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Kotidis P, Donini R, Arnsdorf J, Hansen AH, Voldborg BGR, Chiang AWT, Haslam SM, Betenbaugh M, Jimenez Del Val I, Lewis NE, Krambeck F, Kontoravdi C. CHOGlycoNET: Comprehensive glycosylation reaction network for CHO cells. Metab Eng 2023; 76:87-96. [PMID: 36610518 PMCID: PMC11132536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are extensively used for the production of glycoprotein therapeutics proteins, for which N-linked glycans are a critical quality attribute due to their influence on activity and immunogenicity. Manipulation of protein glycosylation is commonly achieved through cell or process engineering, which are often guided by mathematical models. However, each study considers a unique glycosylation reaction network that is tailored around the cell line and product at hand. Herein, we use 200 glycan datasets for both recombinantly produced and native proteins from different CHO cell lines to reconstruct a comprehensive reaction network, CHOGlycoNET, based on the individual minimal reaction networks describing each dataset. CHOGlycoNET is used to investigate the distribution of mannosidase and glycosyltransferase enzymes in the Golgi apparatus and identify key network reactions using machine learning and dimensionality reduction techniques. CHOGlycoNET can be used for accelerating glycomodel development and predicting the effect of glycoengineering strategies. Finally, CHOGlycoNET is wrapped in a SBML file to be used as a standalone model or in combination with CHO cell genome scale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Kotidis
- Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Roberto Donini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Johnny Arnsdorf
- National Biologics Facility, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Holmgaard Hansen
- National Biologics Facility, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Gunnar Rude Voldborg
- National Biologics Facility, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Austin W T Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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2
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van Bommel DM, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Mapping localization of 21 endogenous proteins in the Golgi apparatus of rodent neurons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2871. [PMID: 36806293 PMCID: PMC9938882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the major sorting hub in the secretory pathway and particularly important for protein sorting in neurons. Knowledge about protein localization in Golgi compartments is largely based on work in cell lines. Here, we systematically compared protein localization of 21 endogenous proteins in the Golgi apparatus of mouse neurons using confocal microscopy and line scan analysis. We localized these proteins by measuring the distance relative to the canonical TGN marker TGN38. Based on this, proteins fell into three groups: upstream of, overlapping with or downstream of TGN38. Seven proteins showed complete overlap with TGN38, while proteins downstream of TGN38 were located at varying distances from TGN38. Proteins upstream of TGN38 were localized in between TGN38 and the cis-/medial Golgi markers Giantin and GM130. This localization was consistent with protein function. Our data provide an overview of the relative localization of endogenous proteins in the Golgi of primary mouse neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique M. van Bommel
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud F. Toonen
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Functional Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), UMC Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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3
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Ramazanov BR, Tran ML, von Blume J. Sending out molecules from the TGN. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:55-62. [PMID: 33706234 PMCID: PMC8328904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The sorting of secreted cargo proteins and their export from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) remains an enigma in the field of membrane trafficking; although the sorting mechanisms of many transmembrane proteins have been well described. The sorting of secreted proteins at the TGN is crucial for the release of signaling factors, as well as extracellular matrix proteins. These proteins are required for cell-cell communication and integrity of an organism. Missecretion of these factors can cause diseases such as neurological disorders, autoimmune disease, or cancer. The major open question is how soluble proteins that are not associated with the membrane are packed into TGN derived transport carriers to facilitate their transport to the plasma membrane. Recent investigations have identified novel types of protein and lipid machinery that facilitate the packing of these molecules into a TGN derived vesicle. In addition, novel research has uncovered an exciting link between cargo sorting and export in which TGN structure and dynamics, as well as TGN/endoplasmic reticulum contact sites, play a significant role. Here, we have reviewed the progress made in our understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat R Ramazanov
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mai Ly Tran
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julia von Blume
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Miyagawa T, Hasegawa K, Aoki Y, Watanabe T, Otagiri Y, Arasaki K, Wakana Y, Asano K, Tanaka M, Yamaguchi H, Tagaya M, Inoue H. MT1-MMP recruits the ER-Golgi SNARE Bet1 for efficient MT1-MMP transport to the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3355-3371. [PMID: 31519727 PMCID: PMC6781441 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201808149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive cancer cells degrade and invade into the extracellular matrix by expressing the matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP at invadopodia. Miyagawa et al. show that MT1-MMP uses the ER-Golgi SNARE Bet1 to facilitate its own transport to the plasma membrane through their interaction in a cholesterol-rich milieu. Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related death. Membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a critical protease for local invasion and metastasis. MT1-MMP is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported in vesicles to invadopodia, specialized subdomains of the plasma membrane, through secretory and endocytic recycling pathways. The molecular mechanism underlying intracellular transport of MT1-MMP has been extensively studied, but is not fully understood. We show that MT1-MMP diverts the SNARE Bet1 from its function in ER-Golgi transport, to promote MT1-MMP trafficking to the cell surface, likely to invadopodia. In invasive cells, Bet1 is localized in MT1-MMP–positive endosomes in addition to the Golgi apparatus, and forms a novel SNARE complex with syntaxin 4 and endosomal SNAREs. MT1-MMP may also use Bet1 for its export from raft-like structures in the ER. Our results suggest the recruitment of Bet1 at an early stage after MT1-MMP expression promotes the exit of MT1-MMP from the ER and its efficient transport to invadopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyagawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Otagiri
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Arasaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Wakana
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaguchi
- Department of Cancer Cell Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Tagaya
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Linders PT, Horst CVD, Beest MT, van den Bogaart G. Stx5-Mediated ER-Golgi Transport in Mammals and Yeast. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080780. [PMID: 31357511 PMCID: PMC6721632 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) syntaxin 5 (Stx5) in mammals and its ortholog Sed5p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediate anterograde and retrograde endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi trafficking. Stx5 and Sed5p are structurally highly conserved and are both regulated by interactions with other ER-Golgi SNARE proteins, the Sec1/Munc18-like protein Scfd1/Sly1p and the membrane tethering complexes COG, p115, and GM130. Despite these similarities, yeast Sed5p and mammalian Stx5 are differently recruited to COPII-coated vesicles, and Stx5 interacts with the microtubular cytoskeleton, whereas Sed5p does not. In this review, we argue that these different Stx5 interactions contribute to structural differences in ER-Golgi transport between mammalian and yeast cells. Insight into the function of Stx5 is important given its essential role in the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells and its involvement in infections and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ta Linders
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chiel van der Horst
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ter Beest
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Tie HC, Ludwig A, Sandin S, Lu L. The spatial separation of processing and transport functions to the interior and periphery of the Golgi stack. eLife 2018; 7:41301. [PMID: 30499774 PMCID: PMC6294550 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the two principal functions of the Golgi complex, processing and transport, are spatially organized. Studying such spatial organization by optical imaging is challenging, partially due to the dense packing of stochastically oriented Golgi stacks. Using super-resolution microscopy and markers such as Giantin, we developed a method to identify en face and side views of individual nocodazole-induced Golgi mini-stacks. Our imaging uncovered that Golgi enzymes preferentially localize to the cisternal interior, appearing as a central disk or inner-ring, whereas components of the trafficking machinery reside at the periphery of the stack, including the cisternal rim. Interestingly, conventional secretory cargos appeared at the cisternal interior during their intra-Golgi trafficking and transiently localized to the cisternal rim before exiting the Golgi. In contrast, bulky cargos were found only at the rim. Our study therefore directly demonstrates the spatial separation of processing and transport functions within the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieng Chiong Tie
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sara Sandin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Ispolatov I, Müsch A. A model for the self-organization of vesicular flux and protein distributions in the Golgi apparatus. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003125. [PMID: 23874173 PMCID: PMC3715413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of two non-identical membrane compartments via exchange of vesicles is considered to require two types of vesicles specified by distinct cytosolic coats that selectively recruit cargo, and two membrane-bound SNARE pairs that specify fusion and differ in their affinities for each type of vesicles. The mammalian Golgi complex is composed of 6-8 non-identical cisternae that undergo gradual maturation and replacement yet features only two SNARE pairs. We present a model that explains how distinct composition of Golgi cisternae can be generated with two and even a single SNARE pair and one vesicle coat. A decay of active SNARE concentration in aging cisternae provides the seed for a cis[Formula: see text]trans SNARE gradient that generates the predominantly retrograde vesicle flux which further enhances the gradient. This flux in turn yields the observed inhomogeneous steady-state distribution of Golgi enzymes, which compete with each other and with the SNAREs for incorporation into transport vesicles. We show analytically that the steady state SNARE concentration decays exponentially with the cisterna number. Numerical solutions of rate equations reproduce the experimentally observed SNARE gradients, overlapping enzyme peaks in cis, medial and trans and the reported change in vesicle nature across the Golgi: Vesicles originating from younger cisternae mostly contain Golgi enzymes and SNAREs enriched in these cisternae and extensively recycle through the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), while the other subpopulation of vesicles contains Golgi proteins prevalent in older cisternae and hardly reaches the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iaroslav Ispolatov
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Ye Y, Li K, Liu J, Li M, Wang W, Wang R, Zou J, Xie P, Wei L, Jiao G, Yuan Z. Dysfunctional co-expression network analysis of familial hypercholesterolemia. J Cardiol 2013; 62:58-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Protein traffic is necessary to maintain homeostasis in all eukaryotic organisms. All newly synthesized secretory proteins destined to the secretory and endolysosmal systems are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi before delivery to their final destinations. Here, we describe the COPII and COPI coating machineries that generate carrier vesicles and the tethers and SNAREs that mediate COPII and COPI vesicle fusion at the ER-Golgi interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szul
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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10
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Abstract
The protein composition of the Golgi is intimately linked to its structure and function. As the Golgi serves as the major protein-sorting hub for the secretory pathway, it faces the unique challenge of maintaining its protein composition in the face of constant influx and efflux of transient cargo proteins. Much of our understanding of how proteins are retained in the Golgi has come from studies on glycosylation enzymes, largely because of the compartment-specific distributions these proteins display. From these and other studies of Golgi membrane proteins, we now understand that a variety of retention mechanisms are employed, the majority of which involve the dynamic process of iterative rounds of retrograde and anterograde transport. Such mechanisms rely on protein conformation and amino acid-based sorting signals as well as on properties of transmembrane domains and their relationship with the unique lipid composition of the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Banfield
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR of China.
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11
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Abstract
The Golgi complex is a central processing compartment in the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells. This essential compartment processes more than 30% of the proteins encoded by the human genome, yet we still do not fully understand how the Golgi is assembled and how proteins pass through it. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis for protein transport through the Golgi and within the endocytic pathway provide clues to how this complex organelle may function and how proteins may be transported through it. Described here is a possible model for transport of cargo through a tightly stacked Golgi that involves continual fusion and fission of stable, "like" subcompartments and provides a mechanism to grow the Golgi complex from a stable progenitor, in an ordered manner.
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12
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Mercanti V, Marchetti A, Lelong E, Perez F, Orci L, Cosson P. Transmembrane domains control exclusion of membrane proteins from clathrin-coated pits. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3329-35. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.073031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient sorting of proteins is essential to allow transport between intracellular compartments while maintaining their specific composition. During endocytosis, membrane proteins can be concentrated in endocytic vesicles by specific interactions between their cytoplasmic domains and cytosolic coat proteins. It is, however, unclear whether they can be excluded from transport vesicles and what the determinants for this sorting could be. Here, we show that in the absence of cytosolic sorting signals, transmembrane domains control the access of surface proteins to endosomal compartments. They act in particular by determining the degree of exclusion of membrane proteins from endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles. When cytosolic endocytosis signals are present, it is the combination of cytosolic and transmembrane determinants that ultimately controls the efficiency with which a given transmembrane protein is endocytosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mercanti
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Département de Physiologie Cellulaire et Métabolisme, 1, rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- UMR 144 CNRS, Institut Curie, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Marchetti
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Département de Physiologie Cellulaire et Métabolisme, 1, rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Lelong
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Département de Physiologie Cellulaire et Métabolisme, 1, rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Franck Perez
- UMR 144 CNRS, Institut Curie, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lelio Orci
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Département de Physiologie Cellulaire et Métabolisme, 1, rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Cosson
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Département de Physiologie Cellulaire et Métabolisme, 1, rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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13
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Kühnle J, Shillcock J, Mouritsen OG, Weiss M. A modeling approach to the self-assembly of the Golgi apparatus. Biophys J 2010; 98:2839-47. [PMID: 20550896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells is a fascinating phenomenon that is not yet understood. A prominent example of this challenge is the Golgi apparatus, the central hub for protein sorting and lipid metabolism in the secretory pathway. Despite major advances in elucidating its molecular biology, the fundamental question of how the morphogenesis of this organelle is organized on a system level has remained elusive. Here, we have formulated a coarse-grained computational model that captures key features of the dynamic morphogenesis of a Golgi apparatus. In particular, our model relates the experimentally observed Golgi phenotypes, the typical turnover times, and the size and number of cisternae to three basic, experimentally accessible quantities: the rates for material influx from the endoplasmic reticulum, and the anterograde and retrograde transport rates. Based on these results, we propose which molecular factors should be mutated to alter the organelle's phenotype and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kühnle
- Cellular Biophysics Group (BIOMS), German Cancer Research Center, c/o BIOQUANT, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Newly synthesized secretory cargo molecules pass through the Golgi apparatus while resident Golgi proteins remain in the organelle. However, the pathways of membrane traffic within the Golgi are still uncertain. Most of the available data can be accommodated by the cisternal maturation model, which postulates that Golgi cisternae form de novo, carry secretory cargoes forward and ultimately disappear. The entry face of the Golgi receives material that has been exported from transitional endoplasmic reticulum sites, and the exit face of the Golgi is intimately connected with endocytic compartments. These conserved features are enhanced by cell-type-specific elaborations such as tubular connections between mammalian Golgi cisternae. Key mechanistic questions remain about the formation and maturation of Golgi cisternae, the recycling of resident Golgi proteins, the origins of Golgi compartmental identity, the establishment of Golgi architecture, and the roles of Golgi structural elements in membrane traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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15
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Pietro ES, Capestrano M, Polishchuk EV, DiPentima A, Trucco A, Zizza P, Mariggiò S, Pulvirenti T, Sallese M, Tete S, Mironov AA, Leslie CC, Corda D, Luini A, Polishchuk RS. Group IV phospholipase A(2)alpha controls the formation of inter-cisternal continuities involved in intra-Golgi transport. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000194. [PMID: 19753100 PMCID: PMC2732982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of intra-Golgi trafficking and the nature of the transport intermediates involved (e.g., vesicles, tubules, or tubular continuities) remain incompletely understood. It was recently shown that successive cisternae in the Golgi stack are interconnected by membrane tubules that form during the arrival of transport carriers from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we examine the mechanisms of generation and the function of these tubules. In principle, tubule formation might depend on several protein- and/or lipid-based mechanisms. Among the latter, we have studied the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))-mediated generation of wedge-shaped lysolipids, with the resulting local positive membrane curvature. We show that the arrival of cargo at the Golgi complex induces the recruitment of Group IVA Ca(2+)-dependent, cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2)alpha) onto the Golgi complex itself, and that this cPLA(2)alpha is required for the formation of the traffic-dependent intercisternal tubules and for intra-Golgi transport. In contrast, silencing of cPLA(2)alpha has no inhibitory effects on peri-Golgi vesicles. These findings identify cPLA(2)alpha as the first component of the machinery that is responsible for the formation of intercisternal tubular continuities and support a role for these continuities in transport through the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica San Pietro
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Elena V. Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessio DiPentima
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alvar Trucco
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Zizza
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Teodoro Pulvirenti
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Tete
- Department of Oral Sciences, University “G. D'Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Christina C. Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniela Corda
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (AL); (RSP)
| | - Roman S. Polishchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (AL); (RSP)
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16
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Chatre L, Wattelet-Boyer V, Melser S, Maneta-Peyret L, Brandizzi F, Moreau P. A novel di-acidic motif facilitates ER export of the syntaxin SYP31. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3157-65. [PMID: 19516076 PMCID: PMC2718219 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that ER protein export is largely influenced by the transmembrane domain (TMD). The situation is unclear for membrane-anchored proteins such as SNAREs, which are anchored to the membrane by their TMD at the C-terminus. For example, in plants, Sec22 and SYP31 (a yeast Sed5 homologue) have a 17 aa TMD but different locations (ER/Golgi and Golgi), indicating that TMD length alone is not sufficient to explain their targeting. To establish the identity of factors that influence SNARE targeting, mutagenesis and live cell imaging experiments were performed on SYP31. It was found that deletion of the entire N-terminus domain of SYP31 blocked the protein in the ER. Several deletion mutants of different parts of this N-terminus domain indicated that a region between the SNARE helices Hb and Hc is required for Golgi targeting. In this region, replacement of the aa sequence MELAD by GAGAG or MALAG retained the protein in the ER, suggesting that MELAD may function as a di-acidic ER export motif EXXD. This suggestion was further verified by replacing the established di-acidic ER export motif DLE of a type II Golgi protein AtCASP and a membrane-anchored type I chimaera, TMcCCASP, by MELAD or GAGAG. The MELAD motif allowed the proteins to reach the Golgi, whereas the motif GAGAG was found to be insufficient to facilitate ER protein export. Our analyses indicate that we have identified a novel and transplantable di-acidic motif that facilitates ER export of SYP31 and may function for type I and type II proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Chatre
- University of Bordeaux 2, Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5200, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Valérie Wattelet-Boyer
- University of Bordeaux 2, Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5200, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Su Melser
- University of Bordeaux 2, Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5200, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Lilly Maneta-Peyret
- University of Bordeaux 2, Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5200, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Patrick Moreau
- University of Bordeaux 2, Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS UMR 5200, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Imaging platform of the IFR 103, INRA-Bordeaux, France
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Khoshmanesh K, Kouzani A, Nahavandi S, Baratchi S, Kanwar J. At a glance: Cellular biology for engineers. Comput Biol Chem 2008; 32:315-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Tang D, Mar K, Warren G, Wang Y. Molecular mechanism of mitotic Golgi disassembly and reassembly revealed by a defined reconstitution assay. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6085-94. [PMID: 18156178 PMCID: PMC3291109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707715200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, flat Golgi cisternae closely arrange together to form stacks. During mitosis, the stacked structure undergoes a continuous fragmentation process. The generated mitotic Golgi fragments are distributed into the daughter cells, where they are reassembled into new Golgi stacks. In this study, an in vitro assay has been developed using purified proteins and Golgi membranes to reconstitute the Golgi disassembly and reassembly processes. This technique provides a useful tool to delineate the mechanisms underlying the morphological change. There are two processes during Golgi disassembly: unstacking and vesiculation. Unstacking is mediated by two mitotic kinases, cdc2 and plk, which phosphorylate the Golgi stacking protein GRASP65 and thus disrupt the oligomer of this protein. Vesiculation is mediated by the COPI budding machinery ARF1 and the coatomer complex. When treated with a combination of purified kinases, ARF1 and coatomer, the Golgi membranes were completely fragmented into vesicles. After mitosis, there are also two processes in Golgi reassembly: formation of single cisternae by membrane fusion, and restacking. Cisternal membrane fusion requires two AAA ATPases, p97 and NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein), each of which functions together with specific adaptor proteins. Restacking of the newly formed Golgi cisternae requires dephosphorylation of Golgi stacking proteins by the protein phosphatase PP2A. This systematic study revealed the minimal machinery that controls the mitotic Golgi disassembly and reassembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danming Tang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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19
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Abstract
Remarkable strides have been made over the past 20 years in elucidating the molecular basis of membrane trafficking. Indeed, a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches have determined the identity and function of many of the core constituents needed for protein secretion and endocytosis. But much remains to be learned. This review highlights underlying themes in membrane traffic to help us refocus and solve many remaining and newly emerging issues that are fundamental to mammalian cell biology and human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Pfeffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5307, USA.
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20
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Wiseman RL, Koulov A, Powers E, Kelly JW, Balch WE. Protein energetics in maturation of the early secretory pathway. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:359-67. [PMID: 17686625 PMCID: PMC2094714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The early secretory pathway (ESP) consisting of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), pre-Golgi intermediates and the Golgi stack links protein synthesis to folding and vesicle trafficking to generate the membrane architecture of the eukaryotic cell. The fundamental principles that contribute to organization of the ESP remain largely unknown. We raise the possibility that assembly of the ESP is largely built on a foundation that is influenced by the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the protein fold. Folding energetics may provide an adjustable platform for adaptor-dependent interactions with the transport machinery, suggesting the possibility that protein cargo energetics plays a central role in directing both trafficking patterns and global compartmental organization of the ESP. In this view, cargo energetics likely coordinates the composition and maturation of ER and Golgi compartments with the physiological state of the cell in different tissue and environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Luke Wiseman
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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Beznoussenko GV, Dolgikh VV, Seliverstova EV, Semenov PB, Tokarev YS, Trucco A, Micaroni M, Di Giandomenico D, Auinger P, Senderskiy IV, Skarlato SO, Snigirevskaya ES, Komissarchik YY, Pavelka M, De Matteis MA, Luini A, Sokolova YY, Mironov AA. Analogs of the Golgi complex in microsporidia: structure and avesicular mechanisms of function. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1288-98. [PMID: 17356068 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligatory intracellular parasites, most species of which live in the host cell cytosol. They synthesize and then transport secretory proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane for formation of the spore wall and the polar tube for cell invasion. However, microsporidia do not have a typical Golgi complex. Here, using quick-freezing cryosubstitution and chemical fixation, we demonstrate that the Golgi analogs of the microsporidia Paranosema (Antonospora) grylli and Paranosema locustae appear as 300-nm networks of thin (25- to 40-nm diameter), branching or varicose tubules that display histochemical features of a Golgi, but that do not have vesicles. Vesicles are not formed even if membrane fusion is inhibited. These tubular networks are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum, the plasma membrane and the forming polar tube, and are positive for Sec13, gammaCOP and analogs of giantin and GM130. The spore-wall and polar-tube proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the target membranes through these tubular networks, within which they undergo concentration and glycosylation. We suggest that the intracellular transport of secreted proteins in microsporidia occurs by a progression mechanism that does not involve the participation of vesicles generated by coat proteins I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Beznoussenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Via Nazionale, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro (Chieti), Italy
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Martínez-Alonso E, Ballesta J, Martínez-Menárguez JA. Low-Temperature-Induced Golgi Tubules Are Transient Membranes Enriched in Molecules Regulating Intra-Golgi Transport. Traffic 2007; 8:359-68. [PMID: 17274796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The incubation of HeLa cells at 15 degrees C induces the formation of Golgi tubules, which contain glycosylation enzymes but neither cargo nor matrix proteins. We now show by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy that these tubules are enriched in a specific set of SNARE and Rab proteins mediating intra-Golgi transport (Gos28, GS15 and Rab6) but excluded others involved in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi trafficking (Sec22, membrin, Rab 1 and Rab2). In vivo experiments using cyan fluorescent protein-tagged galactosyltransferase showed that most of these tubules are dynamic transient membranes that grow to the cell periphery but then decrease until disappearing into the perinuclear area. Interestingly, in experiments carried out with cells cultured under physiological conditions, Golgi tubules containing Gos28, GS15, Rab6 and glycosylation enzymes and showing in vivo dynamics identical to that detected in low-temperature-cultured cells were observed. Together, our results support that low-temperature-induced tubules may be representatives of the carriers mediating intra-Golgi recycling of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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23
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Mironov AA, Banin VV, Sesorova IS, Dolgikh VV, Luini A, Beznoussenko GV. Evolution of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Complex. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 607:61-72. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
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