Human nitrobindin: the first example of an all-β-barrel ferric heme-protein that catalyzes peroxynitrite detoxification. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:2002-2010. [PMID: 30524950 PMCID: PMC6275384 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrobindins (Nbs), constituting a heme‐protein family spanning from bacteria to Homo sapiens, display an all‐β‐barrel structural organization. Human Nb has been described as a domain of the nuclear protein named THAP4, whose physiological function is still unknown. We report the first evidence of the heme‐Fe(III)‐based detoxification of peroxynitrite by the all‐β‐barrel C‐terminal Nb‐like domain of THAP4. Ferric human Nb (Nb(III)) catalyzes the conversion of peroxynitrite to NO3− and impairs the nitration of free l‐tyrosine. The rate of human Nb(III)‐mediated scavenging of peroxynitrite is similar to those of all‐α‐helical horse heart and sperm whale myoglobin and human hemoglobin, generally taken as the prototypes of all‐α‐helical heme‐proteins. The heme‐Fe(III) reactivity of all‐β‐barrel human Nb(III) and all‐α‐helical prototypical heme‐proteins possibly reflects the out‐to‐in‐plane transition of the heme‐Fe(III)‐atom preceding peroxynitrite binding. Human Nb(III) not only catalyzes the detoxification of peroxynitrite but also binds NO, possibly representing a target of reactive nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences Roma Tre University Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics Roma Tre Section Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy Roma Tre University Italy
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De Simone G, Ascenzi P, di Masi A, Polticelli F. Nitrophorins and nitrobindins: structure and function. Biomol Concepts 2018; 8:105-118. [PMID: 28574374 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical all α-helical globins are present in all living organisms and are ordered in three lineages: (i) flavohemoglobins and single domain globins, (ii) protoglobins and globin coupled sensors and (iii) truncated hemoglobins, displaying the 3/3 or the 2/2 all α-helical fold. However, over the last two decades, all β-barrel and mixed α-helical-β-barrel heme-proteins displaying heme-based functional properties (e.g. ligand binding, transport and sensing) closely similar to those of all α-helical globins have been reported. Monomeric nitrophorins (NPs) and α1-microglobulin (α1-m), belonging to the lipocalin superfamily and nitrobindins (Nbs) represent prototypical heme-proteins displaying the all β-barrel and mixed α-helical-β-barrel folds. NPs are confined to the Reduviidae and Cimicidae families of Heteroptera, whereas α1-m and Nbs constitute heme-protein families spanning bacteria to Homo sapiens. The structural organization and the reactivity of the stable ferric solvent-exposed heme-Fe atom suggest that NPs and Nbs are devoted to NO transport, storage and sensing, whereas Hs-α1-m participates in heme metabolism. Here, the structural and functional properties of NPs and Nbs are reviewed in parallel with those of sperm whale myoglobin, which is generally taken as the prototype of monomeric globins.
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Mutations in THAP1/DYT6 reveal that diverse dystonia genes disrupt similar neuronal pathways and functions. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007169. [PMID: 29364887 PMCID: PMC5798844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. Its many forms are genetically, phenotypically and etiologically diverse and it is unknown whether their pathogenesis converges on shared pathways. Mutations in THAP1 [THAP (Thanatos-associated protein) domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 1], a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor with DNA binding and protein-interaction domains, cause dystonia, DYT6. There is a unique, neuronal 50-kDa Thap1-like immunoreactive species, and Thap1 levels are auto-regulated on the mRNA level. However, THAP1 downstream targets in neurons, and the mechanism via which it causes dystonia are largely unknown. We used RNA-Seq to assay the in vivo effect of a heterozygote Thap1 C54Y or ΔExon2 allele on the gene transcription signatures in neonatal mouse striatum and cerebellum. Enriched pathways and gene ontology terms include eIF2α Signaling, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Neuron Projection Development, Axonal Guidance Signaling, and Synaptic LongTerm Depression, which are dysregulated in a genotype and tissue-dependent manner. Electrophysiological and neurite outgrowth assays were consistent with those enrichments, and the plasticity defects were partially corrected by salubrinal. Notably, several of these pathways were recently implicated in other forms of inherited dystonia, including DYT1. We conclude that dysfunction of these pathways may represent a point of convergence in the pathophysiology of several forms of inherited dystonia. Dystonia is a brain disorder that causes disabling involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures. Mutations in THAP1, a zinc-finger transcription factor, cause DYT6, but its neuronal targets and functions are unknown. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of Thap1C54Y and ΔExon2 alleles on the gene transcription signatures at postnatal day 1 (P1) in the mouse striatum and cerebellum in order to correlate function with specific genes or pathways. Our unbiased transcriptomics approach showed that Thap1 mutants revealed multiple signaling pathways involved in neuronal plasticity, axonal guidance, and oxidative stress response, which are also present in other forms of dystonia, particularly DYT1. We conclude that dysfunction of these pathways may represent a point of convergence on the pathogenesis of unrelated forms of inherited dystonia.
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30
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Weisheit CE, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Inherited dystonias: clinical features and molecular pathways. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:241-254. [PMID: 29325615 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed dramatic increases in understanding of the genetics of dystonia - a movement disorder characterized by involuntary twisting and abnormal posture. Hampered by a lack of overt neuropathology, researchers are investigating isolated monogenic causes to pinpoint common molecular mechanisms in this heterogeneous disease. Evidence from imaging, cellular, and murine work implicates deficiencies in dopamine neurotransmission, transcriptional dysregulation, and selective vulnerability of distinct neuronal populations to disease mutations. Studies of genetic forms of dystonia are also illuminating the developmental dependence of disease symptoms that is typical of many forms of the disease. As understanding of monogenic forms of dystonia grows, a clearer picture will develop of the abnormal motor circuitry behind this relatively common phenomenology. This chapter focuses on the current data covering the etiology and epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis of four monogenic forms of isolated dystonia: DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GCH1, and DYT-GNAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Weisheit
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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31
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Aguilo F, Zakirova Z, Nolan K, Wagner R, Sharma R, Hogan M, Wei C, Sun Y, Walsh MJ, Kelley K, Zhang W, Ozelius LJ, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Zwaka TP, Ehrlich ME. THAP1: Role in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Survival and Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:92-107. [PMID: 28579396 PMCID: PMC5511047 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
THAP1 (THAP [Thanatos-associated protein] domain-containing, apoptosis-associated protein 1) is a ubiquitously expressed member of a family of transcription factors with highly conserved DNA-binding and protein-interacting regions. Mutations in THAP1 cause dystonia, DYT6, a neurologic movement disorder. THAP1 downstream targets and the mechanism via which it causes dystonia are largely unknown. Here, we show that wild-type THAP1 regulates embryonic stem cell (ESC) potential, survival, and proliferation. Our findings identify THAP1 as an essential factor underlying mouse ESC survival and to some extent, differentiation, particularly neuroectodermal. Loss of THAP1 or replacement with a disease-causing mutation results in an enhanced rate of cell death, prolongs Nanog, Prdm14, and/or Rex1 expression upon differentiation, and results in failure to upregulate ectodermal genes. ChIP-Seq reveals that these activities are likely due in part to indirect regulation of gene expression. Wild-type THAP1 regulates ESC potential, survival, and proliferation THAP1 is essential for ESC differentiation, particularly neuroectodermal Thap1C54Y or ΔExon2 ESCs prolong expression of pluripotent genes upon differentiation Thap1C54Y or ΔExon2 EBs show increased cell death and abnormal differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Aguilo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Zuchra Zakirova
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Katie Nolan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ryan Wagner
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rajal Sharma
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Megan Hogan
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chengguo Wei
- Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yifei Sun
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Martin J Walsh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kevin Kelley
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine Bioinformatics Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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32
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Hollstein R, Reiz B, Kötter L, Richter A, Schaake S, Lohmann K, Kaiser FJ. Dystonia-causing mutations in the transcription factor THAP1 disrupt HCFC1 cofactor recruitment and alter gene expression. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2975-2983. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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The C-terminal region of the transcriptional regulator THAP11 forms a parallel coiled-coil domain involved in protein dimerization. J Struct Biol 2016; 194:337-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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De Simone G, Ascenzi P, Polticelli F. Nitrobindin: An Ubiquitous Family of All β-Barrel Heme-proteins. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:423-8. [PMID: 27080126 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorins (Rp-NPs), Arabidopsis thaliana nitrobindin (At-Nb), and Homo sapiens THAP4 (Hs-THAP4) are the unique known proteins that use a β-barrel fold to bind ferric heme, which is devoted to NO transport and/or catalysis. The eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel Rp-NPs, which represent the only heme-binding lipocalins, are devoted to deliver NO into the blood vessel of the host and to scavenge histamine during blood sucking. Regarding Nbs, crystallographic data suggest the ability of At-Nb and Hs-THAP4 to bind ferric heme; however, no data are available with respect to these functions in the natural host. Here, a bioinformatics investigation based on the amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures of At-Nb and Hs-THAP4 suggests a conservation of the 10-stranded antiparallel β-barrel Nb structural module in all life kingdoms of the evolutionary ladder. In particular, amino acid residues involved in the heme recognition and in the structure stabilization of the Nb structural module are highly conserved (identity > 29%; homology > 83%). Moreover, molecular models of putative Nbs from different organisms match very well with each other and known three-dimensional structures of Nbs. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree reconstruction indicates that NPs and Nbs group in distinct clades. These data indicate that 10-stranded β-barrel Nbs constitute a new ubiquitous heme protein family spanning from bacteria to Homo sapiens. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):423-428, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy.,Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy.,Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
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Zhang Y, Lee JK, Toso EA, Lee JS, Choi SH, Slattery M, Aihara H, Kyba M. DNA-binding sequence specificity of DUX4. Skelet Muscle 2016; 6:8. [PMID: 26823969 PMCID: PMC4730607 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Misexpression of the double homeodomain transcription factor DUX4 results in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). A DNA-binding consensus with two tandem TAAT motifs based on chromatin IP peaks has been discovered; however, the consensus has multiple variations (flavors) of unknown relative activity. In addition, not all peaks have this consensus, and the Pitx1 promoter, the first DUX4 target sequence mooted, has a different TAAT-rich sequence. Furthermore, it is not known whether and to what extent deviations from the consensus affect DNA-binding affinity and transcriptional activation potential. Results Here, we take both unbiased and consensus sequence-driven approaches to determine the DNA-binding specificity of DUX4 and its tolerance to mismatches at each site within its consensus sequence. We discover that the best binding and the greatest transcriptional activation are observed when the two TAAT motifs are separated by a C residue. The second TAAT motif in the consensus sequence is actually (T/C)AAT. We find that a T is preferred here. DUX4 has no transcriptional activity on “half-sites”, i.e., those bearing only a single TAAT motif. We further find that DUX4 does not bind to the TAATTA motif in the Pitx1 promoter, that Pitx1 sequences have no competitive band shift activity, and that the Pitx1 sequence is transcriptionally inactive, calling into question PITX1 as a DUX4 target gene. Finally, by multimerizing binding sites, we find that DUX4 transcriptional activation demonstrates tremendous synergy and that at low DNA concentrations, at least two motifs are necessary to detect a transcriptional response. Conclusions These studies illuminate the DNA-binding sequence preferences of DUX4. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-016-0080-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - John K Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Erik A Toso
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Joslynn S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Si Ho Choi
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ; Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, South Korea
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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36
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Ruiz M, Perez-Garcia G, Ortiz-Virumbrales M, Méneret A, Morant A, Kottwitz J, Fuchs T, Bonet J, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Hof PR, Ozelius LJ, Ehrlich ME. Abnormalities of motor function, transcription and cerebellar structure in mouse models of THAP1 dystonia. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7159-70. [PMID: 26376866 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT6 dystonia is caused by mutations in THAP1 [Thanatos-associated (THAP) domain-containing apoptosis-associated protein] and is autosomal dominant and partially penetrant. Like other genetic primary dystonias, DYT6 patients have no characteristic neuropathology, and mechanisms by which mutations in THAP1 cause dystonia are unknown. Thap1 is a zinc-finger transcription factor, and most pathogenic THAP1 mutations are missense and are located in the DNA-binding domain. There are also nonsense mutations, which act as the equivalent of a null allele because they result in the generation of small mRNA species that are likely rapidly degraded via nonsense-mediated decay. The function of Thap1 in neurons is unknown, but there is a unique, neuronal 50-kDa Thap1 species, and Thap1 levels are auto-regulated on the mRNA level. Herein, we present the first characterization of two mouse models of DYT6, including a pathogenic knockin mutation, C54Y and a null mutation. Alterations in motor behaviors, transcription and brain structure are demonstrated. The projection neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei are especially altered. Abnormalities vary according to genotype, sex, age and/or brain region, but importantly, overlap with those of other dystonia mouse models. These data highlight the similarities and differences in age- and cell-specific effects of a Thap1 mutation, indicating that the pathophysiology of THAP1 mutations should be assayed at multiple ages and neuronal types and support the notion of final common pathways in the pathophysiology of dystonia arising from disparate mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA and
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Neurology
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Neurology,
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Hench J, Henriksson J, Abou-Zied AM, Lüppert M, Dethlefsen J, Mukherjee K, Tong YG, Tang L, Gangishetti U, Baillie DL, Bürglin TR. The Homeobox Genes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Insights into Their Spatio-Temporal Expression Dynamics during Embryogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126947. [PMID: 26024448 PMCID: PMC4448998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes play crucial roles for the development of multicellular eukaryotes. We have generated a revised list of all homeobox genes for Caenorhabditis elegans and provide a nomenclature for the previously unnamed ones. We show that, out of 103 homeobox genes, 70 are co-orthologous to human homeobox genes. 14 are highly divergent, lacking an obvious ortholog even in other Caenorhabditis species. One of these homeobox genes encodes 12 homeodomains, while three other highly divergent homeobox genes encode a novel type of double homeodomain, termed HOCHOB. To understand how transcription factors regulate cell fate during development, precise spatio-temporal expression data need to be obtained. Using a new imaging framework that we developed, Endrov, we have generated spatio-temporal expression profiles during embryogenesis of over 60 homeobox genes, as well as a number of other developmental control genes using GFP reporters. We used dynamic feedback during recording to automatically adjust the camera exposure time in order to increase the dynamic range beyond the limitations of the camera. We have applied the new framework to examine homeobox gene expression patterns and provide an analysis of these patterns. The methods we developed to analyze and quantify expression data are not only suitable for C. elegans, but can be applied to other model systems or even to tissue culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Hench
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Henriksson
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Akram M. Abou-Zied
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Martin Lüppert
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Dethlefsen
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Krishanu Mukherjee
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yong Guang Tong
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lois Tang
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Umesh Gangishetti
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - David L. Baillie
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Thomas R. Bürglin
- Dept. of Biosciences and Nutrition & Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Novum, SE-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden
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Hoen DR, Bureau TE. Discovery of novel genes derived from transposable elements using integrative genomic analysis. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1487-506. [PMID: 25713212 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex eukaryotes contain millions of transposable elements (TEs), comprising large fractions of their nuclear genomes. TEs consist of structural, regulatory, and coding sequences that are ordinarily associated with transposition, but that occasionally confer on the organism a selective advantage and may thereby become exapted. Exapted transposable element genes (ETEs) are known to play critical roles in diverse systems, from vertebrate adaptive immunity to plant development. Yet despite their evident importance, most ETEs have been identified fortuitously and few systematic searches have been conducted, suggesting that additional ETEs may await discovery. To explore this possibility, we develop a comprehensive systematic approach to searching for ETEs. We use TE-specific conserved domains to identify with high precision genes derived from TEs and screen them for signatures of exaptation based on their similarities to reference sets of known ETEs, conventional (non-TE) genes, and TE genes across diverse genetic attributes including repetitiveness, conservation of genomic location and sequence, and levels of expression and repressive small RNAs. Applying this approach in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we discover a surprisingly large number of novel high confidence ETEs. Intriguingly, unlike known plant ETEs, several of the novel ETE families form tandemly arrayed gene clusters, whereas others are relatively young. Our results not only identify novel TE-derived genes that may have practical applications but also challenge the notion that TE exaptation is merely a relic of ancient life, instead suggesting that it may continue to fundamentally drive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Hoen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas E Bureau
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
A technique is described for the identification of nucleic acid sequences bound with high affinity by proteins or by other molecules suitable for a partitioning assay. Here, a histidine-tagged protein is allowed to interact with a pool of nucleic acids and the protein-nucleic acid complexes formed are retained on a Ni-NTA matrix. Nucleic acids with a low level of recognition by the protein are washed away. The pool of recovered nucleic acids is amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and is submitted to further rounds of selection. Each round of selection increases the proportion of sequences that are avidly bound by the protein of interest. The cloning and sequencing of these sequences finally completes their identification.
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40
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LeDoux MS. Dystonia. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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41
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Edelmann MJ, Shack LA, Naske CD, Walters KB, Nanduri B. SILAC-based quantitative proteomic analysis of human lung cell response to copper oxide nanoparticles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114390. [PMID: 25470785 PMCID: PMC4255034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NP) are widely used in industry and medicine. In our study we evaluated the response of BEAS-2B human lung cells to CuO NP, using Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics and phosphoproteomics. Pathway modeling of the protein differential expression showed that CuO NP affect proteins relevant in cellular function and maintenance, protein synthesis, cell death and survival, cell cycle and cell morphology. Some of the signaling pathways represented by BEAS-2B proteins responsive to the NP included mTOR signaling, protein ubiquitination pathway, actin cytoskeleton signaling and epithelial adherens junction signaling. Follow-up experiments showed that CuO NP altered actin cytoskeleton, protein phosphorylation and protein ubiquitination level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola J. Edelmann
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Shack
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Caitlin D. Naske
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Keisha B. Walters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Gajos A, Golańska E, Sieruta M, Szybka M, Liberski PP, Bogucki A. High variability of clinical symptoms in a Polish family with a novelTHAP1mutation. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:755-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.981749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Isolated inherited dystonia-formerly referred to as primary dystonia-is characterized by abnormal motor functioning of a grossly normal appearing brain. The disease manifests as abnormal involuntary twisting movements. The absence of overt neuropathological lesions, while intriguing, has made it particularly difficult to unravel the pathogenesis of isolated inherited dystonia. The explosion of genetic techology enabling the identification of the causative gene mutations is transforming our understanding of dystonia pathogenesis, as the molecular, cellular and circuit level consequences of these mutations are identified in experimental systems. Here, I review the clinical genetics and cell biology of three forms of inherited dystonia for which the causative mutation is known: DYT1 (TOR1A), DYT6 (THAP1), DYT25 (GNAL).
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dauer
- Department of Neurology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-220, USA,
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44
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Ortiz-Virumbrales M, Ruiz M, Hone E, Dolios G, Wang R, Morant A, Kottwitz J, Ozelius LJ, Gandy S, Ehrlich ME. Dystonia type 6 gene product Thap1: identification of a 50 kDa DNA-binding species in neuronal nuclear fractions. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:139. [PMID: 25231164 PMCID: PMC4177242 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in THAP1 result in dystonia type 6, with partial penetrance and variable phenotype. The goal of this study was to examine the nature and expression pattern of the protein product(s) of the Thap1 transcription factor (DYT6 gene) in mouse neurons, and to study the regional and developmental distribution, and subcellular localization of Thap1 protein. The goal was accomplished via overexpression and knock-down of Thap1 in the HEK293T cell line and in mouse striatal primary cultures and western blotting of embryonic Thap1-null tissue. The endogenous and transduced Thap1 isoforms were characterized using three different commercially available anti-Thap1 antibodies and validated by immunoprecipitation and DNA oligonucleotide affinity chromatography. We identified multiple, novel Thap1 species of apparent Mr 32 kDa, 47 kDa, and 50–52 kDa in vitro and in vivo, and verified the previously identified species at 29–30 kDa in neurons. The Thap1 species at the 50 kDa size range was exclusively detected in murine brain and testes and were located in the nuclear compartment. Thus, in addition to the predicted 25 kDa apparent Mr, we identified Thap1 species with greater apparent Mr that we speculate may be a result of posttranslational modifications. The neural localization of the 50 kDa species and its nuclear compartmentalization suggests that these may be key Thap1 species controlling neuronal gene transcription. Dysfunction of the neuronal 50 kDa species may therefore be implicated in the pathogenesis of DYT6.
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Jurek M, Hoffman-Zacharska D, Koziorowski D, Mądry J, Friedman A, Bal J. Intrafamilial variability of the primary dystonia DYT6 phenotype caused by p.Cys5Trp mutation in THAP1 gene. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2014; 48:254-7. [PMID: 25168324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations localized in THAP1 gene, locus 18p11.21 have been reported as causative of primary dystonia type 6 (DYT6). Disease which is characterized mainly by focal dystonia, frequently involving the craniocervical region, however associated also with early-onset generalized dystonia and spasmodic dysphonia. Here we report a novel mutation in the THAP1 gene identified in a Polish family with DYT6 phenotype - the c.15C>G substitution in exon 1 introducing the missense mutation p.Cys5Trp within the N-terminal THAP domain. The mutation was described in two generations, in patients showing a broad spectrum of focal and generalized dystonia symptoms of variable onset. Our results indicate that certain mutations in the THAP1 gene may lead to primary dystonia with remarkable intrafamilial clinical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jurek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Dariusz Koziorowski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Mądry
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Friedman
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Heath Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Erogullari A, Hollstein R, Seibler P, Braunholz D, Koschmidder E, Depping R, Eckhold J, Lohnau T, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Grünewald A, Rakovic A, Lohmann K, Kaiser FJ. THAP1, the gene mutated in DYT6 dystonia, autoregulates its own expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1196-204. [PMID: 25088175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
THAP1 encodes a transcription factor but its regulation is largely elusive. TOR1A was shown to be repressed by THAP1 in vitro. Notably, mutations in both of these genes lead to dystonia (DYT6 or DYT1). Surprisingly, expressional changes of TOR1A in THAP1 mutation carriers have not been detected indicating additional levels of regulation. Here, we investigated whether THAP1 is able to autoregulate its own expression. Using in-silico prediction, luciferase reporter gene assays, and (quantitative) chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we defined the THAP1 minimal promoter to a 480bp-fragment and demonstrated specific binding of THAP1 to this region which resulted in repression of the THAP1 promoter. This autoregulation was disturbed by different DYT6-causing mutations. Two mutants (Ser6Phe, Arg13His) were shown to be less stable than wildtype THAP1 adding to the effect of reduced binding to the THAP1 promoter. Overexpressed THAP1 is preferably degraded through the proteasome. Notably, endogenous THAP1 expression was significantly reduced in cells overexpressing wildtype THAP1 as demonstrated by quantitative PCR. In contrast, higher THAP1 levels were detected in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived neurons from THAP1 mutation carriers. Thus, we identified a feedback-loop in the regulation of THAP1 expression and demonstrated that mutant THAP1 leads to higher THAP1 expression levels. This compensatory autoregulation may contribute to the mean age at onset in the late teen years or even reduced penetrance in some THAP1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Erogullari
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Ronja Hollstein
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Diana Braunholz
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Eva Koschmidder
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Reinhard Depping
- Institute of Physiology, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Juliane Eckhold
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Thora Lohnau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | | | - Anne Grünewald
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Rakovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany.
| | - Frank J Kaiser
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23538, Germany
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47
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Ledoux MS, Dauer WT, Warner TT. Emerging common molecular pathways for primary dystonia. Mov Disord 2014; 28:968-81. [PMID: 23893453 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dystonias are a group of hyperkinetic movement disorders whose principal cause is neuron dysfunction at 1 or more interconnected nodes of the motor system. The study of genes and proteins that cause familial dystonia provides critical information about the cellular pathways involved in this dysfunction, which disrupts the motor pathways at the systems level. In recent years study of the increasing number of DYT genes has implicated a number of cell functions that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of dystonia. A review of the literature published in English-language publications available on PubMed relating to the genetics and cellular pathology of dystonia was performed. Numerous potential pathogenetic mechanisms have been identified. We describe those that fall into 3 emerging thematic groups: cell-cycle and transcriptional regulation in the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope function, and control of synaptic function. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ledoux
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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48
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Vemula SR, Xiao J, Zhao Y, Bastian RW, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA, Paniello RC, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Van Gerpen JA, Hedera P, Truong DD, Blitzer A, Rudzińska M, Momčilović D, Jinnah HA, Frei K, Pfeiffer RF, LeDoux MS. A rare sequence variant in intron 1 of THAP1 is associated with primary dystonia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2014; 2:261-72. [PMID: 24936516 PMCID: PMC4049367 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coding variants in THAP1 have been causally associated with primary dystonia, the contribution of noncoding variants remains uncertain. Herein, we examine a previously identified Intron 1 variant (c.71+9C>A, rs200209986). Among 1672 subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia, 12 harbored the variant in contrast to 1/1574 controls (P < 0.01). Dystonia classification included cervical dystonia (N = 3), laryngeal dystonia (adductor subtype, N = 3), jaw-opening oromandibular dystonia (N = 1), blepharospasm (N = 2), and unclassified (N = 3). Age of dystonia onset ranged from 25 to 69 years (mean = 54 years). In comparison to controls with no identified THAP1 sequence variants, the c.71+9C>A variant was associated with an elevated ratio of Isoform 1 (NM_018105) to Isoform 2 (NM_199003) in leukocytes. In silico and minigene analyses indicated that c.71+9C>A alters THAP1 splicing. Lymphoblastoid cells harboring the c.71+9C>A variant showed extensive apoptosis with relatively fewer cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Differentially expressed genes from lymphoblastoid cells revealed that the c.71+9C>A variant exerts effects on DNA synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, cell survival, and cytotoxicity. In aggregate, these data indicate that THAP1 c.71+9C>A is a risk factor for adult-onset primary dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya R Vemula
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Jianfeng Xiao
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Yu Zhao
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | | | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad A Racette
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Randal C Paniello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, 32224
| | - Jay A Van Gerpen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida, 32224
| | - Peter Hedera
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel D Truong
- Parkinson's & Movement Disorder Institute Fountain Valley, California, 92708
| | - Andrew Blitzer
- New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders New York, New York
| | - Monika Rudzińska
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Krakow Kraków, Poland
| | - Dragana Momčilović
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Karen Frei
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health System Loma Linda, California, 92354
| | - Ronald F Pfeiffer
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
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Rius N, Delprat A, Ruiz A. A divergent P element and its associated MITE, BuT5, generate chromosomal inversions and are widespread within the Drosophila repleta species group. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 5:1127-41. [PMID: 23682154 PMCID: PMC3698922 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transposon BuT5 caused two chromosomal inversions fixed in two Drosophila species of the repleta group, D. mojavensis and D. uniseta. BuT5 copies are approximately 1-kb long, lack any coding capacity, and do not resemble any other transposable element (TE). Because of its elusive features, BuT5 has remained unclassified to date. To fully characterize BuT5, we carried out bioinformatic similarity searches in available sequenced genomes, including 21 Drosophila species. Significant hits were only recovered for D. mojavensis genome, where 48 copies were retrieved, 22 of them approximately 1-kb long. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dot blot analyses on 54 Drosophila species showed that BuT5 is homogeneous in size and has a widespread distribution within the repleta group. Thus, BuT5 can be considered as a miniature inverted-repeat TE. A detailed analysis of the BuT5 hits in D. mojavensis revealed three partial copies of a transposon with ends very similar to BuT5 and a P-element-like transposase-encoding region in between. A putatively autonomous copy of this P element was isolated by PCR from D. buzzatii. This copy is 3,386-bp long and possesses a seven-exon gene coding for an 822-aa transposase. Exon–intron boundaries were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-PCR experiments. A phylogenetic tree built with insect P superfamily transposases showed that the D. buzzatii P element belongs to an early diverging lineage within the P-element family. This divergent P element is likely the master transposon mobilizing BuT5. The BuT5/P element partnership probably dates back approximately 16 Ma and is the ultimate responsible for the generation of the two chromosomal inversions in the Drosophila repleta species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Rius
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Par-4/THAP1 complex and Notch3 competitively regulated pre-mRNA splicing of CCAR1 and affected inversely the survival of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Oncogene 2013; 32:5602-13. [PMID: 23975424 PMCID: PMC3898485 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the intensification of therapy for children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has substantially improved clinical outcomes, T-ALL remains an important challenge in pediatric oncology. Here, we report that the cooperative synergy between prostate apoptosis response factor-4 (Par-4) and THAP1 induces cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 1 (CCAR1) gene expression and cellular apoptosis in human T-ALL cell line Jurkat cells, CEM cells and primary cultured neoplastic T lymphocytes from children with T-ALL. Par-4 and THAP1 collaborated to activate the promoter of CCAR1 gene. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Par-4 and THAP1 formed a protein complex by the interaction of their carboxyl termini, and THAP1 bound to CCAR1 promoter though its zinc-dependent DNA-binding domain at amino terminus. Par-4/THAP1 complex and Notch3 competitively bound to CCAR1 promoter and competitively modulated alternative pre-mRNA splicing of CCAR1, which resulted in two different transcripts and played an opposite role in T-ALL cell survival. Despite Notch3 induced a shift splicing from the full-length isoform toward a shorter form of CCAR1 mRNA by splicing factor SRp40 and SRp55, Par-4/THAP1 complex strongly antagonized this inductive effect. Our finding revealed a mechanistic rationale for Par-4/THAP1-induced apoptosis in T-ALL cells that would be of benefit to develop a new therapy strategy for T-ALL.
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