1
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Guan Q, Zhang Y, Wang ZK, Liu XH, Zou J, Zhang LL. Skeletal phenotypes and molecular mechanisms in aging mice. Zool Res 2024; 45:724-746. [PMID: 38894518 PMCID: PMC11298674 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable physiological process, often accompanied by age-related bone loss and subsequent bone-related diseases that pose serious health risks. Research on skeletal diseases caused by aging in humans is challenging due to lengthy study durations, difficulties in sampling, regional variability, and substantial investment. Consequently, mice are preferred for such studies due to their similar motor system structure and function to humans, ease of handling and care, low cost, and short generation time. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, limitations, applicability, bone phenotypes, and treatment methods in naturally aging mice and prematurely aging mouse models (including SAMP6, POLG mutant, LMNA, SIRT6, ZMPSTE24, TFAM, ERCC1, WERNER, and KL/KL-deficient mice). We also summarize the molecular mechanisms of these aging mouse models, including cellular DNA damage response, senescence-related secretory phenotype, telomere shortening, oxidative stress, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) abnormalities, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of aging-related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Guan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Liu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhang
- College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China. E-mail:
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2
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D'Souza A, Kim M, Chazin WJ, Schärer OD. Protein-protein interactions in the core nucleotide excision repair pathway. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 141:103728. [PMID: 39029374 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) clears genomes of DNA adducts formed by UV light, environmental agents, and antitumor drugs. Gene mutations that lead to defects in the core NER reaction cause the skin cancer-prone disease xeroderma pigmentosum. In NER, DNA lesions are excised within an oligonucleotide of 25-30 residues via a complex, multi-step reaction that is regulated by protein-protein interactions. These interactions were first characterized in the 1990s using pull-down, co-IP and yeast two-hybrid assays. More recently, high-resolution structures and detailed functional studies have started to yield detailed pictures of the progression along the NER reaction coordinate. In this review, we highlight how the study of interactions among proteins by structural and/or functional studies have provided insights into the mechanisms by which the NER machinery recognizes and excises DNA lesions. Furthermore, we identify reported, but poorly characterized or unsubstantiated interactions in need of further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areetha D'Souza
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-7917, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vandebilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-7917, USA
| | - Mihyun Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-7917, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vandebilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-7917, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-7917, USA
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, the Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-7917, USA.
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3
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Collinge CW, Razzoli M, Mansk R, McGonigle S, Lamming DW, Pacak CA, van der Pluijm I, Niedernhofer L, Bartolomucci A. The mouse Social Frailty Index (mSFI): a novel behavioral assessment for impaired social functioning in aging mice. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01263-4. [PMID: 38987495 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Various approaches exist to quantify the aging process and estimate biological age on an individual level. Frailty indices based on an age-related accumulation of physical deficits have been developed for human use and translated into mouse models. However, declines observed in aging are not limited to physical functioning but also involve social capabilities. The concept of "social frailty" has been recently introduced into human literature, but no index of social frailty exists for laboratory mice yet. To fill this gap, we developed a mouse Social Frailty Index (mSFI) consisting of seven distinct assays designed to quantify social functioning which is relatively simple to execute and is minimally invasive. Application of the mSFI in group-housed male C57BL/6 mice demonstrated a progressively elevated levels of social frailty through the lifespan. Conversely, group-housed females C57BL/6 mice manifested social frailty only at a very old age. Female mice also showed significantly lower mSFI score from 10 months of age onward when compared to males. We also applied the mSFI in male C57BL/6 mice under chronic subordination stress and in chronic isolation, both of which induced larger increases in social frailty compared to age-matched group-housed males. Lastly, we show that the mSFI is enhanced in mouse models that show accelerated biological aging such as progeroid Ercc1-/Δ and Xpg-/- mice of both sexes compared to age matched littermate wild types. In summary, the mSFI represents a novel index to quantify trajectories of biological aging in mice and may help elucidate links between impaired social behavior and the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Collinge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rachel Mansk
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Seth McGonigle
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christina A Pacak
- Greg Marzolf Jr. Muscular Dystrophy Center & Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Niedernhofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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4
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Obermann R, Yemane B, Jarvis C, Franco FM, Kyriukha Y, Nolan W, Gohara B, Krezel AM, Wildman SA, Janetka JW. Small Molecule Antagonists of the DNA Repair ERCC1/XPA Protein-Protein Interaction. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300648. [PMID: 38300970 PMCID: PMC11031295 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The DNA excision repair protein ERCC1 and the DNA damage sensor protein, XPA are highly overexpressed in patient samples of cisplatin-resistant solid tumors including lung, bladder, ovarian, and testicular cancer. The repair of cisplatin-DNA crosslinks is dependent upon nucleotide excision repair (NER) that is modulated by protein-protein binding interactions of ERCC1, the endonuclease, XPF, and XPA. Thus, inhibition of their function is a potential therapeutic strategy for the selective sensitization of tumors to DNA-damaging platinum-based cancer therapy. Here, we report on new small-molecule antagonists of the ERCC1/XPA protein-protein interaction (PPI) discovered using a high-throughput competitive fluorescence polarization binding assay. We discovered a unique structural class of thiopyridine-3-carbonitrile PPI antagonists that block a truncated XPA polypeptide from binding to ERCC1. Preliminary hit-to-lead studies from compound 1 reveal structure-activity relationships (SAR) and identify lead compound 27 o with an EC50 of 4.7 μM. Furthermore, chemical shift perturbation mapping by NMR confirms that 1 binds within the same site as the truncated XPA67-80 peptide. These novel ERCC1 antagonists are useful chemical biology tools for investigating DNA damage repair pathways and provide a good starting point for medicinal chemistry optimization as therapeutics for sensitizing tumors to DNA damaging agents and overcoming resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cassie Jarvis
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Francisco M. Franco
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yevhenii Kyriukha
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - William Nolan
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Beth Gohara
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Andrzej M. Krezel
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Scott A. Wildman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - James W. Janetka
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Box 8231, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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5
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Manguinhas R, Serra PA, Soares RB, Rosell R, Gil N, Oliveira NG, Guedes RC. Unveiling Novel ERCC1-XPF Complex Inhibitors: Bridging the Gap from In Silico Exploration to Experimental Design. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1246. [PMID: 38279246 PMCID: PMC10816628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Modifications in DNA repair pathways are recognized as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Overexpression of ERCC1 correlates with poorer prognosis and response to platinum-based chemotherapy. As a result, there is a pressing need to discover new inhibitors of the ERCC1-XPF complex that can potentiate the efficacy of cisplatin in NSCLC. In this study, we developed a structure-based virtual screening strategy targeting the inhibition of ERCC1 and XPF interaction. Analysis of crystal structures and a library of small molecules known to act against the complex highlighted the pivotal role of Phe293 (ERCC1) in maintaining complex stability. This residue was chosen as the primary binding site for virtual screening. Using an optimized docking protocol, we screened compounds from various databases, ultimately identifying more than one hundred potential inhibitors. Their capability to amplify cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity was assessed in NSCLC H1299 cells, which exhibited the highest ERCC1 expression of all the cell lines tested. Of these, 22 compounds emerged as promising enhancers of cisplatin efficacy. Our results underscore the value of pinpointing crucial molecular characteristics in the pursuit of novel modulators of the ERCC1-XPF interaction, which could be combined with cisplatin to treat NSCLC more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manguinhas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (P.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Patrícia A. Serra
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (P.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
- Lung Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre (CCC), Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Egas Moniz Interdisciplinary Research Center, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita B. Soares
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (P.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
- Lung Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre (CCC), Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Dr. Rosell Oncology Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuno Gil
- Lung Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre (CCC), Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (P.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (P.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
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6
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Pinto ÉSM, Krause MJ, Dorn M, Feltes BC. The nucleotide excision repair proteins through the lens of molecular dynamics simulations. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 127:103510. [PMID: 37148846 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that affect the proteins responsible for the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway can lead to diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, Cockayne syndrome, and Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome. Hence, understanding their molecular behavior is needed to elucidate these diseases' phenotypes and how the NER pathway is organized and coordinated. Molecular dynamics techniques enable the study of different protein conformations, adaptable to any research question, shedding light on the dynamics of biomolecules. However, as important as they are, molecular dynamics studies focused on DNA repair pathways are still becoming more widespread. Currently, there are no review articles compiling the advancements made in molecular dynamics approaches applied to NER and discussing: (i) how this technique is currently employed in the field of DNA repair, focusing on NER proteins; (ii) which technical setups are being employed, their strengths and limitations; (iii) which insights or information are they providing to understand the NER pathway or NER-associated proteins; (iv) which open questions would be suited for this technique to answer; and (v) where can we go from here. These questions become even more crucial considering the numerous 3D structures published regarding the NER pathway's proteins in recent years. In this work, we tackle each one of these questions, revising and critically discussing the results published in the context of the NER pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathias J Krause
- Institute for Applied and Numerical Mathematics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Márcio Dorn
- Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil; Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Forensic Science, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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7
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Thakur M, Parulekar RS, Barale SS, Sonawane KD, Muniyappa K. Interrogating the substrate specificity landscape of UvrC reveals novel insights into its non-canonical function. Biophys J 2022; 121:3103-3125. [PMID: 35810330 PMCID: PMC9463653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is relatively unexplored, accumulating data highlight the importance of tripartite crosstalk between nucleotide excision repair (NER), DNA replication, and recombination in the maintenance of genome stability; however, elucidating the underlying mechanisms remains challenging. While Escherichia coli uvrA and uvrB can fully complement polAΔ cells in DNA replication, uvrC attenuates this alternative DNA replication pathway, but the exact mechanism by which uvrC suppresses DNA replication is unknown. Furthermore, the identity of bona fide canonical and non-canonical substrates for UvrCs are undefined. Here, we reveal that Mycobacterium tuberculosis UvrC (MtUvrC) strongly binds to, and robustly cleaves, key intermediates of DNA replication/recombination as compared with the model NER substrates. Notably, inactivation of MtUvrC ATPase activity significantly attenuated its endonuclease activity, thus suggesting a causal link between these two functions. We built an in silico model of the interaction of MtUvrC with the Holliday junction (HJ), using a combination of homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulations. The model predicted residues that were potentially involved in HJ binding. Six of these residues were mutated either singly or in pairs, and the resulting MtUvrC variants were purified and characterized. Among them, residues Glu595 and Arg597 in the helix-hairpin-helix motif were found to be crucial for the interaction between MtUvrC and HJ; consequently, mutations in these residues, or inhibition of ATP hydrolysis, strongly abrogated its DNA-binding and endonuclease activities. Viewed together, these findings expand the substrate specificity landscape of UvrCs and provide crucial mechanistic insights into the interplay between NER and DNA replication/recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
| | | | - Sagar S Barale
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
| | - Kailas D Sonawane
- Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India; Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
| | - Kalappa Muniyappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
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8
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Bai W, Zhao B, Gu M, Dong J. Alternative end-joining in BCR gene rearrangements and translocations. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:782-795. [PMID: 35593472 PMCID: PMC9828324 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occur during antigen receptor gene recombination, namely V(D)J recombination in developing B lymphocytes and class switch recombination (CSR) in mature B cells. Repair of these DSBs by classical end-joining (c-NHEJ) enables the generation of diverse BCR repertoires for efficient humoral immunity. Deletion of or mutation in c-NHEJ genes in mice and humans confer various degrees of primary immune deficiency and predisposition to lymphoid malignancies that often harbor oncogenic chromosomal translocations. In the absence of c-NHEJ, alternative end-joining (A-EJ) catalyzes robust CSR and to a much lesser extent, V(D)J recombination, but the mechanisms of A-EJ are only poorly defined. In this review, we introduce recent advances in the understanding of A-EJ in the context of V(D)J recombination and CSR with emphases on DSB end processing, DNA polymerases and ligases, and discuss the implications of A-EJ to lymphoid development and chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Bai
- Department of ImmunologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of ImmunologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
| | - Mingyu Gu
- Department of ImmunologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
| | - Junchao Dong
- Department of ImmunologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China,Correspondence address. Tel: +86-20-87330571; E-mail:
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9
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Kelm JM, Samarbakhsh A, Pillai A, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Aruri H, Pandey DS, Pawelczak KS, Turchi JJ, Gavande NS. Recent Advances in the Development of Non-PIKKs Targeting Small Molecule Inhibitors of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Front Oncol 2022; 12:850883. [PMID: 35463312 PMCID: PMC9020266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.850883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer patients receive DNA-damaging drugs or ionizing radiation (IR) during their course of treatment, yet the efficacy of these therapies is tempered by DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. Aberrations in DNA repair and the DDR are observed in many cancer subtypes and can promote de novo carcinogenesis, genomic instability, and ensuing resistance to current cancer therapy. Additionally, stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks present a unique challenge to the double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair system. Of the various inducible DNA lesions, DSBs are the most lethal and thus desirable in the setting of cancer treatment. In mammalian cells, DSBs are typically repaired by the error prone non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) or the high-fidelity homology directed repair (HDR) pathway. Targeting DSB repair pathways using small molecular inhibitors offers a promising mechanism to synergize DNA-damaging drugs and IR while selective inhibition of the NHEJ pathway can induce synthetic lethality in HDR-deficient cancer subtypes. Selective inhibitors of the NHEJ pathway and alternative DSB-repair pathways may also see future use in precision genome editing to direct repair of resulting DSBs created by the HDR pathway. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the development of inhibitors of the non-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (non-PIKKs) members of the NHEJ, HDR and minor backup SSA and alt-NHEJ DSB-repair pathways. The inhibitors described within this review target the non-PIKKs mediators of DSB repair including Ku70/80, Artemis, DNA Ligase IV, XRCC4, MRN complex, RPA, RAD51, RAD52, ERCC1-XPF, helicases, and DNA polymerase θ. While the DDR PIKKs remain intensely pursued as therapeutic targets, small molecule inhibition of non-PIKKs represents an emerging opportunity in drug discovery that offers considerable potential to impact cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Kelm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Amirreza Samarbakhsh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Athira Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Hariprasad Aruri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Deepti S. Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - John J. Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Navnath S. Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Navnath S. Gavande, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-0235
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10
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Akahori R, Takamori C, Wakasugi M, Matsunaga T. Mapping of the regions implicated in nuclear localization of multi-functional DNA repair endonuclease XPF-ERCC1. Genes Cells 2022; 27:356-367. [PMID: 35238109 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The structure-specific endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 is a multi-functional heterodimer that participates in a variety of DNA repair mechanisms for maintaining genome integrity. Both subunits contain C-terminal tandem helix-hairpin-helix (HhH2 ) domains, which are necessary for not only their dimerization but also enzymatic activity as well as protein stability. However, the interdependency of both subunits in their nuclear localization remains poorly understood. In this study, we have analyzed the region(s) that affects the subcellular localization of XPF and ERCC1 using various deletion mutants. We first identified the nuclear localization signal (NLS) in XPF, which was essential for its nuclear localization under the ERCC1-free condition, but dispensable in the presence of ERCC1 (probably as XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer). Interestingly, in the NLS-independent and ERCC1-dependent XPF nuclear localization, the physical interaction between XPF and ERCC1 via C-terminal HhH2 domains was not needed. Instead, the amino acid regions 311-469 of XPF and 216-260 of ERCC1 are required for the nuclear localization. Furthermore, we found that the 311-469 region of XPF interacts with ERCC1 in a co-immunoprecipitation assay. These results suggest that the nuclear localization of XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer is regulated at multiple levels in an interdependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Akahori
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chie Takamori
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Wakasugi
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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11
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D'Souza A, Blee AM, Chazin WJ. Mechanism of action of nucleotide excision repair machinery. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:375-386. [PMID: 35076656 PMCID: PMC9275815 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile DNA repair pathway essential for the removal of a broad spectrum of structurally diverse DNA lesions arising from a variety of sources, including UV irradiation and environmental toxins. Although the core factors and basic stages involved in NER have been identified, the mechanisms of the NER machinery are not well understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms and order of assembly in the core global genome (GG-NER) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areetha D'Souza
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
| | - Alexandra M Blee
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-7917, U.S.A
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12
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Hu H, Liu S, Chu A, Chen J, Xing C, Jing J. Comprehensive analysis of ceRNA network of ERCC4 in colorectal cancer. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12647. [PMID: 34993023 PMCID: PMC8679902 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective ERCC4 is one of the most significant molecules of Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), which has been researched due to its high expression in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to find out the ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) network of ERCC4 in CRC. Methods and Materials Pan cancer mRNA expression of ERCC4 was evaluated using TCGA database. The protein expression of ERCC4 was evaluated based on the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). We screened DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs in two groups of ERCC4high and ERCC4low expression in CRC. Then a lncRNA-miRNA-ERCC4 regulatory network was constructed based on DElncRNAs and DEmiRNAs using Starbase database and visualized by Cytoscape software. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic value of the ceRNA network. Further, RT-PCR was performed to validate the expression of the representative molecules in the ceRNA network in CRC and normal tissues. The relationship between drug sensitivity and these molecules were also evaluated using RNAactDrug database. Results ERCC4 was overexpressed in a variety of tumors at mRNA levels, including CRC. High expression of ERCC4 was also observed on protein level in CRC. A total of 1,885 DElncRNAs and 68 DEmiRNAs were identified from CRC samples in ERCC4high and ERCC4low expression groups. Predicted by the Starbase database, we got interacting miRNAs and lncRNAs of ERCC4 from the DEmiRNAs and DElncRNAs, and a lncRNA-miRNA-ERCC4 regulatory network was constructed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves results showed that miR-200c-3p (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.62, P = 0.032), MALAT1 (HR = 1.54, P = 0.016), and AC005520.2 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.75, P = 0.002) were significantly associated with the prognosis of CRC. After validation by RT-PCR, we found that ERCC4 and MALAT1 were up-regulated in CRC compared with normal tissues, while miR-200c-3p was down-regulated. A strong negative correlation was observed between MALAT1 and miR-200c-3p. Drug sensitivity analysis showed that ERCC4, miR-200c and MALAT1 were all associated with Cisplatin. Conclusion We constructed a ceRNA network of ERCC4 in CRC, of which the MALAT1-miR-200c-3p-ERCC4 axis may be involved in the development, prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity of CRC. These findings might provide novel clues and insights on the molecular mechanisms of ERCC4 and NER pathway in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Hu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Songyi Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aining Chu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengzhong Xing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Sahaba SA, Rashid MA, Islam MS, Nahid NA, Apu MNH, Sultana TN, Chaity NI, Hasan MM, Islam MS. The link of ERCC2 rs13181 and ERCC4 rs2276466 polymorphisms with breast cancer in the Bangladeshi population. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1847-1856. [PMID: 34837148 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common disease in women and the leading cause of death from cancer globally. Epidemiological studies examined that nucleotide excision repair genes ERCC2 (rs13181) and ERCC4 (rs2276466) SNPs might increase cancer risk. Based on the previous investigation, this study was conducted to explore the correlation between these polymorphisms and BC susceptibility in Bangladeshi women. METHODS AND RESULTS Between January 2019 and January 2020, 140 blood samples were collected from female patients histologically diagnosed with BC, and 111 female controls were recruited from non-cancer subjects. Genotyping was performed applying the PCR-RFLP method, and all statistical analyzes were conducted using SPSS, version 25.0. Comparison of characteristics and clinicopathological features between ERCC2 rs13181 and ERCC4 rs2276466 carriers and non-carriers showed no significant link with BC. Analysis of ERCC2 rs13181 with the risk of BC showed that the GG genotype and G allele carriers showed a fourfold and 1.78-fold higher risk (OR 4.00, P = 0.001 and OR 1.78, P = 0.002) that are statistically significant. In addition, the patients with combined TG+GG genotype revealed a 2.09-fold increased chance (OR 2.09, P = 0.020) BC development. Analysis of recessive model (GG vs. TT+TG) also depicted 2.74-times significantly higher risk (OR 2.74, P = 0.002). On the other hand, ERCC4 rs2276466 polymorphism did not show any significant association with BC (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that ERCC2 rs13181 is linked to an elevated risk of BC. Our study also shows that ERCC4 rs2276466 polymorphism has no substantial risk of BC in the Bangladeshi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaid All Sahaba
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Noor Ahmed Nahid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohd Nazmul Hasan Apu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taposhi Nahid Sultana
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Islam Chaity
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh.
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14
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Bai W, Zhu G, Xu J, Chen P, Meng F, Xue H, Chen C, Dong J. The 3'-flap endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 promotes alternative end joining and chromosomal translocation during B cell class switching. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109756. [PMID: 34592150 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust alternative end joining (A-EJ) in classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ)-deficient murine cells features double-strand break (DSB) end resection and microhomology (MH) usage and promotes chromosomal translocation. The activities responsible for removing 3' single-strand overhangs following resection and MH annealing in A-EJ remain unclear. We show that, during class switch recombination (CSR) in mature mouse B cells, the structure-specific endonuclease complex XPF-ERCC1SLX4, although not required for normal CSR, represents a nucleotide-excision-repair-independent 3' flap removal activity for A-EJ-mediated CSR. B cells deficient in DNA ligase 4 and XPF-ERCC1 exhibit further impaired class switching, reducing joining to the resected S region DSBs without altering the MH pattern in S-S junctions. In ERCC1-deficient A-EJ cells, 3' single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) flaps that are generated predominantly in S/G2 phase of the cell cycle are susceptible to nuclease resolution. Moreover, ERCC1 promotes c-myc-IgH translocation in Lig4-/- cells. Our study reveals an important role of the flap endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 in A-EJ and oncogenic translocation in mouse B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Bai
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangchao Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingyue Chen
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feilong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongman Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
| | - Junchao Dong
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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15
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Oishi T, Sasaki Y, Tong Y, Chen L, Onodera T, Iwasa S, Udo E, Furusato B, Fujimori H, Imamichi S, Honda T, Bessho T, Fukuoka J, Ashizawa K, Yanagihara K, Nakao K, Yamada Y, Hiraoka N, Masutani M. A newly established monoclonal antibody against ERCC1 detects major isoforms of ERCC1 in gastric cancer. Glob Health Med 2021; 3:226-235. [PMID: 34532603 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2021.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identifying patients resistant to cisplatin treatment is expected to improve cisplatin-based chemotherapy for various types of cancers. Excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) is involved in several repair processes of cisplatin-induced DNA crosslinks. ERCC1 overexpression is reported as a candidate prognostic factor and considered to cause cisplatin resistance in major solid cancers. However, anti-ERCC1 antibodies capable of evaluating expression levels of ERCC1 in clinical specimens were not fully optimized. A mouse monoclonal antibody against human ERCC1 was generated in this study. The developed antibody 9D11 specifically detected isoforms of 201, 202, 203 but not 204, which lacks the exon 3 coding region. To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of this antibody, we have focused on gastric cancer because it is one of the major cancers in Japan. When ERCC1 expression was analyzed in seventeen kinds of human gastric cancer cell lines, all the cell lines were found to express either 201, 202, and/or 203 as major isoforms of ERCC1, but not 204 by Western blotting analysis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ERCC1 protein was exclusively detected in nuclei of the cells and a moderate level of constant positivity was observed in nuclei of vascular endothelial cells. It showed a clear staining pattern in clinical specimens of gastric cancers. Antibody 9D11 may thus be useful for estimating expression levels of ERCC1 in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Oishi
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Collaborative Research, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Collaborative Research, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ying Tong
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lichao Chen
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takae Onodera
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Collaborative Research, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwasa
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Udo
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Cancer Genomics Unit, Clinical Genomics Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Bungo Furusato
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Cancer Genomics Unit, Clinical Genomics Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Fujimori
- Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shoji Imamichi
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Collaborative Research, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Bessho
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ashizawa
- Cancer Genomics Unit, Clinical Genomics Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Yamada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Masutani
- Department of Molecular and Genomic Biomedicine, Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Laboratory of Collaborative Research, Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Frontier Life Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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16
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Feltes BC. Every protagonist has a sidekick: Structural aspects of human xeroderma pigmentosum-binding proteins in nucleotide excision repair. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2187-2205. [PMID: 34420242 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The seven xeroderma pigmentosum proteins (XPps), XPA-XPG, coordinate the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, promoting the excision of DNA lesions caused by exposition to ionizing radiation, majorly from ultraviolet light. Significant efforts are made to investigate NER since mutations in any of the seven XPps may cause the xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy diseases. However, these proteins collaborate with other pivotal players in all known NER steps to accurately exert their purposes. Therefore, in the old and ever-evolving field of DNA repair, it is imperative to reexamine and describe their structures to understand NER properly. This work provides an up-to-date review of the protein structural aspects of the closest partners that directly interact and influence XPps: RAD23B, CETN2, DDB1, RPA (RPA70, 32, and 14), p8 (GTF2H5), and ERCC1. Structurally and functionally vital domains, regions, and critical residues are reexamined, providing structural lessons and perspectives about these indispensable proteins in the NER and other DNA repair pathways. By gathering all data related to the major human xeroderma pigmentosum-interacting proteins, this review will aid newcomers on the subject and guide structural and functional future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Feltes
- Department of Theoretical Informatics, Institute of Informatics, Department of Theoretical Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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17
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XPF -673C>T variation is associated with the susceptibility to breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 74:102007. [PMID: 34416547 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE XPF variations might decrease the DNA repair capacity and further contribute to cancer development. This study aimed to investigate the association of XPF polymorphisms with risk of developing breast cancer. METHODS TCGA, the Human Protein Atlas and Kaplan-Meier plotter were used to analyze the expression of XPF in breast cancer tissues and its effect on the survival of breast cancer patients. The expression of XPF in breast cancer tissues was detected by qRT-PCR. This case-control study included 467 breast cancer patients and 467 healthy controls. The genotype of genetic variation was detected by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. Correlations between XPF variation and clinicopathological parameters were assessed through Kendall's Tau-b test. The relationship between XPF gene function variation and XPF gene expression was analyzed by GTEx. RESULTS The expression of XPF in breast cancer tissues is higher than that in normal tissues. Breast cancer patients with high XPF expression have a higher relapse free survival rate (HR = 0.88, 95 % CI = 0.80-0.97), but have no effect on the overall survival rate (logrank P = 0.28). XPF -673C > T variant can reduce the risk of breast cancer patients (OR = 0.35, 95 %CI = 0.20-0.63 for codominant mode; OR = 0.66, 95 %CI = 0.51-0.85 for dominant model; OR = 0.40, 95 %CI = 0.23-0.70 for recessive model). The XPF 11985 GG genotype reduced the risk of early breast cancer (OR = 0.49, 95 %CI = 0.24-0.97), but not the risk of advanced breast cancer (OR = 1.20, 95 % CI = 0.58-2.48). XPF 11985A > G variant can also reduce the risk of ERBB2 expression in patients (OR = 0.50, 95 %CI = 0.27-0.94). There is no correlation between XPF -673C > T/XPF11985A > G variants and ER and PR. XPF -673C > T variant can reduce XPF expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variations of XPF gene may affect its expression and the risk of breast cancer in the Chinese population.
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18
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McPherson KS, Korzhnev DM. Targeting protein-protein interactions in the DNA damage response pathways for cancer chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1167-1195. [PMID: 34458830 PMCID: PMC8342002 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is an extensive signaling network that orchestrates DNA damage recognition, repair and avoidance, cell cycle progression and cell death. DDR alteration is a hallmark of cancer, with the deficiency in one DDR capability often compensated by a dependency on alternative pathways endowing cancer cells with survival and growth advantage. Targeting these DDR pathways has provided multiple opportunities for the development of cancer therapies. Traditional drug discovery has mainly focused on catalytic inhibitors that block enzyme active sites, which limits the number of potential drug targets within the DDR pathways. This review article describes the emerging approach to the development of cancer therapeutics targeting essential protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in the DDR network. The overall strategy for the structure-based design of small molecule PPI inhibitors is discussed, followed by an overview of the major DNA damage sensing, DNA repair, and DNA damage tolerance pathways with a specific focus on PPI targets for anti-cancer drug design. The existing small molecule inhibitors of DDR PPIs are summarized that selectively kill cancer cells and/or sensitize cancers to front-line genotoxic therapies, and a range of new PPI targets are proposed that may lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Silva McPherson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
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19
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Morelli C, Formica V, Riondino S, Russo A, Ferroni P, Guadagni F, Roselli M. Irinotecan or Oxaliplatin: Which is the First Move for the Mate? Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3158-3172. [PMID: 33069191 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201016124950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present review is to discuss the potential link between RAS, BRAF and microsatellite instability (MSI) mutational patterns and chemotherapeutic agent efficacy [Irinotecan (IRI) vs. Oxaliplatin (OXA)], and how this can potentially influence the choice of the chemotherapy backbone. METHODS Following a review of the research literature, all pertinent articles published in the core journals were selected for the study. The inclusion criteria regarded relevant clinical and pre-clinical studies on the topic of interest (Relationship of OXA and IRI to KRAS/BRAF mutations and MSI). RESULTS Excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) expression is inhibited by KRAS mutation, making tumor cells more sensitive to OXA. Results from OPUS, COIN and PRIME trials support that no conclusive data are available for BRAF mutant population because of the small number of patients. Enhanced IRI cytotoxicity to MSI cell lines is due to the participation of some of the mismatch repair (MMR) components in various DNA repair processes and their role in the maintenance of the pro-apoptotic effect of IRI and G2/M cell arrest. CONCLUSION OXA and IRI are indispensable drugs for mCRC treatment and their selection must be as careful as that of targeted agents. We suggest taking into consideration the interaction between known genomic alterations and OXA and IRI activity to personalize chemotherapy in mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morelli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Formica
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Riondino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferroni
- BioBIM (InterInstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- BioBIM (InterInstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology Unit, Tor Vergata Clinical Center, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
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20
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Chen S, Geng X, Syeda MZ, Huang Z, Zhang C, Ying S. Human MUS81: A Fence-Sitter in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657305. [PMID: 33791310 PMCID: PMC8005573 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MUS81 complex, exhibiting endonuclease activity on specific DNA structures, plays an influential part in DNA repair. Research has proved that MUS81 is dispensable for embryonic development and cell viability in mammals. However, an intricate picture has emerged from studies in which discrepant gene mutations completely alter the role of MUS81 in human cancers. Here, we review the recent understanding of how MUS81 functions in tumors with distinct genetic backgrounds and discuss the potential therapeutic strategies targeting MUS81 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Geng
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Madiha Zahra Syeda
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Apelt K, White SM, Kim HS, Yeo JE, Kragten A, Wondergem AP, Rooimans MA, González-Prieto R, Wiegant WW, Lunke S, Flanagan D, Pantaleo S, Quinlan C, Hardikar W, van Attikum H, Vertegaal AC, Wilson BT, Wolthuis RM, Schärer OD, Luijsterburg MS. ERCC1 mutations impede DNA damage repair and cause liver and kidney dysfunction in patients. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200622. [PMID: 33315086 PMCID: PMC7927433 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a multifunctional endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Only two patients with bi-allelic ERCC1 mutations have been reported, both of whom had features of Cockayne syndrome and died in infancy. Here, we describe two siblings with bi-allelic ERCC1 mutations in their teenage years. Genomic sequencing identified a deletion and a missense variant (R156W) within ERCC1 that disrupts a salt bridge below the XPA-binding pocket. Patient-derived fibroblasts and knock-in epithelial cells carrying the R156W substitution show dramatically reduced protein levels of ERCC1 and XPF. Moreover, mutant ERCC1 weakly interacts with NER and ICL repair proteins, resulting in diminished recruitment to DNA damage. Consequently, patient cells show strongly reduced NER activity and increased chromosome breakage induced by DNA cross-linkers, while DSB repair was relatively normal. We report a new case of ERCC1 deficiency that severely affects NER and considerably impacts ICL repair, which together result in a unique phenotype combining short stature, photosensitivity, and progressive liver and kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Apelt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan M. White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yeo
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Angela Kragten
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Martin A. Rooimans
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Román González-Prieto
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Wiegant
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Lunke
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel Flanagan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sarah Pantaleo
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Catherine Quinlan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Kidney Regeneration, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Winita Hardikar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alfred C.O. Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Brian T. Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rob M.F. Wolthuis
- Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Orlando D. Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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22
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Van Vu T, Thi Hai Doan D, Kim J, Sung YW, Thi Tran M, Song YJ, Das S, Kim J. CRISPR/Cas-based precision genome editing via microhomology-mediated end joining. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:230-239. [PMID: 33047464 PMCID: PMC7868975 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing and/or allele introgression with absolute precision and control appear to be the ultimate goals of genetic engineering. Precision genome editing in plants has been developed through various approaches, including oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (ODM), base editing, prime editing and especially homologous recombination (HR)-based gene targeting. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas for the targeted generation of DNA breaks (single-stranded breaks (SSBs) or double-stranded breaks (DSBs)), a substantial advancement in HR-mediated precise editing frequencies has been achieved. Nonetheless, further research needs to be performed for commercially viable applications of precise genome editing; hence, an alternative innovative method for genome editing may be required. Within this scope, we summarize recent progress regarding precision genome editing mediated by microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) and discuss their potential applications in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Van Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
- National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell BiotechnologyAgricultural Genetics InstituteKm 02, Pham Van Dong RoadCo Nhue 1, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi11917Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Hai Doan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Woo Sung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Mil Thi Tran
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jong Song
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Swati Das
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinju 660‐701Republic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National University501 Jinju‐daeroJinju52828Republic of Korea
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23
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Role of Nucleotide Excision Repair in Cisplatin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239248. [PMID: 33291532 PMCID: PMC7730652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug used for the treatment of a number of cancers. The efficacy of cisplatin relies on its binding to DNA and the induction of cytotoxic DNA damage to kill cancer cells. Cisplatin-based therapy is best known for curing testicular cancer; however, treatment of other solid tumors with cisplatin has not been as successful. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have revealed nucleotide excision repair (NER) as a major resistance mechanism against cisplatin in tumor cells. NER is a versatile DNA repair system targeting a wide range of helix-distorting DNA damage. The NER pathway consists of multiple steps, including damage recognition, pre-incision complex assembly, dual incision, and repair synthesis. NER proteins can recognize cisplatin-induced DNA damage and remove the damage from the genome, thereby neutralizing the cytotoxicity of cisplatin and causing drug resistance. Here, we review the molecular mechanism by which NER repairs cisplatin damage, focusing on the recent development of genome-wide cisplatin damage mapping methods. We also discuss how the expression and somatic mutations of key NER genes affect the response of cancer cells to cisplatin. Finally, small molecules targeting NER factors provide important tools to manipulate NER capacity in cancer cells. The status of research on these inhibitors and their implications in cancer treatment will be discussed.
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24
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Hou C, McCown C, Ivanov DN, Tsodikov OV. Structural Insight into the DNA Binding Function of Transcription Factor ERF. Biochemistry 2020; 59:10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00774. [PMID: 33175491 PMCID: PMC8110599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ETS family transcription factors control development of different cell types in humans, whereas deregulation of these proteins leads to severe developmental syndromes and cancers. One of a few members of the ETS family that are known to act solely as repressors, ERF, is required for normal osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. Another important function of ERF is acting as a tumor suppressor by antagonizing oncogenic fusions involving other ETS family factors. The structure of ERF and the DNA binding properties specific to this protein have not been elucidated. In this study, we determined two crystal structures of the complexes of the DNA binding domain of ERF with DNA. In one, ERF is in a distinct dimeric form, with Cys72 in a reduced state. In the other, two dimers of ERF are assembled into a tetramer that is additionally locked by two Cys72-Cys72 disulfide bonds across the dimers. In the tetramer, the ERF molecules are bound to a pseudocontinuous DNA on the same DNA face at two GGAA binding sites on opposite strands. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed that this tetrameric assembly forms on continuous DNA containing such tandem sites spaced by 7 bp. Our bioinformatic analysis of three previously reported sets of ERF binding loci across entire genomes showed that these loci were enriched in such 7 bp spaced tandem sites. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the observed tetrameric assembly is a functional state of ERF in the human cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Claudia McCown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Dmitri N. Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Oleg V. Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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25
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Li H, Zhou L, Ma J, Zhu Y, Fan J, Li N, Zheng Y, Sha T, Zhai Z, Ma B, Dai Z. Distribution and susceptibility of ERCC1/XPF gene polymorphisms in Han and Uygur women with breast cancer in Xinjiang, China. Cancer Med 2020; 9:9571-9580. [PMID: 33067872 PMCID: PMC7774751 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the roles of ERCC1/XPF gene polymorphisms in the occurrence of breast cancer in the Uygur and Han ethnic groups in Xinjiang, China. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected by TaqMan real‐time PCR. The rs11615 G>A and rs2276466 C>G variant frequencies were higher in Uygur patients with breast cancer than in Han patients, while the frequency of rs2298881 C>A was higher in Han patients. We found that rs2298881 C>A (CA vs. CC: OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.20‐0.60; AA vs. CC: OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.04‐0.34; CA + AA vs. CC: OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.18‐0.51; AA vs. CA + CC: OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.08‐0.62; CA vs. AA + CC: OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29‐0.82) was associated with a reduced breast cancer risk and rs3212986 C>A (AA vs. CC: OR = 4.80, 95% CI = 1.79‐15.29,; CA+AA vs. CC: OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.06‐2.77; AA vs. CA+CC: OR = 4.12, 95% CI =1.58‐12.89) and rs11615 G > A (AA vs. GG: OR = 3.49, 95% CI =1.54‐8.55; GA + AA vs. GG: OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.21‐3.27; AA vs. GA+GG: OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.30‐6.85) were associated with an elevated breast cancer risk among Uygur individuals. In addition, Uygur patients with breast cancer with 2‐3 combined risk genotypes of ERCC1 had a higher risk than patients with 0‐1 risk genotypes (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.54‐5.71, p = 0.001). However, we failed to detect a statistically significant association between ERCC1/XPF polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in five genetic models among Han individuals. Our results showed that ERCC1/XPF gene polymorphisms predispose Uygur individuals to breast cancer; this finding should be verified by further large‐scale analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Department of Breast Head and Neck Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Linghui Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Breast Head and Neck Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuyao Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Breast Head and Neck Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Sha
- Department of Breast Head and Neck Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhen Zhai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Binlin Ma
- Department of Breast Head and Neck Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Elmenoufy AH, Gentile F, Jay D, Karimi-Busheri F, Yang X, Soueidan OM, Mani RS, Ciniero G, Tuszynski JA, Weinfeld M, West FG. Design, synthesis and in vitro cell-free/cell-based biological evaluations of novel ERCC1-XPF inhibitors targeting DNA repair pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112658. [PMID: 32738410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The structure-specific ERCC1-XPF endonuclease is essential for repairing bulky DNA lesions and helix distortions induced by UV radiation, which forms cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), or chemicals that crosslink DNA strands such as cyclophosphamide and platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. Inhibition of the ERCC1-XPF endonuclease activity has been shown to sensitize cancer cells to these chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we have conducted a structure activity relationship analysis based around the previously identified hit compound, 4-((6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)amino)-2-((4-methylpiperazin1-yl)methyl)phenol (F06), as a reference compound. Three different series of compounds have been rationally designed and successfully synthesized through various modifications on three different sites of F06 based on the corresponding suggestions of the previous pharmacophore model. The in vitro screening results revealed that 2-chloro-9-((3-((4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)acridin-2-ol (B9) has a potent inhibitory effect on the ERCC1-XPF activity (IC50 = 0.49 μM), showing 3-fold improvement in inhibition activity compared to F06. In addition, B9 not only displayed better binding affinity to the ERCC1-XPF complex but also had the capacity to potentiate the cytotoxicity effect of UV radiation and inhibiting the nucleotide excision repair, by the inhibition of removal of CPDs, and cyclophosphamide toxicity to colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Elmenoufy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, P.O. Box: 77, Egypt
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David Jay
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Feridoun Karimi-Busheri
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Olivier M Soueidan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rajam S Mani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Gloria Ciniero
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, 10129, Italy; Università di Torino, Torino, 10124, Italy
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frederick G West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Borsos BN, Majoros H, Pankotai T. Emerging Roles of Post-Translational Modifications in Nucleotide Excision Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061466. [PMID: 32549338 PMCID: PMC7349741 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile DNA repair pathway which can be activated in response to a broad spectrum of UV-induced DNA damage, such as bulky adducts, including cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts (6–4PPs). Based on the genomic position of the lesion, two sub-pathways can be defined: (I) global genomic NER (GG-NER), involved in the ablation of damage throughout the whole genome regardless of the transcription activity of the damaged DNA locus, and (II) transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), activated at DNA regions where RNAPII-mediated transcription takes place. These processes are tightly regulated by coordinated mechanisms, including post-translational modifications (PTMs). The fine-tuning modulation of the balance between the proteins, responsible for PTMs, is essential to maintain genome integrity and to prevent tumorigenesis. In this review, apart from the other substantial PTMs (SUMOylation, PARylation) related to NER, we principally focus on reversible ubiquitylation, which involves E3 ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitylase (DUB) enzymes responsible for the spatiotemporally precise regulation of NER.
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28
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Liu W, Palovcak A, Li F, Zafar A, Yuan F, Zhang Y. Fanconi anemia pathway as a prospective target for cancer intervention. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:39. [PMID: 32190289 PMCID: PMC7075017 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive genetic disorder caused by biallelic mutations in at least one of 22 FA genes. Beyond its pathological presentation of bone marrow failure and congenital abnormalities, FA is associated with chromosomal abnormality and genomic instability, and thus represents a genetic vulnerability for cancer predisposition. The cancer relevance of the FA pathway is further established with the pervasive occurrence of FA gene alterations in somatic cancers and observations of FA pathway activation-associated chemotherapy resistance. In this article we describe the role of the FA pathway in canonical interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and possible contributions of FA gene alterations to cancer development. We also discuss the perspectives and potential of targeting the FA pathway for cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Anna Palovcak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Alyan Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Fenghua Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Building Room 311, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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29
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Jones M, Beuron F, Borg A, Nans A, Earl CP, Briggs DC, Snijders AP, Bowles M, Morris EP, Linch M, McDonald NQ. Cryo-EM structures of the XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease reveal how DNA-junction engagement disrupts an auto-inhibited conformation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1120. [PMID: 32111838 PMCID: PMC7048804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure-specific endonuclease XPF-ERCC1 participates in multiple DNA damage repair pathways including nucleotide excision repair (NER) and inter-strand crosslink repair (ICLR). How XPF-ERCC1 is catalytically activated by DNA junction substrates is not currently understood. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of both DNA-free and DNA-bound human XPF-ERCC1. DNA-free XPF-ERCC1 adopts an auto-inhibited conformation in which the XPF helical domain masks the ERCC1 (HhH)2 domain and restricts access to the XPF catalytic site. DNA junction engagement releases the ERCC1 (HhH)2 domain to couple with the XPF-ERCC1 nuclease/nuclease-like domains. Structure-function data indicate xeroderma pigmentosum patient mutations frequently compromise the structural integrity of XPF-ERCC1. Fanconi anaemia patient mutations in XPF often display substantial in-vitro activity but are resistant to activation by ICLR recruitment factor SLX4. Our data provide insights into XPF-ERCC1 architecture and catalytic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Jones
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Fabienne Beuron
- Structural Electron Microscopy, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - Aaron Borg
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Christopher P Earl
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - David C Briggs
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Maureen Bowles
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Edward P Morris
- Structural Electron Microscopy, The Institute of Cancer Research, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - Mark Linch
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, WC1E 6AG, London, England, UK
| | - Neil Q McDonald
- Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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30
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Acetylation of XPF by TIP60 facilitates XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and activation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:786. [PMID: 32034146 PMCID: PMC7005904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer is a structure-specific endonuclease that is essential for nucleotide excision repair (NER) and interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair in mammalian cells. However, whether and how XPF binding to ERCC1 is regulated has not yet been established. Here, we show that TIP60, also known as KAT5, a haplo-insufficient tumor suppressor, directly acetylates XPF at Lys911 following UV irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C and that this acetylation is required for XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and subsequent activation. Mechanistically, acetylation of XPF at Lys911 disrupts the Glu907-Lys911 salt bridge, thereby leading to exposure of a previously unidentified second binding site for ERCC1. Accordingly, loss of XPF acetylation impairs the damage-induced XPF-ERCC1 interaction, resulting in defects in both NER and ICL repair. Our results not only reveal a mechanism that regulates XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and activation, but also provide important insight into the role of TIP60 in the maintenance of genome stability. The XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer is an endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision (NER) and interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair in mammalian cells. Here, the authors provide insights into its regulation by revealing that TIP60 regulates XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and activation.
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Distinct DNA repair pathways cause genomic instability at alternative DNA structures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:236. [PMID: 31932649 PMCID: PMC6957503 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative DNA structure-forming sequences can stimulate mutagenesis and are enriched at mutation hotspots in human cancer genomes, implicating them in disease etiology. However, the mechanisms involved are not well characterized. Here, we discover that Z-DNA is mutagenic in yeast as well as human cells, and that the nucleotide excision repair complex, Rad10-Rad1(ERCC1-XPF), and the mismatch repair complex, Msh2-Msh3, are required for Z-DNA-induced genetic instability in yeast and human cells. Both ERCC1-XPF and MSH2-MSH3 bind to Z-DNA-forming sequences, though ERCC1-XPF recruitment to Z-DNA is dependent on MSH2-MSH3. Moreover, ERCC1-XPF-dependent DNA strand-breaks occur near the Z-DNA-forming region in human cell extracts, and we model these interactions at the sub-molecular level. We propose a relationship in which these complexes recognize and process Z-DNA in eukaryotes, representing a mechanism of Z-DNA-induced genomic instability.
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Eichmiller R, Medina-Rivera M, DeSanto R, Minca E, Kim C, Holland C, Seol JH, Schmit M, Oramus D, Smith J, Gallardo IF, Finkelstein IJ, Lee SE, Surtees JA. Coordination of Rad1-Rad10 interactions with Msh2-Msh3, Saw1 and RPA is essential for functional 3' non-homologous tail removal. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5075-5096. [PMID: 29660012 PMCID: PMC6007489 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Double strand DNA break repair (DSBR) comprises multiple pathways. A subset of DSBR pathways, including single strand annealing, involve intermediates with 3' non-homologous tails that must be removed to complete repair. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rad1-Rad10 is the structure-specific endonuclease that cleaves the tails in 3' non-homologous tail removal (3' NHTR). Rad1-Rad10 is also an essential component of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. In both cases, Rad1-Rad10 requires protein partners for recruitment to the relevant DNA intermediate. Msh2-Msh3 and Saw1 recruit Rad1-Rad10 in 3' NHTR; Rad14 recruits Rad1-Rad10 in NER. We created two rad1 separation-of-function alleles, rad1R203A,K205A and rad1R218A; both are defective in 3' NHTR but functional in NER. In vitro, rad1R203A,K205A was impaired at multiple steps in 3' NHTR. The rad1R218A in vivo phenotype resembles that of msh2- or msh3-deleted cells; recruitment of rad1R218A-Rad10 to recombination intermediates is defective. Interactions among rad1R218A-Rad10 and Msh2-Msh3 and Saw1 are altered and rad1R218A-Rad10 interactions with RPA are compromised. We propose a model in which Rad1-Rad10 is recruited and positioned at the recombination intermediate through interactions, between Saw1 and DNA, Rad1-Rad10 and Msh2-Msh3, Saw1 and Msh2-Msh3 and Rad1-Rad10 and RPA. When any of these interactions is altered, 3' NHTR is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Eichmiller
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Melisa Medina-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Rachel DeSanto
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Eugen Minca
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Christopher Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Cory Holland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Ja-Hwan Seol
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Megan Schmit
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Diane Oramus
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jessica Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Ignacio F Gallardo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Jennifer A Surtees
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.,Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Elmenoufy AH, Gentile F, Jay D, Karimi-Busheri F, Yang X, Soueidan OM, Weilbeer C, Mani RS, Barakat KH, Tuszynski JA, Weinfeld M, West FG. Targeting DNA Repair in Tumor Cells via Inhibition of ERCC1-XPF. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7684-7696. [PMID: 31369707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ERCC1-XPF heterodimer is a 5'-3' structure-specific endonuclease, which plays an essential role in several DNA repair pathways in mammalian cells. ERCC1-XPF is primarily involved in the repair of chemically induced helix-distorting and bulky DNA lesions, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), and DNA interstrand cross-links. Inhibition of ERCC1-XPF has been shown to potentiate cytotoxicity of platinum-based drugs and cyclophosphamide in cancer cells. In this study, the previously described ERCC1-XPF inhibitor 4-((6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)amino)-2-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenol (compound 1) was used as a reference compound. Following the outcome of docking-based virtual screening (VS), we synthesized seven novel derivatives of 1 that were identified in silico as being likely to have high binding affinity for the ERCC1-XPF heterodimerization interface by interacting with the XPF double helix-hairpin-helix (HhH2) domain. Two of the new compounds, 4-((6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)amino)-2-((4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenol (compound 3) and 4-((6-chloro-2-methoxyacridin-9-yl)amino)-2-((4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) piperazin-1-yl) methyl) phenol (compound 4), were shown to be potent inhibitors of ERCC1-XPF activity in vitro. Compound 4 showed significant inhibition of the removal of CPDs in UV-irradiated cells and the capacity to sensitize colorectal cancer cells to UV radiation and cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Elmenoufy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , Misr University for Science and Technology , P.O. Box 77, 6th of October City 12568 , Egypt
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E1 , Canada
| | - David Jay
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Feridoun Karimi-Busheri
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Olivier M Soueidan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Claudia Weilbeer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Rajam S Mani
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Khaled H Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2H1 , Canada
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Physics , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2E1 , Canada.,Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1Z2 , Canada
| | - Frederick G West
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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Faridounnia M, Folkers GE, Boelens R. Function and Interactions of ERCC1-XPF in DNA Damage Response. Molecules 2018; 23:E3205. [PMID: 30563071 PMCID: PMC6320978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous proteins are involved in the multiple pathways of the DNA damage response network and play a key role to protect the genome from the wide variety of damages that can occur to DNA. An example of this is the structure-specific endonuclease ERCC1-XPF. This heterodimeric complex is in particular involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), but also in double strand break repair and interstrand cross-link repair pathways. Here we review the function of ERCC1-XPF in various DNA repair pathways and discuss human disorders associated with ERCC1-XPF deficiency. We also overview our molecular and structural understanding of XPF-ERCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Faridounnia
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gert E Folkers
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rolf Boelens
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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35
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Lawania S, Sharma S, Singh N, Behera D. XPF polymorphism toward lung cancer susceptibility and survival in patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1071-1089. [PMID: 29741112 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association of three XPF polymorphic variants (673 C>T, 11985 A>G, G415A) with lung cancer, overall survival and clinical response in North Indians. METHODS Genotyping was performed using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS A total of 673 C>T polymorphism was associated with 1.5-fold increased lung cancer risk for heterozygous genotype (CT; p = 0.03). Adenocarcinoma patients with 673 C>T polymorphism carrying heterozygous genotype (CT) had a lower hazard ratio (p = 0.01). Classification and regression tree analysis predicted XPF 673 C>T (M) as the strongest risk factor for the lung cancer (p = 0.003). For 11985 A>G polymorphism, lung cancer subjects treated with irinotecan cisplatin/carboplatin regimen having heterozygous genotype (AG) was associated with high mortality risk (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION 673 C>T polymorphism was associated with increased lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Lawania
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Sector 14, Chandigarh, India
| | - Digamber Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Sector 14, Chandigarh, India
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Guiraldelli MF, Felberg A, Almeida LP, Parikh A, de Castro RO, Pezza RJ. SHOC1 is a ERCC4-(HhH)2-like protein, integral to the formation of crossover recombination intermediates during mammalian meiosis. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007381. [PMID: 29742103 PMCID: PMC5962103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation errors during meiosis result in the formation of aneuploid gametes and are the leading cause of pregnancy loss and birth defects in humans. Proper chromosome segregation requires pairwise associations of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes. Chiasmata, which are the cytological manifestations of crossovers (COs), provide a physical link that holds the homologs together as a pair, facilitating their orientation on the spindle at meiosis I. Although CO-promoting activities ensure a balanced number and position of COs, their identity and mechanism of action in mammals remain understudied. Previous work in yeast and Arabidopsis has shown that Zip2 and Shoc1 are ortholog proteins with an important role in promoting the formation of COs. Our work is the first study in mammals showing the in vivo and in vitro function of mouse and human SHOC1. We show that purified recombinant human SHOC1, an XPF/MUS81 family member, preferentially binds branched DNA molecules but apparently lacks in vitro endonuclease activity, despite its conserved ERCC4-(HhH)2 core structure. Cytological observations suggest that initial steps of recombination are normal in a majority of spermatocytes from SHOC1 hypomorphic mice. However, late stages of recombination appear abnormal, as chromosomal localization of MLH1 is reduced. In agreement, chiasma formation is reduced, and cells arrest at metaphase I with a few lagging chromosomes and subsequent apoptosis. This analysis of SHOC1-deficient mice and the selective localization of SHOC1 to a subset of recombination sites show that SHOC1 acts at key mid-stage steps of the CO formation process. The formation of chromosome axial elements and homologous pairing are apparently normal, but synapsis is altered with SYCP1 frequently failing to extend the full length of the chromosome axes. Finally, we describe that SHOC1 interacts with TEX11, another protein important for the formation of COs, connecting SHOC1 to chromosome axis and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel F. Guiraldelli
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anna Felberg
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Luciana P. Almeida
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Parikh
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo O. de Castro
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Roberto J. Pezza
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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37
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Zhuo ZJ, Liu W, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhang R, Tang J, Yang T, Zou Y, He J, Xia H. Functional Polymorphisms at ERCC1/XPF Genes Confer Neuroblastoma Risk in Chinese Children. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:113-119. [PMID: 29544698 PMCID: PMC5952228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in nucleotide excision repair pathway genes may predispose to initiation of cancers. However, polymorphisms of ERCC1/XPF genes and neuroblastoma risk have not been investigated before. To evaluate the relevance of polymorphisms of ERCC1/XPF genes in influencing neuroblastoma susceptibility, we genotyped four polymorphisms in ERCC1/XPF genes using a Chinese population of 393 cases and 812 controls. The results showed that ERCC1 rs2298881 and rs11615 predisposed to enhanced neuroblastoma risk [CA vs. AA: adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.30-2.89, P=0.0012; CC vs. AA: adjusted OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.45-3.26, P=0.0002 for rs2298881, and AG vs. GG: adjusted OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.02-1.69, P=0.038 for rs11615]. Moreover, XPF rs2276466 was also associated with increased neuroblastoma risk (GG vs. CC: adjusted OR=1.66, 95% CI=1.02-2.71, P=0.043). In the combined analysis of ERCC1, we found that carriers with 2-3 risk genotypes were more likely to get risk of neuroblastoma, when compared to those with 0-1 risk genotype (adjusted OR=1.75; 95% CI=1.25-2.45, P=0.0012). Our study indicates that common genetic variations in ERCC1/XPF genes predispose to neuroblastoma risk, which needs to be further validated by ongoing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jian Zhuo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China; School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jue Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyou Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
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Hou C, Biswas T, Tsodikov OV. Structures of the Catalytic Domain of Bacterial Primase DnaG in Complexes with DNA Provide Insight into Key Priming Events. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2084-2093. [PMID: 29558114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial primase DnaG is an essential nucleic acid polymerase that generates primers for replication of chromosomal DNA. The mechanism of DnaG remains unclear due to the paucity of structural information on DnaG in complexes with other replisome components. Here we report the first crystal structures of noncovalent DnaG-DNA complexes, obtained with the RNA polymerase domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DnaG and various DNA ligands. One structure, obtained with ds DNA, reveals interactions with DnaG as it slides on ds DNA and suggests how DnaG binds template for primer synthesis. In another structure, DNA in the active site of DnaG mimics the primer, providing insight into mechanisms for the nucleotide transfer and DNA translocation. In conjunction with the recent cryo-EM structure of the bacteriophage T7 replisome, this study yields a model for primer elongation and hand-off to DNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40536 , United States
| | - Tapan Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40536 , United States
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39
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Identification of small molecule inhibitors of ERCC1-XPF that inhibit DNA repair and potentiate cisplatin efficacy in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75104-75117. [PMID: 27650543 PMCID: PMC5342726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF heterodimer is a 5′-3′ structure-specific endonuclease which is essential in multiple DNA repair pathways in mammalian cells. ERCC1-XPF (ERCC1-ERCC4) repairs cisplatin-DNA intrastrand adducts and interstrand crosslinks and its specific inhibition has been shown to enhance cisplatin cytotoxicity in cancer cells. In this study, we describe a high throughput screen (HTS) used to identify small molecules that inhibit the endonuclease activity of ERCC1-XPF. Primary screens identified two compounds that inhibit ERCC1-XPF activity in the nanomolar range. These compounds were validated in secondary screens against two other non-related endonucleases to ensure specificity. Results from these screens were validated using an in vitro gel-based nuclease assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) further show that these compounds do not inhibit the binding of purified ERCC1-XPF to DNA. Next, in lung cancer cells these compounds potentiated cisplatin cytotoxicity and inhibited DNA repair. Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies identified related compounds for one of the original Hits, which also potentiated cisplatin cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Excitingly, dosing with NSC16168 compound potentiated cisplatin antitumor activity in a lung cancer xenograft model. Further development of ERCC1-XPF DNA repair inhibitors is expected to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage-based chemotherapy.
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40
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Mori T, Yousefzadeh MJ, Faridounnia M, Chong JX, Hisama FM, Hudgins L, Mercado G, Wade EA, Barghouthy AS, Lee L, Martin GM, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Niedernhofer LJ, Oshima J. ERCC4 variants identified in a cohort of patients with segmental progeroid syndromes. Hum Mutat 2017; 39:255-265. [PMID: 29105242 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in genes, which encode DNA repair and damage response proteins, result in a number of genomic instability syndromes with features of accelerated aging. ERCC4 (XPF) encodes a protein that forms a complex with ERCC1 and is required for the 5' incision during nucleotide excision repair. ERCC4 is also FANCQ, illustrating a critical role in interstrand crosslink repair. Pathogenic variants in this gene cause xeroderma pigmentosum, XFE progeroid syndrome, Cockayne syndrome (CS), and Fanconi anemia. We performed massive parallel sequencing for 42 unsolved cases submitted to the International Registry of Werner Syndrome. Two cases, each carrying two novel heterozygous ERCC4 variants, were identified. The first case was a compound heterozygote for: c.2395C > T (p.Arg799Trp) and c.388+1164_792+795del (p.Gly130Aspfs*18). Further molecular and cellular studies indicated that the ERCC4 variants in this patient are responsible for a phenotype consistent with a variant of CS. The second case was heterozygous for two variants in cis: c.[1488A > T; c.2579C > A] (p.[Gln496His; Ala860Asp]). While the second case also had several phenotypic features of accelerated aging, we were unable to provide biological evidence supporting the pathogenic roles of the associated ERCC4 variants. Precise genetic causes and disease mechanism of the second case remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Mori
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Maryam Faridounnia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Jessica X Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Fuki M Hisama
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Louanne Hudgins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Erin A Wade
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Amira S Barghouthy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Lin Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - George M Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Junko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Disruption of DNA repair in cancer cells by ubiquitination of a destabilising dimerization domain of nucleotide excision repair protein ERCC1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55246-55264. [PMID: 28903417 PMCID: PMC5589656 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair pathways present in all cells serve to preserve genome stability, but in cancer cells they also act reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy. The endonuclease ERCC1-XPF has an important role in the repair of DNA damage caused by a variety of chemotherapeutic agents and there has been intense interest in the use of ERCC1 as a predictive marker of therapeutic response in non-small cell lung carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer. We have previously validated ERCC1 as a therapeutic target in melanoma, but all small molecule ERCC1-XPF inhibitors reported to date have lacked sufficient potency and specificity for clinical use. In an alternative approach to prevent the repair activity of ERCC1-XPF, we investigated the mechanism of ERCC1 ubiquitination and found that the key region was the C-terminal (HhH)2 domain which heterodimerizes with XPF. This ERCC1 region was modified by non-conventional lysine-independent, but proteasome-dependent polyubiquitination, involving Lys33 of ubiquitin and a linear ubiquitin chain. XPF was not polyubiquitinated and its expression was dependent on presence of ERCC1, but not vice versa. To our surprise we found that ERCC1 can also homodimerize through its C-terminal (HhH)2 domain. We exploited the ability of a peptide containing this C-terminal domain to destabilise both endogenous ERCC1 and XPF in human melanoma cells and fibroblasts, resulting in reductions of up to 85% in nucleotide excision repair and near two-fold increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. We suggest that the ERCC1 (HhH)2 domain could be used in an alternative strategy to treat cancer.
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Fujii N. Potential Strategies to Target Protein-Protein Interactions in the DNA Damage Response and Repair Pathways. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9932-9959. [PMID: 28654754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article discusses some insights about generating novel mechanistic inhibitors of the DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathways by focusing on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of the key DDR components. General requirements for PPI strategies, such as selecting the target PPI site on the basis of its functionality, are discussed first. Next, on the basis of functional rationale and biochemical feasibility to identify a PPI inhibitor, 26 PPIs in DDR pathways (BER, MMR, NER, NHEJ, HR, TLS, and ICL repair) are specifically discussed for inhibitor discovery to benefit cancer therapies using a DNA-damaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Fujii
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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Tang N, Lyu D, Zhang Y, Liu H. Association between the ERCC1 polymorphism and platinum-based chemotherapy effectiveness in ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28623887 PMCID: PMC5474010 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is a prominent public health problem which affects people all around the world. Platinum-based chemotherapy is a common treatment for ovarian cancer, however, the effectiveness of chemotherapy varies from patient to patient. The excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) protein may mediate chemotherapy resistance. A meta-analysis was conducted to explore whether platinum-based chemotherapy effectiveness could be attributed to the ERCC1 C19007T polymorphisms. Methods Seven major databases (EMBASE, Web of Science, Pubmed, Springer Link, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), EBSCO and Science Direct databases) were searched for eligible studies. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the results. Results In this meta-analysis, 1169 subjects (425 non-responders and 744 responders) from 8 studies were included. The overall OR (C vs. T alleles) using random model was 1.07 (95% CI 0.75-1.52, P = 0.7), which was not statistically significant. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the analysis by race. Conclusion There is no association between the ERCC1 C19007T polymorphism and platinum-based chemotherapy effectiveness in ovarian cancer. The polymorphism did not have a significant impact on platinum-based chemotherapy in non-responders and responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Jinan Military General Hospital, 25 Shifan Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China
| | - Dan Lyu
- Department of Pain, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Jinan Military General Hospital, 25 Shifan Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Jinan Military General Hospital, 25 Shifan Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China.
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Lee SM, Falzon M, Blackhall F, Spicer J, Nicolson M, Chaudhuri A, Middleton G, Ahmed S, Hicks J, Crosse B, Napier M, Singer JM, Ferry D, Lewanski C, Forster M, Rolls SA, Capitanio A, Rudd R, Iles N, Ngai Y, Gandy M, Lillywhite R, Hackshaw A. Randomized Prospective Biomarker Trial of ERCC1 for Comparing Platinum and Nonplatinum Therapy in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: ERCC1 Trial (ET). J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:402-411. [PMID: 27893326 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.68.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retrospective studies indicate that expression of excision repair cross complementing group 1 (ERCC1) protein is associated with platinum resistance and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We conducted the first randomized trial, to our knowledge, to evaluate ERCC1 prospectively and to assess the superiority of nonplatinum therapy over platinum doublet therapy for ERCC1-positive NSCLC as well as noninferiority for ERCC1-negative NSCLC. Patients and Methods This trial had a marker-by-treatment interaction phase III design, with ERCC1 (8F1 antibody) status as a randomization stratification factor. Chemonaïve patients with NSCLC (stage IIIB and IV) were eligible. Patients with squamous histology were randomly assigned to cisplatin and gemcitabine or paclitaxel and gemcitabine; nonsquamous patients received cisplatin and pemetrexed or paclitaxel and pemetrexed. Primary end point was overall survival (OS). We also evaluated an antibody specific for XPF (clone 3F2). The target hazard ratio (HR) for patients with ERCC1-positive NSCLC was ≤ 0.78. Results Of patients, 648 were recruited (177 squamous, 471 nonsquamous). ERCC1-positive rates were 54.5% and 76.7% in nonsquamous and squamous patients, respectively, and the corresponding XPF-positive rates were 70.5% and 68.5%. Accrual stopped early in 2012 for squamous patients because OS for nonplatinum therapy was inferior to platinum therapy (median OS, 7.6 months [paclitaxel and gemcitabine] v 10.7 months [cisplatin and gemcitabine]; HR, 1.46; P = .02). Accrual for nonsquamous patients halted in 2013. Median OS was 8.0 (paclitaxel and pemetrexed) versus 9.6 (cisplatin and pemetrexed) months for ERCC1-positive patients (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.44), and 10.3 (paclitaxel and pemetrexed) versus 11.6 (cisplatin and pemetrexed) months for ERCC1-negative patients (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.33; interaction P = .64). OS HR was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.83 to 1.44) for XPF-positive patients, and 1.39 (95% CI, 0.90 to 2.15) for XPF-negative patients (interaction P = .35). Neither ERCC1 nor XPF were prognostic: among nonsquamous patients, OS HRs for positive versus negative were ERCC1, 1.11 ( P = .32), and XPF, 1.08 ( P = .55). Conclusion Superior outcomes were observed for patients with squamous histology who received platinum therapy compared with nonplatinum chemotherapy; however, selecting chemotherapy by using commercially available ERCC1 or XPF antibodies did not confer any extra survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siow Ming Lee
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Falzon
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - James Spicer
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Nicolson
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Abhro Chaudhuri
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Middleton
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Samreen Ahmed
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hicks
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Crosse
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Napier
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Julian M Singer
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - David Ferry
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Conrad Lewanski
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Forster
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Sally-Ann Rolls
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Arrigo Capitanio
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Rudd
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Iles
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Yenting Ngai
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gandy
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lillywhite
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Hackshaw
- Siow Ming Lee, Mary Falzon, Martin Forster, Arrigo Capitanio, Robin Rudd, Natasha Iles, Yenting Ngai, Michael Gandy, Rachel Lillywhite, and Allan Hackshaw, University College London, University College London Hospitals; James Spicer, Guy's and St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust; Conrad Lewanski, Charing Cross Hospital, London; Fiona Blackhall, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester; Marianne Nicolson, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen; Abhro Chaudhuri, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln; Gary Middleton, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; Samreen Ahmed, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester; Jonathan Hicks, New Victoria Hospital, Kingston Upon Thames; Barbara Crosse, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield; Mark Napier, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple; Julian M. Singer, Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Harlow; David Ferry, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton; and Sally-Ann Rolls, Withybush General Hospital, Haverfordwest, United Kingdom
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45
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Biological and predictive role of ERCC1 polymorphisms in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:133-143. [PMID: 28259288 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a key component in DNA repair mechanisms and may influence the tumor DNA-targeting effect of the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin. Germline ERCC1 polymorphisms may alter the protein expression and published data on their predictive and prognostic value have so far been contradictory. In the present article we review available evidence on the clinical role and utility of ERCC1 polymorphisms and, in the absence of a 'perfect' trial, what we call the 'sliding doors' trial, we present the data of ERCC1 genotyping in our local patient population. We found a useful predictive value for oxaliplatin-induced risk of anemia.
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Das D, Faridounnia M, Kovacic L, Kaptein R, Boelens R, Folkers GE. Single-stranded DNA Binding by the Helix-Hairpin-Helix Domain of XPF Protein Contributes to the Substrate Specificity of the ERCC1-XPF Protein Complex. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2842-2853. [PMID: 28028171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair protein complex ERCC1-XPF is required for incision of DNA upstream of DNA damage. Functional studies have provided insights into the binding of ERCC1-XPF to various DNA substrates. However, because no structure for the ERCC1-XPF-DNA complex has been determined, the mechanism of substrate recognition remains elusive. Here we biochemically characterize the substrate preferences of the helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) domains of XPF and ERCC-XPF and show that the binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)/dsDNA junctions is dependent on joint binding to the DNA binding domain of ERCC1 and XPF. We reveal that the homodimeric XPF is able to bind various ssDNA sequences but with a clear preference for guanine-containing substrates. NMR titration experiments and in vitro DNA binding assays also show that, within the heterodimeric ERCC1-XPF complex, XPF specifically recognizes ssDNA. On the other hand, the HhH domain of ERCC1 preferentially binds dsDNA through the hairpin region. The two separate non-overlapping DNA binding domains in the ERCC1-XPF heterodimer jointly bind to an ssDNA/dsDNA substrate and, thereby, at least partially dictate the incision position during damage removal. Based on structural models, NMR titrations, DNA-binding studies, site-directed mutagenesis, charge distribution, and sequence conservation, we propose that the HhH domain of ERCC1 binds to dsDNA upstream of the damage, and XPF binds to the non-damaged strand within a repair bubble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Das
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Maryam Faridounnia
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Lidija Kovacic
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Kaptein
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Rolf Boelens
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
| | - Gert E Folkers
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands and
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47
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A rapid method for detecting protein-nucleic acid interactions by protein induced fluorescence enhancement. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39653. [PMID: 28008962 PMCID: PMC5180085 DOI: 10.1038/srep39653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fundamental biological processes depend on intricate networks of interactions between proteins and nucleic acids and a quantitative description of these interactions is important for understanding cellular mechanisms governing DNA replication, transcription, or translation. Here we present a versatile method for rapid and quantitative assessment of protein/nucleic acid (NA) interactions. This method is based on protein induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE), a phenomenon whereby protein binding increases the fluorescence of Cy3-like dyes. PIFE has mainly been used in single molecule studies to detect protein association with DNA or RNA. Here we applied PIFE for steady state quantification of protein/NA interactions by using microwell plate fluorescence readers (mwPIFE). We demonstrate the general applicability of mwPIFE for examining various aspects of protein/DNA interactions with examples from the restriction enzyme BamHI, and the DNA repair complexes Ku and XPF/ERCC1. These include determination of sequence and structure binding specificities, dissociation constants, detection of weak interactions, and the ability of a protein to translocate along DNA. mwPIFE represents an easy and high throughput method that does not require protein labeling and can be applied to a wide range of applications involving protein/NA interactions.
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48
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Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes in gastrointestinal stromal tumours: susceptibility and correlation with tumour characteristics and clinical outcome. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13413-13423. [PMID: 27460091 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair pathways play an essential role in cancer susceptibility by maintaining genomic integrity. This led us to investigate the influence of polymorphisms in the genes coding repair pathway enzymes on gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) susceptibility, tumour characteristics and clinical outcome. We investigated a panel of 20 polymorphisms in 11 genes in 81 cases and 147 controls. The XPD rs13181 wild-type allele and hOGG1 rs1052133 and XPF rs1800067 minor alleles were significantly associated with disease susceptibility. XPA rs1800975 and rs2808668 were associated with tumour size (P = 0.018), metastatic status at onset (P = 0.035) and mitotic index (P = 0.002). With regards to outcome treatment, the XPD rs50872 minor allele had a significant favourable impact on time to progression (TTP). Similarly, the XPC rs2228000 minor allele was correlated with a longer TTP (P = 0.03). On the contrary, the XPC rs2228001 and hOGG1 rs1052133 minor alleles were associated with a diminished TTP (P = 0.005 and P = 0.01, respectively). Regarding OS, we found the presence of at least one hOGG1 (rs1052133) minor allele that had a 60 % lower risk to die compared to the wild-type carriers (P = 0.04). Furthermore, the XRCC3 rs861539 variant allele is associated with a hazard of early death compared with the wild-type genotype (P = 0.04). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, belonging to the different pathways, extensively evaluated in GIST patients. Through this multiple candidate gene approach, we report for the first time the significant associations between polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, susceptibility, clinical pathological features and clinical outcome in GIST.
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Gentile F, Tuszynski JA, Barakat KH. New design of nucleotide excision repair (NER) inhibitors for combination cancer therapy. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 65:71-82. [PMID: 26939044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many cancer chemotherapy agents act by targeting the DNA of cancer cells, causing substantial damage within their genome and causing them to undergo apoptosis. An effective DNA repair pathway in cancer cells can act in a reverse way by removing these drug-induced DNA lesions, allowing cancer cells to survive, grow and proliferate. In this context, DNA repair inhibitors opened a new avenue in cancer treatment, by blocking the DNA repair mechanisms from removing the chemotherapy-mediated DNA damage. In particular, the nucleotide excision repair (NER) involves more than thirty protein-protein interactions and removes DNA adducts caused by platinum-based chemotherapy. The excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1)-xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group A (XPA) protein (XPA-ERCC1) complex seems to be one of the most promising targets in this pathway. ERCC1 is over expressed in cancer cells and the only known cellular function so far for XPA is to recruit ERCC1 to the damaged point. Here, we build upon our recent advances in identifying inhibitors for this interaction and continue our efforts to rationally design more effective and potent regulators for the NER pathway. We employed in silico drug design techniques to: (1) identify compounds similar to the recently discovered inhibitors, but more effective at inhibiting the XPA-ERCC1 interactions, and (2) identify different scaffolds to develop novel lead compounds. Two known inhibitor structures have been used as starting points for two ligand/structure-hybrid virtual screening approaches. The findings described here form a milestone in discovering novel inhibitors for the NER pathway aiming at improving the efficacy of current platinum-based therapy, by modulating the XPA-ERCC1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled H Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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50
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Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a highly versatile and efficient DNA repair process, which is responsible for the removal of a large number of structurally diverse DNA lesions. Its extreme broad substrate specificity ranges from DNA damages formed upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation to numerous bulky DNA adducts induced by mutagenic environmental chemicals and cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy. Defective NER leads to serious diseases, such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Eight XP complementation groups are known of which seven (XPA-XPG) are caused by mutations in genes involved in the NER process. The eighth gene, XPV, codes for the DNA polymerase ɳ, which replicates through DNA lesions in a process called translesion synthesis (TLS). Over the past decade, detailed structural information of these DNA repair proteins involved in eukaryotic NER and TLS have emerged. These structures allow us now to understand the molecular mechanism of the NER and TLS processes in quite some detail and we have begun to understand the broad substrate specificity of NER. In this review, we aim to highlight recent advances in the process of damage recognition and repair as well as damage tolerance by the XP proteins.
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