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Lahaye E, Fetissov SO. Functional role of immunoglobulin G as an oxytocin-carrier protein. Peptides 2024; 177:171221. [PMID: 38626844 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
It has been long-time known that oxytocin in plasma is bound to a carrier protein, a common feature of circulating peptide hormones, however, the nature of such protein was uncertain. A recent study revealed that about 60% of oxytocin present in plasma is bound to immunoglobulin G (IgG) and that oxytocin-binding IgG plays a role of a functional oxytocin carrier protein. Here, we review the historical background and methodology leading to this discovery. Moreover, we review the data showing the functional role of oxytocin-binding IgG in the modulation of oxytocin signaling relevant to the regulation of motivated behavior and several neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the possible role of gut microbiota in the origin of such IgG is discussed and the relevant new therapeutic strategies for the enhancement of oxytocin signaling are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lahaye
- Regulatory Peptides - Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Regulatory Peptides - Energy Metabolism and Motivated Behavior Team, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Inserm UMR1239, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen 76000, France.
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2
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Tanabe K, Kamemoto K, Kawaguchi Y, Fushimi K, Wong SY, Ikegami N, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Hayashi N. Proteomics of appetite-regulating system influenced by menstrual cycle and intensive exercise in female athletes: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4188. [PMID: 38378702 PMCID: PMC10879539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Female athletes who endure intense training are at risk of developing the 'female athlete triad,' making energy intake management crucial. However, the fluctuations in estradiol and progesterone levels throughout the menstrual cycle present a challenge in maintaining consistent energy intake. This study aimed to uncover the underlying factors associated with appetite regulation linked to menstrual phases and exercise using proteomic approach. Five female athletes engaged in 60 min of bicycle exercise, followed by 90 min of rest, during both the follicular and luteal phases. Serum samples were collected before, during, and after exercise, and the serum proteome was analyzed using 2D-gel electrophoresis. A total of 511 spots were detected in the subjects' serum profiles, with significant decreases observed in haptoglobin during the luteal phase and complement component 3 during bicycle training. Unsupervised learning with a generalized estimating equation analysis showed that serum peptide YY (PYY), an appetite suppressor, significantly influenced the fluctuations of serum proteins induced by exercise (p < 0.05). Regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between PYY and serum IgM (R = 0.87), implying that the intestinal environment and the immune response in female athletes may contribute to appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tanabe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Medical Solution Promotion Department, Medical Solution Segment, LSI Medience Corporation, Shimura, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kamemoto
- Graduate School of Physical Education, Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kawaguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kai Fushimi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sing Ying Wong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nodoka Ikegami
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Sakamaki-Sunaga
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Guo W, Xiong W. From gut microbiota to brain: implications on binge eating disorders. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2357177. [PMID: 38781112 PMCID: PMC11123470 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2357177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of eating disorders has been increasing over the last 50 years. Binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are two typical disabling, costly and life-threatening eating disorders that substantially compromise the physical well-being of individuals while undermining their psychological functioning. The distressing and recurrent episodes of binge eating are commonly observed in both BED and BN; however, they diverge as BN often involves the adoption of inappropriate compensatory behaviors aimed at averting weight gain. Normal eating behavior is coordinated by a well-regulated trade-off between intestinal and central ingestive mechanism. Conversely, despite the fact that the etiology of BED and BN remains incompletely resolved, emerging evidence corroborates the notion that dysbiosis of gastrointestinal microbiome and its metabolites, alteration of gut-brain axis, as well as malfunctioning central circuitry regulating motivation, execution and reward all contribute to the pathology of binge eating. In this review, we aim to outline the current state of knowledge pertaining to the potential mechanisms through which each component of the gut-brain axis participates in binge eating behaviors, and provide insight for the development of microbiome-based therapeutic interventions that hold promise in ameliorating patients afflicted with binge eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei, China
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Landini L, Dadson P, Gallo F, Honka MJ, Cena H. Microbiota in anorexia nervosa: potential for treatment. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:372-391. [PMID: 35875979 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterised by the restriction of energy intake in relation to energy needs and a significantly lowered body weight than normally expected, coupled with an intense fear of gaining weight. Treatment of AN is currently based on psychological and refeeding approaches, but their efficacy remains limited since 40% of patients after 10 years of medical care still present symptoms of AN. The intestine hosts a large community of microorganisms, called the "microbiota", which live in symbiosis with the human host. The gut microbiota of a healthy human is dominated by bacteria from two phyla: Firmicutes and, majorly, Bacteroidetes. However, the proportion in their representation differs on an individual basis and depends on many external factors including medical treatment, geographical location and hereditary, immunological and lifestyle factors. Drastic changes in dietary intake may profoundly impact the composition of the gut microbiota, and the resulting dysbiosis may play a part in the onset and/or maintenance of comorbidities associated with AN, such as gastrointestinal disorders, anxiety and depression, as well as appetite dysregulation. Furthermore, studies have reported the presence of atypical intestinal microbial composition in patients with AN compared with healthy normal-weight controls. This review addresses the current knowledge about the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of AN. The review also focuses on the bidirectional interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (microbiota-gut-brain axis), considering the potential use of the gut microbiota manipulation in the prevention and treatment of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Landini
- S.S.D. Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition ASL 4 Chiavarese Liguria-Sestri Levante Hospital, Sestri Levante, Italy
| | - Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Gallo
- S.S.D. Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition ASL 4 Chiavarese Liguria-Sestri Levante Hospital, Sestri Levante, Italy
| | | | - Hellas Cena
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Iervasi E, Strangio A, Greco L, Auricchio R, Saverino D. Circulating anti-hypothalamus antibodies in celiac patients: tissue transglutaminase friend or foe? Immunol Res 2023; 71:839-848. [PMID: 37221348 PMCID: PMC10667380 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease with inflammatory characteristics, having a condition of chronic malabsorption, affecting approximately 1% of the population at any age. In recent years, a concrete correlation between eating disorders and CD has emerged. Hypothalamus plays a central role in determining eating behaviour, regulating appetite and, consequently, food intake. One hundred and ten sera from celiac patients (40 active and 70 following a gluten-free diet) were tested for the presence of autoantibodies against primate hypothalamic periventricular neurons by immunofluorescence and by a home-made ELISA assay. In addition, ghrelin was measured by ELISA. As control, 45 blood serums from healthy age matched were analysed. Among active CD, all patients resulted positive for anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies and sera showed significantly higher levels of ghrelin. All of the free-gluten CD were negative for anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies and had low levels of ghrelin, as well as healthy controls. Of interest, anti-hypothalamic autoantibodies directly correlate with anti-tTG amounts and with mucosal damage. In addition, competition assays with recombinant tTG showed a drastically reduction of anti-hypothalamic serum reactivity. Finally, ghrelin levels are increased in CD patients and correlated with anti-tTG autoantibodies and anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies. This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of anti-hypothalamus antibodies and their correlation with the severity of the CD. It also allows us to hypothesize the role of tTG as a putative autoantigen expressed by hypothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iervasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Strangio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Napoli, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80138, Napoli, Italy
- European Laboratory for Food-Induced disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Saverino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Via De Toni, 14, 16132, Genova, Italy.
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Syrmou V, Lioliopoulou ML, Gkiouras K, Simopoulou T, Katsiari CG, Vassilakou T, Bogdanos DP. Anorexia Nervosa in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Causality Dilemma. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:697. [PMID: 37189946 PMCID: PMC10137086 DOI: 10.3390/children10040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) is an autoimmune disorder with multifaceted clinical findings in different organ systems. Neuropsychiatric manifestations affect more than half of SLE patients, and there is increasing evidence that anorexia nervosa (AN), a feeding and eating disorder (FED) characterized by significantly reduced energy intake, is among them. Herein, a review of the literature on the potential association between jSLE and AN was performed. Reported clinical cases were identified, and putative pathophysiological mechanisms were sought that could potentially explain the observed relationship between these two pathological entities. Four reports of isolated cases and a case series including seven patients were identified. In this limited patient pool, the diagnosis of AN preceded that of SLE in the majority of cases, whereas in all cases both entities were diagnosed within a time span of two years. Many explanations for the observed relationships have been proposed. AN has been associated with the stress of chronic disease diagnosis; on the other hand, the chronic inflammation associated with AN may contribute to the development/appearance of SLE. Adverse childhood experiences, concentrations of leptin, shared autoantibodies, and genetic traits appear to be important factors in this well-established interplay. In essence, it seems important to increase clinician awareness of the concomitant development of AN and SLE and invite further research on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Syrmou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria-Lydia Lioliopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gkiouras
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodora Simopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina G. Katsiari
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Tonia Vassilakou
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
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Anorexia nervosa and microbiota: systematic review and critical appraisal. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:1. [PMID: 36752887 PMCID: PMC9908645 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have reported a gut microbiota imbalance or dysbiosis associated with anorexia nervosa (AN), which has prompted an appraisal of its aetiological role, and the reformulation of AN as a metabo-psychiatric disorder. Thus, the aim of this paper was to critically review the current scientific findings regarding the role of microbiota in anorexia nervosa. METHODS A systematic study of peer-reviewed literature published in four databases between 2009 and 2022 was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Both human and animal studies were included. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included. In animal models, both the preclinical and clinical findings were inconsistent regarding microbiota composition, faecal metabolite concentrations, and the effects of human faecal microbiota transplants. CONCLUSION The methodological limitations, lack of standardisation, and conceptual ambiguity hinder the analysis of microbiota as a key explanatory factor for AN. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, systematic review.
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Anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies in anorexia nervosa: a possible new mechanism in neuro-physiological derangement? Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2481-2496. [PMID: 35297008 PMCID: PMC9556421 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious and complex mental disorder affecting mainly young adult women. AN patients are characterized by low body weight in combination with self-induced starvation, intense fear of gaining weight, and distortion of body image. AN is a multifactorial disease, linked by recent evidence to a dysregulation of the immune system. METHODS In this pilot study, 22 blood serums from AN patients were tested for the presence of autoantibodies against primate hypothalamic periventricular neurons by immunofluorescence and by a home-made ELISA assay. Cellular fluorescence suggests the presence of autoantibodies which are able to recognize these neurons (both to body cell and fiber levels). By means of ELISA, these autoantibodies are quantitatively evaluated. In addition, orexigenic and anorexigenic molecules were measured by ELISA. As control, 18 blood serums from healthy age matched woman were analysed. RESULTS All AN patients showed a reactivity against hypothalamic neurons both by immunofluorescence and ELISA. In addition, ghrelin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) were significantly higher than in control serums (p < 0.0001). In contrast, leptin was significantly lower in AN patients than controls (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Immunoreaction and ELISA assays on AN blood serum suggest the presence of autoantibodies AN related. However, it is not easy to determine the action of these antibodies in vivo: they could interact with specific ligands expressed by hypothalamic cells preventing their physiological role, however, it is also possible that they could induce an aspecific stimulation in the target cells leading to an increased secretion of anorexigenic molecules. Further studies are needed to fully understand the involvement of the immune system in AN pathogenesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, descriptive study.
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Sirufo MM, Magnanimi LM, Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. Anorexia nervosa and autoimmune comorbidities: A bidirectional route? CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1921-1929. [PMID: 36114699 PMCID: PMC9627382 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological dysfunctions in eating disorders have recently gained increasing scientific attention. Furthermore, the reciprocal association between anorexia and autoimmune diseases is of particular interest and suggests a role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa (AN) and autoimmune diseases are linked by a bidirectional relationship based on common immunopathological mechanisms. In this review, in addition to reporting the numerous cases described in which autoimmune disorders are associated with anorexia or vice versa, we summarize the many aspects of this relationship between the immune system (IS) and AN. We describe how the microbiota affects the IS, disrupts gut-brain communication, and possibly triggers eating disorders. We also describe the shared immunological pathways of autoimmune and eating disorders and in particular the occurrence of disrupted T cell tolerance and autoantibodies in AN. The described observations represent the starting point for possible, future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly,Allergy and Clinical Immunology UnitCenter for the Diagnosis and Treatment of OsteoporosisTeramoItaly
| | - Lina M. Magnanimi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly,Allergy and Clinical Immunology UnitCenter for the Diagnosis and Treatment of OsteoporosisTeramoItaly
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly,Allergy and Clinical Immunology UnitCenter for the Diagnosis and Treatment of OsteoporosisTeramoItaly
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Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides as Nasal Aerosols. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091870. [PMID: 36145618 PMCID: PMC9502087 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as psychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, chronic pain, stroke, brain tumor, spinal cord injury, and many other CNS diseases, would hugely benefit from specific and potent peptide pharmaceuticals and their low inherent toxicity. The delivery of peptides to the brain is challenging due to their low metabolic stability, which decreases their duration of action, poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and their incompatibility with oral administration, typically resulting in the need for parenteral administration. These challenges limit peptides’ clinical application and explain the interest in alternative routes of peptide administration, particularly nose-to-brain (N-to-B) delivery, which allows protein and peptide drugs to reach the brain noninvasively. N-to-B delivery can be a convenient method for rapidly targeting the CNS, bypassing the BBB, and minimizing systemic exposure; the olfactory and trigeminal nerves provide a unique pathway to the brain and the external environment. This review highlights the intranasal delivery of drugs, focusing on peptide delivery, illustrating various clinical applications, nasal delivery devices, and the scope and limitations of this approach.
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Grigioni S, Achamrah N, Chan P, Guérin C, Bôle-Feysot C, Delay J, Colange G, Quillard M, Coquard A, Bubenheim M, Jésus P, Tavolacci MP, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M. Intestinal permeability and appetite regulating peptides-reactive immunoglobulins in severely malnourished women with anorexia nervosa. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1752-1758. [PMID: 35810568 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the last decades, the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis has emerged in the regulation of eating behavior and in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) that remains poorly understood. Particularly, a gut-derived dysregulation of immune response has been proposed leading to immunoglobulins directed against appetite-regulating peptides. However, intestinal permeability in patients with anorexia nervosa has been poorly documented. METHODS In the present prospective case-control study, we thus compared intestinal permeability, appetite-regulating peptides and their reactive immunoglobulins measured in severely malnourished women with AN (n = 17; 28 [21-35] y; 14.9 [14.1-15.2] kg/m2) to healthy volunteers (HV, n = 34; 26 [23-35] y; 22.3 [20.6-23.6] kg/m2). RESULTS Patients with AN exhibited an increased urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio, both in 0-5 h (0.033 [0.013-0.116]) and 5-24 h samples (0.115 [0.029-0.582]), when compared to HV (0.02 [0.008-0.045], p = 0.0074 and 0.083 [0.019-0.290], p = 0.0174, respectively), suggesting an increased intestinal permeability. Urinary excretion of sucralose and plasma zonulin were not different. The levels of plasma total ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin were increased in patients with AN compared to HV, whereas plasma leptin concentration was decreased. In addition, αMSH remained unchanged compared to HV. Finally, we did not observe any modification of the levels of total or free αMSH, leptin or ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulin G and M, as well as for their affinity properties. Only, a weak decrease of the dissociation constant (kd) for acyl-ghrelin-reactive IgG was observed in patients with AN (p = 0.0411). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, severely malnourished patients with AN show a higher intestinal permeability than HV without evidence of an effect on appetite regulating peptides-reactive immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Grigioni
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1404 - Biological Resources Centre, Inserm, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Najate Achamrah
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1404 - Biological Resources Centre, Inserm, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- PISSARO Proteomics Platform, HeRacLeS High-tech Research Infrastructures for Life, UMS 51 - UAR 2026, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Charlène Guérin
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bôle-Feysot
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Julie Delay
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Guillaume Colange
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Quillard
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1404 - Biological Resources Centre, Inserm, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Aude Coquard
- Department of Pharmacy, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Michael Bubenheim
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Jésus
- Nutrition Unit, Limoges University Hospital, Inserm UMR 1094 Tropical Neuro-epidemiology, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Tavolacci
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1404 - Biological Resources Centre, Inserm, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1404 - Biological Resources Centre, Inserm, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1073 « Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-gut-brain Axis », Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1404 - Biological Resources Centre, Inserm, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, France.
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Ye Q, Nunez J, Zhang X. Oxytocin Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Paraventricular Thalamus Regulate Feeding Motivation through Excitatory Projections to the Nucleus Accumbens Core. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3949-3964. [PMID: 35387870 PMCID: PMC9097779 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2042-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin receptors (OTR) have been found in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) for the regulation of feeding and maternal behaviors. However, the functional projections of OTR-expressing PVT neurons remain largely unknown. Here, we used chemogenetic and optogenetic tools to test the role of OTR-expressing PVT neurons and their projections in the regulation of food intake in both male and female OTR-Cre mice. We found chemogenetic activation of OTR-expressing PVT neurons promoted food seeking under trials with a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Using Feeding Experimentation Devices for real-time meal measurements, we found chemogenetic activation of OTR-expressing PVT neurons increased meal frequency but not cumulative food intake because of a compensatory decrease in meal sizes. In combination with anterograde neural tracing and slice patch-clamp recordings, we found optogenetic stimulation of PVT OTR terminals excited neurons in the posterior basolateral amygdala (pBLA) and nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) as well as local PVT neurons through monosynaptic glutamatergic transmissions. Photostimulation of OTR-expressing PVT-NAcC projections promoted food-seeking, whereas selective activation of PVT-pBLA projections produced little effect on feeding. In contrast to selective activation of OTR terminals, photostimulation of a broader population of glutamatergic PVT terminals exerted direct excitation followed by indirect lateral inhibition on neurons in both NAcC and anterior basolateral amygdala. Together, these results suggest that OTR-expressing PVT neurons are a distinct population of PVT glutamate neurons that regulate feeding motivation through projections to NAcC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The paraventricular thalamus plays an important role in the regulation of feeding motivation. However, because of the diversity of paraventricular thalamic neurons, the specific neuron types promoting food motivation remain elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons are a specific group of glutamate neurons that primarily project to the nucleus accumbens core and posterior amygdala. We found that activation of these neurons promotes the motivation for food reward and increases meal frequency through projections to the nucleus accumbens core but not the posterior amygdala. As a result, we postulate that oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the paraventricular thalamus and their projections to the nucleus accumbens core mainly regulate feeding motivation but not food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Ye
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Jeremiah Nunez
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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13
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Shobeiri P, Kalantari A, Teixeira AL, Rezaei N. Shedding light on biological sex differences and microbiota-gut-brain axis: a comprehensive review of its roles in neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:12. [PMID: 35337376 PMCID: PMC8949832 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Women and men are suggested to have differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), schizophrenia, eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa, neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease. Genetic factors and sex hormones are apparently the main mediators of these differences. Recent evidence uncovers that reciprocal interactions between sex-related features (e.g., sex hormones and sex differences in the brain) and gut microbiota could play a role in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders via influencing the gut–brain axis. It is increasingly evident that sex–microbiota–brain interactions take part in the occurrence of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, integrating the existing evidence might help to enlighten the fundamental roles of these interactions in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, an increased understanding of the biological sex differences on the microbiota–brain may lead to advances in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and increase the potential for precision medicine. This review discusses the effects of sex differences on the brain and gut microbiota and the putative underlying mechanisms of action. Additionally, we discuss the consequences of interactions between sex differences and gut microbiota on the emergence of particular neuropsychiatric disorders. The human microbiome is a unique set of organisms affecting health via the gut–brain axis. Neuropsychiatric disorders, eating disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders are regulated by the microbiota–gut–brain axis in a sex-specific manner. Understanding the role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis and its sex differences in various diseases can lead to better therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Shobeiri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Kalantari
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Children's Medical Center Hospital, Dr. Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Espinoza-García AS, Hunot-Alexander C, Martínez-Moreno AG, Vázquez-Solorzano R, Porchas-Quijada M, Reyes-Castillo Z. IgG antibodies reacting with ghrelin and leptin are correlated with body composition and appetitive traits in young subjects. Appetite 2022; 168:105685. [PMID: 34506856 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Appetitive traits are important behavioural characteristics affecting eating and body composition. Ghrelin and leptin are two key hormones regulating appetite and metabolism. Recent studies have reported the presence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) directed to ghrelin and leptin in healthy individuals as well as affinity alterations in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and hyperphagic obesity. Nevertheless, the relationship of these autoAbs with appetitive traits is unknown. The goals of this exploratory study were to analyze circulating IgG autoAbs reacting to ghrelin and leptin and evaluate their relationship with body composition parameters and appetitive traits. This cross-sectional study included 180 young subjects (20 ± 2 years) that underwent body composition evaluation. Seven appetitive traits were assessed with AEBQ-Esp and were classified as low-score or high-score. A validated in-house ELISA test was performed to measure IgG ghrelin and leptin-reactive autoAbs in its free, total, and immune complexes fractions. Free IgG ghrelin-reactive were significantly higher in women than in men. Immune complexes of IgG-ghrelin were positively correlated with waist-hip ratio in the total cohort. In women, free IgG leptin-reactive were positively correlated with body fat percentage and waist-hip ratio, whereas in men, immune complexes of IgG-leptin were positively correlated with body fat percentage. Women with a low-score for 'enjoyment of food', exhibited higher levels of IgG ghrelin-reactive autoAbs on its free form than the high-score group. Men with a high-score for 'emotional undereating' had higher levels of free IgG leptin-reactive autoAbs than the low-score group. The correlation of these autoAbs with anthropometric parameters and appetitive traits in young subjects support its role as carriers and modulators of the biologic functions of ghrelin and leptin and suggest a novel role in eating behaviour through appetitive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Selene Espinoza-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrición, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico; Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biomedicina para la Salud, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Claudia Hunot-Alexander
- Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta No. 750, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alma G Martínez-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrición, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vázquez-Solorzano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biomedicina para la Salud, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Mildren Porchas-Quijada
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrición, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico; Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biomedicina para la Salud, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Zyanya Reyes-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrición, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico; Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biomedicina para la Salud, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, 49000, Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, Mexico.
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15
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Hansen N, Lipp M, Vogelgsang J, Vukovich R, Zindler T, Luedecke D, Gingele S, Malchow B, Frieling H, Kühn S, Denk J, Gallinat J, Skripuletz T, Moschny N, Fiehler J, Riedel C, Wiedemann K, Wattjes MP, Zerr I, Esselmann H, Bleich S, Wiltfang J, Neyazi A. Autoantibody-associated psychiatric symptoms and syndromes in adults: A narrative review and proposed diagnostic approach. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 9:100154. [PMID: 34589896 PMCID: PMC8474611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune-mediated encephalitis is a disease that often encompasses psychiatric symptoms as its first clinical manifestation’s predominant and isolated characteristic. Novel guidelines even distinguish autoimmune psychosis from autoimmune encephalitis. The aim of this review is thus to explore whether a wide range of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes are associated or correlate with autoantibodies. Methods We conducted a PubMed search to identify appropriate articles concerning serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibodies associated with psychiatric symptoms and syndromes between 2000 and 2020. Relying on this data, we developed a diagnostic approach to optimize the detection of autoantibodies in psychiatric patients, potentially leading to the approval of an immunotherapy. Results We detected 10 major psychiatric symptoms and syndromes often reported to be associated with serum and/or CSF autoantibodies comprising altered consciousness, disorientation, memory impairment, obsessive-compulsive behavior, psychosis, catatonia, mood dysfunction, anxiety, behavioral abnormalities (autism, hyperkinetic), and sleeping dysfunction. The following psychiatric diagnoses were associated with serum and/or CSF autoantibodies: psychosis and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, mood disorders, minor and major neurocognitive impairment, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, eating disorders and addiction. By relying on these symptom clusters and diagnoses in terms of onset and their duration, we classified a subacute or subchronic psychiatric syndrome in patients that should be screened for autoantibodies. We propose further diagnostics entailing CSF analysis, electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Exploiting these technologies enables standardized and accurate diagnosis of autoantibody-associated psychiatric symptoms and syndromes to deliver early immunotherapy. Conclusions We have developed a clinical diagnostic pathway for classifying subgroups of psychiatric patients whose psychiatric symptoms indicate a suspected autoimmune origin. Autoantibodies are associated with a broad spectrum of psychiatric syndromes. More systematic studies are needed to elucidate the significance of autoantibodies. We developed a pathway to identify autoantibody-associated psychiatric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lipp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vogelgsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Vukovich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Zindler
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Luedecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Helge Frieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Denk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Moschny
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Riedel
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Esselmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Neyazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Roubalova R, Prochazkova P, Dvorak J, Hill M, Papezova H, Kreisinger J, Bulant J, Lambertova A, Holanova P, Bilej M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Altered Serum Immunological and Biochemical Parameters and Microbiota Composition in Patients With AN During Realimentation. Front Nutr 2021; 8:680870. [PMID: 34409061 PMCID: PMC8365021 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.680870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening psychiatric disorder with not well-described pathogenesis. Besides the genetic and sociological factors, autoimmunity is also considered to take part in AN pathogenesis. We evaluated general serological factors showing the physiological state of 59 patients with AN at hospital admission and their discharge. We detected the altered levels of some general biochemical and immunological parameters. We also detected decreased levels of appetite-regulating alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in patients at hospital admission. Moreover, elevated anti-α-MSH IgM levels and decreased anti-α-MSH IgA levels were observed in patients with AN. Therefore, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition with special focus on α-MSH antigen-mimetic containing microbes from the Enterobacteriaceae family. We correlated gut bacterial composition with anti-α-MSH Ig levels and detected decreasing IgG levels with increasing alpha diversity. The upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α were detected in patients with AN both prior and after hospitalization. We also evaluated the treatment outcome and improvement was observed in the majority of patients with AN. We provide new data about various serum biochemical parameters and their changes during the patients' hospitalization, with emphasis on the immune system, and its possible participation in AN pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroids and Proteohormones, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Bulant
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Lambertova
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Holanova
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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17
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Han H, Yi B, Zhong R, Wang M, Zhang S, Ma J, Yin Y, Yin J, Chen L, Zhang H. From gut microbiota to host appetite: gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key regulators. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:162. [PMID: 34284827 PMCID: PMC8293578 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Feelings of hunger and satiety are the key determinants for maintaining the life of humans and animals. Disturbed appetite control may disrupt the metabolic health of the host and cause various metabolic disorders. A variety of factors have been implicated in appetite control, including gut microbiota, which develop the intricate interactions to manipulate the metabolic requirements and hedonic feelings. Gut microbial metabolites and components act as appetite-related signaling molecules to regulate appetite-related hormone secretion and the immune system, or act directly on hypothalamic neurons. Herein, we summarize the effects of gut microbiota on host appetite and consider the potential molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we propose that the manipulation of gut microbiota represents a clinical therapeutic potential for lessening the development and consequence of appetite-related disorders. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage de Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shunfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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18
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Kinderlehrer DA. Anorexia Nervosa Caused by Polymicrobial Tick-Borne Infections: A Case Study. Int Med Case Rep J 2021; 14:279-287. [PMID: 34007219 PMCID: PMC8121620 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s311516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) is multifactorial, and infections may play a contributory and possibly a prominent role. A case is presented which is indicative of a causal association between tick-borne infections and AN. This adolescent female was diagnosed with AN at an eating disorder clinic after excessive food restriction and an irrational fear of weight gain necessitating nasogastric tube feeding. Her history was consistent with systemic infections and she tested serologically positive to Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae; in addition, her clinical presentation was consistent with a Bartonella infection. After treatment with oral and intravenous antimicrobials, she stopped food restriction and no longer had body image concerns. Physicians should be aware of the possibility that tick-borne infections could underly a diagnosis of AN. The role of tick-borne infections in the etiology of AN warrants further study.
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19
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Anorexia nervosa and juvenile lupus erythematosus in a 16-year-old female patient - common disease origin or random coincidence? Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:127-132. [PMID: 33897295 PMCID: PMC8056349 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period in which eating disorders and juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus are typically diagnosed. The coexistence of both disorders prompts the search for a common aetiology. In this paper, we present a case of a 16-year-old girl with life-threatening anorexia nervosa followed by clinical and immunological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. The severity of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa resulted in significant delay in proper diagnosis of the concomitant systemic disease which had already been active. The administration of immunosuppressive treatment resulted in decreased lupus activity and resolution of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa.Being affected by one severe and chronic disease does not preclude the coexistence of another disease of different aetiology. However, such coexistence may suggest a common pathophysiology. Many authors have indicated a possible link between anorexia nervosa and many autoimmune disorders. Currently, modern genetic techniques have confirmed a significant correlation between these disorders. This issue needs further investigation and may be helpful in arriving at the final diagnosis in similar cases.
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20
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Smitka K, Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Dvorak J, Papezova H, Hill M, Pokorny J, Kittnar O, Bilej M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Current Aspects of the Role of Autoantibodies Directed Against Appetite-Regulating Hormones and the Gut Microbiome in Eating Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:613983. [PMID: 33953692 PMCID: PMC8092392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.613983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium and reciprocal actions among appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) and appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) signals synthesized in the gut, brain, microbiome and adipose tissue (AT), seems to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, anxiety, and depression. A dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the energy balance may result in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). AN is a psychiatric disease defined by chronic self-induced extreme dietary restriction leading to an extremely low body weight and adiposity. BN is defined as out-of-control binge eating, which is compensated by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Certain gut microbiota-related compounds, like bacterial chaperone protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) and food-derived antigens were recently described to trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with appetite-regulating hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome may be a potential manipulator for AT and energy homeostasis. Thus, the regulation of appetite, emotion, mood, and nutritional status is also under the control of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms by secretion of autoantibodies directed against neuropeptides, neuroactive metabolites, and peptides. In AN and BN, altered cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic relays may lead to abnormal AT, gut, and brain hormone secretion. The present review summarizes updated knowledge regarding the gut dysbiosis, gut-barrier permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), blood-brain barrier permeability, and autoantibodies within the ghrelin and melanocortin systems in eating disorders. We expect that the new knowledge may be used for the development of a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for treatment of AN and BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka,
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Eating Disorder Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Pokorny
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Otomar Kittnar
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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21
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Tolle V, Ramoz N, Epelbaum J. Is there a hypothalamic basis for anorexia nervosa? HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:405-424. [PMID: 34238474 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus has long been known to control food intake and energy metabolism through a complex network of primary and secondary neurons and glial cells. Anorexia nervosa being a complex disorder characterized by abnormal feeding behavior and food aversion, it is thus quite surprising that not much is known concerning potential hypothalamic modifications in this disorder. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in the fields of genetics, epigenetics, structural and functional imaging, and brain connectivity, as well as neuroendocrine findings and emerging animal models, which have begun to unravel the importance of hypothalamic adaptive processes to our understanding of the pathology of eating disorders.
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22
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Carbone EA, D'Amato P, Vicchio G, De Fazio P, Segura-Garcia C. A systematic review on the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 64:e2. [PMID: 33416044 PMCID: PMC8057489 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing interest in new factors contributing to the genesis of eating disorders (EDs). Research recently focused on the study of microbiota. Dysbiosis, associated with a specific genetic susceptibility, may contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa, or binge eating disorder, and several putative mechanisms have already been identified. Diet seems to have an impact not only on modification of the gut microbiota, facilitating dysbiosis, but also on its recovery in patients with EDs. Methods This systematic review based on the PICO strategy searching into PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Library examined the literature on the role of altered microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of EDs. Results Sixteen studies were included, mostly regarding AN. Alpha diversity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were lower in patients with AN, and affective symptoms and ED psychopathology seem related to changes in gut microbiota. Microbiota-derived proteins stimulated the autoimmune system, altering neuroendocrine control of mood and satiety in EDs. Microbial richness increased in AN after weight regain on fecal microbiota transplantation. Conclusions Microbiota homeostasis seems essential for a healthy communication network between gut and brain. Dysbiosis may promote intestinal inflammation, alter gut permeability, and trigger immune reactions in the hunger/satiety regulation center contributing to the pathophysiological development of EDs. A restored microbial balance may be a possible treatment target for EDs. A better and more in-depth characterization of gut microbiota and gut–brain crosstalk is required. Future studies may deepen the therapeutic and preventive role of microbiota in EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Anna Carbone
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy.,Outpatient Service for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro88100, Italy
| | - Pasquale D'Amato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vicchio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende87036, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Outpatient Service for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital Mater Domini, Catanzaro88100, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro88100, Italy
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23
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Arnoriaga-Rodríguez M, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Burokas A, Pérez-Brocal V, Moya A, Portero-Otin M, Ricart W, Maldonado R, Fernández-Real JM. Gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function is associated with decreased body weight and a characteristic microbiota profile. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:59. [PMID: 32354351 PMCID: PMC7193372 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chaperone ClpB, a bacterial protein, is a conformational antigen-mimetic of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) implicated in body weight regulation in mice. We here investigated the potential associations of gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function with obesity status and gut microbiota in humans. RESULTS Gut microbiota ClpB KEGG function was negatively associated with body mass index, waist circumference, and total fat mass (DEXA). The relative abundance (RA) of several phyla and families directly associated with ClpB was decreased in subjects with obesity. Specifically, the RA of Rikenellaceae, Clostridiaceae and not assigned Firmicutes were lower in subjects with obesity and positively associated with gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function (not assigned Firmicutes (r = 0.405, FDR = 2.93 × 10-2), Rikenellaceae (r = 0.217, FDR = 0.031), and Clostridiaceae (r = 0.239, FDR = 0.017)). The gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function was also linked to specific plasma metabolites (hippuric acid and 3-indolepropionic acid) and fecal lupeol. The α-MSH-like epitope similar to that of Escherichia coli ClpB was also identified in some sequences of those bacterial families. After fecal transplantation from humans to mice, the families that more contributed to ClpB-like gene function in humans were also associated with ClpB-like gene function in mice after adjusting for the donor's body mass index (not assigned Firmicutes (r = 0.621, p = 0.003), Prevotellaceae (r = 0.725, p = 4.1 × 10-7), Rikenellaceae (r = 0.702, p = 3.9 × 10-4), and Ruminococcaceae (r = 0.526, p = 0.014)). Clostridiaceae (r = - 0.445, p = 0.038) and Prevotellaceae RA (r = - 0.479, p = 0.024) and were also negatively associated with weight gain in mice. The absolute abundance (AA) of Prevotellaceae in mice was also positively associated with the gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function in mice. DESeq2 identified species of Prevotellaceae, both negatively associated with mice' weight gain and positively with gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function. CONCLUSIONS In summary, gut bacterial ClpB-like gene function is associated with obesity status, a specific gut microbiota composition and a plasma metabolomics profile in humans that could be partially transplanted to mice. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arnoriaga-Rodríguez
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Carretera de França s/n, 17007, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Carretera de França s/n, 17007, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelijus Burokas
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Present address: Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vicente Pérez-Brocal
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Moya
- Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UVEG), Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Carretera de França s/n, 17007, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Carretera de França s/n, 17007, Girona, Spain.
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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24
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Host Starvation and Female Sex Influence Enterobacterial ClpB Production: A Possible Link to the Etiology of Eating Disorders. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040530. [PMID: 32272706 PMCID: PMC7232239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered signaling between gut bacteria and their host has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of eating disorders, whereas the enterobacterial caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) may play a key role as an antigen mimetic of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an anorexigenic neuropeptide. Here, we studied whether ClpB production by gut bacteria can be modified by chronic food restriction and female sex, two major risk factors for the development of eating disorders. We found that food restriction increased ClpB DNA in feces and ClpB protein in plasma in both male and female rats, whereas females displayed elevated basal ClpB protein levels in the lower gut and plasma as well as increased ClpB-reactive immunoglobulins (Ig)M and IgG. In contrast, direct application of estradiol in E. coli cultures decreased ClpB concentrations in bacteria, while testosterone had no effect. Thus, these data support a mechanistic link between host-dependent risk factors of eating disorders and the enterobacterial ClpB protein production.
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25
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2019 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13030040. [PMID: 32151051 PMCID: PMC7151716 DOI: 10.3390/ph13030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2019 has been an excellent year in terms of peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDES) approved by the FDA. Despite the drop in the number of total drugs approved by the FDA in 2019 in comparison with 2018 (48 vs. 59), the total number of TIDES authorized increased (seven vs. three). Year after year, TIDES are increasingly present in therapy, as imaging agents, theragnostic and constituent moieties of other complex drugs, such as antibody drug conjugates. This means a consolidation of these kinds of drugs in the pharmaceutical arena, paving the way in the coming years for the approval of others for diverse medical indications. Here the TIDES approved in 2019 are analyzed in terms of chemical structure, medical target, mode of action, and adverse effects.
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26
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Valbrun LP, Zvonarev V. The Opioid System and Food Intake: Use of Opiate Antagonists in Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder and Abnormal Eating Behavior. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:41-63. [PMID: 32095174 PMCID: PMC7011935 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs) commonly co-occur, especially in conjunction with affective syndromes, yet little is known about opiate abuse and ED symptoms in patients on naltrexone-bupropion therapy. Moreover, evidence suggests that the opioid system can also be regarded as one of the major systems regulating the anticipatory processes preceding binge eating episodes. The lack of evidence in the effectiveness of psychotherapy treatment in addition to psychotropic mediations compounds the difficulties in stabilizing individuals with EDs. This article aims to exhaustively review literature relating to the use of opioid antagonists in the management of binge eating disorder (BED) and other abnormal eating habits and how this can be augmented by the use of psychological approaches to come up with the most effective therapy or combination of therapies to manage these conditions. Although this approach is promising, it has not been evaluated. A review of the literature pertaining to the use of naltrexone in patients with EDs was performed through PubMed, PsycINFO and MEDLINE. We selected 63 relevant articles published between 1981 and 2018 and those written in English. Search terms included “Opioid antagonists”, “naltrexone”, “bupropion” and “Psychotherapy” each combined with “Binge Eating Disorder”, “Bulimia Nervosa”, “Anorexia Nervosa”, “Eating Disorder”, “EDNOS” and “Obesity”. While working with these articles, we also identified several problems related to use of these methods in real clinical practice. Seventy-seven articles were reviewed, and 63 were selected for inclusion. Data obtained from these sources confirmed that the blockade of opioid receptors diminishes food intake. More recent findings also indicate that the combination of bupropion and naltrexone can induce weight loss. Augmentation of this by introducing psychotherapy may lead to better outcomes. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was the most frequently recommended psychotherapy intervention, showing efficacy for EDs and chemical addictions as documented by most of the studies, but with uncertain efficacy when utilized as augmentation strategy. There are limited data supporting the use of psychotherapy in augmentation of standard therapy in ED; however, there is evidence to support that psychotherapy is safe in this population and has been effective in cases of patients with opiate addiction with and without psychiatric comorbidities as well as BED. More research is needed to establish treatment guidelines. Combining pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic interventions leads to the achievement of a better outcome in managing patients with EDs. Involving families or the use of support groups increases chances of adherence to the prescribed interventions resulting in higher rates of remission. However, it is clear that all of these interventions must occur in the context of a comprehensive treatment program. We believe that patient-specific psychotherapy may not only facilitate the treatment process, but also cause significant alterations in eating pattern. This approach for BED may lead to more significant treatment outcomes, but this possibility must be tested in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon P Valbrun
- Department of Psychiatry, Interfaith Medical Center, 1545 Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11213, USA
| | - Valeriy Zvonarev
- School of Behavioral Sciences, California Southern University, 3330 Harbor Blvd, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
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27
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New therapeutic approaches to target gut-brain axis dysfunction during anorexia nervosa. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Dominique M, Legrand R, Galmiche M, Azhar S, Deroissart C, Guérin C, do Rego JL, Leon F, Nobis S, Lambert G, Lucas N, Déchelotte P. Changes in Microbiota and Bacterial Protein Caseinolytic Peptidase B During Food Restriction in Mice: Relevance for the Onset and Perpetuation of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2514. [PMID: 31635300 PMCID: PMC6835841 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota contributes to the regulation of eating behavior and might be implicated in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. ClpB (Caseinolytic peptidase B) protein produced mainly by the Enterobacteriaceae family has been identified as a conformational mimetic of α-MSH, which could result in similar anorexigenic effects. The aim of this study was to highlight the role of the microbiome and the ClpB protein in deregulation and self-maintenance of anorexia pathology. Male C57Bl/6 mice were undergone to the ABA (Activity-Based Anorexia) protocol: after 5 days of acclimatization, both ABA and LFA (Limited Food Access) mice had progressively limited access to food until D17. At the end of protocol, the plasma ClpB concentration and Enterobacteriaceae DNA in colonic content were measured. As expected, dietary restriction induced lost weight in LFA and ABA mice. At D10, colonic permeability and plasma concentration of the ClpB protein were significantly increased in LFA and ABA mice vs. controls. At D17, plasma concentration of ClpB was increased in LFA and ABA mice and, it was correlated with proportion of Enterobacteriaceae in the faeces. These abnormally high ClpB concentrations and all associated factors, and therefore might contribute to the initiation and/or perpetuation of anorexia nervosa by interfering with satiety signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dominique
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Romain Legrand
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Marie Galmiche
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Saïda Azhar
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | | | - Charlène Guérin
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-Luc do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Animal Behavior Platform, Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Fatima Leon
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Animal Behavior Platform, Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Séverine Nobis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Animal Behavior Platform, Service Commun d'Analyse Comportementale (SCAC), University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Grégory Lambert
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Nicolas Lucas
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- TargEDys SA, University of Rouen Normandy, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Inserm UMR1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Unirouen, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Rouen University Hospital, CHU Charles Nicolle, 76183 Rouen, France.
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29
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Rastelli M, Cani PD, Knauf C. The Gut Microbiome Influences Host Endocrine Functions. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1271-1284. [PMID: 31081896 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is considered an organ contributing to the regulation of host metabolism. Since the relationship between the gut microbiome and specific diseases was elucidated, numerous studies have deciphered molecular mechanisms explaining how gut bacteria interact with host cells and eventually shape metabolism. Both metagenomic and metabolomic analyses have contributed to the discovery of bacterial-derived metabolites acting on host cells. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanisms by which bacterial metabolites act as paracrine or endocrine factors, thereby regulating host metabolism. We highlight the impact of specific short-chain fatty acids on the secretion of gut peptides (i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY) and other metabolites produced from different amino acids and regulating inflammation, glucose metabolism, or energy homeostasis. We also discuss the role of gut microbes on the regulation of bioactive lipids that belong to the endocannabinoid system and specific neurotransmitters (e.g., γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, nitric oxide). Finally, we review the role of specific bacterial components (i.e., ClpB, Amuc_1100) also acting as endocrine factors and eventually controlling host metabolism. In conclusion, this review summarizes the recent state of the art, aiming at providing evidence that the gut microbiome influences host endocrine functions via several bacteria-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Rastelli
- Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium.,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Université Catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium.,NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claude Knauf
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (INSERM/UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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30
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Igudesman D, Sweeney M, Carroll IM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Bulik CM. Gut-Brain Interactions: Implications for a Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Treatment and Prognosis of Anorexia Nervosa and Comparison to Type I Diabetes. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:343-356. [PMID: 31383275 PMCID: PMC6686879 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa has poor prognosis and treatment outcomes and is influenced by genetic, metabolic, and psychological factors. Gut microbes interact with gut physiology to influence metabolism and neurobiology, although potential therapeutic benefits remain unknown. Type 1 diabetes is linked to anorexia nervosa through energy dysregulation, which in both disease states is related to the gut microbiota, disordered eating, and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Igudesman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Megan Sweeney
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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On the origin of eating disorders: altered signaling between gut microbiota, adaptive immunity and the brain melanocortin system regulating feeding behavior. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 48:82-91. [PMID: 31430598 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research in the field of gut microbiota - brain axis may contribute to clarifying the origin of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, the two principal forms of eating disorders (ED). The initial key findings in ED patients of plasma immunoglobulins (Ig) that react with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a neuropeptide in the brain signaling satiety, have initiated further studies leading to the discovery of the origin of such autoantibodies and to the understanding their possible functional role. An anorexigenic bacterial protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B was recently found to be responsible for the production of α-MSH-cross-reactive autoantibodies and this protein was also detected in human plasma. Another recent study revealed enhanced activation of appetite-regulating the melanocortin type 4 receptor by immune complexes withα-MSH. Taken together, these data serve to build a pathophysiological model of ED presented in this article.
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32
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Hedman A, Breithaupt L, Hübel C, Thornton LM, Tillander A, Norring C, Birgegård A, Larsson H, Ludvigsson JF, Sävendahl L, Almqvist C, Bulik CM. Bidirectional relationship between eating disorders and autoimmune diseases. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:803-812. [PMID: 30178543 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system dysfunction may be associated with eating disorders (ED) and could have implications for detection, risk assessment, and treatment of both autoimmune diseases and EDs. However, questions regarding the nature of the relationship between these two disease entities remain. We evaluated the strength of associations for the bidirectional relationships between EDs and autoimmune diseases. METHODS In this nationwide population-based study, Swedish registers were linked to establish a cohort of more than 2.5 million individuals born in Sweden between January 1, 1979 and December 31, 2005 and followed up until December 2013. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to investigate: (a) subsequent risk of EDs in individuals with autoimmune diseases; and (b) subsequent risk of autoimmune diseases in individuals with EDs. RESULTS We observed a strong, bidirectional relationship between the two illness classes indicating that diagnosis in one illness class increased the risk of the other. In women, the diagnoses of autoimmune disease increased subsequent hazards of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and other eating disorders (OED). Similarly, AN, BN, and OED increased subsequent hazards of autoimmune diseases.Gastrointestinal-related autoimmune diseases such as, celiac disease and Crohn's disease showed a bidirectional relationship with AN and OED. Psoriasis showed a bidirectional relationship with OED. The previous occurence of type 1 diabetes increased the risk for AN, BN, and OED. In men, we did not observe a bidirectional pattern, but prior autoimmune arthritis increased the risk for OED. CONCLUSIONS The interactions between EDs and autoimmune diseases support the previously reported associations. The bidirectional risk pattern observed in women suggests either a shared mechanism or a third mediating variable contributing to the association of these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hedman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren Breithaupt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Annika Tillander
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Claes Norring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Birgegård
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Fetissov SO, Legrand R, Lucas N. Bacterial Protein Mimetic of Peptide Hormone as a New Class of Protein- based Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:546-553. [PMID: 28982315 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171005110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Specific peptide molecules classified as hormones, neuropeptides and cytokines are involved in intercellular signaling regulating various physiological processes in all organs and tissues. This justifies the peptidergic signaling as an attractive pharmacological target. Recently, a protein mimetic of a peptide hormone has been identified in Escherichia coli suggesting the potential use of specific bacterial proteins as a new type of peptide-like drugs. We review the scientific rational and technological approaches leading to the identification of the E. coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) homologue protein as a conformational mimetic of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a melanocortin peptide critically involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis in humans and animals. Theoretical and experimental backgrounds for the validation of bacterial ClpB as a potential drug are discussed based on the known E. coli ClpB amino acid sequence homology with α-MSH. Using in silico analysis, we show that other protein sources containing similar to E. coli ClpB α-MSH-like epitopes with potential biological activity may exist in Enterobacteriaceae and in some Brassicaceae. Thus, the original approach leading to the identification of E. coli ClpB as an α-MSH mimetic protein can be applied for the identification of mimetic proteins of other peptide hormones and development of a new type of peptide-like protein-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1239, 25 rue Lucien Tesniere, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, 76000, France
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Roubalová R, Procházková P, Papežová H, Smitka K, Bilej M, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. Anorexia nervosa: Gut microbiota-immune-brain interactions. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:676-684. [PMID: 30952533 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder defined by an extremely low body weight, a devastating fear of weight gain, and body image disturbance, however the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The objective of the article is to provide a comprehensive review on the potential role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. Recent advances in sequencing techniques used for microbial detection revealed that this disease is associated with disruption of the composition of normal gut microbiota (dysbiosis), manifested by low microbial diversity and taxonomic differences as compared to healthy individuals. Microorganisms present in the gut represent a part of the so called "microbiota-gut-brain" axis that affect the central nervous system and thus human behavior via the production of various neuroactive compounds. In addition, cells of the immune system are equipped with receptors for these neuroactive substances. Microbiota of the intestinal system also represent a very important antigenic source. These antigens can mimic some host neuropeptides and neurohormones and thus trigger the production of autoantibodies which cross-react with these compounds. The levels and affinities of these antibodies are thought to be associated with neuropsychiatric conditions including anxiety, depression, and eating and sleep disorders. The study of microbiota function in diseases could bring new insights to the pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Roubalová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Procházková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Papežová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kvido Smitka
- The Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bilej
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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35
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Himmerich H, Bentley J, Kan C, Treasure J. Genetic risk factors for eating disorders: an update and insights into pathophysiology. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2019; 9:2045125318814734. [PMID: 30800283 PMCID: PMC6378634 DOI: 10.1177/2045125318814734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide-association studies (GWASs), epigenetic, gene-expression and gene-gene interaction projects, nutritional genomics and investigations of the gut microbiota have increased our knowledge of the pathophysiology of eating disorders (EDs). However, compared with anorexia nervosa, genetic studies in patients with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are relatively scarce, with the exception of a few formal genetic and small-sized candidate-gene-association studies. In this article, we review important findings derived from formal and molecular genetics in order to outline a genetics-based pathophysiological model of EDs. This model takes into account environmental and nutritional factors, genetic factors related to the microbiome, the metabolic and endocrine system, the immune system, and the brain, in addition to phenotypical traits of EDs. Shortcomings and advantages of genetic research in EDs are discussed against the historical background, but also in light of potential future treatment options for patients with EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Bentley
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Carol Kan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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36
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Immunoglobulin G modulation of the melanocortin 4 receptor signaling in obesity and eating disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:87. [PMID: 30755592 PMCID: PMC6372612 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays a key role in regulation of appetite activated by its main ligand α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in both central and peripheral targets. α-MSH also binds to circulating immunoglobulins (Igs) but the functional significance of such immune complexes (ICs) in MC4R signaling in normal and pathological conditions of altered appetite has remained unknown. To address this question, we analyzed plasma levels, affinity kinetics, and binding epitopes of α-MSH-reactive IgG extracted from plasma samples of female patients with hyperphagic obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and healthy controls. Ability of α-MSH/IgG IC to bind and activate human MC4R were studied in vitro and to influence feeding behavior in vivo in rodents. We found that α-MSH-reactive IgG were low in obese but increased in anorectic and bulimic patients and displayed different epitope and kinetics of IC formation. Importantly, while α-MSH/IgG IC from all subjects were binding and activating MC4R, the receptor binding affinity was decreased in obesity. Additionally, α-MSH/IgG IC had lower MC4R-mediated cAMP activation threshold as compared with α-MSH alone in all but not obese subjects. Furthermore, the cellular internalization rate of α-MSH/IgG IC by MC4R-expressing cells was decreased in obese but increased in patients with anorexia nervosa. Moreover, IgG from obese patients prevented central anorexigenic effect of α-MSH. These findings reveal that MC4R is physiologically activated by IC formed by α-MSH/IgG and that different levels and molecular properties of α-MSH-reactive IgG underlie biological activity of such IC relevant to altered appetite in obesity and eating disorders.
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37
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Neuropeptide-like signaling in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Behav Brain Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For gut microbiota to influence behavior, microorganisms should be able to interfere with specific brain neurochemical circuitries. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is a key task in the new microbiota-gut-brain field. Recent studies have revealed that one major mechanistic link is the modulation of neuropeptide signaling by homologous bacterial proteins acting both directly and indirectly via production of neuropeptide-reactive immunoglobulins.
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38
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Vaeroy H, Schneider F, Fetissov SO. Neurobiology of Aggressive Behavior-Role of Autoantibodies Reactive With Stress-Related Peptide Hormones. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:872. [PMID: 31866881 PMCID: PMC6904880 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone together with arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, the neuropeptides regulating the stress response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, are known to modulate aggressive behavior. The functional role of the adrenocorticotropic hormone immunoglobulin G autoantibodies in peptidergic signaling and motivated behavior, including aggression, has been shown in experimental and in vitro models. This review summarizes some experimental data implicating autoantibodies reactive with stress-related peptides in aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Vaeroy
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Frida Schneider
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Inserm UMR1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Rouen Normandy, Rouen, France
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39
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Sala M, Han K, Acevedo S, Krawczyk DC, McAdams CJ. Oxytocin Receptor Polymorphism Decreases Midline Neural Activations to Social Stimuli in Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2183. [PMID: 30542304 PMCID: PMC6277875 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter related to both feeding and social behavior; anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric illness defined by reduced food intake, weight loss, and problems in social perceptions. Oxytocin receptor single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2254298 or rs53576 and neural responses to social stimuli were evaluated in adult women with or recovered from anorexia nervosa using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Carriers of the A allele for OXTR rs2254298 (2 AA and 10 AG) showed significantly reduced activation of portions of the posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex for social stimuli as well as greater negative connectivity between the posterior cingulate and the occipital lobe relative to the GG subjects for rs2254298. Differences in the other OXTR SNP, rs53576, did not result in detectable neural differences in either whole brain or region of interest analyses. Development of a mechanistic, biological model of how social behavior is impacted by mental illness requires linking genes to functional brain activations in disease. This pilot study suggests that in anorexia nervosa, differences related to OXTR SNP rs2254298 may alter neural responses to social stimuli and disrupt the engagement and disengagement of the default mode network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Sala
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kihwan Han
- Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Summer Acevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Daniel C Krawczyk
- Center for Brain Health, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Carrie J McAdams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
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40
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Scolnick B. Hypothesis: Clues From Mammalian Hibernation for Treating Patients With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2159. [PMID: 30483182 PMCID: PMC6240652 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This hypothesis is that anorexia nervosa (AN) is a biologically driven disorder, and mammalian hibernation may offer clues to its pathogenesis. Using this approach, this hypothesis offers suggestions for employing heart rate variability as an early diagnostic test for AN; employing the ketogenic diet for refeeding patients, attending to omega 3:6 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the refeeding diet; and exploring clinical trials of the endocannabinoid-like agent, palmitoylethanolamde for patients with AN. This hypothesis also explores the role of lipids and autoimmune phenomena in AN, and suggest a lipodomics study to search for antibodies in the serum on patients with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scolnick
- Psychology and Brain Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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41
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Autoantibodies reactive to adrenocorticotropic hormone can alter cortisol secretion in both aggressive and nonaggressive humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6576-E6584. [PMID: 29941562 PMCID: PMC6048475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720008115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Violent aggression in humans may involve a modified response to stress, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we show that naturally present autoantibodies reactive to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) exhibit distinct epitope-binding profiles to ACTH peptide in subjects with a history of violent aggression compared with controls. Namely, while nonaggressive male controls displayed a preferential IgG binding to the ACTH central part (amino acids 11-24), subjects who had committed violent acts of aggression had IgG with increased affinity to ACTH, preferentially binding to its N terminus (amino acids 1-13). Purified IgGs from approximately half of the examined sera were able to block ACTH-induced cortisol secretion of human adrenal cells in vitro, irrespective of the source of sample (from a control subject or a violent aggressor). Nevertheless, in the resident-intruder test in mice, i.p. injection of residents with ACTH and IgG from aggressive subjects, but not from control subjects, shortened latency for the first attack against intruders. Immunohistochemical screening of violent aggressors' sera on rat brain and pituitary sections did not show IgG binding to ACTH-producing cells, but 4 of 16 sera revealed selective binding to a nonidentified antigen in vasopressinergic neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Thus, the data show that ACTH-reactive plasmatic IgGs exhibit differential epitope preference in control and violently aggressive subjects. These IgGs can modulate ACTH-induced cortisol secretion and, hence, are involved in the regulation of the stress response. However, the possible role of ACTH-reactive autoantibodies in aggressive behavior needs further investigation.
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Temko JE, Bouhlal S, Farokhnia M, Lee MR, Cryan JF, Leggio L. The Microbiota, the Gut and the Brain in Eating and Alcohol Use Disorders: A 'Ménage à Trois'? Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 52:403-413. [PMID: 28482009 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Accumulating evidence for the influence of the gut microbiota on the bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis suggests a role of the gut microbiota in eating disorders (EDs) and alcohol and substance use disorders. The potential influence of altered gut microbiota (dysbiosis) on behaviors associated with such disorders may have implications for developing therapeutic interventions. Methods A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the gut microbiota, EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases with the objective being to examine the role of the gut microbiota in behavioral correlates of these disorders. Original papers focused on the gut microbiota and potential behavioral implications were deemed eligible for consideration. Results The resulting 12 publications were limited to gut microbiota studies related to EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders. Some studies suggest that dysbiosis and gut microbial byproducts may influence the pathophysiology of EDs via direct and indirect interference with peptide hormone signaling. Additionally, dysbiosis was shown to be correlated with alcohol use disorder-related symptoms, i.e. craving, depression and anxiety. Finally, a mouse study suggests that manipulations in the gut microbiota may affect cocaine-related behaviors. Conclusions Promising, albeit preliminary, findings suggest a potential role of the gut microbiota in behavioral correlates of EDs and alcohol and substance use disorders. Short summary Preliminary evidence exists supporting the role of the gut microbiota in eating disorders and alcohol and substance use disorders, although additional investigation is needed to determine what is causative versus epiphenomenological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Temko
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - Sofia Bouhlal
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10 Center Drive (10CRC/15330), Bethesda, MD 20892-1108, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Russell J, Maguire S, Hunt GE, Kesby A, Suraev A, Stuart J, Booth J, McGregor IS. Intranasal oxytocin in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: Randomized controlled trial during re-feeding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 87:83-92. [PMID: 29049935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional rehabilitation in anorexia nervosa (AN) is impeded by fear of food, eating and change leading to treatment resistance. Oxytocin (OT) exerts prosocial effects and modulates trust, fear, anxiety and neuroplasticity. The current placebo-controlled RCT examined the effects of intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) in AN. The aim was to ascertain whether repeated doses of IN-OT enhance treatment outcomes in AN. METHODS AN patients self-administered 36 IU IN-OT or placebo daily for 4-6 weeks during hospital treatment. The outcome measures were change in the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE) scale, weight gain, cognitive rigidity, social anxiety, obsessive and autistic symptoms. The effects of the first and last doses of IN-OT were assessed relative to placebo before and after a high-energy afternoon snack, to determine potential dampening of cortisol and anxiety levels by OT. RESULTS Weight gain was similar in both groups. The EDE eating concern subscale score was significantly lower after IN-OT treatment as was cognitive rigidity. There were no significant differences in social anxiety or any of the other outcomes at follow-up. After four weeks IN-OT, salivary cortisol levels were significantly lowered in anticipation of an afternoon snack compared to placebo. Morning plasma OT levels did not change after chronic IN-OT or with weight restoration. CONCLUSION IN-OT might enhance nutritional rehabilitation in AN by reducing eating concern and cognitive rigidity. Lower salivary cortisol levels in response to IN-OT suggest diminished neuroendocrine stress responsiveness to food and eating. Such effects require replication with inclusion of more sensitive subjective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Russell
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Northside Clinic, Greenwich, NSW, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sarah Maguire
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Boden Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Glenn E Hunt
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Alice Kesby
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anastasia Suraev
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jessica Booth
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Iain S McGregor
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zerwas S, Larsen JT, Petersen L, Thornton LM, Quaranta M, Koch SV, Pisetsky D, Mortensen PB, Bulik CM. Eating Disorders, Autoimmune, and Autoinflammatory Disease. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2016-2089. [PMID: 29122972 PMCID: PMC5703777 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identifying factors associated with risk for eating disorders is important for clarifying etiology and for enhancing early detection of eating disorders in primary care. We hypothesized that autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases would be associated with eating disorders in children and adolescents and that family history of these illnesses would be associated with eating disorders in probands. METHODS In this large, nationwide, population-based cohort study of all children and adolescents born in Denmark between 1989 and 2006 and managed until 2012, Danish medical registers captured all inpatient and outpatient diagnoses of eating disorders and autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. The study population included 930 977 individuals (48.7% girls). Cox proportional hazards regression models and logistic regression were applied to evaluate associations. RESULTS We found significantly higher hazards of eating disorders for children and adolescents with autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases: 36% higher hazard for anorexia nervosa, 73% for bulimia nervosa, and 72% for an eating disorder not otherwise specified. The association was particularly strong in boys. Parental autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease history was associated with significantly increased odds for anorexia nervosa (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.25), bulimia nervosa (OR = 1.29; CI = 1.08-1.55) and for an eating disorder not otherwise specified (OR = 1.27; CI = 1.13-1.44). CONCLUSIONS Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases are associated with increased risk for eating disorders. Ultimately, understanding the role of immune system disturbance for the etiology and pathogenesis of eating disorders could point toward novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janne Tidselbak Larsen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research,,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, and
| | - Liselotte Petersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research,,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, and
| | | | - Michela Quaranta
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria San Giovanni Battista and University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Susanne Vinkel Koch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;,Mental Health Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center and Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research,,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, and,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Departments of Psychiatry and,Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ilzarbe L, Fàbrega M, Quintero R, Bastidas A, Pintor L, García-Campayo J, Gomollón F, Ilzarbe D. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Eating Disorders: A systematized review of comorbidity. J Psychosom Res 2017; 102:47-53. [PMID: 28992897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has shown that there is an association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease, anxiety and mood disorders, however little is known about their association with Eating Disorders. In this paper we will present a case of a young female with a comorbid diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Eating Disorder, and then discuss the results from a systematic review of the literature, describing published cases of patients with the same condition. METHODS A systematized review of the literature was conducted according to MOOSE guidelines. A computerized literature search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE, and a manual search through reference lists of selected original articles were performed to identify all published case-reports, case series and studies of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Eating Disorders. RESULTS Fourteen articles were included, encompassing 219 cases, including ours. The vast majority were females ranging from 10 to 44years old. Anorexia Nervosa (n=156) and Crohn's Disease (n=129) was the most frequent combination (n=90) reported in the literature. These cases present a poor prognosis because of corticoid refusal, medication abandon and/or deliberate exacerbation of IBD symptoms, in the context of trying to lose weight. CONCLUSION Recent evidence suggests there is a possible association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Eating Disorders, although the mechanisms involved in its ethiopathogenesis are still unknown. To be aware of this association is important because a delayed diagnosis of this comorbidity may lead to worse prognosis. Further research and a multidisciplinary approach could facilitate earlier diagnosis and provide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ilzarbe
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Fàbrega
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - R Quintero
- Psychosomatic and Liason Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Bastidas
- Acute Inpatient Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Pintor
- Psychosomatic and Liason Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J García-Campayo
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Network for Prevention and Health Promotion in Primary Care (RedIAPP), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Gomollón
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of gastroenterology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Ilzarbe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cuesto G, Everaerts C, León LG, Acebes A. Molecular bases of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder: shedding light on the darkness. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:266-287. [PMID: 28762842 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1353092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eating-disorders (EDs) consequences to human health are devastating, involving social, mental, emotional, physical and life-threatening aspects, concluding on impairment and death in cases of extreme anorexia nervosa. It also implies that people suffering an ED need to find psychiatric and psychological help as soon as possible to achieve a fully physical and emotional recovery. Unfortunately, to date, there is a crucial lack of efficient clinical treatment to these disorders. In this review, we present an overview concerning the actual pharmacological and psychological treatments, the knowledge of cells, circuits, neuropeptides, neuromodulators and hormones in the human brain- and other organs- underlying these disorders, the studies in animal models and, finally, the genetic approaches devoted to face this challenge. We will also discuss the need for new perspectives, avenues and strategies to be developed in order to pave the way to novel and more efficient therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Cuesto
- a Centre for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands , Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Claude Everaerts
- b Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Leticia G León
- c Cancer Pharmacology Lab , AIRC Start Up Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Angel Acebes
- a Centre for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands , Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna , Tenerife , Spain
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Lam YY, Maguire S, Palacios T, Caterson ID. Are the Gut Bacteria Telling Us to Eat or Not to Eat? Reviewing the Role of Gut Microbiota in the Etiology, Disease Progression and Treatment of Eating Disorders. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9060602. [PMID: 28613252 PMCID: PMC5490581 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally recognized as mental illnesses, eating disorders are increasingly appreciated to be biologically-driven. There is a growing body of literature that implicates a role of the gut microbiota in the etiology and progression of these conditions. Gut bacteria may act on the gut–brain axis to alter appetite control and brain function as part of the genesis of eating disorders. As the illnesses progress, extreme feeding patterns and psychological stress potentially feed back to the gut ecosystem that can further compromise physiological, cognitive, and social functioning. Given the established causality between dysbiosis and metabolic diseases, an altered gut microbial profile is likely to play a role in the co-morbidities of eating disorders with altered immune function, short-chain fatty acid production, and the gut barrier being the key mechanistic links. Understanding the role of the gut ecosystem in the pathophysiology of eating disorders will provide critical insights into improving current treatments and developing novel microbiome-based interventions that will benefit patients with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Y Lam
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Sarah Maguire
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Talia Palacios
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ian D Caterson
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Fetissov SO. [Hunger and satiety factors in the regulation of pleasure associated with feeding behavior]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 210:259-268. [PMID: 28327283 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Feeding is an instinctive behavior accompanied by rewarding feeling of pleasure during obtaining and ingesting food, corresponding to the preparatory and consummatory phases of motivated behavior, respectively. Perception of this emotional state together with alternating feelings of hunger and satiety drives the feeding behavior. Because alterations of feeding behavior including either overeating or anorexia may lead to obesity and cachexia, respectively, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms of regulation of feeding pleasure may help to develop new therapies of these diseases. The dopamine (DA) system of the mesolimbic projections plays a key role in behavioral reward in general and is also involved in regulating feeding-associated pleasure in the forebrain including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). It suggests that this DA system can be selectively activated by factors specific to different types of motivated behavior including hunger- and satiety- related hormones. Indeed, central administrations of either orexigenic ghrelin or anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) increase DA release in the NAc. However, DA has also been shown to inhibit food intake when injected into the LHA, historically known as a « hunger center », indicating DA functional involvement in regulation of both appetite and feeding pleasure. Although both NAc and LHA contain neurons expressing melanocortin receptors, only the LHA receives the α-MSH containing nerve terminals from the α-MSH producing neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the main relay of the peripheral hunger and satiety signals to the brain. A recent study showed that α-MSH in the LHA enhances satiety and inhibits feeding pleasure while potently stimulating DA release in this area during both preparatory and consummatory phases of feeding. It suggests that altered signaling by α-MSH to the DA system in the LHA may be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and anorexia and the possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Afamelanotide and its Clinical Use in Treating Dermatologic Disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 56:815-823. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fetissov SO. Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:11-25. [PMID: 27616451 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The life of all animals is dominated by alternating feelings of hunger and satiety - the main involuntary motivations for feeding-related behaviour. Gut bacteria depend fully on their host for providing the nutrients necessary for their growth. The intrinsic ability of bacteria to regulate their growth and to maintain their population within the gut suggests that gut bacteria can interfere with molecular pathways controlling energy balance in the host. The current model of appetite control is based mainly on gut-brain signalling and the animal's own needs to maintain energy homeostasis; an alternative model might also involve bacteria-host communications. Several bacterial components and metabolites have been shown to stimulate intestinal satiety pathways; at the same time, their production depends on bacterial growth cycles. This short-term bacterial growth-linked modulation of intestinal satiety can be coupled with long-term regulation of appetite, controlled by the neuropeptidergic circuitry in the hypothalamus. Indeed, several bacterial products are detected in the systemic circulation, which might act directly on hypothalamic neurons. This Review analyses the data relevant to possible involvement of the gut bacteria in the regulation of host appetite and proposes an integrative homeostatic model of appetite control that includes energy needs of both the host and its gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Nutrition, Gut &Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1073, University of Rouen Normandy, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France
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