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Lei T, Xu T, Zhang N, Zou X, Kong Z, Wei C, Wang Z. Anlotinib combined with osimertinib reverses acquired osimertinib resistance in NSCLC by targeting the c-MET/MYC/AXL axis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106668. [PMID: 36681369 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Favorable clinical evidence suggests that the next trend in new treatments for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) will be combination therapies. However, inevitable epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) resistance greatly limits the clinical efficacy of patients carrying EGFR-activating mutants. In this study, we found a patient with clinical osimertinib resistance who regained a positive response after osimertinib plus anlotinib treatment. Two osimertinib-resistant cell lines were constructed, and AXL conferred resistance to osimertinib in NSCLC cell lines. The combined effects of anlotinib and osimertinib restored sensitivity to osimertinib in two osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines and in xenografts. Moreover, anlotinib inhibits the phosphorylation of AXL in both resistant cell lines. Mechanistically, we confirmed that MYC binds to the promoter of AXL to promote its transcription in NSCLC cells, and we demonstrated that anlotinib combined with osimertinib treatment enhances the anti-tumor effect by inactivating the c-MET/MYC/AXL axis to reverse osimertinib resistance in NSCLC. In conclusion, our results provide strong support that this combination therapy may be effective in enhancing the efficacy of treatments in patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyao Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Tianwei Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Niu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xiaoteng Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Ziyue Kong
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Chenchen Wei
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Yang X, Liao HY, Zhang HH. Roles of MET in human cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:69-83. [PMID: 34951962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The MET proto-oncogene was first identified in osteosarcoma cells exposed to carcinogens. Although expressed in many normal cells, MET is overexpressed in many human cancers. MET is involved in the initiation and development of various human cancers and mediates proliferation, migration and invasion. Accordingly, MET has been successfully used as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis, survival, post-operative recurrence, risk assessment and pathologic grading, as well as a therapeutic target. In addition, recent work indicates that inhibition of MET expression and function has potential clinical benefit. This review summarizes the role, mechanism, and clinical significance of MET in the formation and development of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Peng S, Hebert LL, Eschbacher JM, Kim S. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of a Postmenopausal Normal Breast Tissue Identifies Multiple Cell Types That Contribute to Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123639. [PMID: 33291647 PMCID: PMC7761899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human body is composed of multiple cell types that form structures and carry out the functions of specific tissues. The human breast is mainly known for the milk ducts organized by epithelial cells, but also contains many other cell types of little-known identity. In this study, we employed the single-cell sequencing technology to ascertain the various cell types present in the normal breast. The results showed 10 distinct cell types that included three epithelial and other novel cell types. The gene signatures of five cell types (three epithelial, one fibroblast subset, and immune cells) matched to the gene expression profiles of >85% breast tumors cataloged in The Cancer Gene Atlas dataset, suggesting their significant contribution to breast cancer. These findings provide a framework for the better mapping of the cellular composition in the breast and its relationship to breast disease. Abstract The human breast is composed of diverse cell types. Studies have delineated mammary epithelial cells, but the other cell types in the breast have scarcely been characterized. In order to gain insight into the cellular composition of the tissue, we performed droplet-mediated RNA sequencing of 3193 single cells isolated from a postmenopausal breast tissue without enriching for epithelial cells. Unbiased clustering analysis identified 10 distinct cell clusters, seven of which were nonepithelial devoid of cytokeratin expression. The remaining three cell clusters expressed cytokeratins (CKs), representing breast epithelial cells; Cluster 2 and Cluster 7 cells expressed luminal and basal CKs, respectively, whereas Cluster 9 cells expressed both luminal and basal CKs, as well as other CKs of unknown specificity. To assess which cell type(s) potentially contributes to breast cancer, we used the differential gene expression signature of each cell cluster to derive gene set variation analysis (GSVA) scores and classified breast tumors in The Cancer Gene Atlas (TGGA) dataset (n = 1100) by assigning the highest GSVA scoring cell cluster number for each tumor. The results showed that five clusters (Clusters 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9) could categorize >85% of breast tumors collectively. Notably, Cluster 2 (luminal epithelial) and Cluster 3 (fibroblast) tumors were equally prevalent in the luminal breast cancer subtypes, whereas Cluster 7 (basal epithelial) and Cluster 9 (other epithelial) tumors were present primarily in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. Cluster 8 (immune) tumors were present in all subtypes, indicating that immune cells may contribute to breast cancer regardless of the subtypes. Cluster 9 tumors were significantly associated with poor patient survival in TNBC, suggesting that this epithelial cell type may give rise to an aggressive TNBC subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Lora L. Hebert
- Department of Surgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (L.L.H.); (J.M.E.)
- Surgical Breast Oncology Division, University of Arizona Cancer Center-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Eschbacher
- Department of Surgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (L.L.H.); (J.M.E.)
- Department of Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Suwon Kim
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-343-8762
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Ginsenoside Rg1 Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Prevents Carcinogen-Induced Breast Tumorigenesis in Sprague Dawley Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8886955. [PMID: 33178325 PMCID: PMC7607905 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8886955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the anticancer potential of ginsenoside Rg1 using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In this study, we found that ginsenoside Rg1 induces cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-MD-231 cell lines). We found that ginsenoside Rg1 induces the formation of gamma H2AX foci, an indication of DNA damage, and subsequent TUNEL positive apoptotic nuclei in the MDA-MB-MD-231 cell lines. Further, we found that ginsenoside Rg1 prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA; 20 mg/rat) induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in experimental rats. We observed oral administration of ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the DMBA-mediated tumor incidence, prevented the elevation of oxidative damage markers, and restored antioxidant enzymes near to normal. Furthermore, qRT-PCR gene expression studies revealed that ginsenoside Rg1 prevents the expression of markers associated with cell proliferation and survival, modulates apoptosis markers, downregulates invasion and angiogenesis markers, and regulates the EMT markers. Therefore, the present results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 shows significant anticancer properties against breast cancer in experimental models.
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Luo C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Fan W. Low expression of miR-let-7a promotes cell growth and invasion through the regulation of c-Myc in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1983-1993. [PMID: 32594835 PMCID: PMC7469679 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1786633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), abnormal expression of microRNAs has been extensively reported. MiR-let-7a has been validated as a critical regulator of multiple cancers, but the biological process involved and its potential role in OSCC remain unknown.We first analyzed the differential expression of miR-let-7a in cancer tissues, adjacent noncancerous tissues and cell lines. The functional role of miR-let-7a in OSCC cell lines was evaluated by using colony formation assays, cell proliferation and transwell invasion assays in vitro. In addition, subcutaneous xenotransplantation of miR-let-7a transfected cells into nude mouse model was carried out to explore the potential function of miR-let-7a in vivo.miR-let-7a levels were found to be significantly downregulated in OSCC tissues compared with matched normal tissues (n = 60), and lower expression of miR-let-7a was related to poor prognosis in OSCC patients. Overexpression of MiR-let-7a induced a suppression in proliferation, invasion and migration and inhibited tumourigenesis in the nude mouse model. We also determined that c-Myc may serve as a direct target of miR-let-7a; furthermore, upregulated c-Myc expression could partially rescue the effects caused by miR-let-7a overexpression. miR-let-7a is low expression in OSCC, and promotes tumor development by directly targeting c-Myc. Our results may provide a potential therapeutic role for miR-let-7a in human OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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An S, Raju I, Surenkhuu B, Kwon JE, Gulati S, Karaman M, Pradeep A, Sinha S, Mun C, Jain S. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to pathological changes of ocular graft-vs.-host disease (oGVHD) dry eye: Implications for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:589-614. [PMID: 30965123 PMCID: PMC6721977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and NET-associated proteins in the pathogenesis of oGVHD and whether dismantling of NETs with heparin reduces those changes. METHODS Ocular surface washings from oGVHD patients and healthy subjects were analyzed. Isolated peripheral blood human neutrophils were stimulated to generate NETs and heparinized NETs. We performed in vitro experiments using cell lines (corneal epithelial, conjunctival fibroblast, meibomian gland (MG) epithelial and T cells), and in vivo experiments using murine models, and compared the effects of NETs, heparinized NETs, NET-associated proteins and neutralizing antibodies to NET-associated proteins. RESULTS Neutrophils, exfoliated epithelial cells, NETs and NET-associated proteins (extracellular DNA, Neutrophil Elastase, Myeloperoxidase, Oncostatin M (OSM), Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and LIGHT/TNFSF14) are present in ocular surface washings (OSW) and mucocellular aggregates (MCA). Eyes with high number of neutrophils in OSW have more severe signs and symptoms of oGVHD. NETs (and OSM) cause epitheliopathy in murine corneas. NETs (and LIGHT/TNFSF14) increase proliferation of T cells. NETs (and NGAL) inhibit proliferation and differentiation of MG epithelial cells. NETs enhance proliferation and myofibroblast transformation of conjunctival fibroblasts. Sub-anticoagulant dose Heparin (100 IU/mL) dismantles NETs and reduces epithelial, fibroblast, T cell and MG cell changes induced by NETs. CONCLUSION NETs and NET-associated proteins contribute to the pathological changes of oGVHD (corneal epitheliopathy, conjunctival cicatrization, ocular surface inflammation and meibomian gland disease). Our data points to the potential of NET-associated proteins (OSM or LIGHT/TNFSF14) to serve as biomarkers and NET-dismantling biologics (heparin eye drops) as treatment for oGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon An
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ilangovan Raju
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bayasgalan Surenkhuu
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ji-Eun Kwon
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shilpa Gulati
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Muge Karaman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Anubhav Pradeep
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Christine Mun
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Cornea Translational Biology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Jen J, Liu CY, Chen YT, Wu LT, Shieh YC, Lai WW, Wang YC. Oncogenic zinc finger protein ZNF322A promotes stem cell-like properties in lung cancer through transcriptional suppression of c-Myc expression. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:1283-1298. [PMID: 30258097 PMCID: PMC6748145 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ZNF322A, a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor, is an oncoprotein in lung cancer. However, the transcription mechanisms of ZNF322A in lung cancer stem cell-like reprogramming remain elusive. By integrating our chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and RNA-sequencing datasets, we identified and validated the transcriptional targets of ZNF322A, which were significantly enriched in tumorigenic functions and developmental processes. Indeed, overexpression of ZNF322A promoted self-renewal ability and increased stemness-related gene expressions in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, ZNF322A bound directly to c-Myc promoter and recruited histone deacetylase 3 to transcriptionally suppress c-Myc expression, which in turn increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and promoted cell motility, thus maintaining stem cell-like properties of lung cancer. Clinically, ZNF322AHigh/c-MycLow expression profile was revealed as an independent indicator of poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. Our study provides the first evidence that ZNF322A-centered transcriptome promotes lung tumorigenesis and ZNF322A acts as a transcription suppressor of c-Myc to maintain lung cancer stem cell-like properties by shifting metabolism towards oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayu Jen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Chun-Yen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chih Shieh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Wei Lai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene is a gene product that coordinates the transcriptional regulation of a multitude of genes that are essential to cellular programs required for normal as well as neoplastic cellular growth and proliferation, including cell cycle, self-renewal, survival, cell growth, metabolism, protein and ribosomal biogenesis, and differentiation. Here, we propose that MYC regulates these programs in a manner that is coordinated with a global influence on the host immune response. MYC had been presumed to contribute to tumorigenesis through tumor cell-intrinsic influences. More recently, MYC expression in tumor cells has been shown to regulate the tumor microenvironment through effects on both innate and adaptive immune effector cells and immune regulatory cytokines. Then, MYC was shown to regulate the expression of the immune checkpoint gene products CD47 and programmed death-ligand 1. Similarly, other oncogenes, which are known to modulate MYC, have been shown to regulate immune checkpoints. Hence, MYC may generally prevent highly proliferative cells from eliciting an immune response. MYC-driven neoplastic cells have coopted this mechanism to bypass immune detection. Thus, MYC inactivation can restore the immune response against a tumor. MYC-induced tumors may be particularly sensitive to immuno-oncology therapeutic interventions.
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Wei B, Sun X, Geng Z, Shi M, Chen Z, Chen L, Wang Y, Fu X. Isoproterenol regulates CD44 expression in gastric cancer cells through STAT3/MicroRNA373 cascade. Biomaterials 2016; 105:89-101. [PMID: 27512943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and stem cells are thought to be the cell of origin contributed to this malignancy. However, studies with breast and intestinal cancer models show non-stem cancer cells can change their surface phenotype and convert into tumor-initiating cells induced by the signals emanating from surrounding tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that CD44 was expressed at different levels in gastric metastases compared with primary tumors, and also negatively correlated with the expression of miR-373. By using a panel of human gastric cancer cell lines and analysis of archived data from The Cancer Genomics Altas (TCGA) database, we verified the inverse correlation between CD44 and miR-373. Furthermore, the stress-associated hormone, isoproterenol, could increase the expression levels of "stem"-related proteins, such as CD44, Nanog, and Rex-1, and induce chemoresistance in gastric cancer cells. Transfection with miR-373, however, reversed not only the effect of isoproterenol on phenotypic conversion but also its effect on drug sensitivity. Isoproterenol triggered downstream target STAT3 mainly through β2-adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs). Activated STAT3 functioned as a miR-373 suppressor by binding to its promoter, which forms a positive feedback circuit to maintain CD44 activity and direct the phenotypic conversion from CD44(low) to CD44(hi) expression. Our data suggest an important role of β2-AR/STAT3/miR-373 signaling on the transformation of gastric cancer cells. This study also suggests a potential therapeutic or preventive treatment for gastric cancer patients who are especially prone to psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Zhida Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Yongan Wang
- Institutes of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, PR China.
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Vallet S, Bashari MH, Fan FJ, Malvestiti S, Schneeweiss A, Wuchter P, Jäger D, Podar K. Pre-Osteoblasts Stimulate Migration of Breast Cancer Cells via the HGF/MET Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150507. [PMID: 26934743 PMCID: PMC4774929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The occurrence of skeletal metastases in cancer, e.g. breast cancer (BC), deteriorates patient life expectancy and quality-of-life. Current treatment options against tumor-associated bone disease are limited to anti-resorptive therapies and aimed towards palliation. There remains a lack of therapeutic approaches, which reverse or even prevent the development of bone metastases. Recent studies demonstrate that not only osteoclasts (OCs), but also osteoblasts (OBs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of skeletal metastases, partly by producing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which promotes tumor cell migration and seeding into the bone. OBs consist of a heterogeneous cell pool with respect to their maturation stage and function. Recent studies highlight the critical role of pre-OBs in hematopoiesis. Whether the development of bone metastases can be attributed to a particular OB maturation stage is currently unknown. Methods and Results Pre-OBs were generated from healthy donor (HD)-derived bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) as well as the BMSC line KM105 and defined as ALPlow OPNlow RUNX2high OSX high CD166high. Conditioned media (CM) of pre-OBs, but not of undifferentiated cells or mature OBs, enhanced migration of metastatic BC cells. Importantly, HGF mRNA was significantly up-regulated in pre-OBs versus mature OBs, and CM of pre-OBs activated the MET signaling pathway. Highlighting a key role for HGF, CM from HGF-negative pre-OBs derived from the BMSC line HS27A did not support migration of BC cells. Genetically (siMET) or pharmacologically (INCB28060) targeting MET inhibited both HGF- and pre-OB CM- mediated BC cell migration. Conclusions Our data demonstrate for the first time a role for pre-OBs in mediating HGF/MET- dependent migration of BC cells and strongly support the clinical evaluation of INCB28060 and other MET inhibitors to limit and/or prevent BC-associated bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vallet
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Hasan Bashari
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Feng-Juan Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefano Malvestiti
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Applied Tumor Immunity, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Podar
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Combined analysis of copy number alterations by single-nucleotide polymorphism array and MYC status in non-metastatic breast cancer patients: comparison according to the circulating tumor cell status. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:711-8. [PMID: 25286758 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have made it possible to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a prognostic marker in operable breast cancer patients. Whether the presence of CTCs in cancer patients correlates with molecular alterations in the primary tumor has not been widely explored. We identified 14 primary breast cancer specimens with known CTC status, in order to evaluate the presence of differential genetic aberrations by using SNP array assay. There was a global increase of altered genome, CNA, and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cn-LOH) observed in the CTC-positive (CTC(+)) versus CTC-negative (CTC(-)) cases. As the preliminary results showed a higher proportion of copy number alteration (CNA) at 8q24 (MYC loci) and the available evidence supporting the role of MYC in the processes cancer metastases is conflicting, MYC status was determined in tissue microarray sections in a larger series of patients (n = 49) with known CTC status using FISH. MYC was altered in 62% (16/26) CTC(+) patients and in 43% (6/14) CTC(-) patients (p = 0.25). Based on the observation in our study, future studies involving a larger number of patients should be performed in order to definitively define if this correlation exists.
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Yeh ES, Vernon-Grey A, Martin H, Chodosh LA. Tetracycline-regulated mouse models of cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:pdb.top069823. [PMID: 25275112 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have proven essential to the study of mammalian gene function in both development and disease. However, traditional constitutive transgenic mouse model systems are limited by the temporal and spatial characteristics of the experimental promoter used to drive transgene expression. To address this limitation, considerable effort has been dedicated to developing conditional and inducible mouse model systems. Although a number of approaches to generating inducible GEMMs have been pursued, several have been restricted by toxic or undesired physiological side effects of the compounds used to activate gene expression. The development of tetracycline (tet)-dependent regulatory systems has allowed for circumvention of these issues resulting in the widespread adoption of these systems as an invaluable tool for modeling the complex nature of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Yeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ann Vernon-Grey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Heather Martin
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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13
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Ali NA, Wu J, Hochgräfe F, Chan H, Nair R, Ye S, Zhang L, Lyons RJ, Pinese M, Lee HC, Armstrong N, Ormandy CJ, Clark SJ, Swarbrick A, Daly RJ. Profiling the tyrosine phosphoproteome of different mouse mammary tumour models reveals distinct, model-specific signalling networks and conserved oncogenic pathways. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:437. [PMID: 25200860 PMCID: PMC4303118 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although aberrant tyrosine kinase signalling characterises particular breast cancer subtypes, a global analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse models of breast cancer has not been undertaken to date. This may identify conserved oncogenic pathways and potential therapeutic targets. METHODS We applied an immunoaffinity/mass spectrometry workflow to three mouse models: murine stem cell virus-Neu, expressing truncated Neu, the rat orthologue of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Her2 (HER2); mouse mammary tumour virus-polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyMT); and the p53-/- transplant model (p53). Pathways and protein-protein interaction networks were identified by bioinformatics analysis. Molecular mechanisms underpinning differences in tyrosine phosphorylation were characterised by Western blot analysis and array comparative genomic hybridisation. The functional role of mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (Met) in a subset of p53-null tumours was interrogated using a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown and cell proliferation assays. RESULTS The three models could be distinguished on the basis of tyrosine phosphorylation signatures and signalling networks. HER2 tumours exhibited a protein-protein interaction network centred on avian erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homologue 2 (Erbb2), epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, and they displayed enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1. In contrast, the PyMT network displayed significant enrichment for components of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signalling pathway, whereas p53 tumours exhibited increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Met and components or regulators of the cytoskeleton and shared signalling network characteristics with basal and claudin-low breast cancer cells. A subset of p53 tumours displayed markedly elevated cellular tyrosine phosphorylation and Met expression, as well as Met gene amplification. Treatment of cultured p53-null cells exhibiting Met amplification with a selective Met TKI abrogated aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation and blocked cell proliferation. The effects on proliferation were recapitulated when Met was knocked down using siRNA. Additional subtypes of p53 tumours exhibited increased tyrosine phosphorylation of other oncogenes, including Peak1/SgK269 and Prex2. CONCLUSION This study provides network-level insights into signalling in the breast cancer models utilised and demonstrates that comparative phosphoproteomics can identify conserved oncogenic signalling pathways. The Met-amplified, p53-null tumours provide a new preclinical model for a subset of triple-negative breast cancers.
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Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene is an essential regulator of many normal biological programmes. MYC, when activated as an oncogene, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of most types of human cancers. MYC overexpression in normal cells is restrained from causing cancer through multiple genetically and epigenetically controlled checkpoint mechanisms, including proliferative arrest, apoptosis and cellular senescence. When pathologically activated in the correct epigenetic and genetic contexts, MYC bypasses these mechanisms and drives many of the 'hallmark' features of cancer, including uncontrolled tumour growth associated with DNA replication and transcription, cellular proliferation and growth, protein synthesis and altered cellular metabolism. MYC also dictates tumour cell fate by enforcing self-renewal and by abrogating cellular senescence and differentiation programmes. Moreover, MYC influences the tumour microenvironment, including activating angiogenesis and suppressing the host immune response. Provocatively, brief or even partial suppression of MYC back to its physiological levels of activation can lead to the restoration of intrinsic checkpoint mechanisms, resulting in acute and sustained tumour regression associated with tumour cells undergoing proliferative arrest, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis, as well as remodelling of the tumour microenvironment, recruitment of an immune response and shutdown of angiogenesis. Hence, tumours appear to be addicted to the MYC oncogene because of both tumour cell intrinsic and host-dependent mechanisms. MYC is important for the regulation of both the initiation and maintenance of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Gabay M, Li Y, Felsher DW. MYC activation is a hallmark of cancer initiation and maintenance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/6/a014241. [PMID: 24890832 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of most types of human tumors. MYC activation alone in many normal cells is restrained from causing tumorigenesis through multiple genetic and epigenetically controlled checkpoint mechanisms, including proliferative arrest, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. When pathologically activated in a permissive epigenetic and/or genetic context, MYC bypasses these mechanisms, enforcing many of the "hallmark" features of cancer, including relentless tumor growth associated with DNA replication and transcription, cellular proliferation and growth, protein synthesis, and altered cellular metabolism. MYC mandates tumor cell fate, by inducing stemness and blocking cellular senescence and differentiation. Additionally, MYC orchestrates changes in the tumor microenvironment, including the activation of angiogenesis and suppression of the host immune response. Provocatively, brief or even partial suppression of MYC back to its physiological levels of activation can result in the restoration of intrinsic checkpoint mechanisms, resulting in acute and sustained tumor regression, associated with tumor cells undergoing proliferative arrest, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis, as well as remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, recruitment of an immune response, and shutdown of angiogenesis. Hence, tumors appear to be "addicted" to MYC because of both tumor cell-intrinsic, cell-autonomous and host-dependent, immune cell-dependent mechanisms. Both the trajectory and persistence of many human cancers require sustained MYC activation. Multiscale mathematical modeling may be useful to predict when tumors will be addicted to MYC. MYC is a hallmark molecular feature of both the initiation and maintenance of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Gabay
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Yulin Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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16
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Ménard L, Parker PJ, Kermorgant S. Receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met controls the cytoskeleton from different endosomes via different pathways. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3907. [PMID: 24835487 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are increasingly recognized as having the capacity to signal post-internalization. Signalling outputs and/or duration, and subsequent cellular outcome, are thought to be distinct when emanating from endosomes compared with those from the plasma membrane. Here we show, in invasive, basal-like human breast cell models, that different mechanisms are engaged by the RTK c-Met in two different endosomes to control the actin cytoskeleton via the key migratory signal output Rac1. Despite an acute activation of Rac1 from peripheral endosomes (PEs), c-Met needs to traffic to a perinuclear endosome (PNE) to sustain Rac1 signalling, trigger optimal membrane ruffling, cell migration and invasion. Unexpectedly, in the PNE but not in the PE, PI3K and the Rac-GEF Vav2 are required. Thus we describe a novel endosomal signalling mechanism whereby one signal output, Rac1, is stimulated through distinct pathways by the same RTK depending on which endosome it is localized to in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Ménard
- 1] Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK [2] Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- 1] Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK [2] Division of Cancer Studies, King's College School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stéphanie Kermorgant
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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17
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Desai A, Webb B, Gerson SL. CD133+ cells contribute to radioresistance via altered regulation of DNA repair genes in human lung cancer cells. Radiother Oncol 2014; 110:538-45. [PMID: 24440048 PMCID: PMC4004669 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radioresistance in human tumors has been linked in part to a subset of cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). The prominin 1 (CD133) cell surface protein is proposed to be a marker enriching for CSCs. We explore the importance of DNA repair in contributing to radioresistance in CD133+ lung cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A549 and H1299 lung cancer cell lines were used. Sorted CD133+ cells were exposed to either single 4 Gy or 8 Gy doses and clonogenic survival measured. ϒ-H2AX immunofluorescence and quantitative real time PCR was performed on sorted CD133+ cells both in the absence of IR and after two single 4 Gy doses. Lentiviral shRNA was used to silence repair genes. RESULTS A549 but not H1299 cells expand their CD133+ population after single 4 Gy exposure, and isolated A549 CD133+ cells demonstrate IR resistance. This resistance corresponded with enhanced repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and upregulated expression of DSB repair genes in A549 cells. Prior IR exposure of two single 4 Gy doses resulted in acquired DNA repair upregulation and improved repair proficiency in both A549 and H1299. Finally Exo1 and Rad51 silencing in A549 cells abrogated the CD133+ IR expansion phenotype and induced IR sensitivity in sorted CD133+ cells. CONCLUSIONS CD133 identifies a population of cells within specific tumor types containing altered expression of DNA repair genes that are inducible upon exposure to chemotherapy. This altered gene expression contributes to enhanced DSB resolution and the radioresistance phenotype of these cells. We also identify DNA repair genes which may serve as promising therapeutic targets to confer radiosensitivity to CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, United States; Division of Hematology/Oncology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, United States
| | - Bryan Webb
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, United States
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, United States; Division of Hematology/Oncology, National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, United States.
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18
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c-Myc and Her2 cooperate to drive a stem-like phenotype with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:3992-4002. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Costa MJ, Wu X, Cuervo H, Srinivasan R, Bechis SK, Cheang E, Marjanovic O, Gridley T, Cvetic CA, Wang RA. Notch4 is required for tumor onset and perfusion. Vasc Cell 2013; 5:7. [PMID: 23601498 PMCID: PMC3644271 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch4 is a member of the Notch family of receptors that is primarily expressed in the vascular endothelial cells. Genetic deletion of Notch4 does not result in an overt phenotype in mice, thus the function of Notch4 remains poorly understood. METHODS We examined the requirement for Notch4 in the development of breast cancer vasculature. Orthotopic transplantation of mouse mammary tumor cells wild type for Notch4 into Notch4 deficient hosts enabled us to delineate the contribution of host Notch4 independent of its function in the tumor cell compartment. RESULTS Here, we show that Notch4 expression is required for tumor onset and early tumor perfusion in a mouse model of breast cancer. We found that Notch4 expression is upregulated in mouse and human mammary tumor vasculature. Moreover, host Notch4 deficiency delayed the onset of MMTV-PyMT tumors, wild type for Notch4, after transplantation. Vessel perfusion was decreased in tumors established in Notch4-deficient hosts. Unlike in inhibition of Notch1 or Dll4, vessel density and branching in tumors developed in Notch4-deficient mice were unchanged. However, final tumor size was similar between tumors grown in wild type and Notch4 null hosts. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a novel role for Notch4 in the establishment of tumor colonies and vessel perfusion of transplanted mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Costa
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Department of Pediatrics and Program in Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Tech Data Services, LLC, King of Prussia, PA19406, USA
| | - Henar Cuervo
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ruchika Srinivasan
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Seth K Bechis
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ellen Cheang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: Department of Radiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Olivera Marjanovic
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Present address: School of Public; Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Thomas Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Christin A Cvetic
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rong A Wang
- Laboratory for Accelerated Vascular Research, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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20
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Huang Y, Zhang H, Cai J, Fang L, Wu J, Ye C, Zhu X, Li M. Overexpression of MACC1 and Its significance in human Breast Cancer Progression. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:16. [PMID: 23497677 PMCID: PMC3642027 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) was first identified as a transcriptional activator for proto-oncogene c-MET expression, and its overexpression is frequently associated with metastatic progression for multiply tumor types. In the present study, we analyzed for the first time the expression of MACC1 in breast cancer and its correlation with clinicopathologic features, including metastasis and patient survival. RESULTS MACC1 protein expression was analyzed in two cohorts of clinicopathologically characterized breast cancer using immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation of MACC1 expression with the primary tumor, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis classifications as well as the clinical staging in breast cancer patients. Moreover, overexpression of MACC1 was associated with both a reduced recurrence-free survival (RFS) and poorer patients' overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis with a Cox proportional-hazards model suggested that MACC1 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for RFS and OS. Stratification of breast cancer patients according to the estrogen receptor (ER) status revealed that MACC1 was prognostic for both ER-negative and ER-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS MACC1 may represent a potentially useful biomarker for the prognosis of breast cancer patients and might be involved in progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Huizhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junchao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Lishan Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Jueheng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Caisheng Ye
- Department of Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Mengfeng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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21
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Natividad KDT, Junankar SR, Mohd Redzwan N, Nair R, Wirasinha RC, King C, Brink R, Swarbrick A, Batten M. Interleukin-27 signaling promotes immunity against endogenously arising murine tumors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57469. [PMID: 23554861 PMCID: PMC3595259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a pleiotropic cytokine but its immunosuppressive effects predominate during many in vivo immunological challenges. Despite this, evidence from tumor cell line transfer models suggested that IL-27 could promote immune responses in the tumor context. However, the role of IL-27 in immunity against tumors that develop in situ and in tumor immunosurveillance remain undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that tumor development and growth are accelerated in IL-27 receptor α (Il27ra)-deficient mice. Enhanced tumor growth in both carcinogen-induced fibrosarcoma and oncogene-driven mammary carcinoma was associated with decreased interferon-γ production by CD4 and CD8 T cells and increased numbers of regulatory T-cells (Treg). This is the first study to show that IL-27 promotes protective immune responses against endogenous tumors, which is critical as the basis for future development of an IL-27 based therapeutic agent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo D. T. Natividad
- Immunological Diseases Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon R. Junankar
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Norhanani Mohd Redzwan
- Immunological Diseases Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rushika C. Wirasinha
- Immunological Diseases Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecile King
- Immunological Diseases Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunological Diseases Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marcel Batten
- Immunological Diseases Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The cells of origin for cancer are the cells within tissues that serve as the target for transformation. Understanding the nature of these cells will benefit disease prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. During the past decade, much progress has been made in understanding the cellular origin for prostate cancer. This review aims to summarize the previous findings, describe the most recent results and discuss some controversies and unresolved issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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23
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Liu WH, You N, Zhang N, Yan HT, Wang T, Huang Z, Liu HB, Tang LJ. Interpretation of interlocking key issues of cancer stem cells in malignant solid tumors. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012. [PMID: 23179790 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review, several interlinking issues related to cancer stem cells (CSCs) in malignant solid tumors are sequentially discussed. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane library, combining the words CSCs, solid tumor, isolation, identification, origination, therapy, target and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. RESULTS Because a primary problem is the isolation of CSCs, we first analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of recently used methods, which were mostly based on the physical or immunochemical characteristics of CSCs. Once CSCs are isolated, they should be identified by their stem cell properties. Here, we suggest how to establish a standard identification strategy. We also focused on the origination hypotheses of CSCs. The supporting molecular mechanisms for each theory were thoroughly analyzed and integrated. Especially, epithelial- mesenchymal transition is an increasingly recognized mechanism to generate CSCs that are endowed with a more invasive and metastatic phenotype. Finally, we discuss putative strategies of eliminating CSCs as effective cancer therapies. CONCLUSION After several interlocking issues of CSCs are thoroughly clarified, these CSCs in solid malignant tumors may specifically be targeted, which raises a new hope for eliminating these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Liu
- PLA Center of General Surgery, General Hospital of Chengdu Army Region, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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24
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Romano G. Development of safer gene delivery systems to minimize the risk of insertional mutagenesis-related malignancies: a critical issue for the field of gene therapy. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:616310. [PMID: 23209944 PMCID: PMC3512301 DOI: 10.5402/2012/616310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Integrating gene delivery systems allow for a more stable transgene expression in mammalian cells than the episomal ones. However, the integration of the shuttle vector within the cellular chromosomal DNA is associated with the risk of insertional mutagenesis, which, in turn, may cause malignant cell transformation. The use of a retroviral-derived vector system was responsible for the development of leukemia in five children, who participated in various clinical trials for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) in France and in the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, the hematological malignancy claimed the life of one patient in 2004, who was enrolled in the French clinical trial. In addition, adeno-associated-viral-(AAV-) mediated gene transfer induced tumors in animal models, whereas the Sleeping Beauty (SB) DNA transposon system was associated with insertional mutagenesis events in cell culture systems. On these grounds, it is necessary to develop safer gene delivery systems for the genetic manipulation of mammalian cells. This paper discusses the latest achievements that have been reported in the field of vector design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Romano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Bio-Life Science Building, Suite 456, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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25
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Zhou C, Liu J, Tang Y, Liang X. Inflammation linking EMT and cancer stem cells. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1068-75. [PMID: 22766510 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Similar to actors changing costumes during a performance, cancer cells undergo many rapid changes during the process of tumor metastasis, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), acquisition of cancer stem cells (CSCs) properties, and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Such changes allow the tumor to compete with the normal microenvironment to overcome anti-tumorigenic pressures. Then, once tissue homeostasis is lost, the altered microenvironment, like that accompanying inflammation, can itself become a potent tumor promoter. This review will discuss the changes that cancer cells undergo in converting from EMT to CSCs in an inflammation microenvironment, to understand the mechanisms behind invasion and metastasis and provide insights into prevention of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14, Sec 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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Wang HR, Xiao ZY, Chen M, Wang FL, Liu J, Zhong H, Zhong JH, Ou-Yang RR, Shen YL, Pan SM. Anti-CHMP5 single chain variable fragment antibody retrovirus infection induces programmed cell death of AML leukemic cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:809-16. [PMID: 22609838 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Over-expressed CHMP5 was found to act as oncogene that probably participated in leukemogenesis. In this study, we constructed the CHMP5 single chain variable fragment antibody (CHMP5-scFv) retrovirus and studied the changes of programmed cell death (PCD) of AML leukemic cells after infection by the retrovirus. METHODS The anti-CHMP5 KC14 hybridoma cell line was constructed to generate monoclonal antibody of CHMP5. The protein expression of CHMP5 was studied using immunofluorescence analysis. pMIG-CHMP5 scFv antibody expressible retroviral vector was constructed to prepare CHMP5-scFv retrovirus. AML leukemic U937 cells were infected with the retrovirus, and programmed cell death was studied using confocal microscope, FCM and Western blot. RESULTS We obtained a monoclonal antibody of CHMP5, and found the expression of CHMP5 was up-regulated in the leukemic cells. After U937 cells were infected with CHMP5-scFv retrovirus, CHMP5 protein was neutralized. Moreover, the infection resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis and necrosis of U937 cells. In U937 cells infected with CHMP5-scFv retrovirus, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated caspase-independent necrotic PCD was activated, but autophagic programmed cell death was not observed. Neither the intrinsic nor extrinsic apoptotic PCD pathway was activated. The granzyme B/perforin-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic PCD pathway was not activated. CONCLUSION CHMP5-scFv retrovirus can neutralize the abnormally high levels of the CHMP5 protein in the cytosol of AML leukemic U937 cells, thereby inducing the programmed cell death of the leukemic cells via AIF-mediated caspase-independent necrosis and apoptosis.
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MYC suppresses cancer metastasis by direct transcriptional silencing of αv and β3 integrin subunits. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:567-74. [PMID: 22581054 PMCID: PMC3366024 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of MYC transforms cells in culture, elicits malignant tumors in experimental animals and is found in many human tumors. We now report the paradoxical finding that this powerful oncogene can also act as a suppressor of cell motility, invasiveness and metastasis. Overexpression of MYC stimulated proliferation of breast cancer cells both in culture and in vivo as expected, but inhibited motility and invasiveness in culture, and lung and liver metastases in xenografted tumors. We show further that MYC represses transcription of both subunits of αvβ3 integrin, and that exogenous expression of β3 integrin in human breast cancer cells that do not express this integrin rescues invasiveness and migration when MYC is downregulated. These data uncover an unexpected function of MYC, provide an explanation for the hitherto puzzling literature on the relationship between MYC and metastasis and reveal a variable that should influence the development of therapeutics that target MYC.
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Smith BA, Welm AL, Welm BE. On the shoulders of giants: a historical perspective of unique experimental methods in mammary gland research. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:583-90. [PMID: 22425744 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While most organs undergo development in utero, the mouse mammary gland orchestrates five major developmental stages following birth: pre-puberty, puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Induced by both local and systemic factors, these five developmental stages transpire with dramatic alterations in glandular morphology and cellular function. As an experimental system, the mammary gland provides remarkable accessibility to processes regulating stem cell function, hormone response, and epithelial-stromal-extracellular matrix interactions. This review will provide a historical perspective of the unique in vitro and in vivo techniques used to study the mammary gland and how these methods have provided valuable insight into the biology of this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittni A Smith
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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You N, Liu W, Zhong X, Ji R, Zhang M, You H, Dou K, Tao K. Tg737 inhibition results in malignant transformation in fetal liver stem/progenitor cells by promoting cell-cycle progression and differentiation arrest. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:659-73. [PMID: 21837759 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) may originate from the malignant transformation of normal stem cells. However, the mechanism by which normal stem cells undergo such transformation is not understood. Our previous studies provided evidence that Tg737 may play an important role in carcinogenesis of liver stem cells. In this study, we investigated the role of Tg737 in the malignant transformation of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (FLSPCs). We inhibited Tg737 in FLSPCs using short hairpin RNA (shRNA). The microscopic observations of freshly purified Tg737 normal FLSPCs (nFLSPCs) and Tg737-silent FLSPCs (sFLSPCs), which showed high expression levels of stem cell markers, revealed no significant morphological changes in sFLSPCs. Following RNAi of Tg737, the mRNA and protein levels of sFLSPCs decreased by 81.81% and 80.10% as shown by PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry analyses. Excluding apoptosis-related effects, we found that silencing of Tg737 resulted in enhanced cell proliferation through promoting cell-cycle progression via upregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin B expression (P < 0.05). Silencing of Tg737 also resulted in significant arrest of cell differentiation (P < 0.05), stable expression of both albumin (ALB) and alpha fetoprotein (AFP) (P > 0.05) and quiescent ultrastructure. Assessment of cell malignant traits by transwell migration assays and by growth of xenograft tumors in athymic mice showed that reduced expression of Tg737 greatly promoted cell invasion and hepatocarcinogenesis of FLSPCs (P < 0.05). This work shows that inactivation of Tg737 may play an important role in malignant transformation of FLSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Young CD, Lewis AS, Rudolph MC, Ruehle MD, Jackman MR, Yun UJ, Ilkun O, Pereira R, Abel ED, Anderson SM. Modulation of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression levels alters mouse mammary tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23205. [PMID: 21826239 PMCID: PMC3149640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells exhibit an altered metabolism characterized by elevated aerobic glycolysis and lactate secretion which is supported by an increase in glucose transport and consumption. We hypothesized that reducing or eliminating the expression of the most prominently expressed glucose transporter(s) would decrease the amount of glucose available to breast cancer cells thereby decreasing their metabolic capacity and proliferative potential. Of the 12 GLUT family glucose transporters expressed in mice, GLUT1 was the most abundantly expressed at the RNA level in the mouse mammary tumors from MMTV-c-ErbB2 mice and cell lines examined. Reducing GLUT1 expression in mouse mammary tumor cell lines using shRNA or Cre/Lox technology reduced glucose transport, glucose consumption, lactate secretion and lipid synthesis in vitro without altering the concentration of ATP, as well as reduced growth on plastic and in soft agar. The growth of tumor cells with reduced GLUT1 expression was impaired when transplanted into the mammary fat pad of athymic nude mice in vivo. Overexpression of GLUT1 in a cell line with low levels of endogenous GLUT1 increased glucose transport in vitro and enhanced growth in nude mice in vivo as compared to the control cells with very low levels of GLUT1. These studies demonstrate that GLUT1 is the major glucose transporter in mouse mammary carcinoma models overexpressing ErbB2 or PyVMT and that modulation of the level of GLUT1 has an effect upon the growth of mouse mammary tumor cell lines in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian D. Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Lewis
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Rudolph
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marisa D. Ruehle
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Jackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ui J. Yun
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Olesya Ilkun
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Renata Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anshutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu ZS, Wu Q, Wang CQ, Wang XN, Huang J, Zhao JJ, Mao SS, Zhang GH, Xu XC, Zhang N. miR-340 inhibition of breast cancer cell migration and invasion through targeting of oncoprotein c-Met. Cancer 2011; 117:2842-52. [PMID: 21692045 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different microRNAs have been shown to have oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions in human cancers. Detection of their expression may lead to identifying novel markers for breast cancer. METHODS The authors detected miR-340 expression in 4 human breast cell lines and then focused on its role in regulation of tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion and target gene expression. They then analyzed miR-340 expression in benign and cancerous breast tissue specimens. RESULTS Endogenous miR-340 expression was down-regulated in the more aggressive breast cancer cell lines, which was confirmed in breast cancer tissue specimens by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Further studies showed that induction of miR-340 expression was able to suppress tumor cell migration and invasion, whereas knockdown of miR-340 expression induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion. At the gene level, the authors identified c-Met as a direct miR-340 target to mediate cell migration and invasion through regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Ex vivo, loss of miR-340 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, high tumor histological grade, clinical stage, and shorter overall survival of breast cancer as well as increased c-Met expression in breast cancer tissue specimens. CONCLUSIONS miR-340 may play an important role in breast cancer progression, suggesting that miR-340 should be further evaluated as a novel biomarker for breast cancer metastasis and prognosis, and potentially a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Atkinson RL, Zhang M, Diagaradjane P, Peddibhotla S, Contreras A, Hilsenbeck SG, Woodward WA, Krishnan S, Chang JC, Rosen JM. Thermal enhancement with optically activated gold nanoshells sensitizes breast cancer stem cells to radiation therapy. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:55ra79. [PMID: 20980696 PMCID: PMC4123313 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis and disease recurrence are hypothesized to result from residual cancer stem cells, also referred to as tumor-initiating cells, which evade initial treatment. Using both syngeneic mouse and human xenograft models of triple-negative breast cancer, we have demonstrated that a subpopulation enriched in cancer stem cells was more resistant to treatment with 6 gray of ionizing radiation than the bulk of the tumor cells, and accordingly their relative proportion increased 48 to 72 hours after ionizing radiation treatment. In contrast, we achieved a larger reduction in tumor size without a concomitant increase in the percentage of cancer stem cells by treating with local hyperthermia for 20 minutes at 42°C after ionizing radiation using intravenously administered, optically activated gold nanoshells. Forty-eight hours after treatment, cells derived from the tumors treated with ionizing radiation plus hyperthermia exhibited both a marked decrease in tumorigenicity and a more differentiated phenotype than mock- and ionizing radiation-treated tumors. Thus, we have confirmed that these cancer stem cells are responsible for accelerated repopulation in vivo and demonstrated that hyperthermia sensitizes this cell population to radiation treatment. These findings suggest that local hyperthermia delivered by gold nanoshells plus radiation can eliminate radioresistant breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Atkinson
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Sirisha Peddibhotla
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy A. Woodward
- Radiation Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Radiation Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenny C. Chang
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Rosen
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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miR-380-5p represses p53 to control cellular survival and is associated with poor outcome in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Nat Med 2010; 16:1134-40. [PMID: 20871609 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway allows cell survival in times of stress and occurs in many human cancers; however, normal embryonic stem cells and some cancers such as neuroblastoma maintain wild-type human TP53 and mouse Trp53 (referred to collectively as p53 herein). Here we describe a miRNA, miR-380-5p, that represses p53 expression via a conserved sequence in the p53 3' untranslated region (UTR). miR-380-5p is highly expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells and neuroblastomas, and high expression correlates with poor outcome in neuroblastomas with neuroblastoma derived v-myc myelocytomatosis viral-related oncogene (MYCN) amplification. miR-380 overexpression cooperates with activated HRAS oncoprotein to transform primary cells, block oncogene-induced senescence and form tumors in mice. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous miR-380-5p in embryonic stem or neuroblastoma cells results in induction of p53, and extensive apoptotic cell death. In vivo delivery of a miR-380-5p antagonist decreases tumor size in an orthotopic mouse model of neuroblastoma. We demonstrate a new mechanism of p53 regulation in cancer and stem cells and uncover a potential therapeutic target for neuroblastoma.
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Gastaldi S, Comoglio PM, Trusolino L. The Met oncogene and basal-like breast cancer: another culprit to watch out for? Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:208. [PMID: 20804567 PMCID: PMC2949647 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest the involvement of the MET oncogene, encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor, in the onset and progression of basal-like breast carcinoma. The expression profiles of basal-like tumors - but not those of other breast cancer subtypes - are enriched for gene sets that are coordinately over-represented in transcriptional signatures regulated by Met. Consistently, tissue microarray analyses have revealed that Met immunoreactivity is much higher in basal-like cases of human breast cancer than in other tumor types. Finally, mouse models expressing mutationally activated forms of Met develop a high incidence of mammary tumors, some of which exhibit basal characteristics. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the role and activity of Met in basal-like breast cancer, with a special emphasis on the correlation between this tumor subtype and the cellular hierarchy of the normal mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gastaldi
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Torino Medical School, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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Castro NE, Lange CA. Breast tumor kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 mediate Met receptor signaling to cell migration in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R60. [PMID: 20687930 PMCID: PMC2949652 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast tumor kinase (Brk/protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6)) is a nonreceptor, soluble tyrosine kinase overexpressed in the majority of breast tumors. Previous work has placed Brk downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB) activation and upstream of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Herein we investigate the regulation of Brk kinase activity and cell migration in response to treatment of keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and T47D cells) with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), peptide ligands for Met and Ron receptors, respectively. Methods In vitro kinase assays were performed to directly measure Brk kinase activity in response to MET and RON ligands. Transfection of Brk-targeted RNAi was used to knock down endogenous Brk or ERK5 in multiple cell lines. Kinase activities (downstream of MET signaling) were assayed by Western blotting using total and phospho-specific antibodies. Boyden chamber assays were used to measure cell migration in response to manipulation of Brk and downstream MET effectors. Rescue experiments were performed by knock down of endogenous Brk using RNAi (targeting the untranslated region (3′-UTR)) and transient transfection (re-expression) of either wild-type or kinase-inactive Brk. Results Brk gene silencing revealed that HGF, but not MSP, induced robust Brk-dependent cell migration. Brk and ERK5 copurified in HGF-induced protein complexes, and Brk/ERK5 complexes formed independently of Brk kinase activity. ERK5 was required for breast cancer cell but not keratinocyte cell migration, which became ERK1/2-dependent upon ERK5 knockdown. Notably, rescue experiments indicated that the kinase activity of Brk was not required for HGF-induced cell migration. Further, expression of either wild-type or kinase-inactive Brk in Brk-null MDA-MB-435 cells activated ERK5 and conferred increased HGF-induced cell migration. Conclusions These results have identified Brk and ERK5 as important downstream effectors of Met signaling to cell migration. Targeting ERK5 kinase activity or inhibiting the formation of Brk/ERK5 complexes may provide an additional means of blocking cell migration associated with breast cancer progression to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Castro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Targeting tumour-initiating cells to improve the cure rates for triple-negative breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Med 2010; 12:e22. [PMID: 20653987 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399410001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumour recurrence is one of the biggest challenges in breast cancer management because it affects 25-30% of women with breast cancer and the tumours are often incurable. Women with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC--lacking expression of the oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and the receptor HER2/ERBB2) have the highest rates of early recurrence relative to other breast cancer subtypes. Early recurrence might be due to tumour-initiating cells (TICs), which are resistant to conventional therapies, can remain dormant and can subsequently give rise to secondary tumours. In breast cancer, TICs are identified by the cell-surface markers CD44+/CD24-/EpCAM+ and/or possess ALDH1 enzyme activity. This subpopulation has the ability to self-renew, grow as mammospheres and initiate tumour formation. Fuelling the problem of relapse is the fact that chemotherapy and radiation can induce or select for TICs; this was reported in preclinical models and more recently in women being treated for breast cancer. Thus, new therapeutic agents for TNBC are presently being sought to overcome this problem. Here we review the roles of receptor tyrosine kinases, signalling intermediates and transcription factors in sustaining the TIC subpopulation. Particular emphasis is placed on targeting these molecules in order to eliminate and/or prevent the induction of TICs and ultimately reduce the frequency of TNBC recurrence.
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Kim S, Welm AL, Bishop JM. A dominant mutant allele of the ING4 tumor suppressor found in human cancer cells exacerbates MYC-initiated mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5155-62. [PMID: 20501848 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ING4 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene that is deleted in 10% to 20% of human breast cancers and is mutated in various human cancer cell lines. To evaluate whether ING4 has a tumor-suppressive role in breast tissue, we overexpressed it in mouse mammary glands using a transplant system. Ectopic expression of ING4 suppressed MYC-induced mammary hyperplasia, but not tumorigenesis. In the same model system, we show that a COOH-terminal truncation mutant of ING4 found in human cancer cells could act alone to induce abnormal gland structures resembling mammary hyperplasia, which did not progress to tumors. However, coexpression of the ING4 mutant with MYC increased the penetrance and metastasis of MYC-initiated mammary tumors, giving rise to tumors with more organized acinar structures. Similarly, in vitro expression of the ING4 mutant in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells reinforced tight junctional structures. Our results provide direct functional evidence that ING4 could suppress the early stages of breast cancer and that dominant mutant alleles of ING4 might contribute to malignant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwon Kim
- G.W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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The Roles of MicroRNAs in the Cancer Invasion-Metastasis Cascade. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2010; 3:137-47. [PMID: 21209780 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis results from a multi-step cascading process that includes: 1) vascularization of the primary tumor; 2) detachment and invasion of cancer cells; 3) intravasation into lymphatic and blood vessels; 4) survival and arrest in the circulation; 5) extravasation into distant organs; and 6) colonization and growth of metastatic tumors. microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in this multi-step process, both promoting and suppressing metastasis. This review updates the progress made in understanding the roles of miRNAs for invasion and metastasis during cancer progression. A specific miRNA signature of cancer metastasis is also reviewed.
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Evers B, Speksnijder EN, Schut E, Ciampricotti M, Smalley MJ, Derksen PWB, Jonkers J, de Visser KE. A tissue reconstitution model to study cancer cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors in mammary tumourigenesis. J Pathol 2010; 220:34-44. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Taraseviciute A, Vincent BT, Schedin P, Jones PL. Quantitative analysis of three-dimensional human mammary epithelial tissue architecture reveals a role for tenascin-C in regulating c-met function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:827-38. [PMID: 20042668 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Remodeling of the stromal extracellular matrix and elevated expression of specific proto-oncogenes within the adjacent epithelium represent cardinal features of breast cancer, yet how these events become integrated is not fully understood. To address this question, we focused on tenascin-C (TN-C), a stromal extracellular matrix glycoprotein whose expression increases with disease severity. Initially, nonmalignant human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) were cultured within a reconstituted basement membrane (BM) where they formed three-dimensional (3-D) polarized, growth-attenuated, multicellular acini, enveloped by a continuous endogenous BM. In the presence of TN-C, however, acini failed to generate a normal BM, and net epithelial cell proliferation increased. To quantify how TN-C alters 3-D tissue architecture and function, we developed a computational image analysis algorithm, which showed that although TN-C disrupted acinar surface structure, it had no effect on their volume. Thus, TN-C promoted epithelial cell proliferation leading to luminal filling, a process that we hypothesized involved c-met, a proto-oncogene amplified in breast tumors that promotes intraluminal filling. Indeed, TN-C increased epithelial c-met expression and promoted luminal filling, whereas blockade of c-met function reversed this phenotype, resulting in normal BM deposition, proper lumen formation, and decreased cell proliferation. Collectively, these studies, combining a novel quantitative image analysis tool with 3-D organotypic cultures, demonstrate that stromal changes associated with breast cancer can control proto-oncogene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Taraseviciute
- Department of Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Lee SH, Hong B, Sharabi A, Huang XF, Chen SY. Embryonic stem cells and mammary luminal progenitors directly sense and respond to microbial products. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1604-15. [PMID: 19544467 DOI: 10.1002/stem.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are normally maintained in a quiescent state and proliferate only under certain conditions; however, little is known about the biological stimuli that initiate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. In this study, we found that functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and that TLR ligands stimulate ES cell proliferation and promote their hematopoietic differentiation. TLR ligands activate TLR-mediated signaling pathways, leading to the altered expression of numerous genes in ES cells. Moreover, TLR ligands efficiently stimulate the proliferation and expansion of adult stem cells and progenitors of nonhematopoietic tissues, such as mammary glands and intestine as well. We further found that mammary luminal progenitor cells (Lin(-)CD29(+)CD61(+)) express TLR4-MD2 complex and actively proliferate, resulting in the enhanced growth of mammospheres in response to TLR ligands. Thus, mouse ES cells and adult tissue-specific stem cells/progenitors directly sense and respond to microbial products, which function as a class of foreign, but biological stimuli for stem cell/progenitor proliferation. This finding expands the biological role of TLRs and has implications in understanding stem cell biology, tissue repair/homeostasis, and the role of infection and inflammation in malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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McCoy EL, Iwanaga R, Jedlicka P, Abbey NS, Chodosh LA, Heichman KA, Welm AL, Ford HL. Six1 expands the mouse mammary epithelial stem/progenitor cell pool and induces mammary tumors that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2663-77. [PMID: 19726883 DOI: 10.1172/jci37691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Six1 is a developmentally regulated homeoprotein with limited expression in most normal adult tissues and frequent misexpression in a variety of malignancies. Here we demonstrate, using a bitransgenic mouse model, that misexpression of human Six1 in adult mouse mammary gland epithelium induces tumors of multiple histological subtypes in a dose-dependent manner. The neoplastic lesions induced by Six1 had an in situ origin, showed diverse differentiation, and exhibited progression to aggressive malignant neoplasms, as is often observed in human carcinoma of the breast. Strikingly, the vast majority of Six1-induced tumors underwent an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and expressed multiple targets of activated Wnt signaling, including cyclin D1. Interestingly, Six1 and cyclin D1 coexpression was found to frequently occur in human breast cancers and was strongly predictive of poor prognosis. We further show that Six1 promoted a stem/progenitor cell phenotype in the mouse mammary gland and in Six1-driven mammary tumors. Our data thus provide genetic evidence for a potent oncogenic role for Six1 in mammary epithelial neoplasia, including promotion of EMT and stem cell-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L McCoy
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Met induces mammary tumors with diverse histologies and is associated with poor outcome and human basal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12903-8. [PMID: 19617568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810402106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated MET receptor tyrosine kinase correlates with poor outcome in breast cancer, yet the reasons for this are poorly understood. We thus generated a transgenic mouse model targeting expression of an oncogenic Met receptor (Met(mt)) to the mammary epithelium. We show that Met(mt) induces mammary tumors with multiple phenotypes. These reflect tumor subtypes with gene expression and immunostaining profiles sharing similarities to human basal and luminal breast cancers. Within the basal subtype, Met(mt) induces tumors with signatures of WNT and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Among human breast cancers, MET is primarily elevated in basal and ERBB2-positive subtypes with poor prognosis, and we show that MET, together with EMT marker, SNAIL, are highly predictive of poor prognosis in lymph node-negative patients. By generating a unique mouse model in which the Met receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed in the mammary epithelium, along with the examination of MET expression in human breast cancer, we have established a specific link between MET and basal breast cancer. This work identifies basal breast cancers and, additionally, poor-outcome breast cancers, as those that may benefit from anti-MET receptor therapies.
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Eilon T, Barash I. Distinct gene-expression profiles characterize mammary tumors developed in transgenic mice expressing constitutively active and C-terminally truncated variants of STAT5. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:231. [PMID: 19450255 PMCID: PMC2689279 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stat5 is a latent transcription factor that regulates essential growth and survival functions in normal cells. Constitutive activity of Stat5 and the involvement of its C-terminally truncated variant have been implicated in blood cell malignancies and mammary or breast cancer. To distinguish the individual contributions of the Stat5 variants to mammary tumorigenesis, global gene-expression profiling was performed on transgenic STAT5-induced tumors. Results We identified 364 genes exhibiting differential expression in mammary tumors developed in transgenic mice expressing constitutively active STAT5 (STAT5ca) vs. its C-terminally truncated variant (STAT5Δ750). These genes mediate established Stat5 effects on cellular processes such as proliferation and cell death, as well as yet-unrelated homeostatic features, e.g. carbohydrate metabolism. A set of 14 genes linked STAT5Δ750 expression to the poorly differentiated carcinoma phenotype and STAT5ca to the highly differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma. Specifically affected genes exhibited differential expression in an individual tumor set vs. its counterpart and the intact mammary gland: 50 genes were specifically affected by STAT5ca, and 94% of these were downregulated, the latter involved in suppression of tumor suppressors and proliferation antagonistics. This substantial downregulation distinguishes the STAT5ca-induced tumorigenic consequences from the relatively equal effect of the STAT5Δ750 on gene expression, which included significant elevation in the expression of oncogenes and growth mediators. STAT5Δ750 mRNA expression was below detection levels in the tumors and the amount of STAT5ca transcript was not correlated with the expression of its specifically affected genes. Interestingly, we identified several groups of three to eight genes affected by a particular STAT5 variant with significant correlated expression at distinct locations in the clustergram. Conclusion The different gene-expression profiles in mammary tumors caused by the STAT5Δ750 and STAT5ca variants, corroborated by the absence of a direct link to transgenic STAT5 expression, imply distinct metabolic consequences for their oncogenic role which probably initiate early in tumor development. Tumorigenesis may involve induction of growth factor and oncogenes by STAT5Δ750 or suppression of tumor suppressors and growth antagonists by STAT5ca. The list of genes specifically affected by the STAT5 variants may provide a basis for the development of a marker set for their distinct oncogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Eilon
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel.
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Welm BE, Dijkgraaf GJP, Bledau AS, Welm AL, Werb Z. Lentiviral transduction of mammary stem cells for analysis of gene function during development and cancer. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 2:90-102. [PMID: 18371425 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mouse mammary gland is the only epithelial organ capable of complete regeneration upon orthotopic transplantation, making it ideally suited for in vivo gene function studies through viral-mediated gene delivery. A hurdle that has challenged the widespread adoption of this technique has been the inability to transduce mammary stem cells effectively. We have overcome this limitation by infecting total primary mammary epithelial cells in suspension with high-titer lentiviruses. Transduced cells gave rise to all major cell types of the mammary gland and were capable of clonal outgrowth and functional differentiation in serial transplants. To demonstrate that this method is a valuable alternative to developing transgenic animals, we used lentiviral-mediated Wnt-1 overexpression to replicate MMTV-Wnt-1 mammary phenotypes and used a dominant-negative Xenopus Suppressor of Hairless to reveal a requirement for Notch signaling during ductal morphogenesis. Importantly, this method is also applicable to transduction of cells from other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Welm
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
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Finkbeiner MR, Astanehe A, To K, Fotovati A, Davies AH, Zhao Y, Jiang H, Stratford AL, Shadeo A, Boccaccio C, Comoglio P, Mertens PR, Eirew P, Raouf A, Eaves CJ, Dunn SE. Profiling YB-1 target genes uncovers a new mechanism for MET receptor regulation in normal and malignant human mammary cells. Oncogene 2009; 28:1421-31. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kobayashi N, Navarro-Alvarez N, Soto-Gutierrez A, Kawamoto H, Kondo Y, Yamatsuji T, Shirakawa Y, Naomoto Y, Tanaka N. Cancer stem cell research: current situation and problems. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:19-25. [PMID: 18468231 DOI: 10.3727/000000008783906982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of a "cancer stem cell system" that continues to supply cancer component cells has been proposed. It is time to apply stem cell studies, which is a field of expertise in regenerative medicine, to cancer treatment. Cancer treatments that effectively attack cancer stem cells acting as a manufacturing plant for producing differentiated cancer progenies will be designed by revealing the cancer stem cell system. Therefore, in the near future we hope that revolution will occur in cancer therapy to eradicate cancer and prevent the recurrence thereof. In this review we discuss the current situation and problems of cancer stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Zhang M, Behbod F, Atkinson RL, Landis MD, Kittrell F, Edwards D, Medina D, Tsimelzon A, Hilsenbeck S, Green JE, Michalowska AM, Rosen JM. Identification of tumor-initiating cells in a p53-null mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4674-82. [PMID: 18559513 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Using a syngeneic p53-null mouse mammary gland tumor model that closely mimics human breast cancer, we have identified, by limiting dilution transplantation and in vitro mammosphere assay, a Lin(-)CD29(H)CD24(H) subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells. Upon subsequent transplantation, this subpopulation generated heterogeneous tumors that displayed properties similar to the primary tumor. Analysis of biomarkers suggests the Lin(-)CD29(H)CD24(H) subpopulation may have arisen from a bipotent mammary progenitor. Differentially expressed genes in the Lin(-)CD29(H)CD24(H) mouse mammary gland tumor-initiating cell population include those involved in DNA damage response and repair, as well as genes involved in epigenetic regulation previously shown to be critical for stem cell self-renewal. These studies provide in vitro and in vivo data that support the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis. Furthermore, this p53-null mouse mammary tumor model may allow us to identify new CSC markers and to test the functional importance of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center of Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Transcription-dependent spatial arrangements of CFTR and conserved adjacent loci are not conserved in human and murine nuclei. Chromosoma 2008; 117:381-97. [PMID: 18408947 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-008-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human genes CFTR, ASZ1/GASZ, and CTTNBP2/CORTBP2 map to adjacent loci on chromosome 7q31 and display characteristic patterns of nuclear positioning, which strictly correlate with the state of activity. To address the evolutionary conservation of gene positioning, we investigated transcriptional activity and nuclear positioning of the highly conserved murine orthologs and of additional murine genes mapping to the region of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 6. The results showed that all murine loci investigated constitutively localized in the nuclear interior irrespective of their functional state. Silenced loci did not display preferential association with the nuclear periphery or with chromocenters, respectively, and no differential positioning with respect to the chromosome 6 territory could be observed. This positional behavior of the murine loci was in striking contrast to the positioning of the human orthologs, and the results show that the transcription-dependent positioning of CFTR and adjacent loci has not been conserved. The findings reveal that the nuclear organization of conserved chromosomal regions can change rapidly during evolution and is not always as highly conserved as other features of chromosome organization. Furthermore, the results suggest that the way how nuclear positioning contributes to the regulation of conserved loci can be different in different vertebrate species.
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Id1 cooperates with oncogenic Ras to induce metastatic mammary carcinoma by subversion of the cellular senescence response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:5402-7. [PMID: 18378907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801505105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that senescence acts as a barrier to tumorigenesis in response to oncogene activation. Using a mouse model of breast cancer, we tested the importance of the senescence response in solid cancer and identified genetic pathways regulating this response. Mammary expression of activated Ras led to the formation of senescent cellular foci in a majority of mice. Deletion of the p19(ARF), p53, or p21(WAF1) tumor suppressors but not p16(INK4a) prevented senescence and permitted tumorigenesis. Id1 has been implicated in the control of senescence in vitro, and elevated expression of Id1 is found in a number of solid cancers, so we tested whether overexpression of Id1 regulates senescence in vivo. Although overexpression of Id1 in the mammary epithelium was not sufficient for tumorigenesis, mice with expression of both Id1 and activated Ras developed metastatic cancer. These tumors expressed high levels of p19(Arf), p53, and p21(Waf1), demonstrating that Id1 acts to make cells refractory to p21(Waf1)-dependent cell cycle arrest. Inactivation of the conditional Id1 allele in established tumors led to widespread senescence within 10 days, tumor growth arrest, and tumor regression in 40% of mice. Mice in which Id1 expression was inactivated also exhibited greatly reduced pulmonary metastatic load. These data demonstrate that established tumors remain sensitive to senescence and that Id1 may be a valuable target for therapy.
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