1
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Declercq J, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Smole U. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins in asthma. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101759. [PMID: 37031560 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the lack of endogenous chitin synthesis, mammalian genomes encode two enzymatically active true chitinases (chitotriosidase and acidic mammalian chitinase) and a variable number of chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) that have no enzyme activity but bind chitin. Chitinases and CLPs are prominent components of type-2 immune response-mediated respiratory diseases. However, despite extensive research into their role in allergic airway disease, there is still no agreement on whether they are mere biomarkers of disease or actual disease drivers. Functions ascribed to chitinases and CLPs include, but are not limited to host defense against chitin-containing pathogens, directly promoting inflammation, and modulating tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Here, we discuss in detail the chitin-dependent and -independent roles of chitinases and CLPs in the context of allergic airway disease, and recent advances and emerging concepts in the field that might identify opportunities for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien Declercq
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ursula Smole
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Okawa K, Tabata E, Kida Y, Uno K, Suzuki H, Kamaya M, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Irreversible evolutionary loss of chitin-degrading ability in the chitinase-like protein Ym1 under positive selection in rodents. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4620. [PMID: 36883357 PMCID: PMC10031810 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Ym1 (chitinase-like 3, Chil3) expressed in mice is a nonenzymatic chitinase-like protein, which shows 67% identity with mouse acidic chitinase (Chia). Similar to Chia, Ym1 is overexpressed in asthma and parasitic infections in mouse lungs. Due to the lack of chitin-degrading activity, the biomedical role of Ym1 under these pathophysiological conditions remains to be determined. In this study, we investigated what region and amino acid changes in Ym1 resulted in the loss of enzymatic activity. Replacing two amino acids at the catalytic motif to obtain a Chia-like sequence (N136D and Q140E; MT-Ym1) did not activate the protein. We conducted a comparative study of Ym1 and Chia. We found that three protein segments-(i) the catalytic motif residues, (ii) exons 6 and 7, and (iii) exon 10-are responsible for chitinase activity loss in Ym1. We show that replacing each of these three segments in Chia that are also involved in substrate recognition and binding by the Ym1 sequence can fully abolish the enzymatic activity. In addition, we show that there have been extensive gene duplication events at the Ym1 locus specific to the rodent lineages. Consistent with this result, Ym1 orthologs from the rodent genome were under positive selection when analyzed through the CODEML program. These data suggest that numerous amino acid substitutions in the regions involved in the chitin recognition, binding, and degradation ability of the ancestor Ym1 molecule lead to the irreversible inactivation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Okawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD)TokyoJapan
| | - Yuta Kida
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kyohei Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Minori Kamaya
- Department of Applied ChemistryKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
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3
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Zhang S, Rautela J, Bediaga NG, Kolesnik TB, You Y, Nie J, Dagley LF, Bedo J, Wang H, Sun L, Sutherland R, Surgenor E, Iannarella N, Allan R, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Xie Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Nutt SL, Lew AM, Huntington ND, Nicholson SE, Chopin M, Zhan Y. CIS controls the functional polarization of GM-CSF-derived macrophages. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:65-79. [PMID: 36471114 PMCID: PMC9794780 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) possesses the capacity to differentiate monocytes into macrophages (MØs) with opposing functions, namely, proinflammatory M1-like MØs and immunosuppressive M2-like MØs. Despite the importance of these opposing biological outcomes, the intrinsic mechanism that regulates the functional polarization of MØs under GM-CSF signaling remains elusive. Here, we showed that GM-CSF-induced MØ polarization resulted in the expression of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) and that CIS deficiency skewed the differentiation of monocytes toward immunosuppressive M2-like MØs. CIS deficiency resulted in hyperactivation of the JAK-STAT5 signaling pathway, consequently promoting downregulation of the transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8). Loss- and gain-of-function approaches highlighted IRF8 as a critical regulator of the M1-like polarization program. In vivo, CIS deficiency induced the differentiation of M2-like macrophages, which promoted strong Th2 immune responses characterized by the development of severe experimental asthma. Collectively, our results reveal a CIS-modulated mechanism that clarifies the opposing actions of GM-CSF in MØ differentiation and uncovers the role of GM-CSF in controlling allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Zhang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Naiara G Bediaga
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tatiana B Kolesnik
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yue You
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Junli Nie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin Bedo
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hanqing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Biological Science, Anhui Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Robyn Sutherland
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elliot Surgenor
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadia Iannarella
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys Allan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yi Xie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Duke, Singapore
| | - Qike Wang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- College of Biological Science, Anhui Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd, Moonee Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michaël Chopin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yifan Zhan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Drug Discovery, Shanghai Huaota Biopharm, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Chamani S, Kooshkaki O, Moossavi M, Rastegar M, Soflaei SS, McCloskey AP, Banach M, Sahebkar A. The effects of statins on the function and differentiation of blood cells. Arch Med Sci 2022; 19:1314-1326. [PMID: 37732056 PMCID: PMC10507790 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR). They are used in patients with cardiovascular risk and/or suffering with cardiovascular disease. In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. Statins also regulate innate and acquired immunity. The focus of this review is to highlight the role of statins in modulating the function and differentiation of various blood cells. Given the proposed wider application of these medicines and their potentially important advantages in treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, more studies are needed with special focus on the molecular targets of statins included in regulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Chamani
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Kooshkaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Moossavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mandana Rastegar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Alice P. McCloskey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Kang Q, Li L, Pang Y, Zhu W, Meng L. An update on Ym1 and its immunoregulatory role in diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891220. [PMID: 35967383 PMCID: PMC9366555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ym1 is a rodent-specific chitinase-like protein (CLP) lacking catalytic activity, whose cellular origins are mainly macrophages, neutrophils and other cells. Although the detailed function of Ym1 remains poorly understood, Ym1 has been generally recognized as a fundamental feature of alternative activation of macrophages in mice and hence one of the prevalent detecting targets in macrophage phenotype distinguishment. Studies have pointed out that Ym1 may have regulatory effects, which are multifaceted and even contradictory, far more than just a mere marker. Allergic lung inflammation, parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, and central nervous system diseases have been found associations with Ym1 to varying degrees. Thus, insights into Ym1’s role in diseases would help us understand the pathogenesis of different diseases and clarify the genuine roles of CLPs in mammals. This review summarizes the information on Ym1 from the gene to its expression and regulation and focuses on the association between Ym1 and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Kang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Luyao Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yucheng Pang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
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6
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Simvastatin therapy attenuates memory deficits that associate with brain monocyte infiltration in chronic hypercholesterolemia. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:19. [PMID: 34349106 PMCID: PMC8338939 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence associates cardiovascular risk factors with unfavorable systemic and neuro-inflammation and cognitive decline in the elderly. Cardiovascular therapeutics (e.g., statins and anti-hypertensives) possess immune-modulatory functions in parallel to their cholesterol- or blood pressure (BP)-lowering properties. How their ability to modify immune responses affects cognitive function is unknown. Here, we examined the effect of chronic hypercholesterolemia on inflammation and memory function in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice and normocholesterolemic wild-type mice. Chronic hypercholesterolemia that was accompanied by moderate blood pressure elevations associated with apparent immune system activation characterized by increases in circulating pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in ApoE-/- mice. The persistent low-grade immune activation that is associated with chronic hypercholesterolemia facilitates the infiltration of pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes into the brain of aged ApoE-/- but not wild-type mice, and links to memory dysfunction. Therapeutic cholesterol-lowering through simvastatin reduced systemic and neuro-inflammation, and the occurrence of memory deficits in aged ApoE-/- mice with chronic hypercholesterolemia. BP-lowering therapy alone (i.e., hydralazine) attenuated some neuro-inflammatory signatures but not the occurrence of memory deficits. Our study suggests a link between chronic hypercholesterolemia, myeloid cell activation and neuro-inflammation with memory impairment and encourages cholesterol-lowering therapy as safe strategy to control hypercholesterolemia-associated memory decline during ageing.
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7
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de Carvalho RDP, Côrrea Viana Casarin R, Lima POD, Cogo-Müller K. STATINSWITH POTENTIAL TO CONTROL PERIODONTITIS: FROM BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO CLINICAL STUDIES. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:232-244. [PMID: 34146687 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. However, these drugs have pleiotropic effects that can be promising for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, such as periodontitis. HIGHLIGHT This review aimed to identify preclinical, observational, and clinical studies that evaluate the effects and biological mechanisms of statins on oral cells and tissues and those using these drugs to treat periodontitis. A LITERATURE SURVEY HAS BEEN CONDUCTED IN PUBMED USING COMBINATIONS OF THE UNITERMS: "statins," "dentistry," "periodontal disease," and "periodontal treatment." In vitro findings showed positive statin results in cell lines related to alveolar bone metabolism by altering the signaling pathway Osteoprotegerin/Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B/Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (OPG/RANK/RANKL), stimulating the production of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin, and reducing the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Animal studies have shown a reduction in alveolar bone loss and osteoclastic activity, in addition to a reduction in inflammatory markers, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, when statins were used prophylactically. Clinical trials showed a positive impact on clinical parameters, leading to a higher reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment when a local statin was adjunctively associated with mechanical therapy. CONCLUSION Statins were shown to be promising for regenerating and stimulating bone activity, with great potential for treating chronic periodontitis. However, further studies are required to confirm its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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8
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Proto MC, Fiore D, Piscopo C, Pagano C, Galgani M, Bruzzaniti S, Laezza C, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M. Lipid homeostasis and mevalonate pathway in COVID-19: Basic concepts and potential therapeutic targets. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101099. [PMID: 33915202 PMCID: PMC8074527 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite encouraging progresses achieved in the management of viral diseases, efficient strategies to counteract infections are still required. The current global challenge highlighted the need to develop a rapid and cost-effective strategy to counteract the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in viral infections. Viruses can use the host lipid machinery to support their life cycle and to impair the host immune response. The altered expression of mevalonate pathway-related genes, induced by several viruses, assures survival and spread in host tissue. In some infections, statins, HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, reduce cholesterol in the plasma membrane of permissive cells resulting in lower viral titers and failure to internalize the virus. Statins can also counteract viral infections through their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects. Beyond statins, interfering with the mevalonate pathway could have an adjuvant effect in therapies aimed at mitigating endothelial dysfunction and deregulated inflammation in viral infection. In this review we depicted the historical and current evidence highlighting how lipid homeostasis and mevalonate pathway targeting represents a valid approach to rapidly neutralize viruses, focusing our attention to their potential use as effective targets to hinder SARS-CoV-2 morbidity and mortality. Pros and cons of statins and Mevalonate-pathway inhibitors have been also dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Proto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Chiara Piscopo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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9
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Parihar SP, Guler R, Brombacher F. Statins: a viable candidate for host-directed therapy against infectious diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:104-117. [PMID: 30487528 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Statins were first identified over 40 years ago as lipid-lowering drugs and have been remarkably effective in treating cardiovascular diseases. As research advanced, the protective effects of statins were additionally attributed to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-thrombotic and immunomodulatory functions rather than lipid-lowering abilities alone. By promoting host defence mechanisms and inhibiting pathological inflammation, statins increase survival in human infectious diseases. At the cellular level, statins inhibit the intermediates of the host mevalonate pathway, thus compromising the immune evasion strategies of pathogens and their survival. Here, we discuss the potential use of statins as an inexpensive and practical alternative or adjunctive host-directed therapy for infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, protozoa, fungi and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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10
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Guerra-De-Blas PDC, Bobadilla-Del-Valle M, Sada-Ovalle I, Estrada-García I, Torres-González P, López-Saavedra A, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Ponce-de-León A, Sifuentes-Osornio J. Simvastatin Enhances the Immune Response Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2097. [PMID: 31616387 PMCID: PMC6764081 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a serious threat worldwide. For this reason, it is necessary to identify agents that shorten the duration of treatment, strengthen the host immune system, and/or decrease the damage caused by the infection. Statins are drugs that reduce plasma cholesterol levels and have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Although there is evidence that statins may contribute to the containment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, their effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) involved in the immune response have not been previously described. Using PBMCs from 10 healthy subjects infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv, we analyzed the effects of simvastatin on the treatment of the infections in an in vitro experimental model. Direct quantification of M. tuberculosis growth (in CFU/mL) was performed. Phenotypes and cell activation were assessed via multi-color flow cytometry. Culture supernatant cytokine levels were determined via cytokine bead arrays. The induction of apoptosis and autophagy was evaluated via flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Simvastatin decreased the growth of M. tuberculosis in PBMCs, increased the proportion of NKT cells in culture, increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules in monocytes, promoted the secretion of the cytokines IL-1β and IL-12p70, and activated apoptosis and autophagy in monocytes, resulting in a significant reduction in bacterial load. We also observed an increase in IL-10 production. We did not observe any direct antimycobacterial activity. This study provides new insight into the mechanism through which simvastatin reduces the mycobacterial load in infected PBMCs. These results demonstrate that simvastatin activates several immune mechanisms that favor the containment of M. tuberculosis infection, providing relevant evidence to consider statins as candidates for host-directed therapy. They also suggest that future studies are needed to define the roles of statin-induced anti-inflammatory mechanisms in tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Del Carmen Guerra-De-Blas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica, Departamento de Infectología, Dirección de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-Del-Valle
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica, Departamento de Infectología, Dirección de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Sada-Ovalle
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Integrativa, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pedro Torres-González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica, Departamento de Infectología, Dirección de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro López-Saavedra
- Unidad Biomédica de Investigación en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Integrativa, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica, Departamento de Infectología, Dirección de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica, Departamento de Infectología, Dirección de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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Alhamdi JR, Peng T, Al-Naggar IM, Hawley KL, Spiller KL, Kuhn LT. Controlled M1-to-M2 transition of aged macrophages by calcium phosphate coatings. Biomaterials 2019; 196:90-99. [PMID: 30075952 PMCID: PMC6336526 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Older adults suffer from weakened and delayed bone healing due to age-related alterations in bone cells and in the immune system. Given the interaction between the immune system and skeletal cells, therapies that address deficiencies in both the skeletal and the immune system are required to effectively treat bone injuries of older patients. The sequence of macrophage activation observed in healthy tissue repair involves a transition from a pro-inflammatory state followed by a pro-reparative state. In older patients, inflammation is slower to resolve and impedes healing. The goal of this study was to design a novel drug delivery system for temporal guidance of the polarization of macrophages using bone grafting materials. A biomimetic calcium phosphate coating (bCaP) physically and temporally separated the pro-inflammatory stimulus interferon-gamma (IFNγ) from the pro-reparative stimulus simvastatin (SIMV). Effective doses were identified using a human monocyte line (THP-1) and testing culminated with bone marrow macrophages obtained from old mice. Sequential M1-to-M2 activation was achieved with both cell types. These results suggest that this novel immunomodulatory drug delivery system holds potential for controlling macrophage activation in bones of older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana R Alhamdi
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Iman M Al-Naggar
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kelly L Hawley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, PA, USA
| | - Liisa T Kuhn
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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12
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Contribution of Statins towards Periodontal Treatment: A Review. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6367402. [PMID: 30936777 PMCID: PMC6415285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6367402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of statins have been evaluated to assess their potential benefit in the treatment of various inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases including periodontitis. Herein, the adjunctive use of statins in periodontal therapy in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials was reviewed. Statins act through several pathways to modulate inflammation, immune response, bone metabolism, and bacterial clearance. They control periodontal inflammation through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory and/or proresolution molecule release, mainly, through the ERK, MAPK, PI3-Akt, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, they are able to modulate the host response activated by bacterial challenge, to prevent inflammation-mediated bone resorption and to promote bone formation. Furthermore, they reduce bacterial growth, disrupt bacterial membrane stability, and increase bacterial clearance, thus averting the exacerbation of infection. Local statin delivery as adjunct to both nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapies results in better periodontal treatment outcomes compared to systemic delivery. Moreover, combination of statin therapy with other regenerative agents improves periodontal healing response. Therefore, statins could be proposed as a potential adjuvant to periodontal therapy. However, optimization of the combination of their dose, type, and carrier could be instrumental in achieving the best treatment response.
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13
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Wildes TJ, Grippin A, Fasanya H, Dyson KA, Brantly M. Effect of atorvastatin on humoral immune response to 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination in healthy volunteers: The StatVax randomized clinical trial. Vaccine 2019; 37:1313-1324. [PMID: 30686636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunomodulatory effects of statins on vaccine response remain uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if atorvastatin enhances pneumococcal-specific antibody titer following 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination. METHODS Double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center randomized clinical trial entitled StatVax. Subjects were enrolled between June and July 2014 and followed up through September 2014. 33 healthy volunteers signed informed consent after volunteer sampling. 11 participants were excluded; 22 healthy volunteers without prior pneumococcal vaccination were enrolled and completed the study. Participants were randomized to receive a 28-day course of 40 mg atorvastatin (n = 12) or matching lactose placebo (n = 10). On day 7 of treatment, Pneumovax 23 was administered intramuscularly. The primary outcome was fold change in total pneumococcal-specific antibody titer determined by a ratio of post-vaccination titer over baseline titer. Secondary outcomes included serotype-specific pneumococcal antibody titer, seroconversion, complete blood counts (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and serum cytokine analysis. RESULTS Of the 22 randomized patients (mean age, 23.86; SD, 4.121; 11 women [50%]), 22 completed the trial. Total anti-pneumococcal antibody titer in the atorvastatin group went from a baseline mean of 32.58 (SD, 15.96) to 147.7 (SD, 71.52) μg/mL at 21 days post-vaccination while titer in the placebo group went from a mean of 30.81 (SD, 13.04) to 104.4 (SD, 45) μg/mL. When comparing fold change between treatment groups, there was a significant increase in fold change of total anti-pneumococcal antibody titer in the atorvastatin group compared to the placebo group (2-way ANOVA, p = .0177). CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin enhances antigen-specific primary humoral immune response to a T cell-independent pneumonia vaccination. Pending confirmation by larger cohort studies of target populations, peri-vaccination conventional doses of statins can become a novel adjuvant for poorly-immunogenic polysaccharide-based vaccines. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02097589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Wildes
- University of Florida MD-PhD Program, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Adam Grippin
- University of Florida MD-PhD Program, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Henrietta Fasanya
- University of Florida MD-PhD Program, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyle A Dyson
- University of Florida MD-PhD Program, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark Brantly
- University of Florida MD-PhD Program, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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14
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Starossom SC, Campo Garcia J, Woelfle T, Romero-Suarez S, Olah M, Watanabe F, Cao L, Yeste A, Tukker JJ, Quintana FJ, Imitola J, Witzel F, Schmitz D, Morkel M, Paul F, Infante-Duarte C, Khoury SJ. Chi3l3 induces oligodendrogenesis in an experimental model of autoimmune neuroinflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:217. [PMID: 30644388 PMCID: PMC6333780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neural stem cells (NSCs) can replace damaged oligodendrocytes if the local microenvironment supports the required differentiation process. Although chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) form part of this microenvironment, their function in this differentiation process is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that murine Chitinase 3-like-3 (Chi3l3/Ym1), human Chi3L1 and Chit1 induce oligodendrogenesis. In mice, Chi3l3 is highly expressed in the subventricular zone, a stem cell niche of the adult brain, and in inflammatory brain lesions during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We find that silencing Chi3l3 increases severity of EAE. We present evidence that in NSCs Chi3l3 activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), thereby inducing Pyk2-and Erk1/2- dependent expression of a pro-oligodendrogenic transcription factor signature. Our results implicate CLP-EGFR-Pyk2-MEK-ERK as a key intrinsic pathway controlling oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Starossom
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Juliana Campo Garcia
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Woelfle
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvina Romero-Suarez
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Olah
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fumihiro Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology-The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John J Tukker
- Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology-The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Franziska Witzel
- IRI Life Sciences, Institute of Pathology, Computational Modeling in Medicine, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- IRI Life Sciences, Institute of Pathology, Computational Modeling in Medicine, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Morkel
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samia J Khoury
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Abu Haidar Neuroscience Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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15
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Costain AH, MacDonald AS, Smits HH. Schistosome Egg Migration: Mechanisms, Pathogenesis and Host Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3042. [PMID: 30619372 PMCID: PMC6306409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitic worms possess complex and intriguing life cycles, and schistosomes are no exception. To exit the human body and progress to their successive snail host, Schistosoma mansoni eggs must migrate from the mesenteric vessels, across the intestinal wall and into the feces. This process is complex and not always successful. A vast proportion of eggs fail to leave their definite host, instead becoming lodged within intestinal or hepatic tissue, where they can evoke potentially life-threatening pathology. Thus, to maximize the likelihood of successful egg passage whilst minimizing host pathology, intriguing egg exit strategies have evolved. Notably, schistosomes actively exert counter-inflammatory influences on the host immune system, discreetly compromise endothelial and epithelial barriers, and modulate granuloma formation around transiting eggs, which is instrumental to their migration. In this review, we discuss new developments in our understanding of schistosome egg migration, with an emphasis on S. mansoni and the intestine, and outline the host-parasite interactions that are thought to make this process possible. In addition, we explore the potential immune implications of egg penetration and discuss the long-term consequences for the host of unsuccessful egg transit, such as fibrosis, co-infection and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H. Costain
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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16
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Sutherland TE, Rückerl D, Logan N, Duncan S, Wynn TA, Allen JE. Ym1 induces RELMα and rescues IL-4Rα deficiency in lung repair during nematode infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007423. [PMID: 30500858 PMCID: PMC6291165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ym1 and RELMα are established effector molecules closely synonymous with Th2-type inflammation and associated pathology. Here, we show that whilst largely dependent on IL-4Rα signaling during a type 2 response, Ym1 and RELMα also have IL-4Rα-independent expression patterns in the lung. Notably, we found that Ym1 has opposing effects on type 2 immunity during nematode infection depending on whether it is expressed at the time of innate or adaptive responses. During the lung migratory stage of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Ym1 promoted the subsequent reparative type 2 response but once that response was established, IL-4Rα-dependent Ym1 was important for limiting the magnitude of type 2 cytokine production from both CD4+ T cells and innate lymphoid cells in the lung. Importantly, our study demonstrates that delivery of Ym1 to IL-4Rα deficient animals drives RELMα production and overcomes lung repair deficits in mice deficient in type 2 immunity. Together, Ym1 and RELMα, exhibit time and dose-dependent interactions that determines the outcome of lung repair during nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E. Sutherland
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Logan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sheelagh Duncan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology & Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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17
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Smith H, Forman R, Mair I, Else KJ. Interactions of helminths with macrophages: therapeutic potential for inflammatory intestinal disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:997-1006. [PMID: 30113218 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1505498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent a highly heterogeneous and plastic cell type found in most tissues of the body; the intestine is home to enormous numbers of these cells. Considerable interest surrounds the 'M2 macrophage,' as it is able to control and regulate inflammation, while promoting tissue repair. Areas covered: As potent inducers of M2 macrophages, intestinal helminths and helminth-derived products are ideal candidates for small molecule drug design to drive M2 macrophage polarization. Several gastrointestinal helminths have been found to cause M2 macrophage-inducing infections. This review covers current knowledge of helminth products and their impact on macrophage polarization, which may in the future lead to new therapeutic strategies. A literature search was performed using the following search terms in PubMed: M2 macrophage, alternative activation, helminth products, helminth ES, helminth therapy, nanoparticle, intestinal macrophages. Other studies were selected by using references from articles identified through our original literature search. Expert commentary: While the immunomodulatory potential of helminth products is well established, we have yet to fully characterize many components of the intestinal helminth product library. Current work aims to identify the protein motifs responsible for modulation of macrophages and other components of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Smith
- a Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , Manchester , UK
| | - Ruth Forman
- a Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , Manchester , UK
| | - Iris Mair
- a Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , Manchester , UK
| | - Kathryn J Else
- a Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,b Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre , Manchester , UK
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18
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Arefieva TI, Filatova AY, Potekhina AV, Shchinova AM. Immunotropic Effects and Proposed Mechanism of Action for 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:874-889. [PMID: 30208827 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins) are the major group of lipid-lowering drugs. Along with hypocholesterolemic activity, statins exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that expand their clinical use, particularly, in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we critically analyze the data of statin effects on immune cells (e.g., monocytes and T cells) involved in the development of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. We (i) discuss the properties of statins and routes of cell entry, as well as their major intracellular targets; (ii) evaluate the data on the effects of statins on the subset composition of circulatory monocytes, ability of monocytes to migrate to the site of inflammation (cell motility and expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors), production of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species by monocytes/macrophages, and antigen-presenting activity in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells; and (iii) summarize the data on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of various CD4+ T cell subsets (type 1/2/17 helper T cells and regulatory T cells) by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Arefieva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.,Kurchatov Institute National Research Center Complex, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A Yu Filatova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - A V Potekhina
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - A M Shchinova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Chitinase-like proteins as regulators of innate immunity and tissue repair: helpful lessons for asthma? Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:141-151. [PMID: 29351964 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 of proteins. Chitinases are expressed in mammals and lower organisms, facilitate chitin degradation, and hence act as host-defence enzymes. Gene duplication and loss-of-function mutations of enzymatically active chitinases have resulted in the expression of a diverse range of CLPs across different species. CLPs are genes that are increasingly associated with inflammation and tissue remodelling not only in mammals but also across distant species. While the focus has remained on understanding the functions and expression patterns of CLPs during disease in humans, studies in mouse and lower organisms have revealed important and overlapping roles of the CLP family during physiology, host defence and pathology. This review will summarise recent insights into the regulatory functions of CLPs on innate immune pathways and discuss how these effects are not only important for host defence and tissue injury/repair after pathogen invasion, but also how they have extensive implications for pathological processes involved in diseases such as asthma.
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20
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Redpath SA, Heieis GA, Reynolds LA, Fonseca NM, Kim SSY, Perona-Wright G. Functional specialization of intestinal dendritic cell subsets during Th2 helminth infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:87-98. [PMID: 28960280 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in dictating the nature and effectiveness of immune responses. In the intestine DCs can be separated into discrete subsets, defined by expression of CD11b and CD103, each with different developmental requirements and distinct functional potential. Recent evidence has shown that different intestinal DC subsets are involved in the induction of T helper (Th)17 and regulatory T cell responses, but the cells that initiate Th2 immune responses are still incompletely understood. We show that in the Th2 response to an intestinal helminth in mice, only CD11b+ and not CD11b- DCs accumulate in the local lymph node, upregulate PDL2 and express markers of alternative activation. An enteric Th1 response instead activated both CD11b+ and CD11b- DCs without eliciting alternative activation in either population. Functionally, only CD11b+ DCs activated during helminth infection supported Th2 differentiation in naive CD4+ T cells. Together our data demonstrate that the ability to prime Th2 cells during intestinal helminth infection, is a selective and inducible characteristic of CD11b+ DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Redpath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graham A Heieis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa A Reynolds
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicolette M Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra S-Y Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Okoye I, Namdar A, Xu L, Crux N, Elahi S. Atorvastatin downregulates co-inhibitory receptor expression by targeting Ras-activated mTOR signalling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98215-98232. [PMID: 29228684 PMCID: PMC5716724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of T cell function in the steady state is mediated by co-inhibitory receptors or immune checkpoints such as PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3 and LAG-3. Persistent antigen stimulation, during chronic viral infections and cancer, results in sustained expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors and subsequently poor effector T cell function. Immune checkpoint blockade using monoclonal antibodies against PD-1, PDL-1 and CTLA-4 has been implemented as an immunotherapy strategy- resulting in restoration of T cell function and reduction of viral load or tumour growth. Immunomodulatory roles of commonly used cholesterol-lowering medications, atorvastatin and other statins, are widely documented. We have previously shown that atorvastatin can inhibit HIV-1 infection and replication. Here, for the very first time we discovered that atorvastatin also regulates activated T cell function by mediating downregulation of multiple co-inhibitory receptors, which corresponded with increased IL-2 production by stimulated T cells. In addition, we found that atorvastatin treatment reduces expression of mTOR and downstream T cell effector genes. We demonstrate a novel mechanism showing that atorvastatin inhibition of Ras-activated MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways, and subsequent mTOR signalling promotes gross downregulation of co-inhibitory receptors. Thus, our results suggest that statins may hold particular promise in reinvigorating T cell function in chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Okoye
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Lai Xu
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Nicole Crux
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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22
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Heparin and Heparin-Derivatives in Post-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Brain Injury: A Multimodal Therapy for a Multimodal Disease. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050724. [PMID: 28468328 PMCID: PMC6154575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic efforts to improve outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remain disappointing, likely owing to the complex nature of post-hemorrhage brain injury. Previous work suggests that heparin, due to the multimodal nature of its actions, reduces the incidence of clinical vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia that accompany the disease. This narrative review examines how heparin may mitigate the non-vasospastic pathological aspects of aSAH, particularly those related to neuroinflammation. Following a brief review of early brain injury in aSAH and heparin’s general pharmacology, we discuss potential mechanistic roles of heparin therapy in treating post-aSAH inflammatory injury. These roles include reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury, preventing leukocyte extravasation, modulating phagocyte activation, countering oxidative stress, and correcting blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Following a discussion of evidence to support these mechanistic roles, we provide a brief discussion of potential complications of heparin usage in aSAH. Our review suggests that heparin’s use in aSAH is not only safe, but effectively addresses a number of pathologies initiated by aSAH.
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23
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Maneechotesuwan K, Kasetsinsombat K, Wongkajornsilp A, Barnes PJ. Simvastatin up-regulates adenosine deaminase and suppresses osteopontin expression in COPD patients through an IL-13-dependent mechanism. Respir Res 2016; 17:104. [PMID: 27557561 PMCID: PMC4997725 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and osteopontin (OPN) may play opposing roles in the pathogenesis of COPD. Deficiency of ADA results in enhanced adenosine signaling which up-regulates OPN expression. Although statins suppress OPN in cancer cells, little is known about their effects on ADA and OPN in COPD patients. Methods We extended a previous randomized double-blind placebo crossover study to investigate the effects of simvastatin (20 mg/day) on sputum ADA and OPN expression and explored the underlying signaling pathways involved by conducting in vitro experiments with cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from COPD patients and healthy subjects. Results Simvastatin decreased sputum IL-13, OPN and CD73, while increasing ADA expression, irrespective of inhaled corticosteroid treatment and smoking status in parallel to increased inosine levels. The degree of simvastatin-restored ADA activity was significantly correlated with the magnitude of changes in pre-bronchodilator FEV1. Mechanistic exploration showed that CSE enhanced the expression of IL-13, which induced an increase in OPN and inhibited ADA mRNA accumulation in MDM from COPD patients but not healthy subjects through a STAT6-dependent mechanism. Simvastatin treatment inhibited IL-13 transcription in a dose-dependent manner, and therefore diminished the IL-13-induced increase in OPN and restored IL-13-suppressed ADA. There was no effect of simvastatin on adenosine receptors in CSE-stimulated MDM, indicating that its effects were on the adenosine pathway. Conclusion Simvastatin reversed IL-13-suppressed ADA activity that leads to the down-regulation of adenosine signaling and therefore inhibits OPN expression through the direct inhibition of IL-13-activated STAT6 pathway. Inhibition of IL-13 may reverse the imbalance between ADA and OPN in COPD and therefore may prevent COPD progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0424-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Maneechotesuwan
- Division of Respiratory Diseases and Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Kanda Kasetsinsombat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adisak Wongkajornsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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24
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Increase of Alternatively Activated Antigen Presenting Cells in Active Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:721-732. [PMID: 27423192 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The importance of CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is well accepted and the gate keeper function of perivascular CD11c+ APCs has been demonstrated. CD11c can be expressed by APCs from external sources or by central nervous system (CNS) resident APCs such as microglia. Yet, changes in the gene expression pattern of CNS CD11c+ APCs during disease are still unclear and differentially expressed genes might play a decisive role in EAE progression. Due to their low numbers in the diseased brain and due to the absence of considerable numbers in the healthy CNS, analysis of CNS CD11c+ cells is technically difficult. To ask whether the CD11c+ APC population contributes to remission of EAE disease, we used Illumina deep mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses to identify the transcriptome of CD11c+ APCs during disease course. We identified a battery of genes that were significantly regulated during the exacerbation of the disease compared to remission and relapse. Three of these genes, Arginase-1, Chi3l3 and Ms4a8a, showed a higher expression at the exacerbation than at later time points during the disease, both in SJL/J and in C57BL/6 mice, and could be attributed to alternatively activated APCs. Expression of Arginase-1, Chi3l3 and Ms4a8a genes was linked to the disease phase of EAE rather than to disease score. Expression of these genes suggested that APCs resembling alternatively activated macrophages are involved during the first wave of neuroinflammation and can be directly associated with the disease progress.
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25
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Wu F, Wei J, Liu Z, Zeng X, Yu Z, Lv Z, Sun X, Wu Z. Soluble antigen derived from IV larva of Angiostrongylus cantonensis promotes chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3) expression induced by interleukin-13. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3737-46. [PMID: 27256220 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) is an emerging food-borne parasitic disease, which refers basically to eosinophilic meningitis. Chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3), a member of chitinase-like protein family which has chemotactic activity for eosinophils, is reported to be highly upregulated in brain of mouse infected with A. cantonensis. The mechanisms of high expression of Chil3 and the association between A. cantonensis and Chil3 are rarely reported. In order to understand the mechanism of high expression of Chil3 in A. cantonensis-infected mouse, we measured the level of Chil3 in RAW 264.7 and BV2 cell lines stimulated with soluble antigen of A. cantonensis by qPCR and ELISA. To explore the role of Chil3 in inflammation caused by A. cantonensis, we extracted and cultured brain mononuclear cells (BMNCs) and detected the eosinophil chemotactic activity of Chil3 using transwell assay and flow cytometer. Furthermore, we treated the infected mice by injection with rmChil3 and then counted the number of larvae in brains of infected mice and treated mice to examine the association between the worm and Chil3. Our results showed the soluble antigen from A. cantonensis could promote the Chil3 expression in macrophage and microglial cell lines induced by interleukin-13. In conclusion, we supposed that high expression of Chil3 enhanced by soluble antigens from A. cantonensis might be the reason of serious eosinophil infiltration in mouse brain after A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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26
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Macrophage and Multinucleated Giant Cell Classification. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55732-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Hawn TR, Shah JA, Kalman D. New tricks for old dogs: countering antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis with host-directed therapeutics. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:344-62. [PMID: 25703571 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) drugs for over 50 years, tuberculosis (TB) remains at pandemic levels. New drugs are urgently needed for resistant strains, shortening duration of treatment, and targeting different stages of the disease, especially for treatment during human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. One solution to the conundrum that antibiotics kill the bacillus yet select for resistance is to target the host rather than the pathogen. Here, we discuss recent progress in so-called 'host-directed therapeutics' (HDTs), focusing on two general mechanistic strategies: (i) HDTs that disrupt Mtb pathogenesis in macrophages and (ii) immunomodulatory HDTs that facilitate protective immune responses that kill Mtb or reduce deleterious responses that exacerbate disease. HDTs hold significant promise as adjunctive therapies in that they are less likely to engender resistance, will likely have efficacy against antibiotic-resistant strains, and may have activity against non-replicating Mtb. However, TB is a complex and variegated disease, and human populations exhibit significant diversity in their immune responses to it, which presents a complicated landscape for HDTs to navigate. Nevertheless, we suggest that a detailed mechanistic understanding of drug action, together with careful selection of disease stage targets and dosing strategies may overcome such limitations and allow the development of HDTs as effective adjunctive treatment options for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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28
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Fischer U, Dijkstra JM. Along the Axis between Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity; Principles Conserved in Evolution from Fish to Mammals. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:814-59. [PMID: 26593954 PMCID: PMC4690019 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations occur at opposite ends of an "immune 1-2 axis" (i1-i2 axis) of possible conditions. Additional polarizations of helper/regulatory T cells were discovered later, such as for example TH17 and Treg phenotypes; although these polarizations are not selected by the axis-end conditions, they are affected by i1-i2 axis factors, and may retain more potential for change than the relatively stable TH1 and TH2 phenotypes. I1-i2 axis conditions are also relevant for polarizations of other types of leukocytes, such as for example macrophages. Tissue milieus with "type 1 immunity" ("i1") are biased towards cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while the term "type 2 immunity" ("i2") is used for a variety of conditions which have in common that they inhibit type 1 immunity. The immune milieus of some tissues, like the gills in fish and the uterus in pregnant mammals, probably are skewed towards type 2 immunity. An i2-skewed milieu is also created by many tumors, which allows them to escape eradication by type 1 immunity. In this review we compare a number of i1-i2 axis factors between fish and mammals, and conclude that several principles of the i1-i2 axis system seem to be ancient and shared between all classes of jawed vertebrates. Furthermore, the present study is the first to identify a canonical TH2 cytokine locus in a bony fish, namely spotted gar, in the sense that it includes RAD50 and bona fide genes of both IL-4/13 and IL-3/ IL-5/GM-CSF families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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29
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Regulation of Adaptive Immunity in Health and Disease by Cholesterol Metabolism. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:48. [PMID: 26149587 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-015-0548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Four decades ago, it was observed that stimulation of T cells induces rapid changes in cellular cholesterol that are required before proliferation can commence. Investigators returning to this phenomenon have finally revealed its molecular underpinnings. Cholesterol trafficking and its dysregulation are now also recognized to strongly influence dendritic cell function, T cell polarization, and antibody responses. In this review, the state of the literature is reviewed on how cholesterol and its trafficking regulate the cells of the adaptive immune response and in vivo disease phenotypes of dysregulated adaptive immunity, including allergy, asthma, and autoimmune disease. Emerging evidence supporting a potential role for statins and other lipid-targeted therapies in the treatment of these diseases is presented. Just as vascular biologists have embraced immunity in the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis, so should basic and clinical immunologists in allergy, pulmonology, and other disciplines seek to encompass a basic understanding of lipid science.
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30
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Vaccination with an Attenuated Ferritin Mutant Protects Mice against Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:385402. [PMID: 26339659 PMCID: PMC4539171 DOI: 10.1155/2015/385402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis the causative agent of tuberculosis affects millions of people worldwide. New tools for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis are urgently needed. We previously showed that a ferritin (bfrB) mutant of M. tuberculosis has altered iron homeostasis and increased sensitivity to antibiotics and to microbicidal effectors produced by activated macrophages. Most importantly, M. tuberculosis lacking BfrB is strongly attenuated in mice, especially, during the chronic phase of infection. In this study, we examined whether immunization with a bfrB mutant could confer protection against subsequent infection with virulent M. tuberculosis in a mouse model. The results show that the protection elicited by immunization with the bfrB mutant is comparable to BCG vaccination with respect to reduction of bacterial burden. However, significant distinctions in the disease pathology and host genome-wide lung transcriptome suggest improved containment of Mtb infection in animals vaccinated with the bfrB mutant, compared to BCG. We found that downmodulation of inflammatory response and enhanced fibrosis, compared to BCG vaccination, is associated with the protective response elicited by the bfrB mutant.
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31
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Rückerl D, Allen JE. Macrophage proliferation, provenance, and plasticity in macroparasite infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:113-33. [PMID: 25319331 PMCID: PMC4324133 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have long been center stage in the host response to microbial infection, but only in the past 10–15 years has there been a growing appreciation for their role in helminth infection and the associated type 2 response. Through the actions of the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), type 2 cytokines result in the accumulation of macrophages with a distinctive activation phenotype. Although our knowledge of IL-4Rα-induced genes is growing rapidly, the specific functions of these macrophages have yet to be established in most disease settings. Understanding the interplay between IL-4Rα-activated macrophages and the other cellular players is confounded by the enormous transcriptional heterogeneity within the macrophage population and by their highly plastic nature. Another level of complexity is added by the new knowledge that tissue macrophages can be derived either from a resident prenatal population or from blood monocyte recruitment and that IL-4 can increase macrophage numbers through proliferative expansion. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to helminth killing and wound repair, with specific attention paid to distinct cellular origins and plasticity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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32
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Smith PM, Sproule TJ, Philip VM, Roopenian DC, Stadecker MJ. Minor genomic differences between related B6 and B10 mice affect severity of schistosome infection by governing the mode of dendritic cell activation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2312-23. [PMID: 25959828 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni results in hepatointestinal granulomatous inflammation mediated by CD4 T cells directed against parasite eggs. The severity of disease varies greatly in humans and mice; however, the genetic basis of such a heterogenous immune response remains poorly understood. Here we show that, despite their close genetic relationship, C57BL/10SnJ (B10) mice developed significantly more pronounced immunopathology and higher T helper 17 cell responses than C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Similarly, live egg-stimulated B10-derived dendritic cells (DCs) produced significantly more IL-1β and IL-23, resulting in higher IL-17 production by CD4 T cells. Gene expression analysis disclosed a heightened proinflammatory cytokine profile together with a strikingly lower expression of Ym1 in B10 versus B6 mice, consistent with failure of B10 DCs to attain alternative activation. To genetically dissect the differential response, we developed and analyzed congenic mouse strains that capture major regions of allelic variation, and found that the level of inflammation was controlled by a relatively small number of genes in a locus mapping to chromosome 4 117-143 MB. Our study has thus identified novel genomic regions that regulate the severity of the schistosome infection by way of controlling the mode of DC activation and consequent CD4 T-cell subset development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Miguel J Stadecker
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:816460. [PMID: 26089604 PMCID: PMC4452191 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1152] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
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34
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Xia CY, Zhang S, Gao Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Selective modulation of microglia polarization to M2 phenotype for stroke treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Allen JE, Sutherland TE, Rückerl D. IL-17 and neutrophils: unexpected players in the type 2 immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:99-106. [PMID: 25794823 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of immunity to helminth infection has been central to understanding the function of type 2 cytokines and their targets. Although type 2 cytokines are considered anti-inflammatory and promote tissue repair, they also contribute to allergy and fibrosis. Here, we utilise data from helminth infection models, to illustrate that IL-17 and neutrophils, typically associated with pro-inflammatory responses, are intimately linked with type 2 immunity. Neutrophils work with IL-4Rα-activated macrophages to control incoming larvae but this comes at a cost of enhanced tissue damage. Chitinase like proteins (CLPs) bridge these diverse outcomes, inducing both protective IL-17 and reparative Th2 responses. Dysregulation of CLPs, IL-17 and neutrophils likely contribute to disease severity and pathology associated with type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
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36
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Yip L, Fathman CG. Type 1 diabetes in mice and men: gene expression profiling to investigate disease pathogenesis. Immunol Res 2015; 58:340-50. [PMID: 24682832 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex polygenic disease that is triggered by various environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. The emphasis placed on genome-wide association studies to explain the genetics of T1D has failed to advance our understanding of T1D pathogenesis or identify biomarkers of disease progression or therapeutic targets. Using the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D and the non-disease prone congenic NOD.B10 mice, our laboratory demonstrated striking tissue-specific and age-dependent changes in gene expression during disease progression. We established a "roadmap" of differential gene expression and used this to identify candidate genes in mice (and human orthologs) that play a role in disease pathology. Here, we describe two genes, Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 (Deaf1) and Adenosine A1 receptor (Adora1), that are differentially expressed and alternatively spliced in the pancreatic lymph nodes or islets of NOD mice and T1D patients to form dominant-negative non-functional isoforms. Loss of Deaf1 function leads to reduced peripheral tissue antigen expression in lymph node stromal cells and may contribute to a breakdown in peripheral tolerance, while reduced Adora1 function results in an early intrinsic alpha cell defect that may explain the hyperglucagonemia and resulting beta cell stress observed prior to the onset of diabetes. Remarkably, both genes were also alternatively spliced in the same tissues of auto-antibody positive prediabetic patients, and these splicing events resulted in similar downstream effects as those seen in NOD mice. These findings demonstrate the value of gene expression profiling in studying disease pathogenesis in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yip
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR Room 2225, Stanford, CA, 94305-5166, USA
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Sutherland TE, Logan N, Rückerl D, Humbles AA, Allan SM, Papayannopoulos V, Stockinger B, Maizels RM, Allen JE. Chitinase-like proteins promote IL-17-mediated neutrophilia in a tradeoff between nematode killing and host damage. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1116-25. [PMID: 25326751 PMCID: PMC4338525 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatically inactive chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) such as BRP-39, Ym1 and Ym2 are established markers of immune activation and pathology, yet their functions are essentially unknown. We found that Ym1 and Ym2 induced the accumulation of neutrophils through the expansion of γδ T cell populations that produced interleukin 17 (IL-17). While BRP-39 did not influence neutrophilia, it was required for IL-17 production in γδ T cells, which suggested that regulation of IL-17 is an inherent feature of mouse CLPs. Analysis of a nematode infection model, in which the parasite migrates through the lungs, revealed that the IL-17 and neutrophilic inflammation induced by Ym1 limited parasite survival but at the cost of enhanced lung injury. Our studies describe effector functions of CLPs consistent with innate host defense traits of the chitinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Sutherland
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison A Humbles
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation &Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Venizelos Papayannopoulos
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Brigitta Stockinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
AbstractBackgroundStatins have recently been reported to cause a rare autoimmune inflammatory and/or necrotic myopathy that begins or persists after drug cessation.MethodsWe report on 26 patients seen at a neuromuscular centre between 2005 and 2011 who demonstrated muscle weakness/myalgias and creatine kinase elevations during or after statin treatment with continuation of signs and symptoms despite statin withdrawal.ResultsAll patients were treated with immunosuppressive therapy with good response; all improved biochemically and 86% improved clinically. Sixty-five percent of patients who attempted to taper off immunosuppressive therapy relapsed. We report on a novel finding whereby five of the seven patients who underwent multiple biopsies throughout their disease demonstrated a transformation of their histological diagnosis, with four progressing from having myofibre necrosis with minimal or no inflammation to a diagnosis of polymyositis.ConclusionsThis study offers preliminary evidence that statin-associated necrotizing myopathy and statin-associated polymyositis may not be separate entities but are part of the same pathophysiological spectrum. Both entities respond well to immunosuppression.
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Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein induces the alternative activation of human macrophages. Infect Immun 2014; 82:5005-12. [PMID: 25225247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02541-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a highly evolved parasite that uses sophisticated mechanisms to evade the host immune response. The immunosuppressive capabilities of the parasite have been associated with antigens secreted through the parasite's tegument, called excretory-secretory products (ESPs). Proteomic studies have identified the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) as one of molecules present in the parasite ESPs. Although FABP has been investigated for potential use in the development of vaccines against fascioliasis, its direct interaction with cells of immune system has not been studied. In this study, FABP was purified in native form from soluble extracts of F. hepatica adult flukes using a combination of molecular sieving chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The immunological effect of the purified protein, termed Fh12, was assayed in vitro using monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) obtained from healthy human donors. Results from the assay indicate that Fh12 produced a significantly increased arginase expression and activity and induced the expression of chitinase-3-like protein (CHI3L1). The assay also showed that Fh12 downregulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). This indicates that Fh12 induced the production of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMϕ). The results also demonstrated the ability of Fh12 to downregulate the secretion of the proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and IL-1βB, even after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as its ability to stimulate the overexpression of IL-10. These results suggest a potent anti-inflammatory role for Fh12, which could occur via targeting of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
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Xiao W, Meng G, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Li T, Peng Y, Zhao Y, Luo M, Zhao W, Li Z, Zheng X. Human secreted stabilin-1-interacting chitinase-like protein aggravates the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and is a potential macrophage inflammatory regulator in rodents. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1141-52. [PMID: 24470346 DOI: 10.1002/art.38356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between the human secreted protein stabilin-1-interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The expression of SI-CLP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial fluid from patients with RA and the effects of cytokines on SI-CLP expression were examined by Western blotting. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed to investigate the binding between SI-CLP and cells. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were isolated from wild-type and SI-CLP(-/-) mice, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the levels of messenger RNA for cytokines or SI-CLP in SI-CLP- or cytokine-treated macrophages. Histologic studies were conducted to evaluate inflammation and the expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-13, and SI-CLP in lesions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the cytokine levels in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Rats or mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and SI-CLP(-/-) mice were used to study the function of SI-CLP in RA. RESULTS SI-CLP expression was increased in PBMCs and detectable in synovial fluid from patients with RA. Administration of SI-CLP to rats with CIA aggravated arthritis-associated inflammation. SI-CLP was specifically attached to the surface protein of macrophages, which elevated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-13 in macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, up-regulating ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, SI-CLP was up-regulated by both IL-12 and IL-13 through JNK and JAK/STAT signaling, respectively. Knockout of SI-CLP resulted in a decrease in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-13 and lower susceptibility to CIA compared with wild-type mice. SI-CLP treatment also aggravated arthritis-related inflammation in wild-type and SI-CLP(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION SI-CLP functions as a regulator of the inflammatory response by macrophages. The decrease in inflammation-associated cytokine levels resulting from SI-CLP knockout may explain the lower susceptibility to CIA in SI-CLP(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Xiao
- State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Osborne LC, Monticelli LA, Nice TJ, Sutherland TE, Siracusa MC, Hepworth MR, Tomov VT, Kobuley D, Tran SV, Bittinger K, Bailey AG, Laughlin AL, Boucher JL, Wherry EJ, Bushman FD, Allen JE, Virgin HW, Artis D. Coinfection. Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation. Science 2014; 345:578-82. [PMID: 25082704 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by beneficial commensal bacteria and is a site of infection by pathogens, including helminth parasites. Helminths induce potent immunomodulatory effects, but whether these effects are mediated by direct regulation of host immunity or indirectly through eliciting changes in the microbiota is unknown. We tested this in the context of virus-helminth coinfection. Helminth coinfection resulted in impaired antiviral immunity and was associated with changes in the microbiota and STAT6-dependent helminth-induced alternative activation of macrophages. Notably, helminth-induced impairment of antiviral immunity was evident in germ-free mice, but neutralization of Ym1, a chitinase-like molecule that is associated with alternatively activated macrophages, could partially restore antiviral immunity. These data indicate that helminth-induced immunomodulation occurs independently of changes in the microbiota but is dependent on Ym1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurel A Monticelli
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vesselin T Tomov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmytro Kobuley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara V Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aubrey G Bailey
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alice L Laughlin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Judith E Allen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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De Jong HJ, Damoiseaux JG, Vandebriel RJ, Souverein PC, Gremmer ER, Wolfs M, Klungel OH, Van Loveren H, Cohen Tervaert JW, Verschuren WM. Statin use and markers of immunity in the Doetinchem cohort study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77587. [PMID: 24147031 PMCID: PMC3797719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that statins can both stimulate and suppress the immune system, and thereby, may influence autoimmune diseases. Therefore, we studied effects of statins on innate and adaptive immunity, and self-tolerance by measuring serological levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), neopterin, immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and the presence of autoantibodies (antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and IgM rheumatoid factor (RF)) in the general population. We conducted a nested case-control study within the population-based Doetinchem cohort. Data from health questionnaires, serological measurements and information on medication from linkage to pharmacy-dispensing records were available. We selected 332 statin users (cases) and 331 non-users (controls), matched by age, sex, date of serum collection, history of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type II and stroke. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to estimate effect of statins on the immune system. The median level of CRP in statin users (1.28 mg/L, interquartile range (IQR): 0.59-2.79) was lower than in non-users (1.62 mg/L, IQR: 0.79-3.35), which after adjustment was estimated to be a 28% lower level. We observed an inverse association between duration of statin use and CRP levels. Elevated levels of IgE (>100 IU/mL) were more prevalent in statin users compared to non-users. A trend towards increased levels of IgE antibodies in statin users was observed, whereas no associations were found between statin use and levels of neopterin or the presence of autoantibodies. In this general population sub-sample, we observed an anti-inflammatory effect of statin use and a trend towards an increase of IgE levels, an surrogate marker for Th (helper) 2 responses without a decrease in neopterin levels, a surrogate marker for Th1 response and/or self-tolerance. We postulate that the observed decreased inflammatory response during statin therapy may be important but is insufficient to induce loss of self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda J.I. De Jong
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G.M.C. Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Vandebriel
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. Souverein
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Gremmer
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mia Wolfs
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf H. Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Van Loveren
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W.M. Monique Verschuren
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Si XB, Zhang S, Huo LY, Dai WL, Wang HL. Statin therapy does not improve lung function in asthma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:276-83. [PMID: 23569033 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513477005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of statins in the treatment of asthma. METHODS Electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials that measured the efficacy of statins in the treatment of asthma, and a meta-analysis of the pooled data was performed. RESULTS Five trials were identified; four met the inclusion criteria (total number of patients 200). Compared with controls, patients in the statin groups had higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) values before inhaled corticosteroids (0.09 l, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.06, 0.23), higher FEV1 values after inhaled corticosteroids (0.06 l, 95% CI -0.09, 0.22), and higher morning peak expiratory flow rates (9.87 l, 95% CI -15.66, 35.40). These results were not statistically significant and, furthermore, publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is currently insufficient evidence to show that statins improve lung function in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bei Si
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
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Ayer RE, Ostrowski RP, Sugawara T, Ma Q, Jafarian N, Tang J, Zhang JH. Statin-induced T-lymphocyte modulation and neuroprotection following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 115:259-66. [PMID: 22890678 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1192-5_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins influence immune system activities through mechanisms independent of their lipid-lowering properties. T cells can be subdivided based on cytokine secretion patterns into two subsets: T-helper cells type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2). Independent laboratory studies have shown statins to be potent inducers of a Th2 switch in immune cell response and be neuroprotective in several models of central nervous system (CNS) disease. This study was the first to evaluate the immune modulating effects of statins in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS Simvastatin was administered to rats intraperitoneally in two dosages (1 and 20 mg/kg) 30 min after the induction of SAH using endovascular perforation. Neurological scores were assessed 24 h later. Animals were then sacrificed, and samples of cortex and brain stem were tested for expression of the T-regulatory cell cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, as well as interleukin (IL) 1β, a proinflammatory cytokine associated with Th1 immune responses. The presence of TGF-β1 secreting T cells was evaluated with the use of brain slices. RESULTS SAH significantly impaired neurological function in all SAH groups (treated and untreated) versus sham. Animals treated with high-dose simvastatin had less neurological impairment than both untreated and low-dose groups. Cortical and brain-stem levels of TGF-β1 were significantly elevated following SAH in the high-dose group. IL-1β was significantly elevated following the induction of SAH but was inhibited by high-dose simvastatin. Double-labeled fluorescent immunohistochemical data demonstrated the presence of lymphocytes in the subarachnoid and perivascular spaces following SAH. Expression of TGF-β1 by lymphocytes was markedly increased following treatment with high-dose simvastatin. CONCLUSION The present study elucidated the potential role of a Th2 immune switch in statin provided neuroprotection following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ayer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Marino F, Maresca AM, Cosentino M, Castiglioni L, Rasini E, Mongiardi C, Maio RC, Legnaro M, Schembri L, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Guasti L. Angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptor expression in circulating monocytes of diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients over 3-month rosuvastatin treatment. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:153. [PMID: 23259529 PMCID: PMC3549933 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In diabetes, a variety of pro-inflammatory cellular changes has been found in various cell types, including monocytes which are known to be involved in all the phases of atherogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) mediates the pro-atherogenic effects of Ang II whereas the type 2 receptor (AT2R) seems associated with atheroprotection. We sought to investigate the potential changes of AT1R-AT2R expression in human monocytes of type 2 diabetic- hypercholesterolemic patients and in hypercholesterolemic subjects, upon clinical treatment with rosuvastatin. Methods The AT1R membrane protein and mRNA AT1R and AT2R expression in monocytes were investigated in 10 type 2 diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients and in 10 hypercholesterolemic subjects, before and after 3-month rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, the serum cytokine levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected. Results As expected, rosuvastatin was associated with a change in the lipid profile in the two groups. Both the membrane protein (P = 0.008) and the AT1R mRNA expression (P = 0.038) were significantly reduced during treatment in the absence of AT2R expression change in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients whereas no significant difference was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The serum IL-4 levels were increased during treatment whereas no change was observed in IFN-γ in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients. No cytokine change was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Conclusions Our study on monocytes of diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients, showing a reduced AT1R but not AT2R expression during rosuvastatin treatment, suggests that statin therapy may modulate favorably the AT1-AT2 receptor balance in subjects with coexistent type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Nance JP, Vannella KM, Worth D, David C, Carter D, Noor S, Hubeau C, Fitz L, Lane TE, Wynn TA, Wilson EH. Chitinase dependent control of protozoan cyst burden in the brain. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002990. [PMID: 23209401 PMCID: PMC3510238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections represent a continuous battle between the host's immune system and pathogen replication. Many protozoan parasites have evolved a cyst lifecycle stage that provides it with increased protection from environmental degradation as well as endogenous host mechanisms of attack. In the case of Toxoplasma gondii, these cysts are predominantly found in the immune protected brain making clearance of the parasite more difficult and resulting in a lifelong infection. Currently, little is known about the nature of the immune response stimulated by the presence of these cysts or how they are able to propagate. Here we establish a novel chitinase-dependent mechanism of cyst control in the infected brain. Despite a dominant Th1 immune response during Toxoplasma infection there exists a population of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMØ) in the infected CNS. These cells are capable of cyst lysis via the production of AMCase as revealed by live imaging, and this chitinase is necessary for protective immunity within the CNS. These data demonstrate chitinase activity in the brain in response to a protozoan pathogen and provide a novel mechanism to facilitate cyst clearance during chronic infections. Described here is a novel mechanism of protozoan cyst clearance in the CNS during chronic infection. These data show the presence of a population of alternatively activated macrophages in the brain that secrete the active chitinase, AMCase, in response to chitin in the cyst wall. Using both chemical and genetic inhibition in vitro, it is revealed that this enzyme is required for efficient degradation and destruction of the cyst. The necessity for AMCase is demonstrated in vivo, as the absence of the enzyme resulted in a significant increase in cyst burden and decrease in survival during chronic infection. Together, these data identify an important mechanism of parasite control and cyst clearance in the CNS. Currently, no therapies exist that lead to the total clearance of this parasite from the brain. Therefore, developing an understanding of the natural mechanisms of cyst clearance has the potential to lead to new and effective therapies for this and other chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Philip Nance
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Vannella
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danielle Worth
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Clément David
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - David Carter
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Shahani Noor
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Cedric Hubeau
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lori Fitz
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emma H. Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ydens E, Cauwels A, Asselbergh B, Goethals S, Peeraer L, Lornet G, Almeida-Souza L, Van Ginderachter JA, Timmerman V, Janssens S. Acute injury in the peripheral nervous system triggers an alternative macrophage response. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:176. [PMID: 22818207 PMCID: PMC3419084 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of the immune system in neurodegeneration has detrimental as well as beneficial effects. Which aspects of this immune response aggravate the neurodegenerative breakdown and which stimulate regeneration remains an open question. To unravel the neuroprotective aspects of the immune system we focused on a model of acute peripheral nerve injury, in which the immune system was shown to be protective. METHODS To determine the type of immune response triggered after axotomy of the sciatic nerve, a model for Wallerian degeneration in the peripheral nervous system, we evaluated markers representing the two extremes of a type I and type II immune response (classical vs. alternative) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our results showed that acute peripheral nerve injury triggers an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive response, rather than a pro-inflammatory response. This was reflected by the complete absence of classical macrophage markers (iNOS, IFN γ, and IL12p40), and the strong up-regulation of tissue repair markers (arginase-1, Ym1, and Trem2). The signal favoring the alternative macrophage environment was induced immediately after nerve damage and appeared to be established within the nerve, well before the infiltration of macrophages. In addition, negative regulators of the innate immune response, as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were induced. The strict regulation of the immune system dampens the potential tissue damaging effects of an over-activated response. CONCLUSIONS We here demonstrate that acute peripheral nerve injury triggers an inherent protective environment by inducing the M2 phenotype of macrophages and the expression of arginase-1. We believe that the M2 phenotype, associated with a sterile inflammatory response and tissue repair, might explain their neuroprotective capacity. As such, shifting the neurodegeneration-induced immune responses towards an M2/Th2 response could be an important therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ydens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Anje Cauwels
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goethals
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Lieve Peeraer
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Lornet
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- GROUP-ID Consortium, Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, GhentUniversity, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Almeida-Souza
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB and University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- GROUP-ID Consortium, Laboratory for Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, GhentUniversity, Ghent, Belgium
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Alternatively activated dendritic cells regulate CD4+ T-cell polarization in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9977-82. [PMID: 22660926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121231109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 is a cytokine widely known for its role in CD4(+) T cell polarization and its ability to alternatively activate macrophage populations. In contrast, the impact of IL-4 on the activation and function of dendritic cells (DCs) is poorly understood. We report here that DCs respond to IL-4 both in vitro and in vivo by expression of multiple alternative activation markers with a different expression pattern to that of macrophages. We further demonstrate a central role for DC IL-4Rα expression in the optimal induction of IFNγ responses in vivo in both Th1 and Th2 settings, through a feedback loop in which IL-4 promotes DC secretion of IL-12. Finally, we reveal a central role for RELMα during T-cell priming, establishing that its expression by DCs is critical for optimal IL-10 and IL-13 promotion in vitro and in vivo. Together, these data highlight the significant impact that IL-4 and RELMα can have on DC activation and function in the context of either bacterial or helminth pathogens.
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Kou J, Song M, Pattanayak A, Lim JE, Yang J, Cao D, Li L, Fukuchi KI. Combined treatment of Aβ immunization with statin in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 244:70-83. [PMID: 22326143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment of Aβ-immunization with simvastatin in an Alzheimer mouse model at age 22 months. DNA prime-adenovirus boost immunization induced modest anti-Aβ titers and simvastatin increased the seropositive rate. Aβ-KLH was additionally administered to boost the titers. Irrespective of simvastatin, the immunization did not decrease cerebral Aβ deposits but increased soluble Aβ and tended to exacerbate amyloid angiopathy in the hippocampus. The immunization increased cerebral invasion of leukocytes and simvastatin counteracted the increase. Thus, modest anti-Aβ titers can increase soluble Aβ and simvastatin may reduce inflammation associated with vaccination in aged Alzheimer mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Kou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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Homer RJ, Elias JA, Lee CG, Herzog E. Modern concepts on the role of inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:780-8. [PMID: 21631273 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0296-ra.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a uniformly lethal disease with limited biomarkers and no proven therapeutic intervention short of lung transplantation. Pulmonary fibrosis at one time was thought to be a result of inflammation in the lung. Although some forms of pulmonary fibrosis may result from inflammation, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is currently thought to result from cell death primarily and inflammation secondarily. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis in light of our laboratory's published and unpublished research and published literature. DATA SOURCES Review based on our laboratory's published and unpublished experimental data with relevant background and clinical context provided. CONCLUSIONS Although cell death is central to pulmonary fibrosis, the proper cytokine environment leading to macrophage polarization is also critical. Evaluation of this environment is promising both for the development of disease biomarkers and for targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Homer
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8070, USA.
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