1
|
Afify AF, Hassanien RT, El Naggar RF, Rohaim MA, Munir M. Unmasking the ongoing challenge of equid herpesvirus- 1 (EHV-1): A comprehensive review. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106755. [PMID: 38897362 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Equid herpesviruses (EHVs) are a group of highly impactful viral pathogens that affect horses, presenting a substantial risk to the global equine industry. Among these, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) primarily causes respiratory infections. However, its ability to spread to distant organs can lead to severe consequences such as abortion and neurological diseases. These viruses can enter a dormant phase, with minimal activity, and later reactivate to trigger active infections at any time. Recently, there has been a notable rise in the prevalence of a particularly devastating strains of EHV-1 known as equid herpesviral myeloencephalopathy (EHM). In the light of dynamic nature of EHV-1, this review provides a thorough overview of EHV-1 and explores how advances in viral biology affect the pathophysiology of viral infection. The information presented here is crucial for understanding the dynamics of EHV-1 infections and creating practical plans to stop the virus's global spread among equid populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Rabab T Hassanien
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt; Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krishnagopal A, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. The biology and development of vaccines for bovine alphaherpesvirus 1. Vet J 2024; 306:106152. [PMID: 38821207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoAHV-1) infections lead to compromised herd health and significantly reduced productivity of affected cattle. While BoAHV-1 may cause rhinotracheitis, conjunctivitis, genital infections, and abortions, respiratory tract infections constitute the predominant clinical disease. Immune suppression induced by BoAHV-1 may contribute to co-infections initiating the bovine respiratory disease complex. In this review, the emphasis is to recapitulate the biology and the vaccine technologies currently in use and in development for BoAHV-1, and to discuss the major limitations. Studies on the life cycle and host interactions of BoAHV-1 have resulted in the identification of virulence factors. While several vaccine types, such as vectored vaccines and subunit vaccines, are under investigation, modified live and inactivated BoAHV-1 vaccines are still most frequently used in most areas of the world, whereas attenuated and inactivated marker vaccines are in use in Europe. The knowledge gained from studies on the biology of BoAHV-1 can form a basis for the rational design of future vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Krishnagopal
- Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk
- Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ślusarz MJ, Lipińska AD. An intrinsic network of polar interactions is responsible for binding of UL49.5 C-degron by the CRL2 KLHDC3 ubiquitin ligase. Proteins 2024; 92:610-622. [PMID: 38069558 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is a pathogen of cattle responsible for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. The BoHV-1 UL49.5 is a transmembrane protein that binds to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and downregulates cell surface expression of the antigenic peptide complexes with the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). KLHDC3 is a kelch domain-containing protein 3 and a substrate receptor of a cullin2-RING (CRL2) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Recently, it has been identified that CRL2KLHDC3 is responsible for UL49.5-triggered TAP degradation via a C-degron pathway and the presence of the degron sequence does not lead to the degradation of UL49.5 itself. The molecular modeling of KLHDC3 in complexes with four UL49.5 C-terminal decapeptides (one native protein and three mutants) revealed their activity to be closely correlated with the conformation which they adopt in KLHDC3 binding cleft. To analyze the interaction between UL49.5 and KLHDC3 in detail, in this work a total of 3.6 μs long molecular dynamics simulations have been performed. The complete UL49.5-KLHDC3 complexes were embedded into the fully hydrated all-atom lipid membrane model with explicit water molecules. The network of polar interactions has been proposed to be responsible for the recognition and binding of the degron in KLHDC3. The interaction network within the binding pocket appeared to be very similar between two CRL2 substrate receptors: KLHDC3 and KLHDC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea D Lipińska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wąchalska M, Riepe C, Ślusarz MJ, Graul M, Borowski LS, Qiao W, Foltyńska M, Carette JE, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Szczesny RJ, Kopito RR, Lipińska AD. The herpesvirus UL49.5 protein hijacks a cellular C-degron pathway to drive TAP transporter degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309841121. [PMID: 38442151 PMCID: PMC10945846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309841121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a key player in the major histocompatibility class I-restricted antigen presentation and an attractive target for immune evasion by viruses. Bovine herpesvirus 1 impairs TAP-dependent antigenic peptide transport through a two-pronged mechanism in which binding of the UL49.5 gene product to TAP both inhibits peptide transport and triggers its proteasomal degradation. How UL49.5 promotes TAP degradation has, so far, remained unknown. Here, we use high-content siRNA and genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening to identify CLR2KLHDC3 as the E3 ligase responsible for UL49.5-triggered TAP disposal. We propose that the C terminus of UL49.5 mimics a C-end rule degron that recruits the E3 to TAP and engages the cullin-RING E3 ligase in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Wąchalska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk80-307, Poland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Celeste Riepe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Magdalena J. Ślusarz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk80-308, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Graul
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk80-307, Poland
| | - Lukasz S. Borowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Wenjie Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Michalina Foltyńska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk80-307, Poland
| | - Jan E. Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Krystyna Bieńkowska-Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk80-307, Poland
| | - Roman J. Szczesny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw02-106, Poland
| | - Ron R. Kopito
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Andrea D. Lipińska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk80-307, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El-mayet FS, Jones C. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) stimulate bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) replication and cooperatively transactivate the immediate early transcription unit 1 promoter. J Virol 2024; 98:e0143623. [PMID: 38084958 PMCID: PMC10804982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infections cause respiratory tract disorders and suppress immune responses, which can culminate in bacterial pneumonia. Following acute infection, BoHV-1 establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons present in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and unknown cells in pharyngeal tonsil. Latently infected calves consistently reactivate from latency after an intravenous injection of the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX), which mimics the effects of stress. The immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter drives expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4, two key viral transcriptional regulators. The IEtu1 promoter contains two functional glucocorticoid receptor (GR) response elements (GREs), and this promoter is transactivated by GR, DEX, and certain Krüppel transcription factors that interact with GC-rich motifs, including consensus specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that Sp1 stimulates productive infection and transactivates key BoHV-1 promoters. DEX treatment of latently infected calves increased the number of Sp1+ TG neurons and cells in pharyngeal tonsil indicating that Sp1 expression is induced by stress. Silencing Sp1 protein expression with siRNA or mithramycin A, a drug that preferentially binds GC-rich DNA, significantly reduced BoHV-1 replication. Moreover, BoHV-1 infection of permissive cells increased Sp1 steady-state protein levels. In transient transfection studies, GR and Sp1 cooperatively transactivate IEtu1 promoter activity unless both GREs are mutated. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that GR and Sp1 interact in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A) suggesting this interaction stimulates IEtu1 promoter activity. Collectively, these studies suggested that the cellular transcription factor Sp1 enhances productive infection and stress-induced BoHV-1 reactivation from latency.IMPORTANCEFollowing acute infection, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) establishes lifelong latency in sensory neurons in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and pharyngeal tonsil. The synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone consistently induces BoHV-1 reactivation from latency. The number of TG neurons and cells in pharyngeal tonsil expressing the cellular transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) protein increases during early stages of dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency. Silencing Sp1 expression impairs BoHV-1 replication in permissive cells. Interestingly, mithramycin A, a neuroprotective antibiotic that preferentially binds GC-rich DNA, impairs Sp1 functions and reduces BoHV-1 replication suggesting that it is a potential antiviral drug. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and Sp1 cooperatively transactivate the BoHV-1 immediate early transcript unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter, which drives expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4. Mithramycin A also reduced Sp1- and GR-mediated transactivation of the IEtu1 promoter. These studies revealed that GR and Sp1 trigger viral gene expression and replication following stressful stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fouad S. El-mayet
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Virology, Benha University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha, Egypt
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karska N, Zhukov I, Lipińska AD, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Krupa P. Why does the herpes simplex 1 virus-encoded UL49.5 protein fail to inhibit the TAP-dependent antigen presentation? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184200. [PMID: 37517559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a well-studied herpesvirus that causes various human diseases. Like other herpesviruses, HSV-1 produces the transmembrane glycoprotein N (gN/UL49.5 protein), which has been extensively studied, but its function in HSV-1 remains largely unknown. The amino-acid sequences and lengths of UL49.5 proteins differ between herpesvirus species. It is, therefore, crucial to determine whether and to what extent the spatial structure of UL49.5 orthologs that are transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) inhibitors (i.e., of bovine herpesvirus 1; BoHV-1) differ from that of non-TAP inhibitors (i.e., of HSV-1). Our study aimed to examine the 3D structure of the HSV-1-encoded UL49.5 protein in an advanced model of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane using circular dichroism, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, and multiple-microsecond all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in an ER membrane mimetic environment. According to our findings, the N-terminus of the HSV-1-encoded UL49.5 adopts a highly flexible, unordered structure in the extracellular part due to the presence of a large number of proline and glycine residues. In contrast to the BoHV-1-encoded homolog, the transmembrane region of the HSV-1-encoded UL49.5 is formed by a single long transmembrane α-helix, rather than two helices oriented perpendicularly, while the cytoplasmic part of the protein (C-terminus) has a short unordered structure. Our findings provide valuable experimental structural information on the HSV-1-encoded UL49.5 protein and offer, based on the obtained structure, insight into its lack of biological activity in inhibiting the TAP-dependent antigen presentation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Karska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrea D Lipińska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | - Paweł Krupa
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wąhalska M, Riepe C, Ślusarz MJ, Graul M, Borowski LS, Qiao W, Foltynska M, Carette JE, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Szczesny RJ, Kopito RR, Lipińska AD. The herpesvirus UL49.5 protein hijacks a cellular C-degron pathway to drive TAP transporter degradation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559663. [PMID: 37808699 PMCID: PMC10557673 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is a key player in the MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation and an attractive target for immune evasion by viruses. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) impairs TAP-dependent antigenic peptide transport through a two-pronged mechanism in which binding of the UL49.5 gene product to TAP both inhibits peptide transport and promotes its proteasomal degradation. How UL49.5 promotes TAP degradation is unknown. Here, we use high-content siRNA and genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening to identify CLR2KLHDC3 as the E3 ligase responsible for UL49.5-triggered TAP disposal in human cells. We propose that the C-terminus of UL49.5 mimics a C-end rule degron that recruits the E3 to TAP and engages the CRL2 E3 in ER-associated degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Wąhalska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Celeste Riepe
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Magdalena J. Ślusarz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Graul
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lukasz S. Borowski
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wenjie Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michalina Foltynska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan E. Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krystyna Bieńkowska-Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman J. Szczesny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ron R. Kopito
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea D. Lipińska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li C, Wang M, Cheng A, Wu Y, Tian B, Yang Q, Gao Q, Sun D, Zhang S, Ou X, He Y, Huang J, Zhao X, Chen S, Zhu D, Liu M, Jia R. N-Linked Glycosylation and Expression of Duck Plague Virus pUL10 Promoted by pUL49.5. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0162523. [PMID: 37378543 PMCID: PMC10434065 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01625-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck plague virus (DPV) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, and its genome encodes a conserved envelope protein, protein UL10 (pUL10). pUL10 plays complex roles in viral fusion, assembly, cell-to-cell spread, and immune evasion, which are closely related to its protein characteristics and partners. Few studies have been conducted on DPV pUL10. In this study, we identified the characteristics of pUL10, such as the type of glycosylation modification and subcellular localization. The characteristic differences in pUL10 in transfection and infection suggest that there are other viral proteins that participate in pUL10 modification and localization. Therefore, pUL49.5, the interaction partner of pUL10, was explored. We found that pUL10 interacts with pUL49.5 during transfection and infection. Their interaction entailed multiple interaction sites, including noncovalent forces in the pUL49.5 N-terminal domains and C-terminal domains and a covalent disulfide bond between two conserved cysteines. pUL49.5 promoted pUL10 expression and mature N-linked glycosylation modification. Moreover, deletion of UL49.5 in DPV caused the molecular mass of pUL10 to decrease by approximately3 to 10 kDa, which suggested that pUL49.5 was the main factor affecting the N-linked glycosylation of DPV pUL10 during infection. This study provides a basis for future exploration of the effect of pUL10 glycosylation on virus proliferation. IMPORTANCE Duck plague is a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates, and it causes great losses for the duck breeding industry. Duck plague virus (DPV) is the causative agent of duck plague, and DPV UL10 protein (pUL10) is a homolog of glycoprotein M (gM), which is conserved in herpesviruses. pUL10 plays complex roles in viral fusion, assembly, cell-to-cell spread, and immune evasion, which are closely related to its protein characteristics and partners. In this study, we systematically explored whether pUL49.5 (a partner of pUL10) plays roles in the localization, modification, and expression of pUL10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu City, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Graul M, Karska N, Wąchalska M, Krupa P, Ślusarz MJ, Lubocki M, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Sieradzan AK, Lipińska AD. The N-terminal Proline Hinge Motif Controls the Structure of Bovine Herpesvirus 1-encoded Inhibitor of the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Required for its Immunomodulatory Function. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167964. [PMID: 36646375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to unique features, proline residues may control protein structure and function. Here, we investigated the role of 52PPQ54 residues, indicated by the recently established experimental 3D structure of bovine herpesvirus 1-encoded UL49.5 protein as forming a characteristic proline hinge motif in its N-terminal domain. UL49.5 acts as a potent inhibitor of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which alters the antiviral immune response. Mechanisms employed by UL49.5 to affect TAP remain undetermined on a molecular level. We found that mutations in the 52PPQ54 region had a vast impact on its immunomodulatory function, increasing cell surface MHC class I expression, TAP levels, and peptide transport efficiency. This inhibitory effect was specific for UL49.5 activity towards TAP but not towards the viral glycoprotein M. To get an insight into the impact of proline hinge modifications on structure and dynamics, we performed all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics studies on the native protein and PPQ mutants. The results demonstrated that the proline hinge sequence with its highly rigid conformation served as an anchor into the membrane. This anchor was responsible for the structural and dynamical behavior of the whole protein, constraining the mobility of the C-terminus, increasing the mobility of the transmembrane region, and controlling the accessibility of the C-terminal residues to the cytoplasmic environment. Those features appear crucial for TAP binding and inhibition. Our findings significantly advance the structural understanding of the UL49.5 protein and its functional regions and support the importance of proline motifs for the protein structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Graul
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Karska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Wąchalska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Krupa
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena J Ślusarz
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Lubocki
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Bieńkowska-Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Adam K Sieradzan
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Andrea D Lipińska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deleting UL49.5 in duck plague virus causes attachment, entry and spread defects. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109707. [PMID: 36863173 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Duck plague is a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates, and it causes great losses for the duck breeding industry. Duck plague virus (DPV) is the causative agent of duck plague, and DPV UL49.5 protein (pUL49.5) is homologue of glycoprotein N (gN), which is conserved in herpesviruses. UL49.5 homologues are known to be involved in processes such as immune escape, virus assembly, viral fusion, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) inhibition and degradation, and maturation and incorporation of glycoprotein M. However, few studies have focused on the role of gN in the early stage of virus infection cells. In this study, we determined that DPV pUL49.5 was distributed in the cytoplasm and colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, we found that DPV pUL49.5 was a virion component and nonglycosylated protein. To better explore its function, BAC-DPV-ΔUL49.5 was constructed, and its attachment was only approximately 25 % of the revertant virus. Additionally, the penetration ability of BAC-DPV-ΔUL49.5 has only reached 73 % of the revertant virus. The plaque sizes produced by the UL49.5-deleted virus were approximately 58 % smaller than those produced by the revertant virus. Deleting UL49.5 mainly resulted in attachment and cell-to-cell-spread defects. Taken together, these findings suggest important roles for DPV pUL49.5 in viral attachment, penetration and spread.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ostler JB, Jones C. The Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Latency-Reactivation Cycle, a Chronic Problem in the Cattle Industry. Viruses 2023; 15:552. [PMID: 36851767 PMCID: PMC9966457 DOI: 10.3390/v15020552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a persistent and recurring disease that affects cattle worldwide. It is a major contributor to bovine respiratory disease and reproductive failure in the US. A major complication of BoHV-1 arises from the lifelong latent infection established in the sensory ganglia of the peripheral nervous system following acute infection. Lifelong latency is marked by periodic reactivation from latency that leads to virus transmission and transient immunosuppression. Physiological and environmental stress, along with hormone fluctuations, can drive virus reactivation from latency, allowing the virus to spread rapidly. This review discusses the mechanisms of the latency/reactivation cycle, with particular emphasis on how different hormones directly regulate BoHV-1 gene expression and productive infection. Glucocorticoids, including the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, are major effectors of the stress response. Stress directly regulates BoHV-1 gene expression through multiple pathways, including β-catenin dependent Wnt signaling, and the glucocorticoid receptor. Related type 1 nuclear hormone receptors, the androgen and progesterone receptors, also drive BoHV-1 gene expression and productive infection. These receptors form feed-forward transcription loops with the stress-induced Krüppel-like transcription factors KLF4 and KLF15. Understanding these molecular pathways is critical for developing novel therapeutics designed to block reactivation and reduce virus spread and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Padariya M, Kote S, Mayordomo M, Dapic I, Alfaro J, Hupp T, Fahraeus R, Kalathiya U. Corrigendum to Structural determinants of peptide-dependent TAP1-TAP2 transit passage targeted by viral proteins and altered by cancer-associated mutations. Computational and structural biotechnology journal, 19, 5072–5091. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6501-6502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
13
|
Abstract
Although equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection, it can cause devastating losses during outbreaks. Antemortem diagnosis of EHM relies mainly on the molecular detection of EHV-1 in nasal secretions and blood. Management of horses affected by EHM is aimed at supportive nursing and nutritional care, at reducing central nervous system inflammation and preventing thromboembolic sequelae. Horses exhibiting sudden and severe neurologic signs consistent with a diagnosis of EHM pose a definite risk to the surrounding horse population. Consequently, early intervention to prevent the spread of infection is required.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hoffmann W, Lipińska AD, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K. Functional Analysis of a Frontal miRNA Cluster Located in the Large Latency Transcript of Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061147. [PMID: 35746619 PMCID: PMC9227234 DOI: 10.3390/v14061147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as a class of crucial regulators of virus-host crosstalk, modulating such processes as viral replication, antiviral immune response, viral latency, and pathogenesis. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), a model for the study of alphaherpesvirus biology, codes for 11 distinct miRNAs mapped to the ~4.6 kb intron of Large Latency Transcript (LLT). Recent studies have revealed the role of clusters consisting of nine and eleven miRNA genes in the replication and virulence of PRV. The function of separate miRNA species in regulating PRV biology has not been thoroughly investigated. To analyze the regulatory potential of three PRV miRNAs located in the frontal cluster of the LLT intron, we generated a research model based on the constitutive expression of viral miRNAs in swine testis cells (ST_LLT [1–3] cell line). Using a cell culture system providing a stable production of individual miRNAs at high levels, we demonstrated that the LLT [1–3] miRNA cluster significantly downregulated IE180, EP0, and gE at the early stages of PRV infection. It was further determined that LLT [1–3] miRNAs could regulate the infection process, leading to a slight distortion in transmission and proliferation ability. Collectively, our findings indicate the potential of LLT [1–3] miRNAs to retard the host responses by reducing viral antigenic load and suppressing the expansion of progeny viruses at the early stages of infection.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hussey GS, Giessler KS. Contribution of the immune response to the pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1): Are there immune correlates that predict increased risk or protection from EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy? Vet J 2022; 282:105827. [PMID: 35405348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a devastating consequence of EHV-1 infection that has significant economic consequences. However, clinical EHM is relatively rare and occurs in only approximately 10% of infected horses. While there is a positive correlation between the duration and magnitude of viremia and incidence of EHM, it is likely that a combination of host and viral factors determine whether EHM occurs. The identification of these factors is of high interest for the equine community and has been the topic of much research for vaccine development and to predict which horses might be most at risk for developing EHM. The aim of this review is to highlight host immunity contributions to EHM pathogenesis at different sites of EHV-1 infection to shed light on the different aspects and interdependence of the response to EHV-1 in the time course of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA.
| | - Kim S Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Padariya M, Kote S, Mayordomo M, Dapic I, Alfaro J, Hupp T, Fahraeus R, Kalathiya U. Structural determinants of peptide-dependent TAP1-TAP2 transit passage targeted by viral proteins and altered by cancer-associated mutations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5072-5091. [PMID: 34589184 PMCID: PMC8453138 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The TAP1-TAP2 complex transports antigenic peptide substrates into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In ER, the peptides are further processed and loaded on the major histocompatibility class (MHC) I molecules by the peptide loading complex (PLC). The TAP transporters are linked with the PLC; a target for cancers and viral immune evasion. But the mechanisms whereby the cancer-derived mutations in TAP1-TAP2 or viral factors targeting the PLC, interfere peptide transport are only emerging. This study describes that transit of peptides through TAP can take place via two different channels (4 or 8 helices) depending on peptide length and sequence. Molecular dynamics and binding affinity predictions of peptide-transporters demonstrated that smaller peptides (8-10 mers; e.g. AAGIGILTV, SIINFEKL) can transport quickly through the transport tunnel compared to longer peptides (15-mer; e.g. ENPVVHFFKNIVTPR). In line with a regulated and selective peptide transport by TAPs, the immunopeptidome upon IFN-γ treatment in melanoma cells induced the shorter length (9-mer) peptide presentation over MHC-I that exhibit a relatively weak binding affinity with TAP. A conserved distance between N and C terminus residues of the studied peptides in the transport tunnel were reported. Furthermore, by adversely interacting with the TAP transport passage or affecting TAPNBD domains tilt movement, the viral proteins and cancer-derived mutations in TAP1-TAP2 may induce allosteric effects in TAP that block conformation of the tunnel (closed towards ER lumen). Interestingly, some cancer-associated mutations (e.g. TAP1R372Q and TAP2R373H) can specifically interfere with selective transport channels (i.e. for longer-peptides). These results provide a model for how viruses and cancer-associated mutations targeting TAP interfaces can affect MHC-I antigen presentation, and how the IFN-γ pathway alters MHC-I antigen presentation via the kinetics of peptide transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monikaben Padariya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sachin Kote
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcos Mayordomo
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Irena Dapic
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Javier Alfaro
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Hupp
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Building 6M, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zlutykopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Umesh Kalathiya
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pusterla N, Barnum S, Miller J, Varnell S, Dallap-Schaer B, Aceto H, Simeone A. Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H 752 Genotype. Pathogens 2021; 10:747. [PMID: 34199153 PMCID: PMC8231618 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on an EHV-1 outbreak investigation caused by a novel genotype H752 (histidine in amino acid position 752 of the ORF 30 gene). The outbreak involved 31 performance horses. Horses were monitored over a period of 35 days for clinical signs, therapeutic outcome and qPCR results of EHV-1 in blood and nasal secretions. The morbidity of the EHV-1 outbreak was 84% with 26 clinically infected horses displaying fever and less frequently anorexia and distal limb edema. Four horses showed mild transient neurological deficits. Clinically diseased horses experienced high viral load of EHV-1 in blood and/or nasal secretions via qPCR, while subclinically infected horses had detectable EHV-1 mainly in nasal secretions. The majority of infected horses showed a rise in antibody titers to EHV-1 during the outbreak. All 31 horses were treated with valacyclovir, while clinically infected horses further received flunixin meglumine and sodium heparin. This investigation highlights various relevant aspects of an EHV-1 outbreak caused by a new H752 genotype: (i) importance of early detection of EHV-1 infection; (ii) diagnostic challenge to assess H752 genotype; (iii) apparent benefit of valacyclovir use in the early stage of the outbreak; and (iv) weekly testing of blood and nasal secretions by qPCR in order to monitor individual infection status and lift quarantine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Julia Miller
- Alliance Equine Health Care, Glenmoore, PA 19343, USA; (J.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Sarah Varnell
- Alliance Equine Health Care, Glenmoore, PA 19343, USA; (J.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Barbara Dallap-Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; (B.D.-S.); (H.A.)
| | - Helen Aceto
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA; (B.D.-S.); (H.A.)
| | - Aliza Simeone
- Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Health, Collegeville, PA 17110, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Verweij MC, Hansen SG, Iyer R, John N, Malouli D, Morrow D, Scholz I, Womack J, Abdulhaqq S, Gilbride RM, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ford JC, Selseth AN, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Shao J, Sacha JB, Axthelm MK, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Früh K. Modulation of MHC-E transport by viral decoy ligands is required for RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy. Science 2021; 372:eabe9233. [PMID: 33766941 PMCID: PMC8354429 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens elicit CD8+ T cells recognizing epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) and MHC-E but not MHC-Ia. These immune responses mediate replication arrest of SIV in 50 to 60% of monkeys. We show that the peptide VMAPRTLLL (VL9) embedded within the RhCMV protein Rh67 promotes intracellular MHC-E transport and recognition of RhCMV-infected fibroblasts by MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells. Deletion or mutation of viral VL9 abrogated MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell priming, resulting in CD8+ T cell responses exclusively targeting MHC-II-restricted epitopes. These responses were comparable in magnitude and differentiation to responses elicited by 68-1 vectors but did not protect against SIV. Thus, Rh67-enabled direct priming of MHC-E-restricted T cells is crucial for RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ravi Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nessy John
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Isabel Scholz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Population Sciences and Computational Biology Programs, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
BoHV-1-Vectored BVDV-2 Subunit Vaccine Induces BVDV Cross-Reactive Cellular Immune Responses and Protects against BVDV-2 Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010046. [PMID: 33451136 PMCID: PMC7828602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) remains a major problem for both beef and dairy cattle industries worldwide. BRDC frequently involves an initial viral respiratory infection resulting in immunosuppression, which creates a favorable condition for fatal secondary bacterial infection. Current polyvalent modified live vaccines against bovine herpesvirus type 1(BoHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) have limitations concerning their safety and efficacy. To address these shortcomings and safety issues, we have constructed a quadruple gene mutated BoHV-1 vaccine vector (BoHV-1 QMV), which expresses BVDV type 2, chimeric E2 and Flag-tagged Erns-fused with bovine granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) designated here as QMV-BVD2*. Here we compared the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of QMV-BVD2* vaccination in calves against BVDV-2 with Zoetis Bovi-shield Gold 3 trivalent (BoHV-1, BVDV types 1 and 2) vaccine. The QMV-BVD2* prototype subunit vaccine induced the BoHV-1 and BVDV-2 neutralizing antibody responses along with BVDV-1 and -2 cross-reactive cellular immune responses. Moreover, after a virulent BVDV-2 challenge, the QMV-BVD2* prototype subunit vaccine conferred a more rapid recall BVDV-2-specific neutralizing antibody response and considerably better recall BVDV types 1 and 2-cross protective cellular immune responses than that of the Zoetis Bovi-shield Gold 3.
Collapse
|
20
|
Karska N, Graul M, Sikorska E, Ślusarz MJ, Zhukov I, Kasprzykowski F, Kubiś A, Lipińska AD, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S. Investigation of the Effects of Primary Structure Modifications within the RRE Motif on the Conformation of Synthetic Bovine Herpesvirus 1-Encoded UL49.5 Protein Fragments. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000883. [PMID: 33427369 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are the most prevalent viruses that infect the human and animal body. They can escape a host immune response in numerous ways. One way is to block the TAP complex so that viral peptides, originating from proteasomal degradation, cannot be transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. As a result, a reduced number of MHC class I molecules appear on the surface of infected cells and, thus, the immune system is not efficiently activated. BoHV-1-encoded UL49.5 protein is one such TAP transporter inhibitor. This protein binds to TAP in such a way that its N-terminal fragment interacts with the loops of the TAP complex, and the C-terminus stimulates proteasomal degradation of TAP. Previous studies have indicated certain amino acid residues, especially the RRE(9-11) motif, within the helical structure of the UL49.5 N-terminal fragment, as being crucial to the protein's activity. In this work, we investigated the effects of modifications within the RRE region on the spatial structure of the UL49.5 N-terminal fragment. The introduced RRE(9-11) variations were designed to abolish or stabilize the structure of the α-helix and, consequently, to increase or decrease protein activity compared to the wild type. The terminal structure of the peptides was established using circular dichroism (CD), 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular dynamics (MD) in membrane-mimetic or membrane-model environments. Our structural results show that in the RRE(9-11)AAA and E11G peptides the helical structure has been stabilized, whereas for the RRE(9-11)GGG peptide, as expected, the helix structure has partially unfolded compared to the native structure. These RRE modifications, in the context of the entire UL49.5 proteins, slightly altered their biological activity in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Karska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Graul
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia Sikorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,NanoBioMedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Kubiś
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrea D Lipińska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sawant L, Thunuguntla P, Jones C. Cooperative activation of bovine herpesvirus 1 productive infection and viral regulatory promoters by androgen receptor and Krüppel-like transcription factors 4 and 15. Virology 2021; 552:63-72. [PMID: 33065464 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), a significant viral pathogen, establishes latency in sensory neurons. The viral genome contains more than 100 consensus glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulatory elements (GREs): consequently, stress stimulates viral replication and reactivation from latency. The immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) and bICP0 early promoters are transactivated by GR and synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone. The androgen receptor (AR), like GR, is a Type 1 nuclear hormone receptor that binds and stimulates certain promoters containing GREs. Consequently, we hypothesized AR and 5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulate productive infection and key viral promoters. New studies demonstrated AR, DHT, and Krüppel like transcription factor 4 (KLF4) cooperatively stimulated productive infection and bICP0 E promoter activity in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A). KLF15 also cooperated with AR and DHT to stimulate IEtu1 promoter activity. We suggest AR and testosterone increase the prevalence of virus in semen by stimulating viral gene expression and replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laximan Sawant
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Prasanth Thunuguntla
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evasion of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response by Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121354. [PMID: 33256093 PMCID: PMC7761393 DOI: 10.3390/v12121354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses cause various diseases and establish life-long latent infections in humans and animals. These viruses encode multiple viral proteins and miRNAs to evade the host immune response, including both innate and adaptive immunity. Alphaherpesviruses evolved highly advanced immune evasion strategies to be able to replicate efficiently in vivo and produce latent infections with recurrent outbreaks. This review describes the immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses, especially against cytotoxic host immune responses. Considering these strategies, it is important to evaluate whether the immune evasion mechanisms in cell cultures are applicable to viral propagation and pathogenicity in vivo. This review focuses on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T cells (NKT cells), which are representative immune cells that directly damage virus-infected cells. Since these immune cells recognize the ligands expressed on their target cells via specific activating and/or inhibitory receptors, alphaherpesviruses make several ligands that may be targets for immune evasion. In addition, alphaherpesviruses suppress the infiltration of CTLs by downregulating the expression of chemokines at infection sites in vivo. Elucidation of the alphaherpesvirus immune evasion mechanisms is essential for the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Collapse
|
23
|
Krunkosky M, García M, Beltran G, Williams SM, Hurley DJ, Gogal RM. Ocular exposure to infectious laryngotracheitis virus alters leukocyte subsets in the head-associated lymphoid tissues and trachea of 6-week-old White Leghorn chickens. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:404-417. [PMID: 32301627 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1757036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes acute respiratory disease primarily infecting the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva. Administration of live attenuated ILTV vaccines via eye drop, drinking water, or by coarse spray elicits protective mucosal immunity in the head-associated lymphoid tissues (HALT), of which conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and the Harderian gland (HG) are important tissue components. The trachea, a non-lymphoid tissue, also receives significant influx of inflammatory cells that dictate the outcome of ILTV infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate leukocyte cellular and phenotypic changes in the CALT, HG and trachea following ocular infection with a virulent ILTV strain. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days post-infection, CALT, HG, and trachea of 6-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens ocularly-exposed to vehicle or virulent ILTV strain 63140 were dissociated, the cells enumerated and then phenotyped using flow cytometry. The CALT had the highest viral genomic load, which peaked on day 3. In ILTV-infected birds, the CALT had a decreased percentage of leukocytes. This was reflected by decreased numbers of MHCI+MHCII-, MHCI+MHCIIlow+, and CD4+ cells, while IgM+ and MHCI+MHCIIHigh+ expressing cell populations increased. In the HG, the most notable change in cells from ILTV-infected birds was a decrease in IgM expressing cells and histologically, an increase in Mott cells. In summary, an acute, ocular exposure to ILTV strain 63140 in young birds shifts subsets of lymphocyte populations in the CALT and HG with minimal impact on the trachea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Krunkosky
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - G Beltran
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - D J Hurley
- Food Animal Health and Management, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - R M Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Trowitzsch S, Tampé R. Multifunctional Chaperone and Quality Control Complexes in Adaptive Immunity. Annu Rev Biophys 2020; 49:135-161. [PMID: 32004089 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-121219-081643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental process of adaptive immunity relies on the differentiation of self from nonself. Nucleated cells are continuously monitored by effector cells of the immune system, which police the peptide status presented via cell surface molecules. Recent integrative structural approaches have provided insights toward our understanding of how sophisticated cellular machineries shape such hierarchical immune surveillance. Biophysical and structural achievements were invaluable for defining the interconnection of many key factors during antigen processing and presentation, and helped to solve several conundrums that persisted for many years. In this review, we illuminate the numerous quality control machineries involved in different steps during the maturation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) proteins, from their synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to folding and trafficking via the secretory pathway, optimization of antigenic cargo, final release to the cell surface, and engagement with their cognate receptors on cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trowitzsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; ,
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; ,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wąchalska M, Graul M, Praest P, Luteijn RD, Babnis AW, Wiertz EJHJ, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Lipińska AD. Fluorescent TAP as a Platform for Virus-Induced Degradation of the Antigenic Peptide Transporter. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121590. [PMID: 31817841 PMCID: PMC6952996 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), a key player in the major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation, makes an attractive target for viruses that aim to escape the immune system. Mechanisms of TAP inhibition vary among virus species. Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is unique in its ability to target TAP for proteasomal degradation following conformational arrest by the UL49.5 gene product. The exact mechanism of TAP removal still requires elucidation. For this purpose, a TAP-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion protein is instrumental, yet GFP-tagging may affect UL49.5-induced degradation. Therefore, we constructed a series of TAP-GFP variants using various linkers to obtain an optimal cellular fluorescent TAP platform. Mel JuSo (MJS) cells with CRISPR/Cas9 TAP1 or TAP2 knockouts were reconstituted with TAP-GFP constructs. Our results point towards a critical role of GFP localization on fluorescent properties of the fusion proteins and, in concert with the type of a linker, on the susceptibility to virally-induced inhibition and degradation. The fluorescent TAP platform was also used to re-evaluate TAP stability in the presence of other known viral TAP inhibitors, among which only UL49.5 was able to reduce TAP levels. Finally, we provide evidence that BoHV-1 UL49.5-induced TAP removal is p97-dependent, which indicates its degradation via endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3/metabolism
- Acetanilides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Benzothiazoles/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- Plasmids/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Wąchalska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80–307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.G.); (A.W.B.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Graul
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80–307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.G.); (A.W.B.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Patrique Praest
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.P.); (R.D.L.); (E.J.H.J.W.)
| | - Rutger D. Luteijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.P.); (R.D.L.); (E.J.H.J.W.)
| | - Aleksandra W. Babnis
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80–307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.G.); (A.W.B.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.P.); (R.D.L.); (E.J.H.J.W.)
| | - Krystyna Bieńkowska-Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80–307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.G.); (A.W.B.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Andrea D. Lipińska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80–307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.G.); (A.W.B.); (K.B.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-585236383
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Enders M, Franken L, Philipp MS, Kessler N, Baumgart AK, Eichler M, Wiertz EJH, Garbi N, Kurts C. Splenic Red Pulp Macrophages Cross-Prime Early Effector CTL That Provide Rapid Defense against Viral Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:87-100. [PMID: 31776205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation allows dendritic cells (DCs) to present peptides derived from endocytosed Ags on MHC class I molecules, which is important for activating CTL against viral infections and tumors. Type 1 classical DCs (cDC1), which depend on the transcription factor Batf3, are considered the main cross-presenting cells. In this study, we report that soluble Ags are efficiently cross-presented also by transcription factor SpiC-dependent red pulp macrophages (RPM) of the spleen. In contrast to cDC1, RPM used the mannose receptor for Ag uptake and employed the proteasome- and TAP-dependent cytosolic cross-presentation pathway, previously shown to be used in vitro by bone marrow-derived DCs. In an in vivo vaccination model, both cDC1 and RPM cross-primed CTL efficiently but with distinct kinetics. Within a few days, RPM induced very early effector CTL of a distinct phenotype (Ly6A/E+ Ly6C(+) KLRG1- CD127- CX3CR1- Grz-B+). In an adenoviral infection model, such CTL contained the early viral spread, whereas cDC1 induced short-lived effector CTL that eventually cleared the virus. RPM-induced early effector CTL also contributed to the endogenous antiviral response but not to CTL memory generation. In conclusion, RPM can contribute to antiviral immunity by generating a rapid CTL defense force that contains the virus until cDC1-induced CTL are available to eliminate it. This function can be harnessed for improving vaccination strategies aimed at inducing CTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Enders
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Lars Franken
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Marie-Sophie Philipp
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Ann-Kathrin Baumgart
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Melanie Eichler
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Emmanuel J H Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127 Bonn, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rider PJF, Uche IK, Sweeny L, Kousoulas KG. Anti-viral immunity in the tumor microenvironment: implications for the rational design of herpes simplex virus type 1 oncolytic virotherapy. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:193-199. [PMID: 33344108 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The design of novel herpes simplex type I (HSV-1)-derived oncolytic virotherapies is a balancing act between safety, immunogenicity and replicative potential. We have undertaken this review to better understand how these considerations can be incorporated into rational approaches to the design of novel herpesvirus oncolytic virotherapies. Recent findings Several recent papers have demonstrated that enhancing the potential of HSV-1 oncolytic viruses to combat anti-viral mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment leads to greater efficacy than their parental viruses. Summary It is not entirely clear how the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment affects oncolytic viral replication and spread within tumors. Recent work has shown that the manipulation of specific cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression operating within the tumor microenvironment can enhance the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. We anticipate that future work will integrate greater knowledge of immunosuppression in tumor microenvironments with design of oncolytic virotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J F Rider
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ifeanyi K Uche
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Larissa Sweeny
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.,Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abdulhaqq SA, Wu H, Schell JB, Hammond KB, Reed JS, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Park BS, Asokan A, Früh K, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Sacha JB. Vaccine-Mediated Inhibition of the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing Is Insufficient To Induce Major Histocompatibility Complex E-Restricted CD8 + T Cells in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2019; 93:e00592-19. [PMID: 31315990 PMCID: PMC6744250 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) is a highly conserved nonclassical MHC-Ib molecule that tightly binds peptides derived from leader sequences of classical MHC-Ia molecules for presentation to natural killer cells. However, MHC-E also binds diverse foreign and neoplastic self-peptide antigens for presentation to CD8+ T cells. Although the determinants of MHC-E-restricted T cell priming remain unknown, these cells are induced in humans infected with pathogens containing genes that inhibit the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Indeed, mice vaccinated with TAP-inhibited autologous dendritic cells develop T cells restricted by the murine MHC-E homologue, Qa-1b. Here, we tested whether rhesus macaques (RM) vaccinated with viral constructs expressing a TAP inhibitor would develop insert-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells. We generated viral constructs coexpressing SIVmac239 Gag in addition to one of three TAP inhibitors: herpes simplex virus 2 ICP47, bovine herpes virus 1 UL49.5, or rhesus cytomegalovirus Rh185. Each TAP inhibitor reduced surface expression of MHC-Ia molecules but did not reduce surface MHC-E expression. In agreement with modulation of surface MHC-Ia levels, TAP inhibition diminished presentation of MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes without impacting presentation of peptide antigen bound by MHC-E. Vaccination of macaques with vectors dually expressing SIVmac239 Gag with ICP47, UL49.5, or Rh185 generated Gag-specific CD8+ T cells classically restricted by MHC-Ia but not MHC-E. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to results in mice, TAP inhibition alone is insufficient for priming of MHC-E-restricted T cell responses in primates and suggest that additional unknown mechanisms govern the induction of CD8+ T cells recognizing MHC-E-bound antigen.IMPORTANCE Due to the near monomorphic nature of MHC-E in the human population and inability of many pathogens to inhibit MHC-E-mediated peptide presentation, MHC-E-restricted T cells have become an attractive vaccine target. However, little is known concerning how these cells are induced. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that induce these T cells would provide a powerful new vaccine strategy to an array of neoplasms and viral and bacterial pathogens. Recent studies have indicated a link between TAP inhibition and induction of MHC-E-restricted T cells. The significance of our research is in demonstrating that TAP inhibition alone does not prime MHC-E-restricted T cell generation and suggests that other, currently unknown mechanisms regulate their induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed A Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Helen Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine B Hammond
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Byung S Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Praest P, Liaci AM, Förster F, Wiertz EJ. New insights into the structure of the MHC class I peptide-loading complex and mechanisms of TAP inhibition by viral immune evasion proteins. Mol Immunol 2019; 113:103-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
30
|
Deng S, Yang C, Nie K, Fan S, Zhu M, Zhu J, Chen Y, Yuan J, Zhang J, Xu H, Tian S, Chen J, Zhao M. Host cell protein PSMB10 interacts with viral NS3 protein and inhibits the growth of classical swine fever virus. Virology 2019; 537:74-83. [PMID: 31493657 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a major infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV). NS3 is one of the non-structural proteins of CSFV and plays an important role in the infection process. However, the NS3-interacting cellular proteins involved in viral replication are poorly documented. In this study, proteasome subunit beta 10 (PSMB10) was identified as a novel NS3-interacting partner using yeast two-hybrid screening of a porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cDNA library. The PSMB10-NS3 interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, glutathione S-transferase pulldown, and laser confocal microscopy. Overexpression of PSMB10 inhibited CSFV replication. Conversely, CSFV infection inhibited PSMB10 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NS3 is degraded by PSMB10 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system and that CSFV inhibits the expression of MHC class I antigen presentation-related transporter proteins, whereas PSMB10 can restore the function of MHC class I antigen presentation and inhibit CSFV proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Kaiyang Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Junling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yuming Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Jin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Hailuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Shangsheng Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No.483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jones C. Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Counteracts Immune Responses and Immune-Surveillance to Enhance Pathogenesis and Virus Transmission. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1008. [PMID: 31134079 PMCID: PMC6514135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of cattle by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) can culminate in upper respiratory tract disorders, conjunctivitis, or genital disorders. Infection also consistently leads to transient immune-suppression. BoHV-1 is the number one infectious agent in cattle that is associated with abortions in cattle. BoHV-1, as other α-herpesvirinae subfamily members, establishes latency in sensory neurons. Stressful stimuli, mimicked by the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, consistently induce reactivation from latency in latently infected calves and rabbits. Increased corticosteroid levels due to stress have a two-pronged effect on reactivation from latency by: (1) directly stimulating viral gene expression and replication, and (2) impairing antiviral immune responses, thus enhancing virus spread and transmission. BoHV-1 encodes several proteins, bICP0, bICP27, gG, UL49.5, and VP8, which interfere with key antiviral innate immune responses in the absence of other viral genes. Furthermore, the ability of BoHV-1 to infect lymphocytes and induce apoptosis, in particular CD4+ T cells, has negative impacts on immune responses during acute infection. BoHV-1 induced immune-suppression can initiate the poly-microbial disorder known as bovine respiratory disease complex, which costs the US cattle industry more than one billion dollars annually. Furthermore, interfering with antiviral responses may promote viral spread to ovaries and the developing fetus, thus enhancing reproductive issues associated with BoHV-1 infection of cows or pregnant cows. The focus of this review is to describe the known mechanisms, direct and indirect, by which BoHV-1 interferes with antiviral immune responses during the course of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Karska N, Graul M, Sikorska E, Zhukov I, Ślusarz MJ, Kasprzykowski F, Lipińska AD, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S. Structure determination of UL49.5 transmembrane protein from bovine herpesvirus 1 by NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:926-938. [PMID: 30772281 PMCID: PMC7089609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) directly participates in the immune response as a key component of the cytosolic peptide to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I protein loading machinery. This makes TAP an important target for viruses avoiding recognition by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Its activity can be suppressed by the UL49.5 protein produced by bovine herpesvirus 1, although the mechanism of this inhibition has not been understood so far. Therefore, the main goal of our study was to investigate the 3D structure of bovine herpesvirus 1 - encoded UL49.5 protein. The final structure of the inhibitor was established using circular dichroism (CD), 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular dynamics (MD) in membrane mimetic environments. In NMR studies, UL49.5 was represented by two fragments: the extracellular region (residues 1–35) and the transmembrane-intracellular fragment (residues 36–75), displaying various functions during viral invasion. After the empirical structure determination, a molecular docking procedure was used to predict the complex of UL49.5 with the TAP heterodimer. Our results revealed that UL49.5 adopted a highly flexible membrane-proximal helical structure in the extracellular part. In the transmembrane region, we observed two short α-helices. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic part had an unordered structure. Finally, we propose three different orientations of UL49.5 in the complex with TAP. Our studies provide, for the first time, the experimental structural information on UL49.5 and structure-based insight in its mechanism of action which might be helpful in designing new drugs against viral infections. The UL49.5 viral protein forms a helical structure in the biological membrane Our NMR-based 3D structure of UL49.5 differs from the theoretical predictions Apart from the protruding N-terminal helix the structure is buried in the membrane Attention should be paid to the turns in the external and transmembrane domains Molecular docking proposes three possible structures of the UL49.5/TAP complexes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Karska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Graul
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Emilia Sikorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; NanoBioMedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena J Ślusarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Andrea D Lipińska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Graul M, Kisielnicka E, Rychłowski M, Verweij MC, Tobler K, Ackermann M, Wiertz EJHJ, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Lipińska AD. Transmembrane regions of bovine herpesvirus 1-encoded UL49.5 and glycoprotein M regulate complex maturation and ER-Golgi trafficking. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:497-510. [PMID: 30694168 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1)-encoded UL49.5 (a homologue of herpesvirus glycoprotein N) can combine different functions, regulated by complex formation with viral glycoprotein M (gM). We aimed to identify the mechanisms governing the immunomodulatory activity of BoHV-1 UL49.5. In this study, we addressed the impact of gM/UL49.5-specific regions on heterodimer formation, folding and trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) - events previously found to be responsible for abrogation of the UL49.5-mediated inhibition of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). We first established, using viral mutants, that no other viral protein could efficiently compensate for the chaperone function of UL49.5 within the complex. The cytoplasmic tail of gM, containing putative trafficking signals, was dispensable either for ER retention of gM or for the release of the complex. We constructed cell lines with stable co-expression of BoHV-1 gM with chimeric UL49.5 variants, composed of the BoHV-1 N-terminal domain fused to the transmembrane region (TM) from UL49.5 of varicella-zoster virus or TM and the cytoplasmic tail of influenza virus haemagglutinin. Those membrane-anchored N-terminal domains of UL49.5 were sufficient to form a complex, yet gM/UL49.5 folding and ER-TGN trafficking could be affected by the UL49.5 TM sequence. Finally, we found that leucine substitutions in putative glycine zipper motifs within TM helices of gM resulted in strong reduction of complex formation and decreased ability of gM to interfere with UL49.5-mediated major histocompatibility class I downregulation. These findings highlight the importance of gM/UL49.5 transmembrane domains for the biology of this conserved herpesvirus protein complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Graul
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Kisielnicka
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marieke C Verweij
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kurt Tobler
- 3Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emmanuel J H J Wiertz
- 4Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Krystyna Bieńkowska-Szewczyk
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrea D Lipińska
- 1Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Praest P, de Buhr H, Wiertz EJHJ. A Flow Cytometry-Based Approach to Unravel Viral Interference with the MHC Class I Antigen Processing and Presentation Pathway. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1988:187-198. [PMID: 31147941 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MHC class I molecules are an important component of the cell-mediated immune defense, presenting peptides to surveilling CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. During viral infection, MHC class I molecules carry and display viral peptides at the cell surface. CD8+ T cells that recognize these peptides will eliminate the virus-infected cells. Viruses counteract this highly sophisticated host detection system by downregulating cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules.In this chapter, we describe a flow cytometry-based method that can be used for the identification of viral gene products potentially responsible for evasion from MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation. The gene(s) of interest are expressed constitutively through lentiviral transduction of cells. Subsequently, MHC I surface expression is monitored using MHC class I-specific antibodies. Once the viral gene product responsible for MHC I downregulation has been identified, the same cells can be used to elucidate the mechanism of action. The stage at which interference with antigen processing occurs can be identified using specific assays. An essential step frequently targeted by viruses is the translocation of peptides into the ER by the transporter associated with antigen processing, TAP. TAP function can be measured using a highly specific in vitro assay involving flow cytometric evaluation of the import of a fluorescent peptide substrate.The protocol described in this chapter enables the identification of virus-encoded MHC class I inhibitors that hinder antigen processing and presentation. Subsequently, their mechanism of action can be unraveled; this knowledge may help to rectify their actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrique Praest
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik de Buhr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel J H J Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The Involvement of Histone H3 Acetylation in Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Replication in MDBK Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100525. [PMID: 30261679 PMCID: PMC6213513 DOI: 10.3390/v10100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) productive infection in cell cultures, partial of intranuclear viral DNA is present in nucleosomes, and viral protein VP22 associates with histones and decreases histone H4 acetylation, indicating the involvement of histone H4 acetylation in virus replication. In this study, we demonstrated that BoHV-1 infection at the late stage (at 24 h after infection) dramatically decreased histone H3 acetylation [at residues K9 (H3K9ac) and K18 (H3K18ac)], which was supported by the pronounced depletion of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) including CBP/P300 (CREB binding protein and p300), GCN5L2 (general control of amino acid synthesis yeast homolog like 2) and PCAF (P300/CBP-associated factor). The depletion of GCN5L2 promoted by virus infection was partially mediated by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Interestingly, the viral replication was enhanced by HAT (histone acetyltransferase) activator CTPB [N-(4-Chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-ethoxy-6-pentadecylbenzamide], and vice versa, inhibited by HAT inhibitor Anacardic acid (AA), suggesting that BoHV-1 may take advantage of histone acetylation for efficient replication. Taken together, we proposed that the HAT-dependent histone H3 acetylation plays an important role in BoHV-1 replication in MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 U L49.5 Interacts with gM and VP22 To Ensure Virus Cell-to-Cell Spread and Virion Incorporation: Novel Role for VP22 in gM-Independent U L49.5 Virion Incorporation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00240-18. [PMID: 29669828 PMCID: PMC6002714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00240-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus envelope glycoprotein N (gN) and gM form a covalently linked complex. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) UL49.5 (a gN homolog) contains two predicted cysteine residues, C42 and C78. The C42 is highly conserved among the alphaherpesvirus gN homologs (e.g., herpes simplex virus 1 and pseudorabies virus). To identify which cysteine residue is required for the formation of the UL49.5/gM complex and to characterize the functional significance of the UL49.5/gM complex, we constructed and analyzed C42S and C78S substitution mutants in either a BHV-1 wild type (wt) or BHV-1 UL49.5 cytoplasmic tail-null (CT-null) virus background. The results demonstrated that BHV-1 UL49.5 residue C42 but not C78 was essential for the formation of the covalently linked functional UL49.5/gM complex, gM maturation in the Golgi compartment, and efficient cell-to-cell spread of the virus. Interestingly, the C42S and CT-null mutations separately did not affect mutant UL49.5 virion incorporation. However, when both of the mutations were introduced simultaneously, the UL49.5 C42S/CT-null protein virion incorporation was severely reduced. Incidentally, the anti-VP22 antibody coimmunoprecipitated the UL49.5 C42S/CT-null mutant protein at a noticeably reduced level compared to that of the individual UL49.5 C42S and CT-null mutant proteins. As expected, in a dual UL49.5 C42S/VP22Δ virus with deletion of VP22 (VP22Δ), the UL49.5 C42S virion incorporation was also severely reduced while in a gMΔ virus, UL49.5 virion incorporation was affected only slightly. Together, these results suggested that UL49.5 virion incorporation is mediated redundantly, by both UL49.5/gM functional complex and VP22, through a putative gM-independent novel UL49.5 and VP22 interaction.IMPORTANCE Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) envelope protein UL49.5 is an important virulence determinant because it downregulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). UL49.5 also forms a covalently linked complex with gM. The results of this study demonstrate that UL49.5 regulates gM maturation and virus cell-to-cell spread since gM maturation in the Golgi compartment depends on covalently linked UL49.5/gM complex. The results also show that the UL49.5 residue cysteine 42 (C42) mediates the formation of the covalently linked UL49.5-gM interaction. Furthermore, a C42S mutant virus in which UL49.5 cannot interact with gM has defective cell-to-cell spread. Interestingly, UL49.5 also interacts with the tegument protein VP22 via its cytoplasmic tail (CT). The putative UL49.5 CT-VP22 interaction is essential for a gM-independent UL49.5 virion incorporation and is revealed when UL49.5 and gM are not linked. Therefore, UL49.5 virion incorporation is mediated by UL49.5-gM complex interaction and through a gM-independent interaction between UL49.5 and VP22.
Collapse
|
37
|
Doorduijn EM, Sluijter M, Querido BJ, Seidel UJE, Oliveira CC, van der Burg SH, van Hall T. T Cells Engaging the Conserved MHC Class Ib Molecule Qa-1 b with TAP-Independent Peptides Are Semi-Invariant Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 29422902 PMCID: PMC5788890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HLA-E homolog in the mouse (Qa-1b) is a conserved MHC class Ib molecule presenting monomorphic peptides to germline-encoded natural killer receptor CD94/NKG2A. Previously, we demonstrated the replacement of this canonical peptide by a diverse peptidome upon deficiency of the TAP peptide transporter. Analysis of this Qa-1b-restricted T cell repertoire against these non-mutated neoantigens revealed characteristics of conventional hypervariable CD8+ T cells, but also of invariant T cell receptor (TCR)αβ T cells. A shared TCR Vα chain was used by this subset in combination with a variety of Vβ chains. The TCRs target peptide ligands that are conserved between mouse and man, like the identified peptide derived from the transcriptional cofactor Med15. The thymus selection was studied in a TCR-transgenic mouse and emerging naïve CD8+ T cells displayed a slightly activated phenotype, as witnessed by higher CD122 and Ly6C expression. Moreover, the Qa-1b protein was dispensable for thymus selection. Importantly, no self-reactivity was observed as reported for other MHC class Ib-restricted subsets. Naïve Qa-1b restricted T cells expanded, contracted, and formed memory cells in vivo upon peptide vaccination in a similar manner as conventional CD8+ T cells. Based on these data, the Qa-1b restricted T cell subset might be positioned closest to conventional CD8+ T cells of all MHC class Ib populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elien M Doorduijn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Sluijter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bianca J Querido
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ursula J E Seidel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Claudia C Oliveira
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wu XM, Chen QY, Chen RJ, Che YL, Wang LB, Wang CY, Yan S, Liu YT, Xiu JS, Zhou LJ. Pathogenicity and Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of a Pseudorabies Virus Strain FJ-2012 Isolated from Fujian, Southern China. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2017; 2017:9073172. [PMID: 29527230 PMCID: PMC5804112 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9073172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The outbreaks of pseudorabies have been frequently reported in Bartha-K61-vaccinated farms in China since 2011. To study the pathogenicity and evolution of the circulating pseudorabies viruses in Fujian Province, mainland China, we isolated and sequenced the whole genome of a wild-type pseudorabies virus strain named "FJ-2012." We then conducted a few downstream bioinformatics analyses including phylogenetic analysis and pathogenic analysis and used the virus to infect 6 pseudorabies virus-free piglets. FJ-2012-infected piglets developed symptoms like high body temperature and central nervous system disorders and had high mortality rate. In addition, we identified typical micropathological changes such as multiple gross lesions in infected piglets through pathological analysis and conclude that the FJ-2012 genome is significantly different from known pseudorabies viruses, in which insertions, deletions, and substitutions are observed in multiple immune and virulence genes. In summary, this study shed lights on the molecular basis of the prevalence and pathology of the pseudorabies virus strain FJ-2012. The genome of FJ-2012 could be used as a reference to study the evolution of pseudorabies viruses, which is critical to the vaccine development of new emerging pseudorabies viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-min Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Qiu-yong Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Ru-jing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yong-liang Che
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Long-bai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Chen-yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yu-tao Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Jin-sheng Xiu
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lun-jiang Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Sciences/Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center, Fuzhou 350013, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A highly conserved sequence of the viral TAP inhibitor ICP47 is required for freezing of the peptide transport cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2933. [PMID: 28592828 PMCID: PMC5462769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) translocates antigenic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen for loading onto MHC class I molecules. This is a key step in the control of viral infections through CD8+ T-cells. The herpes simplex virus type-1 encodes an 88 amino acid long species-specific TAP inhibitor, ICP47, that functions as a high affinity competitor for the peptide binding site on TAP. It has previously been suggested that the inhibitory function of ICP47 resides within the N-terminal region (residues 1–35). Here we show that mutation of the highly conserved 50PLL52 motif within the central region of ICP47 attenuates its inhibitory capacity. Taking advantage of the human cytomegalovirus-encoded TAP inhibitor US6 as a luminal sensor for conformational changes of TAP, we demonstrated that the 50PLL52 motif is essential for freezing of the TAP conformation. Moreover, hierarchical functional interaction sites on TAP dependent on 50PLL52 could be defined using a comprehensive set of human-rat TAP chimeras. This data broadens our understanding of the molecular mechanism underpinning TAP inhibition by ICP47, to include the 50PLL52 sequence as a stabilizer that tethers the TAP-ICP47 complex in an inward-facing conformation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Barber KA, Daugherty HC, Ander SE, Jefferson VA, Shack LA, Pechan T, Nanduri B, Meyer F. Protein Composition of the Bovine Herpesvirus 1.1 Virion. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010011. [PMID: 29056670 PMCID: PMC5606624 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) type 1 is an important agricultural pathogen that infects cattle and other ruminants worldwide. Acute infection of the oro-respiratory tract leads to immune suppression and allows commensal bacteria to infect an otherwise healthy lower respiratory tract. This condition is known as the Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). BoHV-1 latently infects the host for life and periodical stress events re-initiate BRD, translating into high morbidity and large economic losses. To gain a better understanding of the biology of BoHV-1 and the disease it causes, we elucidated the protein composition of extracellular virions using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We detected 33 viral proteins, including the expected proteins of the nucleocapsid and envelope as well as other regulatory proteins present in the viral tegument. In addition to viral proteins, we have also identified packaged proteins of host origin. This constitutes the first proteomic characterization of the BoHV virion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaley A. Barber
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Hillary C. Daugherty
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Stephanie E. Ander
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Victoria A. Jefferson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
| | - Leslie A. Shack
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (A.S.); (B.N.)
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (A.S.); (B.N.)
| | - Florencia Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.A.B.); (H.C.D.); (S.E.A.); (V.A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-325-7734
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Identification of an epitope within the Bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein E cytoplasmic tail and use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the epitope for the differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. J Virol Methods 2016; 233:97-104. [PMID: 26976821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 1 triple mutant virus (BoHV-1 tmv) that lacks UL49.5 residues 30-32 and 80-96, gE cytoplasmic tail (gE CT) residues 452-575 and the entire 435 bp long Us9 ORF. To develop a gE CT-specific blocking ELISA test that is necessary to distinguish the BoHV-1 tmv vaccinated calves from the wild-type (wt) virus-infected calves, a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2H8F3 was generated by using the Escherichia coli expressed gE CT residues 452-575. Further, by performing a PEPSCAN analysis of 12 mer overlapping peptides spanning the entire gE CT, the epitope sequence recognized by the mAb2H8F3 was mapped within the gE CT residues 499SDDDGPASN507. A blocking ELISA test was then developed for detecting antibodies in wild-type BoHV-1 infected calves against the gE CT epitope specified by 499SDDDGPASN507. The assay is based on the use of HRP conjugated mAb2H8F3 and the E. coli expressed gE CT protein as an indicator antibody and a coating antigen, respectively. In this assay, serum from entire gE-deleted and BoHV-1 tmv-infected calves scored negative, whereas serum from calves infected with BoHV-1 wt scored positive. Therefore, the gE CT-ELISA, based on the mAb2H8F3 and E. coli expressed gE CT protein, is suitable for differentiating the wt virus-infected and BoHV-1 tmv-vaccinated cattle.
Collapse
|
42
|
Pourchet A, Fuhrmann SR, Pilones KA, Demaria S, Frey AB, Mulvey M, Mohr I. CD8(+) T-cell Immune Evasion Enables Oncolytic Virus Immunotherapy. EBioMedicine 2016; 5:59-67. [PMID: 27077112 PMCID: PMC4816761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although counteracting innate defenses allows oncolytic viruses (OVs) to better replicate and spread within tumors, CD8(+) T-cells restrict their capacity to trigger systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) evades CD8(+) T-cells by producing ICP47, which limits immune recognition of infected cells by inhibiting the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Surprisingly, removing ICP47 was assumed to benefit OV immuno-therapy, but the impact of inhibiting TAP remains unknown because human HSV-1 ICP47 is not effective in rodents. Here, we engineer an HSV-1 OV to produce bovine herpesvirus UL49.5, which unlike ICP47, antagonizes rodent and human TAP. Significantly, UL49.5-expressing OVs showed superior efficacy treating bladder and breast cancer in murine models that was dependent upon CD8(+) T-cells. Besides injected subcutaneous tumors, UL49.5-OV reduced untreated, contralateral tumor size and metastases. These findings establish TAP inhibitor-armed OVs that evade CD8(+) T-cells as an immunotherapy strategy to elicit potent local and systemic anti-tumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Pourchet
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Karsten A. Pilones
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan B. Frey
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wilensky A, Chaushu S, Shapira L. The role of natural killer cells in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:128-41. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
44
|
Verweij MC, Horst D, Griffin BD, Luteijn RD, Davison AJ, Ressing ME, Wiertz EJHJ. Viral inhibition of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP): a striking example of functional convergent evolution. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004743. [PMID: 25880312 PMCID: PMC4399834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that are highly abundant within their host populations. Even in the presence of a healthy immune system, these viruses manage to cause lifelong infections. This persistence is partially mediated by the virus entering latency, a phase of infection characterized by limited viral protein expression. Moreover, herpesviruses have devoted a significant part of their coding capacity to immune evasion strategies. It is believed that the close coexistence of herpesviruses and their hosts has resulted in the evolution of viral proteins that specifically attack multiple arms of the host immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in antiviral immunity. CTLs recognize their target through viral peptides presented in the context of MHC molecules at the cell surface. Every herpesvirus studied to date encodes multiple immune evasion molecules that effectively interfere with specific steps of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays a key role in the loading of viral peptides onto MHC class I molecules. This is reflected by the numerous ways herpesviruses have developed to block TAP function. In this review, we describe the characteristics and mechanisms of action of all known virus-encoded TAP inhibitors. Orthologs of these proteins encoded by related viruses are identified, and the conservation of TAP inhibition is discussed. A phylogenetic analysis of members of the family Herpesviridae is included to study the origin of these molecules. In addition, we discuss the characteristics of the first TAP inhibitor identified outside the herpesvirus family, namely, in cowpox virus. The strategies of TAP inhibition employed by viruses are very distinct and are likely to have been acquired independently during evolution. These findings and the recent discovery of a non-herpesvirus TAP inhibitor represent a striking example of functional convergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke C. Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Horst
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger D. Luteijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
van de Weijer ML, Luteijn RD, Wiertz EJHJ. Viral immune evasion: Lessons in MHC class I antigen presentation. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:125-37. [PMID: 25887630 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I antigen presentation pathway enables cells infected with intracellular pathogens to signal the presence of the invader to the immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are able to eliminate the infected cells through recognition of pathogen-derived peptides presented by MHC class I molecules at the cell surface. In the course of evolution, many viruses have acquired inhibitors that target essential stages of the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. Studies on these immune evasion proteins reveal fascinating strategies used by viruses to elude the immune system. Viral immunoevasins also constitute great research tools that facilitate functional studies on the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway, allowing the investigation of less well understood routes, such as TAP-independent antigen presentation and cross-presentation of exogenous proteins. Viral immunoevasins have also helped to unravel more general cellular processes. For instance, basic principles of ER-associated protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have been resolved using virus-induced degradation of MHC class I as a model. This review highlights how viral immunoevasins have increased our understanding of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rutger D Luteijn
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel J H J Wiertz
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Multiply Inserted Transmembrane Protein pUL43 Cooperates with pUL56 in Downregulation of Cell Surface Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I. J Virol 2015; 89:6251-63. [PMID: 25833055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00032-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpesviruses have evolved an array of strategies to counteract antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). Previously, we identified pUL56 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) as one major determinant of the downregulation of cell surface MHC-I (G. Ma, S. Feineis, N. Osterrieder, and G. R. Van de Walle, J. Virol. 86:3554-3563, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06994-11; T. Huang, M. J. Lehmann, A. Said, G. Ma, and N. Osterrieder, J. Virol. 88:12802-12815, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02079-14). Since pUL56 was able to exert its function only in the context of virus infection, we hypothesized that pUL56 cooperates with another viral protein. Here, we generated and screened a series of EHV-1 single-gene deletion mutants and found that the pUL43 orthologue was required for downregulation of cell surface MHC-I expression at the same time of infection as when pUL56 exerts its function. We demonstrate that the absence of pUL43 was not deleterious to virus growth and that expression of pUL43 was detectable from 2 h postinfection (p.i.) but decreased after 8 h p.i. due to lysosomal degradation. pUL43 localized within Golgi vesicles and required a unique hydrophilic N-terminal domain to function properly. Finally, coexpression of pUL43 and pUL56 in transfected cells reduced the cell surface expression of MHC-I. This process was dependent on PPxY motifs present in pUL56, suggesting that late domains are required for pUL43- and pUL56-dependent sorting of MHC class I for lysosomal degradation. IMPORTANCE We describe here that the poorly characterized herpesviral protein pUL43 is involved in downregulation of cell surface MHC-I. pUL43 is an early protein and degraded in lysosomes. pUL43 resides in the Golgi vesicles and needs an intact N terminus to induce MHC-I downregulation in infected cells. Importantly, pUL43 and pUL56 cooperate to reduce MHC-I expression on the surface of transfected cells. Our results suggest a model for MHC-I downregulation in which late domains in pUL56 are required for the rerouting of vesicles containing MHC-I, pUL56, and pUL43 to the lysosomal compartment.
Collapse
|
47
|
Antigen Translocation Machineries in Adaptive Immunity and Viral Immune Evasion. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1102-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
Hearn C, Preeyanon L, Hunt HD, York IA. An MHC class I immune evasion gene of Marek׳s disease virus. Virology 2014; 475:88-95. [PMID: 25462349 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Marek׳s disease virus (MDV) is a widespread α-herpesvirus of chickens that causes T cell tumors. Acute, but not latent, MDV infection has previously been shown to lead to downregulation of cell-surface MHC class I (Virology 282:198-205 (2001)), but the gene(s) involved have not been identified. Here we demonstrate that an MDV gene, MDV012, is capable of reducing surface expression of MHC class I on chicken cells. Co-expression of an MHC class I-binding peptide targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (bypassing the requirement for the TAP peptide transporter) partially rescued MHC class I expression in the presence of MDV012, suggesting that MDV012 is a TAP-blocking MHC class I immune evasion protein. This is the first unique non-mammalian MHC class I immune evasion gene identified, and suggests that α-herpesviruses have conserved this function for at least 100 million years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cari Hearn
- Department of Comparative Medicine & Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Likit Preeyanon
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Henry D Hunt
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, 4279 East Mount Hope Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Ian A York
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fuentealba N, Zanuzzi C, Scrochi M, Sguazza G, Bravi M, Cid de la Paz V, Corva S, Portiansky E, Gimeno E, Barbeito C, Galosi C. Protective Effects of Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Glycoprotein D in Pregnant BALB/c Mice Challenged with Different Strains of Equine Herpesvirus 1. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:384-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
50
|
Major histocompatibility complex class I downregulation induced by equine herpesvirus type 1 pUL56 is through dynamin-dependent endocytosis. J Virol 2014; 88:12802-15. [PMID: 25165105 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02079-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) downregulates cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in infected cells. We have previously shown that pUL56 encoded by the EHV-1 ORF1 gene regulates the process (G. Ma, S. Feineis, N. Osterrieder, and G. R. Van de Walle, J. Virol. 86:3554-3563, 2012, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06994-11). Here, we report that cell surface MHC-I in EHV-1-infected cells is internalized and degraded in the lysosomal compartment in a pUL56-dependent fashion. pUL56-induced MHC-I endocytosis required dynamin and tyrosine kinase but was independent of clathrin and caveolin-1, the main constituents of the clathrin- and raft/caveola-mediated endocytosis pathways, respectively. Downregulation of cell surface MHC-I was significantly inhibited by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR41, indicating that ubiquitination is essential for the process. Finally, we show that downregulation is not specific for MHC-I and that other molecules, including CD46 and CD63, are also removed from the cell surface in a pUL56-dependent fashion. IMPORTANCE We show that alphaherpesvirus induces MHC-I downregulation through endocytosis, which is mediated by pUL56. The dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway is responsible for MHC-I internalization in infected cells. Furthermore, we discovered that this endocytic process can be disrupted by the inhibiting ubiquitin-activating E1 enzyme, which is indispensable for ubiquitination. Finally, pUL56 action extends to a number of cell surface molecules that are significant for host immunity. Therefore, the protein may exert a more general immunomodulatory effect.
Collapse
|