A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets

Expressions of selected microRNAs in gastric cancer patients and their association with Helicobacter pylori and its cag pathogenicity island

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori infection and the resulting inflammation of the stomach are widely recognized as the primary risk factors for the development of gastric cancer (human health). Despite numerous attempts, the correlation between various virulence factors of H. pylori and stomach cancer remains mainly unexplained. The cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) is a widely recognized indicator of virulence in H. pylori. MicroRNAs play crucial roles in a wide range of biological and pathological processes and dysregulated expressions of miRNAs have been detected in numerous cancer types. However, research on the correlation between H. pylori infection and its cagPAI, as well as the differential expression of microRNAs in gastric cancer, is lacking.

AIM

The aim of this study was to examine the differential expression of miRNAs in 80 patients with gastric cancer, specifically in connection to the presence of H. pylori and its cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI).

METHODS

Biopsies of 80 gastric cancer patients were collected and used for H. pylori DNA isolation and tissue miRNA isolation, and further analyzed for cagPAI and miRNA expression and their association.

RESULTS

Elevated levels of miR-21, miR-155, and miR-223 were detected in malignant tissues. The expression of miR-21 and miR-223 was considerably elevated in biopsies that tested positive for H. pylori, whereas the expression of miR-34a was reduced. H. pylori cagPAI samples that are functionally intact exhibit greater expression of miR-21 and miR-223 compared to cagPAI samples that are partially deleted, in both normal and malignant tissues.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the novelty of our study lies in its focus on the differential expression of specific miRNAs in relation to the functional integrity of the cagPAI in H. pylori-infected gastric cancer patients, offering a more detailed understanding of the interplay between H. pylori virulence factors and miRNA regulation than previous studies.

Liquid biopsies in cancer

Cancer ranks among the most lethal diseases worldwide. Tissue biopsy is currently the primary method for the diagnosis and biological analysis of various solid tumors. However, this method has some disadvantages related to insufficient tissue specimen collection and intratumoral heterogeneity. Liquid biopsy is a noninvasive approach for identifying cancer-related biomarkers in peripheral blood, which allows for repetitive sampling across multiple time points. In the field of liquid biopsy, representative biomarkers include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and exosomes. Many studies have evaluated the prognostic and predictive roles of CTCs and ctDNA in various solid tumors. Although these studies have limitations, the results of most studies appear to consistently demonstrate the correlations of high CTC counts and ctDNA mutations with lower survival rates in cancer patients. Similarly, a reduction in CTC counts throughout therapy may be a potential prognostic indicator related to treatment response in advanced cancer patients. Moreover, the biochemical characteristics of CTCs and ctDNA can provide information about tumor biology as well as resistance mechanisms against targeted therapy. This review discusses the current clinical applications of liquid biopsy in cancer patients, emphasizing its possible utility in outcome prediction and treatment decision-making.

miR-1297 is frequently downmodulated in flat epithelial atypia of the breast and promotes mammary neoplastic transformation via EphrinA2 regulation

Breast cancer ranks as the most prevalent form of cancer globally. Currently, advanced screening methods have significantly improved early detection rates. These achievements have led to more non-invasive cancer diagnoses and underscored the clinical relevance of precursor lesions like flat epithelial atypia (FEA), a histological condition characterized by mild atypical changes in the normal epithelium lining the mammary ducts. Despite the increasing detection of FEA in mammary biopsy, our understanding of the biological behavior of this entity remains limited and, as a consequence, the clinical management of patients is still being debated. Evidence from the literature indicates that dysregulation of microRNAs contributes to all stages of breast cancer progression, potentially serving as valuable markers of disease evolution. In this study, through a comparison of the microRNA profiles of normal mammary epithelium, FEA, and non-invasive breast cancer in three cohorts of patients, we identified downregulation of miR-1297 as a common feature in both FEA and non-invasive breast cancer compared to the normal counterpart. Mechanistically, overexpression of miR-1297 inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells by targeting the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase EphrinA2. In contrast, downregulation of miR-1297 increases proliferation and alters the morphology of normal mammary epithelial cells in a three-dimensional context. These findings pinpoint the downregulation of miR-1297 as an early event in mammary transformation and suggest its potential role as a driver of progression in FEA, harboring the capacity to evolve into malignancy.

EZH2-mediated downregulation of miR-155-5p contributes to prostate cancer cell malignancy through SMAD2 and TAB2

miR-155 exhibits variable expression in different tumors and fulfills diverse biological roles. However, specific molecular mechanisms by which miR-155-5p, which is under-expressed in prostate cancer (PCa), operates are yet to be elucidated. The role of the enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2)/miR-155-5p axis in PCa was determined by using bioinformatics tools and performing luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR, CCK-8 assays, cell migration and invasion assays, RNA isolation, reverse transcription quantity (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. miR-155-5p expression would be reduced and promoter methylation would increase in PCa. After 5-Aza-CdR treatment and the integration of the upstream promoter of miR-155-5p into a pGL3-basic/luciferase construct, fluorescence reporter analysis showed that promoter hypermethylation mediated the suppression of miR-155-5p in PCa. Furthermore, EZH2 attached to the miR-155-5p promoter and modulated its expression. EZH2 facilitated the suppression of miR-155-5p through enhanced H3K27me3 methylation, considerably affecting its expression. Through dual-luciferase assays, SMAD2 and TAB2 were confirmed as downstream targets of miR-155-5p, regulating the PCa cellular phenotype governed by miR-155-5p. Lastly, 5-Aza-CdR regulated miR-155-5p expression by modulating its promoter methylation and influenced the malignant behavior of PCa cells. EZH2 promotes H3K27me3 methylation, repressing miR-155-5p expression, which subsequently upregulates the downstream targets SMAD2 and TAB2 and promotes PCa cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion.

Linking microRNA to metabolic reprogramming and gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (Review)

Colorectal cancer (CRC), an emerging public health concern, is one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. An increasing body of evidence shows that dysfunction in metabolic reprogramming is a crucial characteristic of CRC progression. Specifically, metabolic reprogramming abnormalities in glucose, glutamine and lipid metabolism provide the tumour with energy and nutrients to support its rapid cell proliferation and survival. More recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of CRC, including regulatory roles in energy metabolism. In addition, it has been revealed that dysbiosis in CRC might play a key role in impairing the host metabolic reprogramming processes, and while the exact interactions remain unclear, the link may lie with miRNAs. Hence, the aims of the current review include first, to delineate the metabolic reprogramming abnormalities in CRC; second, to explain how miRNAs mediate the aberrant regulations of CRC metabolic pathways; third, linking miRNAs with metabolic abnormalities and dysbiosis in CRC and finally, to discuss the roles of miRNAs as potential biomarkers.

Hyperglycemia and microRNAs in prostate cancer

BACKGROUND

Hyperglycemia can promote the development of prostate cancer (PCa). Differential expression levels of miRNAs between PCa patients and controls were also reported. Therefore, we examined the relationship between hyperglycemia and miRNA levels in PCa.

METHODS

Relative expression of urinary miR-574-3p, miR-375, miR-205-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-187-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-100-5p were investigated in 105 PCa patients and 138 noncancer controls by Real-Time quantitative PCR. Fasting plasma glucose measurements were retrieved from clinical records. The differential miRNA expressions among groups were compared using non-parametric tests. Correlations with glucose and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were tested using Pearson correlation coefficient.

RESULTS

When we analyzed miRNA expression according to glycemic state, significant down-regulations were found for miR-200b-3p, miR-187-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-100-5p in noncancer controls with high glucose. The lowest down-regulations were observed for miR-187-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-100-5p. Subsequently, when hyperglycemia was considered in PCa, significant dysregulations of selected miRNAs were found in hyperglycemic PCa patients than in controls with high glucose. In particular, miR-375 and miR-182-5p showed a 3-FC in hyperglycemic PCa patients than controls who left hyperglycemia untreated. Conversely, only a down-regulation of miR-574-3p was observed in PCa patients regardless of glycemic status and only modest down-regulation of miR-574-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-187-3p and miR-182-5p were found in normoglycemic PCa patients. Next, significant correlations between miRNAs and glucose (miR-200b-3p, miR-100-5p) and PSA (miR-205-5p and miR-187-3p) were detected in controls. Similarly, miR-205-5p and miR-187-3p were correlated with glucose in PCa patients, while miR-574-3p and miR-375 showed inverse relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

miRNA dysregulations can occur in hyperglycemic PCa patients as compared to noncancer controls who left hyperglycemia untreated. Hyperglycemia can consistently promote the expression of miR-375 and miR-182-5p. Uncontrolled hyperglycemic state could contribute to the creation of a suitable microenvironment for later PCa development by promoting gene expression.

The microRNA landscape and regulatory network in Clonorchis sinensis-infected hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for tumor progression

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality globally, and its progression is associated with various factors, including parasitic infections such as Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis). Although C. sinensis infection has been implicated in HCC, the molecular mechanisms, particularly the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), remain poorly understood. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the miRNA expression profiles in C. sinensis+ and C. sinensis- HCC tissues.

METHOD

We performed miRNA sequencing on HCC tissues from C. sinensis+ and C. sinensis- patients, followed by bioinformatics analyses to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and their target genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted to explore relevant biological processes, while a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed to investigate the interactions among miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Additionally, we performed survival analysis using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) based on the The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) cohort and assessed the clinical relevance of DEMs. Key miRNAs identified from this analysis were further validated through quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays to confirm their expression in MHCC97H.

RESULTS

Our research identified significant miRNA dysregulation in C. sinensis+ HCC tumors compared with C. sinensis- HCC tumors. Notably, miR-143-3p, miR-10a-5p, and miR-100-5p were upregulated in C. sinensis+ HCC, contributing to immune responses and tumor progression, while let-7 family members and miR-221-3p were downregulated, affecting metabolic pathways. GO enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of developmental processes, immune system regulation, and metabolic reprogramming in C. sinensis+ HCC. The construction of a ceRNA network revealed key interactions between miRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs in C. sinensis+ HCC, suggesting regulatory mechanisms that could be potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, validation through qRT-PCR confirmed these findings, highlighting miRNA dysregulation as a critical factor in C. sinensis+ HCC progression.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides novel insights into the role of miRNAs in C. sinensis-infected HCC progression. The findings highlight the critical role of miRNA dysregulation in the progression of C. sinensis-associated HCC, emphasizing the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting these molecular alterations in affected patients.

Graphene Nanopore Fabrication and Applications

Graphene is a revolutionary material with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties and has garnered significant attention in the realm of nanopore technology. Devices incorporating graphene nanopores leverage the material's atomic thickness to enhance detection precision in solid-state nanopores. These nanopores exhibit high spatial resolution and ion selectivity, making them promising sensors for biomolecular detection. Additionally, their unique characteristics suggest their considerable potential for applications in material separation and osmotic power generation. In recent years, several literature reviews on graphene nanopores have been published; however, some have not fully addressed certain important aspects, such as the depth of theoretical analysis, the extent of coverage on technological advancements, and the exploration of potential applications. This paper reviews current fabrication methods, including "top-down" etching and "bottom-up" synthesis, highlighting their advantages and limitations. We also summarize diverse applications of graphene nanopores, such as in biomolecule detection and water desalination. Our findings emphasize the need for a deeper exploration of these aspects, advancing the field by showcasing the broader potential of graphene nanopores in addressing various technological challenges.

MiRNA-21 promotes the migration and proliferation of prostate cancer cells via activating the JAK/STAT pathway

This research explored the role of microRNA (miRNA)-21 in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, as well as its regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway in PCa cells. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to examine miRNA-21 expression in PCa cells. Cell viability and proliferation were detected by MTT and colony formation assays. Cell migration was measured by wound healing and transwell assays. The janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway-related protein expression was detected using western blot. The results indicated that miRNA-21 was significantly up-regulated in PCa cells, and inhibition of miRNA-21 suppressed the viability, proliferation and migration of PCa cells. Besides, inhibition of miRNA-21 lessened the levels of JAK/STAT pathway-related proteins in both PCa cells. Additionally, Ruxolitinib treatment (an inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway) could reverse the elevated cell viability and proliferation in miRNA-21 mimics-transfected PCa cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates that miRNA-21 promotes the migration and proliferation of PCa cells via activating the JAK /STAT pathway.

Ionizing Radiation May Induce Tumors Partly Through the Alteration or Regulation of Mismatch Repair Genes

Ionizing radiation is mutagenic and carcinogenic, and it is reported to induce primary and secondary tumors with intestinal tumors being one of the most commonly observed. However, the pathological and molecular mechanism(s) underlying the radiation-associated tumorigenesis remain unclear. A link between radiation and somatic tumorigenesis partly through genetic, epigenetic alteration and/or regulation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes has been hypothesized for the first time within this review. Clinical observations and experimental findings provide significant support for this association including MMR mutations as well as altered MMR RNA and protein expressions that occurred post-exposure, although existing evidence in published literature is sparse in this niche area. Some speculative mechanisms are suggested with this review to inform future research. Further studies are needed to understand the roles of the MMR system in response to radiation and to test this possible connection which could potentially provide useful and urgently needed information for clinical guidance.

Insights into the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms governing X-chromosome-linked-miRNAs expression in cancer; a step-toward ncRNA precision

Sex chromosomes play a significant role in establishing sex-specific differences in gene expression, thereby contributing to phenotypic diversity and susceptibility to various diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNAs encoded by both the X and Y chromosomes, exhibit sex-specific regulatory characteristics. Computational analysis has identified several X-linked miRNAs differentially expressed in sex-specific cancers. This review aims to elucidate the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that govern the sex-specific expression of X- and Y-linked miRNAs, with particular attention to their functional role in regulating diverse cellular processes in different cancer pathways. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the targeted therapeutic interventions and critical insights into the potential clinical implications of targeting sex-specific miRNAs. In conclusion, this review opens new horizons for further research to effectively translate these findings into viable treatment options.

Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors as tools for detecting the tumor biomarker miR-21

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNA transcripts with myriad physiologically important regulatory roles in the human body. These miRNAs have also recently emerged as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of particular cancers. Conventional miRNA detection strategies, however, are characterized by many limitations. As electrochemical biosensors offer advantages including low costs, high levels of sensitivity, and amenability to miniaturization, they hold great promise as an alternative approach to miRNA detection. Nanomaterials are commonly used in the context of electrochemical sensor production, and this review provides an overview of the use of various carbon nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, magnetic nanomaterials, and conductive polymer nanocomposites to modify electrochemical biosensors in order to facilitate the detection of miRNA-21. A range of materials and detection methods for particular cancer types are discussed herein highlighting the superior sensitivity and specificity of these analytical strategies., which allow for the stable and reproducible detection of miRNAs in clinical samples. Ultimately, this review demonstrates the promising clinical prospects of these modified electrochemical biosensors as tools for early cancer diagnosis and the prognostic evaluation of affected patients.

Exploring miR-21 Knock-Out Using CRISPR/Cas as a Treatment for Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its high incidence and poor prognosis demonstrate the need to investigate new therapies. The PI3K/AKT pathway is activated in carcinogenic processes such as invasion, proliferation, and drug resistance. MiR-21 is a microRNA overexpressed in numerous types of cancer and which activates PI3K/AKT pathway by down-regulating its main targets, PTEN and PDCD4. CRISPR is a revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows genes to be deleted. The aim of this study was to use CRISPR/Cas9 technology as an option to reduce carcinogenic and drug resistance processes by eliminating miR-21.

METHODS

CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knock out miR-21 (miR-21 KO) in A549 lung cancer cells and thus reverse the carcinogenic processes activated by miR-21 overexpression. Furthermore, the effect of miR-21 KO on drug resistance was studied, choosing the main chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of lung cancer: gemcitabine, carboplatin, paclitaxel, and oxaliplatin.

RESULTS

miR-21 KO A549 cells exhibited a reduction in proliferation, migration, and colony formation compared to A549 cells. In contrast, the expression of PTEN and PDCD4 increased in miR-21 KO A549 cells. Furthermore, miR-21 KO A549 cells showed a decrease in the IC50 of the drugs used for the treatment of lung cancer: gemcitabine, carboplatin, paclitaxel, and oxaliplatin.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on these results, miR-21 knock-out using CRISPR/Cas could be a promising strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.

MicroRNA-21 as a Regulator of Cancer Stem Cell Properties in Oral Cancer

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis, mainly due to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subpopulation of cells that contribute to therapy resistance and tumor progression. The principal objective of this study was to investigate the role of miRNA-21 in the maintenance of cancer cell stemness and the possibility of altering it. The CD44 antigen was used as a marker for CSC isolation from oral cancer cell cultures. CD44+ and CD44- populations were sorted via magnetic separation. miRNA-21 inhibition was performed in CD44+ cells via transfection. CD44+ cells possessed a significantly higher migration and invasion potential compared to CD44- cells, higher levels of miRNA-21 (p = 0.004) and β-catenin (p = 0.005), and lower levels of BAX (p = 0.015). miRNA-21 inhibition in CD44+ cells reduced migration, invasion, and colony formation while increasing apoptosis. Stemness markers were significantly downregulated following miRNA-21 inhibition: OCT4 (p = 0.013), SOX2 (p = 0.008), and NANOG (p = 0.0001), as well as β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) (p < 0.05), an important member of WNT signaling pathway. Apoptotic activity was enhanced, with a significant downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 (p = 0.008) gene. In conclusion, miRNA-21 plays a critical role in the regulation of oral cancer CD44+ cells properties. Targeting and inhibiting miRNA-21 in CD44+ cells could represent a promising novel strategy in OSCC treatment.

Role of miR-181 Family Members in Stroke: Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Stroke is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, making early diagnosis and effective treatment crucial for reducing its impact. In response to the limited efficacy of current treatments, alternative therapeutic strategies, such as novel biomarkers and therapies, are emerging to address this critical unmet medical need. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Due to their dysregulation, they have been implicated in the onset and progression of various diseases. Recent research highlighted the important role of miR-181 family members in the context of stroke. Polymorphisms such as rs322931 in miR-181b are associated with increased stroke risk. miR-181 family members are aberrantly expressed and related to various aspects of stroke pathology, affecting inflammatory responses or neuronal survival. We provide a comprehensive overview of how alterations in miR-181 expression influence stroke mechanisms and their potential as therapeutic targets.

MicroRNAs Expression Profile in MN1-Altered Astroblastoma

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Astroblastoma is a rare glial neoplasm more frequent in young female patients, with unclear clinical behaviors and outcomes. The diagnostic molecular alteration is a rearrangement of the Meningioma 1 (MN1) gene. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important gene expression regulators with strong implications in biological processes. Here, we investigated microRNA expression, regulation, and biological processes correlated to target genes of deregulated miRNAs in MN1-altered astroblastoma.

METHODS

A cohort of 14 tumor samples, histologically classified as astroblastoma, was retrospectively collected and analyzed through their DNA methylation profiles. MiRNA expression profiles were then detected on MN1-altered astroblastomas (n = 8) and normal brain controls (n = 2) by Nanostring technology and validated by RT-qPCR; then, the expression of deregulated miRNAs was correlated with clinical-pathological characteristics. Subsequently, the methylation status of promoters of deregulated miRNAs was investigated through a methylation profiling microarray. Finally, bioinformatics analysis was conducted to explore the biological processes (BPs) and target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs.

RESULTS

Eight MN-altered astroblastoma were identified. Thirty-nine miRNAs were deregulated in tumor samples compared to normal brain tissue. Downregulated microRNAs exhibited an association with an increased risk of recurrence. The promoter methylation status was investigated in 32/39 miRNAs: 14/32 were epigenetically deregulated. None of them were genetically regulated.

CONCLUSIONS

MN1-altered astroblastomas have an miRNA expression signature that identifies specific BPs and pathways. Our findings suggested that the involved pathways could be associated with clinical and pathological characteristics of MN1-altered astroblastomas. Also, the biology of this rare tumor could have potential implications on prognostic markers and therapy.

Adaptive Significance of Non-coding RNAs: Insights from Cancer Biology

The molecular basis of adaptive evolution and cancer progression are both complex processes that share many striking similarities. The potential adaptive significance of environmentally-induced epigenetic changes is currently an area of great interest in both evolutionary and cancer biology. In the field of cancer biology intense effort has been focused on the contribution of stress-induced non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the activation of epigenetic changes associated with elevated mutation rates and the acquisition of environmentally adaptive traits. Examples of this process are presented and combined with more recent findings demonstrating that stress-induced ncRNAs are transferable from somatic to germline cells leading to cross-generational inheritance of acquired adaptive traits. The fact that ncRNAs have been implicated in the transient adaptive response of various plants and animals to environmental stress is consistent with findings in cancer biology. Based on these collective observations, a general model as well as specific and testable hypotheses are proposed on how transient ncRNA-mediated adaptive responses may facilitate the transition to long-term biological adaptation in both cancer and evolution.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Accuracy of MiRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a significant contributor to global cancer mortality, with limited effective diagnostic and prognostic tools. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising biomarkers for PC diagnosis and prognosis. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies reporting sensitivity, specificity or area under the curve (AUC) for miRNAs in PC diagnosis, as well as hazard ratios (HRs) for survival evaluations, were included. Data extraction and quality assessment followed PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses were conducted using appropriate statistical methods. The protocol is registered in PROSPERO. Diagnostic analysis included 290 evaluations, revealing an overall AUC of 0.8226 for PC diagnosis. Subgroup analyses showed varying accuracies, with blood and tissue specimens yielding higher AUC values. Promising miRNAs with AUC values above 0.8 included miR-320, miR-1290, miR-93, miR-25, miR-451, miR-20, miR-21, miR-223 and miR-122. Prognostic analysis encompassed 46 studies, indicating significant associations between miRNA expression and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The combined HR for studies reporting OS HRs higher than one was 1.7613 (95% CI: 1.5394-2.0152, p < 0.0001; I2 = 81.7%). Notable miRNAs with prognostic significance included miR-10, miR-21 and miR-221. Studies reporting OS HRs less than one had a pooled HR of 0.6805 (95% CI: 0.5862-0.7901, p < 0.0001; I2 = 65.4%). MiRNAs hold promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PC. Blood and tissue specimens offer superior diagnostic accuracy, and several miRNAs show potential for predicting patient outcomes.

Significance of Biogenetic Markers in Giant Cell Tumor Differentiation and Prognosis: A Narrative Review

Background: Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive tumor. It accounts for only 5% of all bony tumors. Early diagnosis, and follow-up for recurrence is often difficult due to a lack of biogenetic markers. Giant cells are multinucleated epithelioid cells derived from macrophages. Histologically, giant cells are also present in other pathologies of bone, e.g., aneurysmal bone cyst, chondroblastoma, giant cell granuloma, and malignant giant cell tumor, etc. Similarly, radiographic findings overlap with other osteolytic lesions, making the diagnosis and prognosis of giant cell tumor very challenging. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore biological and genetic markers which can be used for detection, differentiation, recurrence, and prognosis of GCTB. This will help to better understand the clinical outcome of GCTB and minimize the need for interventions. Methods: We conducted a literature search using Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley Library, Medline, Clinical trials.org, and Web of Science. Our search strategy included MeSH terms and key words for giant cell tumor and biogenetic markers from date of inception to September 2020. After excluding review articles, 246 duplicates, and non-relevant articles, we included 24 articles out of 1568 articles, summarizing the role of biogenetic markers in the prognosis of GCT. Results: P63 is 98.6% sensitive and relatively specific for GCT as compared to other multinucleated giant cells containing neoplasms. MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog), IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), and RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) are associated with GCTB recurrence, and might serve as biomarkers for it. Increased expression of the proteins STAT5B, GRB2, and OXSR1 was related to a higher probability of metastasis. H3F3A and H3F3B mutation analysis appears to be a highly specific, although less sensitive, diagnostic tool for the distinction of giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and chondroblastoma from other giant cell-containing tumors. A neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) > 2.70, platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) > 215.80, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) ≤ 2.80, and albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) < 1.50 were significantly associated with decreased disease-free survival (DFS) (p < 0.05). Large amounts of osteoclast-related mRNA (cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and matrix metalloproteinase9) in GCTs (p < 0.05) are associated with the grade of bone resorption. We propose that subarticular primary malignant bone sarcomas with H3.3 mutations represent true malignant GCTB, even in the absence of a benign GCTB component. IMP3 and IGF2 might be potential biomarkers for GCT of the spine in regulating the angiogenesis of giant cell tumor of bone and predicting patients' prognosis. Conclusions: This review study shows serological markers, genetic factors, cell membrane receptor markers, predictive markers for malignancy, and prognostic protein markers which are highly sensitive for GCT and relatively specific for giant cell tumor. MDM2, IGF1, STAT1, RAC1 are important makers in determining recurrence, while P63 and H3F3A differentiate GCT from other giant cell-containing tumors. STAT5B, GRB2, and OXSR1 are significant in determining the prognosis of GCT. Apart from using radiological and histological parameters, we can add them to tumor work-up for definitive diagnosis and prognosis.

microRNA-875-5p-conjugated gold nanoparticles suppress breast cancer progression through the MTDH/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

A lack of effective delivery methods has hampered the study of therapeutics targeting miR-875-5p for breast cancer (BC).

METHODS

The miR-875-5p mimic was conjugated to AuNPs to produce AuNP-miR-875-5p. Then, the effect of AuNP-miR-875-5p on the proliferative, migratory, invasive activities, and apoptosis of BC cells was detected, as well as on tumor growth in animals. The involvement of the MTDH/PTEN/AKT pathway in miR-875-5p-mediated BC progression was identified.

RESULTS

AuNP-miR-875-5p was delivered to BC cells and hampered cell malignancy. MTDH was targeted by miR-875-5p. MTDH expression was negatively correlated with miR-875-5p expression in BC tissues. The anti-tumor effect of AuNP-miR-875-5p in BC cells was counteracted by MTDH overexpression. AuNP-miR-875-5p enhanced PTEN protein expression, thereby inhibiting AKT activation by targeting MTDH. AuNP-miR-875-5p blocked MCF-7 tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

AuNPs can deliver miR-875-5p to BC cells, and AuNP-miR-875-5p has clinical potential for treating unresectable BC.

Unlocking the epigenetic code: new insights into triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and clinically challenging subtype of breast cancer, lacking the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu. The absence of these receptors limits therapeutic options necessitating the exploration of novel treatment strategies. Epigenetic modifications, which include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation, play a pivotal role in TNBC pathogenesis and represent promising therapeutic targets. This review delves into the therapeutic potential of epigenetic interventions in TNBC, with a focus on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA therapeutics. We examine the role of DNA methylation in gene silencing within TNBC and the development of DNA methylation inhibitors designed to reactivate silenced tumor suppressor genes. Histone modifications, through histone deacetylation and acetylation in particular, are critical in regulating gene expression. We explore the efficacy of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), which have shown promise in reversing aberrant histone deacetylation patterns, thereby restoring normal gene function, and suppressing tumor growth. Furthermore, the review highlights the dual role of miRNAs in TNBC as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors and discusses the therapeutic potential of miRNA mimics and inhibitors in modulating these regulatory molecules to inhibit cancer progression. By integrating these epigenetic therapies, we propose a multifaceted approach to target the underlying epigenetic mechanisms that drive TNBC progression. The synergistic use of DNA methylation inhibitors, HDACi, and the miRNA-based therapies offers a promising avenue for personalized treatment strategies, aiming to enhance the clinical outcome for patients with TNBC.

Interplay between JAK/STAT pathway and non-coding RNAs in different cancers

Progress in the identification of core multi-protein modules within JAK/STAT pathway has enabled researchers to develop a better understanding of the linchpin role of deregulated signaling cascade in carcinogenesis and metastasis. More excitingly, complex interplay between JAK/STAT pathway and non-coding RNAs has been shown to reprogramme the outcome of signaling cascade and modulate immunological responses within tumor microenvironment. Wealth of information has comprehensively illustrated that most of this complexity regulates the re-shaping of the immunological responses. Increasingly sophisticated mechanistic insights have illuminated fundamental role of STAT-signaling in polarization of macrophages to M2 phenotype that promotes disease aggressiveness. Overall, JAK/STAT signaling drives different stages of cancer ranging from cancer metastasis to the reshaping of the tumor microenvironment. JAK/STAT signaling has also been found to play role in the regulation of infiltration and activity of natural killer cells and CD4/CD8 cells by PD-L1/PD-1 signaling. In this review, we have attempted to set spotlight on regulation of JAK/STAT pathway by microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs in primary tumors and metastasizing tumors. Therefore, existing knowledge gaps need to be addressed to propel this fledgling field of research to the forefront and bring lncRNAs and circRNAs to the frontline of clinical practice. Leveraging the growing momentum will enable interdisciplinary researchers to gain transition from segmented view to a fairly detailed conceptual continuum.

The effects of fumonisin B1 on intercellular communications and miRNA modulations: Non-genotoxic carcinogenesis mechanisms in human kidney cells

Fumonisin B1 (FB1), which is produced by Fusarium species, is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins known to exert several toxic effects, particularly nephrotoxicity. While its genotoxic carcinogenic mechanisms have been extensively studied, its influence on non-genotoxic pathways including intercellular communication and microRNA (miRNA) regulation remain underexplored. The present study investigates the effects of FB1 on gap junctions, miRNA expression profiles, and their relationship in human kidney cells (HK-2 and HEK293). Both cell lines showed increased apoptosis rates at 50 and 100 µM, while FB1 exposure significantly reduced gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and decreased the expression levels of related genes, including Cx43, Cx45, e-cadherin, Cadherin-2, and β-catenin. After FB1 treatments alteration on the regulation of miRNAs including let-7a-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-222-3p, miR-92a-3p, let-7b-5p, let-7e-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-155-5p, let-7i-5p, let-7d-5p, let-7f-5p, miR-181b-5p, miR-15b-5p, miR-23b-3p, miR-20b-5p, miR-196a-5p miRNAs have been shown. Let-7a-5p was selected among the altered miRNAs to elucidate the relationship between miRNAs and GJIC after FB1 exposure as it is one of the common miRNAs that changes in both cell lines and one of its target genes is Cx45, which is an important gene for GJIC. However, transfection analysis did not show any differences, resulting in Cx45 not being a direct target of let-7a-5p in HK-2 and HEK-293 cells. Through comprehensive analysis, we elucidated that FB1's impact on intercellular signaling cascades and its regulatory role on miRNA expression profiles, offering valuable insights into carcinogenesis beyond traditional genotoxic paradigms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of FB1-induced toxicity.

MicroRNA Nobel Prize: Timely Recognition and High Anticipation of Future Products-A Prospective Analysis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) maintain cellular homeostasis by blocking mRNAs by binding with them to fine-tune the expression of genes across numerous biological pathways. The 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for discovering miRNAs was long overdue. We anticipate a deluge of research work involving miRNAs to repeat the history of prizes awarded for research on other RNAs. Although miRNA therapies are included for several complex diseases, the realization that miRNAs regulate genes and their roles in addressing therapies for hundreds of diseases are expected; but with advancement in drug discovery tools, we anticipate even faster entry of new drugs. To promote this, we provide details of the current science, logic, intellectual property, formulations, and regulatory process with anticipation that many more researchers will introduce novel therapies based on the discussion and advice provided in this paper.

miR-205 Regulates Tamoxifen Resistance by Targeting Estrogen Receptor Coactivator MED1 in Human Breast Cancer

Background/Objectives: Estrogen receptor-α coactivator MED1 is overexpressed in 40-60% of human breast cancers, and its high expression correlates with poor disease-free survival of patients undergoing anti-estrogen therapy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MED1 upregulation and activation in breast cancer treatment resistance remains elusive. Methods: miRNA and mRNA expression analysis was performed using the NCBI GEO database. MED1 targeting and its impact on therapy resistance was evaluated in control and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines by miR-205 overexpression and inhibition. Immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays were used to understand the molecular mechanism of MED1-mediated tamoxifen resistance. Mice xenograft models were used to validate treatment efficacy and molecular mechanisms in vivo. Results: miR-205 was found to directly target and suppress the expression of MED1 through bioinformatic analyses and experimental validations. An inverse correlation of miR-205 and MED1 was observed in breast cancer patients with high MED1/low miR-205, indicative of poor prognosis in long-term anti-estrogen treatment. Furthermore, the depletion of miR-205 was observed in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells overexpressing MED1. The restoration of miR-205 expression attenuated MED1 expression and re-sensitized cells to tamoxifen both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, miR205 was also found to target another key regulatory gene, HER3, which drives PI3K/Akt signaling and MED1 activation by phosphorylation. Importantly, we found ER target gene transcription and promoter cofactor recruitment by tamoxifen can be reversed by induced miR205 expression. Conclusions: Altogether, miR-205 functions as a negative regulator of MED1 and HER3, affecting the regulation of the HER3-PI3K/Akt-MED1 axis in anti-estrogen resistance, and could serve as a potential therapeutic regime to overcome treatment resistance.

A new perspective on diagnostic strategies concerning the potential of saliva-based miRNA signatures in oral cancer

Oral cancer, the most prevalent cancer worldwide, is far more likely to occur after the age of forty-five, according to the World Health Organization. Although many biomarkers have been discovered over the years using non-invasive saliva samples, biopsies, and human blood, these biomarkers have not been incorporated into standard clinical practice. Investigating the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the diagnosis, aetiology, prognosis, and treatment of oral cancer has drawn more attention in recent years. Though salivary microRNA can act as a window into the molecular environment of the tumour, there are challenges due to the heterogeneity of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), diversity in sample collection, processing techniques, and storage conditions. The up and downregulation of miRNAs has been found to have a profound role in OSCC as it regulates tumour stages by targeting many genes. As a result, the regulatory functions of miRNAs in OSCC underscore their significance in the field of cancer biology. Salivary miRNAs are useful diagnostic and prognostic indicators because their abnormal expression profiles shed light on tumour behaviour and patient prognosis. In addition to their diagnostic and prognostic value, miRNAs hold promise as therapeutic targets for oral cancer intervention. The current review sheds light on the challenges and potentials of microRNA studies that could lead to a better understanding of oral cancer prognosis, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, the clinical translation of OSCC biomarkers requires cooperation between investigators, physicians, regulatory bodies, and business partners. There is much potential for improving early identification, tracking therapy response, and forecasting outcomes in OSCC patients by including saliva-based miRNAs as biomarkers.

MicroRNA-mediated autophagy and drug resistance in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

This paper provides an exhaustive overview of the intricate interplay between microRNAs (miRNAs) and autophagy in the context of human cancers, underscoring the pivotal role these non-coding RNAs play in modulating autophagic pathways and their implications for cancer development, progression, and resistance to therapy. MiRNAs, as critical regulators of gene expression post-transcription, influence various biological processes, including autophagy, a catabolic mechanism essential for cellular homeostasis, stress response, and survival. The review meticulously delineates the mechanisms through which miRNAs impact autophagy by targeting specific genes and signaling pathways, thereby affecting cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and response to chemotherapy. It highlights several miRNAs with dual roles, acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors based on the cellular context and the specific autophagic pathways they regulate. The paper further explores the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNA-autophagy axis, offering insights into novel strategies for cancer treatment through modulation of this axis. Emphasizing the complexity of the miRNA-autophagy relationship, the review calls for more in-depth studies to unravel the nuanced regulatory networks between miRNAs and autophagy in cancer, which could pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions and diagnostic tools.

Modulating gene expression as a strategy to investigate thyroid cancer biology

Modulating the expression of a coding or noncoding gene is a key tool in scientific research. This strategy has evolved methodologically due to advances in cloning approaches, modeling/algorithms in short hairpin RNA (shRNA) design for knockdown efficiency, and biochemical modifications in RNA synthesis, among other developments. Overall, these modifications have improved the ways to either reduce or induce the expression of a given gene with efficiency and facility for implementation in the lab. Allied with that, the existence of various human cell line models for cancer covering different histotypes and biological behaviors, especially for thyroid cancer, has helped improve the understanding of cancer biology. In this review, we cover the most frequently used current techniques for gene modulation in the thyroid cancer field, such as RNA interference (RNAi), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 for inhibiting a target gene, and strategies to overexpress a gene, such as plasmid cloning and CRISPRa. Exploring the possibilities for gene modulation allows the improvement of the scientific quality of the studies and the integration of clinicians and basic scientists, leading to better development of translational research.

MicroRNA in prostate cancer: from biogenesis to applicative potential

Prostate cancer is the most common solid malignant tumor in men, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. While current screening tools, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination, are available for early detection of prostate cancer, their sensitivity and specificity are limited. Tissue puncture biopsy, although capable of offering a definitive diagnosis, has poor positive predictive rates and burdens the patient more. Therefore, more reliable molecular diagnostic tools for prostate cancer urgently need to be developed. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted much attention in prostate cancer research. miRNAs are extensively engaged in biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion by modulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. Dysregulation of miRNA expression in cancer is considered a critical factor in tumorigenesis and progression. This review first briefly introduces the biogenesis of miRNAs and their functions in cancer, then focuses on tumor-promoting miRNAs and tumor-suppressor miRNAs in prostate cancer. Finally, the potential application of miRNAs as multifunctional tools for cancer diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and therapy is discussed in detail. The concluding section summarizes the major points of the review and the challenges ahead.

The ncRNA-AURKA Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Insights into Oncogenic Pathways, Therapeutic Opportunities, and Future Challenges

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major public health concern and ranks among the leading cancer-related mortalities globally. Due to the frequent late-stage diagnosis of HCC, therapeutic options remain limited. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the regulation of Aurora kinase A (AURKA), one of the key hub genes involved in several key cancer pathways. Indeed, the dysregulated interaction between ncRNAs and AURKA contributes to tumor development, progression, and therapeutic resistance. This review delves into the interplay between ncRNAs and AURKA and their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Recent findings underscore the involvement of the ncRNAs and AURKA axis in tumor development and progression. Furthermore, this review also discusses the clinical significance of targeting ncRNA-AURKA axes, offering new perspectives that could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at improving outcomes for HCC patients.

Identification and Experimental Validation of Prognostic miRNA Signature and Ferroptosis-Related Key Genes in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of miRNAs and ferroptosis-related genes in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

METHODS

We mined data from public databases for differentially expressed miRNAs, ferroptosis-related genes, and clinical parameters and constructed a prognostic risk model. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using survival and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. We combined the clinicopathological features to construct a nomogram and evaluated its efficacy using calibration and clinical decision curves. The correlation between miRNA characteristics, risk score, and the tumor microenvironment was also studied. Next, consensus and key genes were screened, and their biological functions were analyzed using KEGG, GO, GSEA, and drug sensitivity analysis. Finally, the expression of miRNAs and key genes was detected using qRT-PCR and western blotting to verify the prediction results.

RESULTS

Seven miRNA signatures (miR-100-3p, miR-301a-5p, miR-331-3p, miR-425-5p, miR-502-3p, miR-505-5p, and miR-629-3p) were generated, and prognostic risk and nomogram models were successfully constructed. These models exhibited good accuracy. miRNA signatures correlated with the tumor microenvironment. Twelve consensus genes and three key genes (SLC2A1, ANO6, and TXNIP) were screened and their biofunctional diversity was identified using various analytical methods. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to verify the expression of miR-301a-5p, miR-505-5p, SLC2A1, and TXNIP in cervical squamous carcinoma. The results were consistent with those of bioinformatics analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

Seven miRNAs may serve as prognostic biomarkers of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. SLC2A1, ANO6, and TXNIP are associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and may serve as ferroptosis-related markers of the disease.

Autophagy-related miRNAs, exosomal miRNAs, and circRNAs in tumor progression and drug-and radiation resistance in colorectal cancer

Targeted therapies are often more tolerable than traditional cytotoxic ones. Nurses play a critical role in providing patients and caregivers with information about the disease, available therapies, and the kind, severity, and identification of any potential adverse events. By doing this, it may be possible to ensure that any adverse effects are managed quickly, maximizing the therapeutic benefit. In colorectal cancer (CRC), autophagy-related activities are significantly influenced by miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs. CRC development and treatment resistance have been associated with the cellular process of autophagy. miRNAs, which are short non-coding RNA molecules, have the ability to control the expression of genes by binding to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs and either preventing or suppressing translation. It has been discovered that several miRNAs are significant regulators of CRC autophagy. By preventing autophagy, these miRNAs enhance the survival and growth of cancer cells. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that are released by cells and include miRNAs among other bioactive compounds. Exosomes have the ability to modify recipient cells' biological processes by delivering their cargo, which includes miRNAs. It has been demonstrated that exosomal miRNAs control autophagy in CRC in both autocrine and paracrine ways. We will discuss the potential roles of miRNAs, exosomal miRNAs, and circRNAs in CRC autophagy processes and how nursing care can reduce unfavorable outcomes.

Biomarkers in high grade serous ovarian cancer

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) is the most common subtype of ovarian cancer. HGSC patients typically present with advanced disease, which is often resistant to chemotherapy and recurs despite initial responses to therapy, resulting in the poor prognosis associated with this disease. There is a need to utilise biomarkers to manage the various aspects of HGSC patient care. In this review we discuss the current state of biomarkers in HGSC, focusing on the various available immunohistochemical (IHC) and blood-based biomarkers, which have been examined for their diagnostic, prognostic and theranostic potential in HGSC. These include various routine clinical IHC biomarkers such as p53, WT1, keratins, PAX8, Ki67 and p16 and clinical blood-borne markers and algorithms such as CA125, HE4, ROMA, RMI, ROCA, and others. We also discuss various components of the liquid biopsy as well as a number of novel IHC biomarkers and non-routine blood-borne biomarkers, which have been examined in various ovarian cancer studies. We also discuss the future of ovarian cancer biomarker research and highlight some of the challenges currently facing the field.

Dual role of microRNA-31 in human cancers; focusing on cancer pathogenesis and signaling pathways

Widespread changes in the expression of microRNAs in cancer result in abnormal gene expression for the miRNAs that control those genes, which in turn causes changes to entire molecular networks and pathways. The frequently altered miR-31, which is found in a wide range of cancers, is one cancer-related miRNA that is particularly intriguing. MiR-31 has a very complicated set of biological functions, and depending on the type of tumor, it may act both as a tumor suppressor and an oncogene. The endogenous expression levels of miR-31 appear to be a key determinant of the phenotype brought on by aberrant expression. Varied expression levels of miR-31 could affect cell growth, metastasis, drug resistance, and other process by several mechanisms like targeting BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1), large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A). This review highlights the current understanding of the genes that miR-31 targets while summarizing the complex expression patterns of miR-31 in human cancers and the diverse phenotypes brought on by altered miR-31 expression.

Advancements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prevalent primitive intraocular malignancy in children, particularly in those younger than age 3 years. RB is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. In developing countries, mortality rates for this type of cancer are still high, whereas industrialized countries have achieved a survival rate of >95%-98%. Untreated, the condition can be fatal, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis. The existing treatments primarily consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The detrimental effects of radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs have been documented as factors that contribute to increased mortality rates and negatively affect the quality of life for patients. MicroRNA (miRNA), a type of noncoding RNA, exerts a substantial influence on RB development and the emergence of treatment resistance by regulating diverse cellular processes. This review highlights recent developments in the involvement of miRNAs in RB. This encompasses the clinical significance of miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of RB. Additionally, this paper examines the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB and explores potential therapeutic interventions. This paper provides an overview of the current and emerging treatment options for RB, focusing on recent studies investigating the application of different types of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

The emerging role of miRNAs in pituitary adenomas: From molecular signatures to diagnostic potential

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are an array of tumors originating from the pituitary gland. PAs are sorted as functional or nonfunctional according to their hormonal activity and classified according to size into microadenomas and macroadenomas. Still, the cellular events that trigger the transformations in pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, and the current classification methods do not precisely predict clinical behavior. A rising number of researches have emphasized the role of miRNAs, that drawn more attention as oncogenic molecules or tumor suppressors. The etiopathological mechanisms of PAs include multiple molecular cascades that are influenced by different miRNAs. miRNAs control the cell cycle control, pro- or antiapoptotic processes, and tumor invasion and metastasis. miRNAs offer a novel perspective on tumor features and behaviors and might be valuable in prognostication and therapeutic plans. In pituitary adenomas, miRNAs showed a specific expression pattern depending on their size, cell origin, remission, and treatments. Screening miRNA expression patterns is promising to monitor and evaluate recurrence, as well as to investigate the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy for PAs exhibiting aggressive behavior. Thus, the current review investigated the interplay of the miRNAs' pivotal role in offering new opportunities to translate these innovative epigenetic tools into healthcare applications.

The role of MicroRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of oral premalignant disorders

Oral premalignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of potentially malignant conditions that pose a significant health burden globally. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, have emerged as crucial regulators of gene expression and have been implicated in various biological processes, including carcinogenesis. This review synthesizes existing knowledge to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying OPMDs and to highlight the potential of miRNAs as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Additionally, this review seeks to explore the potential of miRNA-based diagnostic biomarkers for early detection of OPMDs in the current literature on miRNAs in OPMDs, examining their involvement in disease pathogenesis, diagnostic potential, and therapeutic implications. Dysregulated miRNAs can target genes involved in critical cellular processes, such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair, leading to disease progression. Notably, miR-21, miR-31, miR-135b, and miR-486-5p have shown promise as potential biomarkers for early detection of oral premalignant lesions. Furthermore, the paper discusses the therapeutic implications of miRNAs in OPMDs. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of miRNA-targeted therapies, such as miRNA mimics and inhibitors, in suppressing the growth of oral premalignant lesions. Early-phase clinical trials have shown promising results, indicating the potential for personalized treatment approaches. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders and provide insights for the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, they pose certain limitations given their intrinsic variability in expression profiles, the need for optimized isolation and detection methods, and potential hurdles in transitioning from preclinical success to clinical applications. Thus, future clinical studies are warranted to fully exploit the potential of miRNAs in the management of OPMDs.

MicroRNA-522-3p promotes brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting Tensin 1 and modulating blood-brain barrier permeability

Brain metastases account for more than 50 % of intracranial central nervous system tumors. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is mainly composed of endothelial cells, which exhibit low endocytosis and high efflux pumps. Although they are connected by continuous tight junctions and serve as a protective insulation, the BBB does not prevent the development of brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Improving understanding on the mechanisms underlying the development of brain metastasis and the differential molecular characteristics relative to the primary tumor are therefore key in the treatment of brain metastases. This study evaluated the differential expression of miR-522-3p in NSCLC and brain metastases using the Gene Expression Omnibus database. NSCLC brain metastasis model was constructed to screen for cell lines that demonstrated high potential for brain metastasis; We also observed differential expression of miRNA-522-3p in the paraffin-embedded specimens of non-small cell lung cancer and brain metastases from our hospital. The molecular biological functions of miRNA-522-3p were verified using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) proliferation assay and Transwell invasion assays. RNA-seq was employed to identify downstream target proteins, and the dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed Tensin 1 (TNS1), a protein that links the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, as the downstream regulatory target protein. In vitro blood-brain barrier models and co-culture models were constructed to further identify the role of miRNA-522-3p and TNS1; the expression of BBB-related proteins (ZO-1 and OLCN) was also identified. In vivo experiments were performed to verify the effects of miRNA-522-3p on the time and incidence of NSCLC brain metastasis. The results showed significantly high expression in GSE51666; consistent results were obtained in brain metastasis cells and paraffin samples. RNA-seq combined with miRNA target protein prediction demonstrated TNS1 to be directly downstream of miR-522-3p and to be associated with cell proliferation and invasion. By regulating ZO-1 and OCLN expression, mi-522-3p/TNS1 may increase tumor cell penetration through the BBB while decreasing its permeability. In vivo, miR-522-3p was further demonstrated to significantly promote the formation of brain metastases. miR-522-3p/TNS1 can affect BBB permeability and encourage the growth of brain metastases by modifying the BBB TJ proteins. This axis offers new therapeutic targets for the prevention of brain metastasis.

Small molecules targeting microRNAs: new opportunities and challenges in precision cancer therapy

Noncoding RNAs, especially miRNAs, play a pivotal role in cancer initiation and metastasis, underscoring their susceptibility to precise modulation via small molecule inhibitors. This review examines the innovative strategy of targeting oncogenic miRNAs with small drug-like molecules, an approach that can reshape the cancer treatment landscape. We review the current understanding of the multifaceted roles of miRNAs in oncogenesis, highlighting emerging therapeutic paradigms that have the potential to expand cancer treatment options. As research on small molecule inhibitors of miRNA is still in its early stages, ongoing investigative efforts and the development of new technologies and chemical matter are essential to fulfill the significant potential of this innovative approach to cancer treatment.

Genetic Biomarkers in Astrocytoma: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Potential

Astrocytoma is the most common adult brain tumor, with glioblastoma being the deadliest neuro-related malignancy. Despite advances in oncology, the prognosis for astrocytoma, especially glioblastoma, remains poor, and tracking disease progression is challenging due to a lack of robust biomarkers. Genetic biomarkers, including microRNAs, cell-free DNA, circulating tumor DNA, circular RNA, and long noncoding RNA, can serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In this review, we examine the existing literature, analyzing the various less established liquid and tumor genetic biomarkers and their potential to act as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets. We highlight the clinical challenges and limitations in implementing liquid biopsy strategies in clinical practice. The article discusses the potential of liquid biopsies as valuable tools for personalized astrocytoma management while emphasizing the need for standardized protocols and further advancements to establish their clinical utility and therapeutic application.

miRNA heterologous production in bacteria: A systematic review focusing on the choice of plasmid features and bacterial/prokaryotic microfactory

Bacteria, the primary microorganisms used for industrial molecule production, do not naturally generate miRNAs. This study aims to systematically review current literature on miRNA expression systems in bacteria and address three key questions: (1) Which microorganism is most efficient for heterologous miRNA production? (2) What essential elements should be included in a plasmid construction to optimize miRNA expression? (3) Which commercial plasmid is most used for miRNA expression? Initially, 832 studies were identified across three databases, with fifteen included in this review. Three species-Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Rhodovulum sulfidophilum-were found as host organisms for recombinant miRNA expression. A total of 78 miRNAs were identified, out of which 75 were produced in E. coli, one in R. sulfidophilum (miR-29b), and two in S. typhimurium (mi-INHA and miRNA CCL22). Among gram-negative bacteria, R. sulfidophilum emerged as an efficient platform for heterologous production, thanks to features like nucleic acid secretion, RNase non-secretion, and seawater cultivation capability. However, E. coli remains the widely recognized model for large-scale miRNA production in biotechnology market. Regarding plasmids for miRNA expression in bacteria, those with an lpp promoter and multiple cloning sites appear to be the most suitable due to their robust expression cassette. The reengineering of recombinant constructs holds potential, as improvements in construct characteristics maximize the expression of desired molecules. The utilization of recombinant bacteria as platforms for producing new molecules is a widely used approach, with a focus on miRNAs expression for therapeutic contexts.

Identifying the roles of miR-17 in ciliogenesis and cell cycle

Emerging evidence suggests a significant contribution of primary cilia to cell division and proliferation. MicroRNAs, especially miR-17, contribute to cell cycle regulation and proliferation. Recent investigations have highlighted the dysregulated expression of miR-17 in various malignancies, underlining its potential role in cancer. However, the correlation between primary cilia and miR-17 has yet to be fully elucidated. The present study examines the presence of miR-17 in primary cilia. The miR-17 expression is studied in selected ciliary protein knockdown cells. Using in situ hybridization (ISH), we identified the subcellular localization of miR-17 in both cilium and cell body. We confirmed the importance of miR-17, progesterone receptor membrane component-2 (PGRMC2), and monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3S) in cilia formation, as shown by the significant reduction in cilia and cilia length in knockdown cells compared to control. We also demonstrated the involvement of PGRMC2, GM3S, polycystin-2 (PKD2), and miR-17 in cellular proliferation and cell growth. Our studies revealed a hyperproliferative effect in the knockdown cells compared to control cells, suggesting the regulatory roles of PGRMC2/GM3S/PKD2/miR-17 in promoting cell proliferation. Overall, our studies conclude that ciliary proteins are involved in cell division and proliferation. We further hypothesize that primary cilia can serve as compartments to store and control genetic materials, further implicating their complex involvement in cellular processes.

The mRNA and microRNA Landscape of the Blastema Niche in Regenerating Newt Limbs

Newts are excellent vertebrate models for investigating tissue regeneration due to their remarkable regenerative capabilities. To investigate the mRNA and microRNAs (miRNAs) profiles within the blastema niche of regenerating newt limbs, we amputated the limbs of Chinese fire belly newts (Cynops orientalis) and conducted comprehensive analyses of the transcriptome and microRNA profiles at five distinct time points post-amputation (0 hours, 1 day, 5 days 10 days and 20 days). We identified 24 significantly differentially expressed (DE) genes and 20 significantly DE miRNAs. Utilizing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, we identified four genes likely to playing crucial roles in the early stages of limb regeneration: Cemip, Rhou, Gpd2 and Pcna. Moreover, mRNA-miRNA integration analysis uncovered seven human miRNAs (miR-19b-1, miR-19b-2, miR-21-5p, miR-127-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-194-5p, and miR-210-5p) may regulate the expression of these four key genes. The temporal expression patterns of these key genes and miRNAs further validated the robustness of the identified mRNA-miRNA landscape. Our study successfully identified candidate key genes and elucidated a portion of the genetic regulatory mechanisms involved in newt limb regeneration. These findings offer valuable insights for further exploration of the intricate processes of tissue regeneration.

Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Cancer Cells Using Antibody-Functionalized Paddle Screw-Type Devices and Detection of Exosomal miRNA Using Piezoelectric Biosensor

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles produced by almost all cell types in the human body, and exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that are known to serve as important biomarkers for diseases such as cancer. Given that the upregulation of miR-106b is closely associated with several types of malignancies, the sensitive and accurate detection of miR-106b is important but difficult. In this study, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensor was developed to detect miR-106b isolated from cancer cells based on immunoaffinity separation technique using our unique paddle screw device. Our novel SAW biosensor could detect a miR-106b concentration as low as 0.0034 pM in a linear range from 0.1 pM to 1.0 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. Additionally, we were able to successfully detect miR-106b in total RNA extracted from the exosomes isolated from the MCF-7 cancer cell line, a model system for human breast cancer, with performance comparable to commercial RT-qPCR methods. Therefore, the exosome isolation by the paddle screw method and the miRNA detection using the SAW biosensor has the potential to be used in basic biological research and clinical diagnosis as an alternative to RT-qPCR.

Epigenetics research in eye diseases: a bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2023

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

A bibliometric analysis is a quantitative study that utilises methods such as citation analysis to evaluate research performance. A bibliometric analysis could provide a valuable reference for ophthalmic researchers to understand the trends in epigenetics research.

BACKGROUND

The number of studies on epigenetics in eye diseases has exceeded 5,000, but the progress and scope of epigenetic research on eye diseases remain unclear. The study aimed to bibliometrically analyse epigenetic research conducted in eye diseases.

METHODS

Studies concerning epigenetic research on eye diseases from 2000-2023 were searched using the Web of Science Core Collection. Following this, the included studies were analysed for citations, journals, keywords, authors, and countries, using the Bibliometrix package in R Studio.

RESULTS

In total, 3758 studies were included in the analysis, including 3099 original articles, 599 reviews, 11 editorials, and 49 early access articles. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science was the most published journal with 185 articles, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America was the most cited journal, with 8727 citations. The journal with the highest h-index was Oncogene (h-index = 38).Renu A Kowluru from the Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA, had the most citations with 1,690 and the highest h-index (h-index = 23). China and the USA were the countries with the highest number of publications (1739) and total citations (40533), respectively. Furthermore, from 2000-2023, the top five frequent research topics were diabetic retinopathy, 522; microribonucleic acid, 469; retinoblastoma, 370; apoptosis, 268; and epigenetics, 206.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this bibliometric study provide the current status and trends of epigenetic research in eye diseases and will help researchers identify areas of current interest in the field, which should help highlight new research directions.

Modulation of miR-155-5p signalling via 5-ASA for the prevention of high microsatellite instability: an in vitro study using human epithelial cell lines

5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is a first-line treatment for maintaining colitis remission. It is a highly effective, safe, and well-tolerated drug with anti-inflammatory and chemo-preventive properties. While patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) with concomitant ulcerative colitis are treated with 5-ASA, the molecular mechanisms underlying the drug's chemo-preventive effects are not entirely understood. We previously reported that bile acids and lipopolysaccharide-induced miR-155 expression was associated with downregulating mismatch repair (MMR) proteins in CACO-2 cell lines. Therefore, in this investigation, a set of in vitro functional studies was performed to show the possible mechanisms behind the epigenetic relationship between miR-155 and 5-ASA's prevention of high microsatellite instability (MSI-H). In transient transfection with miR-155Mimic, which behaves like endogenous miRNA, we confirmed the relationships between miR-155 and its target MMR in three human intestinal epithelial cell lines: CACO-2, NCM460D and HT-29. We have shown, for the first time, that 5-ASA modulates MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 in miR-155 transfected cells. These findings underline that chemoprotective 5-ASA therapy can effectively attenuate the expression of miR-155 and potentially prevent a development of MSI-H in a subset of colorectal cancers associated with PSC.

Exosomal miR-196a-5p contributes to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma malignant progression by inhibiting ITM2B

Exosomes from cancer cells function as carriers to spread or transport specific microRNAs (miRNAs) to distant sites to exert their effects, but the mechanism of exosomal miRNA action in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been fully explained. Therefore, in this study, we were interested in the impact of exosomal miR-196a-5p in ESCC progression. We found that miR-196a-5p was expressed enriched in clinical tissues, ESCC cells, and exosomes. Functionally, depletion of miR-196a-5p impeded ESCC cell growth, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of miR-196a-5p produced the opposite results. Moreover, enhancement of exosomal miR-196a-5p in recipient ESCC cells triggered more intense proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, we identified integral membrane protein 2B (ITM2B) as a direct target of miR-196a-5p. Silencing of ITM2B partially counteracted the inhibitory effect of miR-196a-5p inhibitors on the malignant phenotype of ESCC. Furthermore, in vivo, lower miR-196a-5p levels triggered by the introduction of antagomiR-196a-5p resulted in the generation of smaller volume and weight xenograft tumors. Thus, our results demonstrated novel mechanisms of exosomal and intracellular miR-196a-5p-mediated ESCC growth and migration and identify the interaction of miR-196a-5p with ITM2B. These works might provide new targets and basis for the development of clinical treatment options for ESCC.

MicroRNA-21 in urologic cancers: from molecular mechanisms to clinical implications

The three most common kinds of urologic malignancies are prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer, which typically cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Early detection and effective treatment are essential due to their high fatality rates. As a result, there is an urgent need for innovative research to improve the clinical management of patients with urologic cancers. A type of small noncoding RNAs of 22 nucleotides, microRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known for their important roles in a variety of developmental processes. Among these, microRNA-21 (miR-21) stands out as a commonly studied miRNA with implications in tumorigenesis and cancer development, particularly in urological tumors. Recent research has shed light on the dysregulation of miR-21 in urological tumors, offering insights into its potential as a prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic tool. This review delves into the pathogenesis of miR-21 in prostate, bladder, and renal cancers, its utility as a cancer biomarker, and the therapeutic possibilities of targeting miR-21.

VMP1: a multifaceted regulator of cellular homeostasis with implications in disease pathology

Vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1) is an integral membrane protein that plays a pivotal role in cellular processes, particularly in the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy, a self-degradative mechanism, is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by degradation and recycling damaged organelles and proteins. VMP1 involved in the autophagic processes include the formation of autophagosomes and the subsequent fusion with lysosomes. Moreover, VMP1 modulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium levels, which is significant for various cellular functions, including protein folding and cellular signaling. Recent studies have also linked VMP1 to the cellular response against viral infections and lipid droplet (LD). Dysregulation of VMP1 has been observed in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), pancreatitis, hepatitis, and tumorogenesis, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target. This review aims to provide an overview of VMP1's multifaceted roles and its implications in disease pathology.

MiR-155-targeted IcosL controls tumor rejection

Elevated levels of miR-155 in solid and liquid malignancies correlate with aggressiveness of the disease. In this manuscript, we show that miR-155 targets transcripts encoding IcosL, the ligand for Inducible T-cell costimulator (Icos), thus impairing the ability of T cells to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. We specifically found that overexpression of miR-155 in B cells of Eµ-miR-155 mice causes loss of IcosL expression as they progress toward malignancy. Similarly, in mice where miR-155 expression is controlled by a Cre-Tet-OFF system, miR-155 induction led to malignant infiltrates lacking IcosL expression. Conversely, turning miR-155 OFF led to tumor regression and emergence of infiltrates composed of IcosL-positive B cells and Icos-positive T cells forming immunological synapses. Therefore, we next engineered malignant cells to express IcosL, in order to determine whether IcosL expression would increase tumor infiltration by cytotoxic T cells and reduce tumor progression. Indeed, overexpressing an IcosL-encoding cDNA in MC38 murine colon cancer cells before injection into syngeneic C57BL6 mice reduced tumor size and increased intratumor CD8+ T cell infiltration, that formed synapses with IcosL-expressing MC38 cells. Our results underscore the fact that by targeting IcosL transcripts, miR-155 impairs the infiltration of tumors by cytotoxic T cells, as well as the importance of IcosL on enhancing the immune response against malignant cells. These findings should lead to the development of more effective anticancer treatments based on maintaining, increasing, or restoring IcosL expression by malignant cells, along with impairing miR-155 activity.