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Smirnoff N, Wheeler GL. The ascorbate biosynthesis pathway in plants is known, but there is a way to go with understanding control and functions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2604-2630. [PMID: 38300237 PMCID: PMC11066809 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is one of the most abundant primary metabolites in plants. Its complex chemistry enables it to function as an antioxidant, as a free radical scavenger, and as a reductant for iron and copper. Ascorbate biosynthesis occurs via the mannose/l-galactose pathway in green plants, and the evidence for this pathway being the major route is reviewed. Ascorbate accumulation is leaves is responsive to light, reflecting various roles in photoprotection. GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) is the first dedicated step in the pathway and is important in controlling ascorbate synthesis. Its expression is determined by a combination of transcription and translation. Translation is controlled by an upstream open reading frame (uORF) which blocks translation of the main GGP-coding sequence, possibly in an ascorbate-dependent manner. GGP associates with a PAS-LOV protein, inhibiting its activity, and dissociation is induced by blue light. While low ascorbate mutants are susceptible to oxidative stress, they grow nearly normally. In contrast, mutants lacking ascorbate do not grow unless rescued by supplementation. Further research should investigate possible basal functions of ascorbate in severely deficient plants involving prevention of iron overoxidation in 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and iron mobilization during seed development and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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2
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Liu M, Li Z, Kang Y, Lv J, Jin Z, Mu S, Yue H, Li L, Chen P, Li Y. A mutation in CsGME encoding GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase results in little and wrinkled leaf in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:114. [PMID: 38678513 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Map-based cloning revealed that a mutation in a highly conserved amino acid of the CsGME gene encoding GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase, causes the phenotype of little and wrinkled leaves in cucumbers. Leaf size is a critical determinant of plant architecture in cucumbers, yet only a few genes associated with this trait have been mapped or cloned. Here, we identified and characterized a mutant with little and wrinkled leaves, named lwl-1. Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotype of the lwl-1 was controlled by a single recessive gene. Through map-based cloning, the lwl-1 locus was narrowed down to a 12.22-kb region exclusively containing one fully annotated gene CsGME (CsaV3_2G004170). CsGME encodes GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase, which is involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid (ASA) and one of the components of pectin, RG-II. Whole-length sequencing of the 12.22 kb DNA fragment revealed the presence of only a non-synonymous mutation located in the sixth exon of CsGME in lwl-1, resulting in an amino acid alteration from Pro363 to Leu363. This mutation was unique among 118 inbred lines from cucumber natural populations. CsGME expression significantly reduced in various organs of lwl-1, accompanied by a significant decrease in ASA and pectin content in leaves. Both CsGME and Csgme proteins were localized to the cytoplasm. The mutant phenotype exhibited partial recovery after the application of exogenous boric acid. Silencing CsGME in cucumber through VIGS confirmed its role as the causal gene for lwl-1. Transcriptome profiling revealed that CsGME greatly affected the expression of genes related to the cell division process and cell plate formation. This study represents the first report to characterize and clone the CsGME in cucumber, indicating its crucial role in regulating leaf size and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Kang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinzhao Lv
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuoshuai Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyu Mu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongzhong Yue
- Vegetable Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Moy A, Nkongolo K. Decrypting Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Counteracting Copper and Nickel Toxicity in Jack Pine ( Pinus banksiana) Based on Transcriptomic Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1042. [PMID: 38611570 PMCID: PMC11013723 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The remediation of copper and nickel-afflicted sites is challenged by the different physiological effects imposed by each metal on a given plant system. Pinus banksiana is resilient against copper and nickel, providing an opportunity to build a valuable resource to investigate the responding gene expression toward each metal. The objectives of this study were to (1) extend the analysis of the Pinus banksiana transcriptome exposed to nickel and copper, (2) assess the differential gene expression in nickel-resistant compared to copper-resistant genotypes, and (3) identify mechanisms specific to each metal. The Illumina platform was used to sequence RNA that was extracted from seedlings treated with each of the metals. There were 449 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between copper-resistant genotypes (RGs) and nickel-resistant genotypes (RGs) at a high stringency cut-off, indicating a distinct pattern of gene expression toward each metal. For biological processes, 19.8% of DEGs were associated with the DNA metabolic process, followed by the response to stress (13.15%) and the response to chemicals (8.59%). For metabolic function, 27.9% of DEGs were associated with nuclease activity, followed by nucleotide binding (27.64%) and kinase activity (10.16%). Overall, 21.49% of DEGs were localized to the plasma membrane, followed by the cytosol (16.26%) and chloroplast (12.43%). Annotation of the top upregulated genes in copper RG compared to nickel RG identified genes and mechanisms that were specific to copper and not to nickel. NtPDR, AtHIPP10, and YSL1 were identified as genes associated with copper resistance. Various genes related to cell wall metabolism were identified, and they included genes encoding for HCT, CslE6, MPG, and polygalacturonase. Annotation of the top downregulated genes in copper RG compared to nickel RG revealed genes and mechanisms that were specific to nickel and not copper. Various regulatory and signaling-related genes associated with the stress response were identified. They included UGT, TIFY, ACC, dirigent protein, peroxidase, and glyoxyalase I. Additional research is needed to determine the specific functions of signaling and stress response mechanisms in nickel-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kabwe Nkongolo
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
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da Silva Filho JLB, Pestana RKN, da Silva Júnior WJ, Coelho Filho MA, Ferreira CF, de Oliveira EJ, Kido EA. Exploiting DNA methylation in cassava under water deficit for crop improvement. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296254. [PMID: 38386677 PMCID: PMC10883565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a key role in the development and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. This work aimed to evaluate the DNA methylation in contrasting cassava genotypes for water deficit tolerance. The varieties BRS Formosa (bitter) and BRS Dourada (sweet) were grown under greenhouse conditions for 50 days, and afterwards, irrigation was suspended. The stressed (water deficit) and non-stressed plants (negative control) consisted the treatments with five plants per variety. The DNA samples of each variety and treatment provided 12 MethylRAD-Seq libraries (two cassava varieties, two treatments, and three replicates). The sequenced data revealed methylated sites covering 18 to 21% of the Manihot esculenta Crantz genome, depending on the variety and the treatment. The CCGG methylated sites mapped mostly in intergenic regions, exons, and introns, while the CCNGG sites mapped mostly intergenic, upstream, introns, and exons regions. In both cases, methylated sites in UTRs were less detected. The differentially methylated sites analysis indicated distinct methylation profiles since only 12% of the sites (CCGG and CCNGG) were methylated in both varieties. Enriched gene ontology terms highlighted the immediate response of the bitter variety to stress, while the sweet variety appears to suffer more potential stress-damages. The predicted protein-protein interaction networks reinforced such profiles. Additionally, the genomes of the BRS varieties uncovered SNPs/INDELs events covering genes stood out by the interactomes. Our data can be useful in deciphering the roles of DNA methylation in cassava drought-tolerance responses and adaptation to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wilson José da Silva Júnior
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ederson Akio Kido
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Navarro-Quiles C, Lup SD, Muñoz-Nortes T, Candela H, Micol JL. The genetic and molecular basis of haploinsufficiency in flowering plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:72-85. [PMID: 37633803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
In diploid organisms, haploinsufficiency can be defined as the requirement for more than one fully functional copy of a gene. In contrast to most genes, whose loss-of-function alleles are recessive, loss-of-function alleles of haploinsufficient genes are dominant. However, forward and reverse genetic screens are biased toward obtaining recessive, loss-of-function mutations, and therefore, dominant mutations of all types are underrepresented in mutant collections. Despite this underrepresentation, haploinsufficient loci have intriguing implications for studies of genome evolution, gene dosage, stability of protein complexes, genetic redundancy, and gene expression. Here we review examples of haploinsufficiency in flowering plants and describe the underlying molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces driving haploinsufficiency. Finally, we discuss the masking of haploinsufficiency by genetic redundancy, a widespread phenomenon among angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Navarro-Quiles
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Samuel Daniel Lup
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Tamara Muñoz-Nortes
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Wang C, Luo J, He W, Huang A, Lu W, Lin Y, Ou Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase and KATANIN in Corymbia citriodora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1308354. [PMID: 38186597 PMCID: PMC10766700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1308354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) and microtubule severing enzyme KATANIN (KTN) are crucial for wood formation. Although functional identification has been performed in Arabidopsis, few comprehensive studies have been conducted in forest trees. In this study, we discovered 8 CcGMP and 4 CcKTN genes by analyzing the whole genome sequence of Corymbia citriodora. The chromosomal location, genome synteny, phylogenetic relationship, protein domain, motif identification, gene structure, cis-acting regulatory elements, and protein-interaction of CcGMP and CcKTN were all investigated. KTN has just one pair of segmentally duplicated genes, while GMP has no duplication events. According to gene structure, two 5' UTRs were identified in CcGMP4. Furthermore, there is no protein-interaction between KTN and GMP. Based on real-time PCR, the expression of most genes showed a positive connection with DBH diameters. In addition, the expression of CcGMP4 and CcKTN4 genes were greater in different size tree, indicating that these genes are important in secondary xylem production. Overall, this findings will enhance our comprehension of the intricacy of CcGMP&CcKTN across diverse DBHs and furnish valuable insights for future functional characterization of specific genes in C. citriodora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubiao Wang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianzhong Luo
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Anying Huang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wanhong Lu
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuduan Ou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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7
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Keynia S, Jaafar L, Zhou Y, Anderson CT, Turner JA. Stomatal opening efficiency is controlled by cell wall organization in Arabidopsis thaliana. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad294. [PMID: 37731948 PMCID: PMC10508357 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal function in plants is regulated by the nanoscale architecture of the cell wall and turgor pressure, which together control stomatal pore size to facilitate gas exchange and photosynthesis. The mechanical properties of the cell wall and cell geometry are critical determinants of stomatal dynamics. However, the specific biomechanical functions of wall constituents, for example, cellulose and pectins, and their impact on the work required to open or close the stomatal pore are unclear. Here, we use nanoindentation in normal and lateral directions, computational modeling, and microscopic imaging of cells from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the precise influences of wall architecture and turgor pressure on stomatal biomechanics. This approach allows us to quantify and compare the unique anisotropic properties of guard cells with normal composition, lower cellulose content, or alterations in pectin molecular weight. Using these data to calculate the work required to open the stomata reveals that the wild type, with a circumferential-to-longitudinal modulus ratio of 3:1, is the most energy-efficient of those studied. In addition, the tested genotypes displayed similar changes in their pore size despite large differences in wall thickness and biomechanical properties. These findings imply that homeostasis in stomatal function is maintained in the face of varying wall compositions and biomechanics by tuning wall thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Keynia
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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8
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Aarabi F, Fernie AR. SPOTLIGHT: Ascorbate triggers the switch between cell division and cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis tapetum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 288:154058. [PMID: 37567050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayezeh Aarabi
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Weigand C, Brady D, Davis JA, Speicher T, Bacalso J, Jones D, Miller G, Choi WG, Harper JF. Overexpressing Vitamin C Defective 2 reduces fertility and alters Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis pollen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:2276-2287. [PMID: 36708195 PMCID: PMC10069902 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A potential strategy to mitigate oxidative damage in plants is to increase the abundance of antioxidants, such as ascorbate (i.e. vitamin C). In Arabidopsis (A. thaliana), a rate-limiting step in ascorbate biosynthesis is a phosphorylase encoded by Vitamin C Defective 2 (VTC2). To specifically overexpress VTC2 (VTC2 OE) in pollen, the coding region was expressed using a promoter from a gene with ∼150-fold higher expression in pollen, leading to pollen grains with an eight-fold increased VTC2 mRNA. VTC2 OE resulted in a near-sterile phenotype with a 50-fold decrease in pollen transmission efficiency and a five-fold reduction in the number of seeds per silique. In vitro assays revealed pollen grains were more prone to bursting (greater than two-fold) or produced shorter, morphologically abnormal pollen tubes. The inclusion of a genetically encoded Ca2+ reporter, mCherry-GCaMP6fast (CGf), revealed pollen tubes with altered tip-focused Ca2+ dynamics and increased bursting frequency during periods of oscillatory and arrested growth. Despite these phenotypes, VTC2 OE pollen failed to show expected increases in ascorbate or reductions in reactive oxygen species, as measured using a redox-sensitive dye or a roGFP2. However, mRNA expression analyses revealed greater than two-fold reductions in mRNA encoding two enzymes critical to biosynthetic pathways related to cell walls or glyco-modifications of lipids and proteins: GDP-d-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) and GDP-d-mannose 3',5' epimerase (GME). These results support a model in which the near-sterile defects resulting from VTC2 OE in pollen are associated with feedback mechanisms that can alter one or more signaling or metabolic pathways critical to pollen tube growth and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystle Weigand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Deborah Brady
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - James A Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Tori Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Jonathan Bacalso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Dylan Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Gad Miller
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Won-Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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del Olmo I, Romero I, Alvarez MD, Tarradas R, Sanchez-Ballesta MT, Escribano MI, Merodio C. Transcriptomic analysis of CO 2-treated strawberries ( Fragaria vesca) with enhanced resistance to softening and oxidative stress at consumption. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:983976. [PMID: 36061763 PMCID: PMC9437593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.983976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest threats to wild strawberries (Fragaria vesca Mara des Bois) after harvest is the highly perishability at ambient temperature. Breeders have successfully met the quality demands of consumers, but the prevention of waste after harvest in fleshy fruits is still pending. Most of the waste is due to the accelerated progress of senescence-like process after harvest linked to a rapid loss of water and firmness at ambient temperature. The storage life of strawberries increases at low temperature, but their quality is limited by the loss of cell structure. The application of high CO2 concentrations increased firmness during cold storage. However, the key genes related to resistance to softening and cell wall disassembly following transference from cold storage at 20°C remain unclear. Therefore, we performed RNA-seq analysis, constructing a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify which molecular determinants play a role in cell wall integrity, using strawberries with contrasting storage conditions, CO2-cold stored (CCS), air-cold stored (ACS), non-cold stored (NCS) kept at ambient temperature, and intact fruit at harvest (AH). The hub genes associated with the cell wall structural architecture of firmer CO2-treated strawberries revealed xyloglucans stabilization attributed mainly to a down-regulation of Csl E1, XTH 15, Exp-like B1 and the maintenance of expression levels of nucleotide sugars transferases such as GMP and FUT as well as improved lamella integrity linked to a down-regulation of RG-lyase, PL-like and PME. The preservation of cell wall elasticity together with the up-regulation of LEA, EXPA4, and MATE, required to maintain cell turgor, is the mechanisms controlled by high CO2. In stressed air-cold stored strawberries, in addition to an acute softening, there is a preferential transcript accumulation of genes involved in lignin and raffinose pathways. Non-cold stored strawberries kept at 20°C after harvest are characterized by an enrichment in genes mainly involved in oxidative stress and up-expression of genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis. The present results on transcriptomic analysis of CO2-treated strawberries with enhanced resistance to softening and oxidative stress at consumption will help to improve breeding strategies of both wild and cultivated strawberries.
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Bhinder G, Sharma S, Kaur H, Akhatar J, Mittal M, Sandhu S. Genomic Regions Associated With Seed Meal Quality Traits in Brassica napus Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882766. [PMID: 35909769 PMCID: PMC9333065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The defatted Brassica napus (rapeseed) meal can be high-protein feed for livestock as the protein value of rapeseed meal is higher than that of the majority of other vegetable proteins. Extensive work has already been carried out on developing canola rapeseed where the focus was on reducing erucic acid and glucosinolate content, with less consideration to other antinutritional factors such as tannin, phytate, sinapine, crude fiber, etc. The presence of these antinutrients limits the use and marketing of rapeseed meals and a significant amount of it goes unused and ends up as waste. We investigated the genetic architecture of crude protein, methionine, tryptophan, total phenols, β-carotene, glucosinolates (GLSs), phytate, tannins, sinapine, and crude fiber content of defatted seed meal samples by conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS), using a diversity panel comprising 96 B. napus genotypes. Genotyping by sequencing was used to identify 77,889 SNPs, spread over 19 chromosomes. Genetic diversity and phenotypic variations were generally high for the studied traits. A total of eleven genotypes were identified which showed high-quality protein, high antioxidants, and lower amount of antinutrients. A significant negative correlation between protein and limiting amino acids and a significant positive correlation between GLS and phytic acid were observed. General and mixed linear models were used to estimate the association between the SNP markers and the seed quality traits and quantile-quantile (QQ) plots were generated to allow the best-fit algorithm. Annotation of genomic regions around associated SNPs helped to predict various trait-related candidates such as ASP2 and EMB1027 (amino acid biosynthesis); HEMA2, GLU1, and PGM (tryptophan biosynthesis); MS3, CYSD1, and MTO1 (methionine biosynthesis); LYC (β-carotene biosynthesis); HDR and ISPF (MEP pathway); COS1 (riboflavin synthesis); UGT (phenolics biosynthesis); NAC073 (cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthesis); CYT1 (cellulose biosynthesis); BGLU45 and BGLU46 (lignin biosynthesis); SOT12 and UGT88A1 (flavonoid pathway); and CYP79A2, DIN2, and GSTT2 (GLS metabolism), etc. The functional validation of these candidate genes could confirm key seed meal quality genes for germplasm enhancement programs directed at improving protein quality and reducing the antinutritional components in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjula Sharma
- Oilseeds Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | | | - Javed Akhatar
- Oilseeds Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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12
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Zhang C, Zhao S, Li YS, He C, Wang X, Liu L. Crystal Structures of Arabidopsis thaliana GDP-D-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE 1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:899738. [PMID: 35677252 PMCID: PMC9168903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.899738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) catalyzes a committed step in ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway. Arabidopsis thaliana VTC1 is the first genetically characterized plant GMPase and has unique properties when compared with bacterial and animal homologs. Here we present the crystal structures of VTC1 in the unliganded and product-bound states at resolutions of 2.8 and 3.0 Å, respectively. VTC1 dimerizes in a same way like other known GMPases, but dodecamerizes in a previously unobserved arrangement. The interactions to GDP-D-mannose and inorganic pyrophosphate are revealed by the product-bound VTC1 structure. An in vitro GMPase activity assay confirms the regulatory role of the C-terminal left-handed β-helix domain, and structural analyses suggest the models of VTC1 hetero-complex with its interacting proteins. The structural information advances our insights into the different mechanisms involved in VTC1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Shuai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao He
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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13
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Voiniciuc C. Modern mannan: a hemicellulose's journey. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1175-1184. [PMID: 35285041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulosic polysaccharides built of β-1,4-linked mannose units have been found throughout the plant kingdom and have numerous industrial applications. Here, I review recent advances in the biosynthesis and modification of plant β-mannans. These matrix polymers can associate with cellulose bundles to impact the mechanical properties of plant fibers or biocomposites. In certain algae, mannan microfibrils even replace cellulose as the dominant structural component of the cell wall. Conversely, patterned galactoglucomannan found in Arabidopsis thaliana seed mucilage significantly modulates cell wall architecture and abiotic stress tolerance despite its relatively low content. I also discuss the subcellular requirements for β-mannan biosynthesis, the increasing number of carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in this process, and the players that continue to be puzzling. I discuss how cellulose synthase-like enzymes elongate (gluco)mannans in orthogonal hosts and highlight the discoveries of plant enzymes that add specific galactosyl or acetyl decorations. Hydrolytic enzymes such as endo-β-1,4-mannanases have recently been involved in a wide range of biological contexts including seed germination, wood formation, heavy metal tolerance, and defense responses. Synthetic biology tools now provide faster tracks to modulate the increasingly-relevant mannan structures for improved plant traits and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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14
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Zhao H, Liu Y, Huang Y, Liang Q, Cai S, Zhang G. Time-Course Comparative Metabolome Analysis of Different Barley Varieties during Malting. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2051-2059. [PMID: 35119850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Malt production is one of the important uses of barley, and its quality differs greatly depending on the barley varieties used. In this study, ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technology was used to investigate the temporal changes of metabolites during malting in two barley varieties: Franklin (malt barley) and Yerong (non-malt barley). Also, differences in metabolite profiles were compared in the kilned malt between two other malt barley varieties (Copeland and Planet) and two non-malt varieties (ZD10 and Hua30). Results showed that degradation of trisaccharide and accumulation of UDP-glucose and mannose-1-phosphate are the key metabolic events during steeping, with Franklin showing earlier and greater changes. Earlier increase of sugars and amino acids in Franklin is associated with its faster germination rate. Comparative metabolome analysis of kilned malt from the different barley varieties indicated that malt barley accumulated more sugars, hordatine-glucoside, and oxoproline, and non-malt barley accumulated more polyphenols and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol. These results improved the understanding of the genotypic difference in the formation of malt quality at the metabolomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiyu Liang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengguan Cai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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15
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Chiteri KO, Jubery TZ, Dutta S, Ganapathysubramanian B, Cannon S, Singh A. Dissecting the Root Phenotypic and Genotypic Variability of the Iowa Mung Bean Diversity Panel. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:808001. [PMID: 35154202 PMCID: PMC8828542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.808001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is a drought-tolerant, short-duration crop, and a rich source of protein and other valuable minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. The main objectives of this research were (1) to study the root traits related with the phenotypic and genetic diversity of 375 mung bean genotypes of the Iowa (IA) diversity panel and (2) to conduct genome-wide association studies of root-related traits using the Automated Root Image Analysis (ARIA) software. We collected over 9,000 digital images at three-time points (days 12, 15, and 18 after germination). A broad sense heritability for days 15 (0.22-0.73) and 18 (0.23-0.87) was higher than that for day 12 (0.24-0.51). We also reported root ideotype classification, i.e., PI425425 (India), PI425045 (Philippines), PI425551 (Korea), PI264686 (Philippines), and PI425085 (Sri Lanka) that emerged as the top five in the topsoil foraging category, while PI425594 (unknown origin), PI425599 (Thailand), PI425610 (Afghanistan), PI425485 (India), and AVMU0201 (Taiwan) were top five in the drought-tolerant and nutrient uptake "steep, cheap, and deep" ideotype. We identified promising genotypes that can help diversify the gene pool of mung bean breeding stocks and will be useful for further field testing. Using association studies, we identified markers showing significant associations with the lateral root angle (LRA) on chromosomes 2, 6, 7, and 11, length distribution (LED) on chromosome 8, and total root length-growth rate (TRL_GR), volume (VOL), and total dry weight (TDW) on chromosomes 3 and 5. We discussed genes that are potential candidates from these regions. We reported beta-galactosidase 3 associated with the LRA, which has previously been implicated in the adventitious root development via transcriptomic studies in mung bean. Results from this work on the phenotypic characterization, root-based ideotype categories, and significant molecular markers associated with important traits will be useful for the marker-assisted selection and mung bean improvement through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O. Chiteri
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Talukder Zaki Jubery
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Somak Dutta
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Steven Cannon
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- USDA—Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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16
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Cerny M, Berka M, Dvořák M, Milenković I, Saiz-Fernández I, Brzobohatý B, Ďurkovič J. Defense mechanisms promoting tolerance to aggressive Phytophthora species in hybrid poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018272. [PMID: 36325556 PMCID: PMC9621118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Poplars are among the fastest-growing trees and significant resources in agriculture and forestry. However, rapid growth requires a large water consumption, and irrigation water provides a natural means for pathogen spread. That includes members of Phytophthora spp. that have proven to be a global enemy to forests. With the known adaptability to new hosts, it is only a matter of time for more aggressive Phytophthora species to become a threat to poplar forests and plantations. Here, the effects of artificial inoculation with two different representatives of aggressive species (P. cactorum and P. plurivora) were analyzed in the proteome of the Phytophthora-tolerant hybrid poplar clone T-14 [Populus tremula L. 70 × (Populus × canescens (Ait.) Sm. 23)]. Wood microcore samples were collected at the active necrosis borders to provide insight into the molecular processes underlying the observed tolerance to Phytophthora. The analysis revealed the impact of Phytophthora on poplar primary and secondary metabolism, including carbohydrate-active enzymes, amino acid biosynthesis, phenolic metabolism, and lipid metabolism, all of which were confirmed by consecutive metabolome and lipidome profiling. Modulations of enzymes indicating systemic response were confirmed by the analysis of leaf proteome, and sampling of wood microcores in distal locations revealed proteins with abundance correlating with proximity to the infection, including germin-like proteins, components of proteosynthesis, glutamate carboxypeptidase, and an enzyme that likely promotes anthocyanin stability. Finally, the identified Phytophthora-responsive proteins were compared to those previously found in trees with compromised defense against Phytophthora, namely, Quercus spp. and Castanea sativa. That provided a subset of candidate markers of Phytophthora tolerance, including certain ribosomal proteins, auxin metabolism enzymes, dioxygenases, polyphenol oxidases, trehalose-phosphate synthase, mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase, and rhamnose biosynthetic enzymes. In summary, this analysis provided the first insight into the molecular mechanisms of hybrid poplar defense against Phytophthora and identified prospective targets for improving Phytophthora tolerance in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cerny
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Martin Cerny,
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miloň Dvořák
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivan Milenković
- Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Forestry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Ďurkovič
- Department of Phytology, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
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17
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Nishigaki N, Yoshimi Y, Kuki H, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Tsumuraya Y, Takahashi D, Dupree P, Kotake T. Galactoglucomannan structure of Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage in GDP-mannose synthesis impaired mutants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1244-1252. [PMID: 34380178 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall polysaccharides are synthesized from nucleotide sugars by glycosyltransferases. However, in what way the level of nucleotide sugars affects the structure of the polysaccharides is not entirely clear. guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-mannose (GDP-Man) is one of the major nucleotide sugars in plants and serves as a substrate in the synthesis of mannan polysaccharides. GDP-Man is synthesized from mannose 1-phosphate and GTP by a GDP-Man pyrophosphorylase, VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE1 (VTC1), which is positively regulated by the interacting protein KONJAC1 (KJC1) in Arabidopsis. Since seed-coat mucilage can serve as a model of the plant cell wall, we examined the influence of vtc1 and kjc1 mutations on the synthesis of mucilage galactoglucomannan. Sugar composition analysis showed that mannose content in adherent mucilage of kjc1 and vtc1 mutants was only 42% and 11% of the wild-type, respectively, indicating a drastic decrease of galactoglucomannan. On the other hand, structural analysis based on specific oligosaccharides released by endo-β-1,4-mannanase indicated that galactoglucomannan had a patterned glucomannan backbone consisting of alternating residues of glucose and mannose and the frequency of α-galactosyl branches was also similar to the wild type structure. These results suggest that the structure of mucilage galactoglucomannan is mainly determined by properties of glycosyltransferases rather than the availability of nucleotide sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Nishigaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Kuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama, Japan
- Green Biology Research Center, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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18
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Di DW, Sun L, Wang M, Wu J, Kronzucker HJ, Fang S, Chu J, Shi W, Li G. WRKY46 promotes ammonium tolerance in Arabidopsis by repressing NUDX9 and indole-3-acetic acid-conjugating genes and by inhibiting ammonium efflux in the root elongation zone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:190-207. [PMID: 34128546 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+ ) is toxic to root growth in most plants, even at moderate concentrations. Transcriptional regulation is one of the most important mechanisms in the response of plants to NH4+ toxicity, but the nature of the involvement of transcription factors (TFs) in this regulation remains unclear. Here, RNA-seq analysis was performed on Arabidopsis roots to screen for ammonium-responsive TFs. WRKY46, the member of the WRKY transcription factor family most responsive to NH4+ , was selected. We defined the role of WRKY46 using mutation and overexpression assays, and characterized the regulation of NUDX9 and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-conjugating genes by WRKY46 via yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR). Knockout of WRKY46 increased, while overexpression of WRKY46 decreased, NH4+ -suppression of the primary root. WRKY46 is shown to directly bind to the promoters of the NUDX9 and IAA-conjugating genes (GH3.1, GH3.6, UGT75D1, UGT84B2) and to inhibit their transcription, thus positively regulating free IAA content and stabilizing protein N-glycosylation, leading to an inhibition of NH4+ efflux in the root elongation zone (EZ). We identify TF involvement in the regulation of NH4+ efflux in the EZ, and show that WRKY46 inhibits NH4+ efflux by negative regulation of NUDX9 and IAA-conjugating genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuang Fang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Guangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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19
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Rui Q, Tan X, Liu F, Li Y, Liu X, Li B, Wang J, Yang H, Qiao L, Li T, Fang S, Gao R, Wang W, Bednarek SY, Bao Y. Syntaxin of plants31 (SYP31) and SYP32 is essential for Golgi morphology maintenance and pollen development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:330-343. [PMID: 33576796 PMCID: PMC8154079 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pollen development is a key process for the sexual reproduction of angiosperms. The Golgi plays a critical role in pollen development via the synthesis and transport of cell wall materials. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of Golgi integrity in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, syntaxin of plants (SYP) 3 family proteins SYP31 and SYP32 are the only two Golgi-localized Qa-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) with unknown endogenous functions. Here, we demonstrate the roles of SYP31 and SYP32 in modulating Golgi morphology and pollen development. Two independent lines of syp31/+ syp32/+ double mutants were male gametophytic lethal; the zero transmission rate of syp31 syp32 mutations was restored to largely normal levels by pSYP32:SYP32 but not pSYP32:SYP31 transgenes, indicating their functional differences in pollen development. The initial arrest of syp31 syp32 pollen occurred during the transition from the microspore to the bicellular stage, where cell plate formation in pollen mitosis I (PMI) and deposition of intine were abnormal. In syp31 syp32 pollen, the number and length of Golgi cisterna were significantly reduced, accompanied by many surrounding vesicles, which could be largely attributed to defects in anterograde and retrograde trafficking routes. SYP31 and SYP32 directly interacted with COG3, a subunit of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex and were responsible for its Golgi localization, providing an underlying mechanism for SYP31/32 function in intra-Golgi trafficking. We propose that SYP31 and SYP32 play partially redundant roles in pollen development by modulating protein trafficking and Golgi structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Rui
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Bingxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Huiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yiqun Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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20
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De Coninck T, Gistelinck K, Janse van Rensburg HC, Van den Ende W, Van Damme EJM. Sweet Modifications Modulate Plant Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:756. [PMID: 34070047 PMCID: PMC8158104 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Koen Gistelinck
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Henry C. Janse van Rensburg
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.C.J.v.R.); (W.V.d.E.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Glycobiology & Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.D.C.); (K.G.)
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21
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Fenech M, Amorim-Silva V, Esteban del Valle A, Arnaud D, Ruiz-Lopez N, Castillo AG, Smirnoff N, Botella MA. The role of GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase in the control of ascorbate biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1574-1594. [PMID: 33793952 PMCID: PMC8133566 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes involved in l-ascorbate biosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms (the Smirnoff-Wheeler [SW] pathway) are well established. Here, we analyzed their subcellular localizations and potential physical interactions and assessed their role in the control of ascorbate synthesis. Transient expression of C terminal-tagged fusions of SW genes in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana mutants complemented with genomic constructs showed that while GDP-d-mannose epimerase is cytosolic, all the enzymes from GDP-d-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) to l-galactose dehydrogenase (l-GalDH) show a dual cytosolic/nuclear localization. All transgenic lines expressing functional SW protein green fluorescent protein fusions driven by their endogenous promoters showed a high accumulation of the fusion proteins, with the exception of those lines expressing GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) protein, which had very low abundance. Transient expression of individual or combinations of SW pathway enzymes in N. benthamiana only increased ascorbate concentration if GGP was included. Although we did not detect direct interaction between the different enzymes of the pathway using yeast-two hybrid analysis, consecutive SW enzymes, as well as the first and last enzymes (GMP and l-GalDH) associated in coimmunoprecipitation studies. This association was supported by gel filtration chromatography, showing the presence of SW proteins in high-molecular weight fractions. Finally, metabolic control analysis incorporating known kinetic characteristics showed that previously reported feedback repression at the GGP step, combined with its relatively low abundance, confers a high-flux control coefficient and rationalizes why manipulation of other enzymes has little effect on ascorbate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fenech
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Esteban del Valle
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Dominique Arnaud
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
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22
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Gangurde SS, Wang H, Yaduru S, Pandey MK, Fountain JC, Chu Y, Isleib T, Holbrook CC, Xavier A, Culbreath AK, Ozias‐Akins P, Varshney RK, Guo B. Nested-association mapping (NAM)-based genetic dissection uncovers candidate genes for seed and pod weights in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1457-1471. [PMID: 31808273 PMCID: PMC7206994 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiparental genetic mapping populations such as nested-association mapping (NAM) have great potential for investigating quantitative traits and associated genomic regions leading to rapid discovery of candidate genes and markers. To demonstrate the utility and power of this approach, two NAM populations, NAM_Tifrunner and NAM_Florida-07, were used for dissecting genetic control of 100-pod weight (PW) and 100-seed weight (SW) in peanut. Two high-density SNP-based genetic maps were constructed with 3341 loci and 2668 loci for NAM_Tifrunner and NAM_Florida-07, respectively. The quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified 12 and 8 major effect QTLs for PW and SW, respectively, in NAM_Tifrunner, and 13 and 11 major effect QTLs for PW and SW, respectively, in NAM_Florida-07. Most of the QTLs associated with PW and SW were mapped on the chromosomes A05, A06, B05 and B06. A genomewide association study (GWAS) analysis identified 19 and 28 highly significant SNP-trait associations (STAs) in NAM_Tifrunner and 11 and 17 STAs in NAM_Florida-07 for PW and SW, respectively. These significant STAs were co-localized, suggesting that PW and SW are co-regulated by several candidate genes identified on chromosomes A05, A06, B05, and B06. This study demonstrates the utility of NAM population for genetic dissection of complex traits and performing high-resolution trait mapping in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil S. Gangurde
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)HyderabadIndia
| | - Hui Wang
- Crop Protection and Management Research UnitUSDA‐ARSTiftonGAUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | - Shasidhar Yaduru
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)HyderabadIndia
- Crop Protection and Management Research UnitUSDA‐ARSTiftonGAUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)HyderabadIndia
| | - Jake C. Fountain
- Crop Protection and Management Research UnitUSDA‐ARSTiftonGAUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | - Ye Chu
- Horticulture DepartmentUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | - Thomas Isleib
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)HyderabadIndia
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
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23
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Wu S, Cao G, Adil MF, Tu Y, Wang W, Cai B, Zhao D, Shamsi IH. Changes in water loss and cell wall metabolism during postharvest withering of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves using tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics approach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 150:121-132. [PMID: 32142985 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Withering is an important biological process accompanied by dehydration and cell wall metabolism in postharvest plant organs during curing/processing and storage. However, dynamics involved in cell wall metabolism and resultant water loss during withering in postharvest tobacco leaves is not well-documented. Here, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis in postharvest tobacco leaves (cultivar K326) under different withering conditions was performed. In total, 11,556 proteins were detected, among which 496 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified. To elucidate the withering mechanism of tobacco leaves, 27 DAPs associated with cell wall metabolism were screened. In particular, pectin acetylesterases, glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidases, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, alpha-xylosidase 1-like, probable galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferases, endochitinase A, chitotriosidase-1-like and expansin were the key proteins responsible for the withering of postharvest tobacco leaves. These DAPs were mainly involved in pectin metabolism, cellulose, hemicellulose and galactose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism as well as cell wall expansion. Furthermore, relative water content and softness values were significantly and positively correlated. Thus, dehydration and cell wall metabolism were crucial for tobacco leaf withering under different conditions. Nine candidate DAPs were confirmed by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) technique. These results provide new insights into the withering mechanism underlying postharvest physiological regulatory networks in plants/crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Gaoyi Cao
- College of Agronomy & Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Muhammad Faheem Adil
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yonggao Tu
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, PR China
| | - Bin Cai
- Hainan Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of China National Tobacco Corporation, Haikou, 571100, PR China
| | - Degang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Center for Research & Development of Fine Chemicals, The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, PR China.
| | - Imran Haider Shamsi
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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24
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Meinke DW. Genome-wide identification of EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE (EMB) genes required for growth and development in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:306-325. [PMID: 31334862 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of high-throughput methods in plant biology, the importance of long-term projects characterized by incremental advances involving multiple laboratories can sometimes be overlooked. Here, I highlight my 40-year effort to isolate and characterize the most common class of mutants encountered in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana): those defective in embryo development. I present an updated dataset of 510 EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE (EMB) genes identified throughout the Arabidopsis community; include important details on 2200 emb mutants and 241 pigment-defective embryo (pde) mutants analyzed in my laboratory; provide curated datasets with key features and publication links for each EMB gene identified; revisit past estimates of 500-1000 total EMB genes in Arabidopsis; document 83 double mutant combinations reported to disrupt embryo development; emphasize the importance of following established nomenclature guidelines and acknowledging allele history in research publications; and consider how best to extend community-based curation and screening efforts to approach saturation for this diverse class of mutants in the future. Continued advances in identifying EMB genes and characterizing their loss-of-function mutant alleles are needed to understand genotype-to-phenotype relationships in Arabidopsis on a broad scale, and to document the contributions of large numbers of essential genes to plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Meinke
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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25
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Vitamin C in Plants: From Functions to Biofortification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8110519. [PMID: 31671820 PMCID: PMC6912510 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) is an excellent free radical scavenger, not only for its capability to donate reducing equivalents but also for the relative stability of the derived monodehydroascorbate radical. However, vitamin C is not only an antioxidant, since it is also a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in plant and human metabolism. In humans, vitamin C takes part in various physiological processes, such as iron absorption, collagen synthesis, immune stimulation, and epigenetic regulation. Due to the functional loss of the gene coding for l-gulonolactone oxidase, humans cannot synthesize vitamin C; thus, they principally utilize plant-based foods for their needs. For this reason, increasing the vitamin C content of crops could have helpful effects on human health. To achieve this objective, exhaustive knowledge of the metabolism and functions of vitamin C in plants is needed. In this review, the multiple roles of vitamin C in plant physiology as well as the regulation of its content, through biosynthetic or recycling pathways, are analyzed. Finally, attention is paid to the strategies that have been used to increase the content of vitamin C in crops, emphasizing not only the improvement of nutritional value of the crops but also the acquisition of plant stress resistance.
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26
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Song W, Wang F, Chen L, Ma R, Zuo X, Cao A, Xie S, Chen X, Jin X, Li H. GhVTC1, the Key Gene for Ascorbate Biosynthesis in Gossypium hirsutum, Involves in Cell Elongation Under Control of Ethylene. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091039. [PMID: 31492030 PMCID: PMC6769745 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Ascorbate (Asc) plays important roles in cell growth and plant development, and its de novo biosynthesis was catalyzed by the first rate-limiting enzyme VTC1. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of VTC1 involved in cell development is obscure in Gossypium hirsutum. Herein, the Asc content and AsA/DHA ratio were accumulated and closely linked with fiber development. The GhVTC1 encoded a typical VTC1 protein with functional conserved domains and expressed preferentially during fiber fast elongation stages. Functional complementary analysis of GhVTC1 in the loss-of-function Arabidopsis vtc1-1 mutants indicated that GhVTC1 is genetically functional to rescue the defects of mutants to normal or wild type (WT). The significant shortened primary root in vtc1-1 mutants was promoted to the regular length of WT by the ectopic expression of GhVTC1 in the mutants. Additionally, GhVTC1 expression was induced by ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and the GhVTC1 promoter showed high activity and included two ethylene-responsive elements (ERE). Moreover, the 5'-truncted promoters containing the ERE exhibited increased activity by ACC treatment. Our results firstly report the cotton GhVTC1 function in promoting cell elongation at the cellular level, and serve as a foundation for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of Asc-mediated cell growth via the ethylene signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Rendi Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Aiping Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shuangquan Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xifeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xiang Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
| | - Hongbin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
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27
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Lin YC, Kanehara K, Nakamura Y. Arabidopsis CHOLINE/ETHANOLAMINE KINASE 1 (CEK1) is a primary choline kinase localized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and involved in ER stress tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1904-1917. [PMID: 31087404 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Choline kinase catalyzes the initial reaction step of choline metabolism that produces phosphocholine, a prerequisite for the biosynthesis of a primary phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. However, the primary choline kinase and its role in plant growth remained elusive in seed plants. Here, we showed that Arabidopsis CHOLINE/ETHANOLAMINE KINASE 1 (CEK1) encodes functional CEK that prefers choline than ethanolamine as a substrate in vitro and affects contents of choline and phosphocholine but not phosphatidylcholine in vivo. CEK1 is localized at endoplasmic reticulum (ER); upon tunicamycin-induced ER stress, a null mutant of CEK1 showed hypersensitive phenotype in seedlings, albeit with no enhanced choline kinase activity. Our results demonstrate that CEK1 is a primary ER-localized choline kinase in vivo that is required for ER stress tolerance possibly through the modulation of choline metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kazue Kanehara
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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28
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Rodriguez CE, Bustamante CA, Budde CO, Müller GL, Drincovich MF, Lara MV. Peach Fruit Development: A Comparative Proteomic Study Between Endocarp and Mesocarp at Very Early Stages Underpins the Main Differential Biochemical Processes Between These Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:715. [PMID: 31214229 PMCID: PMC6558166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica) is an important economically temperate fruit. The development follows double sigmoid curve with four phases (S1-S4). We centered our work in the early development. In addition to S1, we studied the very early stage (E) characterized by the lag zone of the exponential growing phase S1, and the second stage (S2) when the pit starts hardening. "Dixiland" peach fruit were collected at 9 (E), 29 (S1), and 53 (S2) days after flowering (DAF) and endocarp and mesocarp were separated. There was a pronounced decrease in total protein content along development in both tissues. Quantitative proteomic allowed the identification of changes in protein profiles across development and revealed the main biochemical pathways sustaining tissue differentiation. Protein metabolism was the category most represented among differentially proteins in all tissues and stages. The decrease in protein synthesis machinery observed during development would be responsible of the protein fall, rather than a proteolytic process; and reduced protein synthesis during early development would reroute cell resources to lignin biosynthesis. These changes were accompanied by net decrease in total amino acids in E1-S1 and increase in S1-S2 transitions. Amino acid profiling, showed Asn parallels this trend. Concerted changes in Asn and in enzymes involved in its metabolism reveal that increased synthesis and decreased catabolism of Asn may conduct to an Asn increase during very early development and that the β-Cyano-Alanine synthase/β-Cyano-Alanine hydratase could be the pathway for Asn synthesis in "Dixiland" peach fruit. Additionally, photosynthetic machinery decays during early development in mesocarp and endocarp. Proteins related to photosynthesis are found to a higher extent in mesocarp than in endocarp. We conclude mesocarpic photosynthesis is possible to occur early on the development, first providing both carbon and reductive power and latter only reductive power. Together with proteomic, histological tests and anatomical analysis help to provide information about changes and differences in cells and cell-walls in both tissues. Collectively, this work represents the first approach in building protein databases during peach fruit development focusing on endocarp and mesocarp tissues and provides novel insights into the biology of peach fruit development preceding pit hardening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Rodriguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia A. Bustamante
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudio O. Budde
- Estación Experimental San Pedro, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, San Pedro, Argentina
| | - Gabriela L. Müller
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María F. Drincovich
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María V. Lara
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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29
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Tyapkina DY, Kochieva EZ, Slugina MA. Vitamin C in fleshy fruits: biosynthesis, recycling, genes, and enzymes. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a plant secondary metabolite that has a variety of functions both in plant tissues and in the human body. Plants are the main source of vitamin C in human nutrition, especially citrus, rose hip, tomato, strawberry, pepper, papaya, kiwi, and currant fruits. However, in spite of the biological significance of L-ascorbic acid, the pathways of its biosynthesis in plants were fully understood only in 2007 by the example of a model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present review, the main biosynthetic pathways of vitamin C are described: the L-galactose pathway, L-gulose pathway, galacturonic and myo-inositol pathway. To date, the best studied is the L-galactose pathway (Smyrnoff–Wheeler pathway). Only for this pathway all the enzymes and the entire cascade of reactions have been described. For other pathways, only hypothetical metabolites are proposed and not all the catalyzing enzymes have been identified. The key genes participating in ascorbic acid biosynthesis and accumulation in fleshy fruits are highlighted. Among them are L-galactose pathway proteins (GDP-mannose phosphorylase (GMP, VTC1), GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME), GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (GGP, VTC2/VTC5), L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP/VTC4), L-galactose-1-dehydrogenase (GalDH), and L-galactono1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH)); D-galacturonic pathway enzymes (NADPH-dependent D-galacturonate reductase (GalUR)); and proteins, controlling the recycling of ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR1) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR)). Until now, there is no clear and unequivocal evidence for the existence of one predominant pathway of vitamin C biosynthesis in fleshy fruits. For example, the L-galactose pathway is predominant in peach and kiwi fruits, whereas the D-galacturonic pathway seems to be the most essential in grape and strawberry fruits. However, in some plants, such as citrus and tomato fruits, there is a switch between different pathways during ripening. It is noted that the final ascorbic acid content in fruits depends not only on biosynthesis but also on the rate of its oxidation and recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Y. Tyapkina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, RAS
| | - E. Z. Kochieva
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, RAS;
Lomonosov Moscow State University
| | - M. A. Slugina
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, RAS;
Lomonosov Moscow State University
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30
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Fenech M, Amaya I, Valpuesta V, Botella MA. Vitamin C Content in Fruits: Biosynthesis and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:2006. [PMID: 30733729 PMCID: PMC6353827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, a number of animals including humans have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C), an essential molecule in the physiology of animals and plants. In addition to its main role as an antioxidant and cofactor in redox reactions, recent reports have shown an important role of ascorbate in the activation of epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell differentiation, dysregulation of which can lead to the development of certain types of cancer. Although fruits and vegetables constitute the main source of ascorbate in the human diet, rising its content has not been a major breeding goal, despite the large inter- and intraspecific variation in ascorbate content in fruit crops. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest to boost ascorbate content, not only to improve fruit quality but also to generate crops with elevated stress tolerance. Several attempts to increase ascorbate in fruits have achieved fairly good results but, in some cases, detrimental effects in fruit development also occur, likely due to the interaction between the biosynthesis of ascorbate and components of the cell wall. Plants synthesize ascorbate de novo mainly through the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, the dominant pathway in photosynthetic tissues. Two intermediates of the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway, GDP-D-mannose and GDP-L-galactose, are also precursors of the non-cellulosic components of the plant cell wall. Therefore, a better understanding of ascorbate biosynthesis and regulation is essential for generation of improved fruits without developmental side effects. This is likely to involve a yet unknown tight regulation enabling plant growth and development, without impairing the cell redox state modulated by ascorbate pool. In certain fruits and developmental conditions, an alternative pathway from D-galacturonate might be also relevant. We here review the regulation of ascorbate synthesis, its close connection with the cell wall, as well as different strategies to increase its content in plants, with a special focus on fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fenech
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Area de Genómica y Biotecnología, Centro de Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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31
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang W, Li Z, Wu J, Wang G, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z. HyPRP1 performs a role in negatively regulating cotton resistance to V. dahliae via the thickening of cell walls and ROS accumulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:339. [PMID: 30526498 PMCID: PMC6286592 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing tolerant cultivars by incorporating resistant genes is regarded as a potential strategy for controlling Verticillium wilt that causes severe losses in the yield and fiber quality of cotton. RESULTS Here, we identified the gene GbHyPRP1 in Gossypium barbadense, which encodes a protein containing both proline-rich repetitive and Pollen Ole e I domains. GbHyPRP1 is located in the cell wall. The transcription of this gene mainly occurs in cotton roots and stems, and is drastically down-regulated upon infection with Verticillium dahliae. Silencing HyPRP1 dramatically enhanced cotton resistance to V. dahliae. Over-expression of HyPRP1 significantly compromised the resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to V. dahliae. The GbHyPRP1 promoter region contained several putative phytohormone-responsive elements, of which SA was associated with gene down-regulation. We compared the mRNA expression patterns of HyPRP1-silenced plants and the control at the global level by RNA-Seq. A total of 1735 unique genes exhibited significant differential expression. Of these, 79 DEGs involved in cell wall biogenesis and 43 DEGs associated with the production of ROS were identified. Further, we observed a dramatic thickening of interfascicular fibers and vessel walls and an increase in lignin in the HyPRP1-silenced cotton plants compared with the control after inoculation with V. dahliae. Additionally, silencing of HyPRP1 markedly enhanced ROS accumulation in the root tips of cotton inoculated with V. dahliae. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that HyPRP1 performs a role in the negative regulation of cotton resistance to V. dahliae via the thickening of cell walls and ROS accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Weiqiao Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Zhikun Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Guoning Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
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Liu C, Niu G, Zhang H, Sun Y, Sun S, Yu F, Lu S, Yang Y, Li J, Hong Z. Trimming of N-Glycans by the Golgi-Localized α-1,2-Mannosidases, MNS1 and MNS2, Is Crucial for Maintaining RSW2 Protein Abundance during Salt Stress in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:678-690. [PMID: 29409894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (Asn/N)-linked glycans are important for protein folding, trafficking, and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in eukaryotes. The maturation of glycoproteins involves the trimming of mannosyl residues by mannosidases and addition of other sugar molecules to three-branched N-glycans in the Golgi. However, the biological importance of Golgi-mediated mannose trimming is not fully understood. Here, we show that abolishment of two functionally redundant mannosidases, MNS1 and MNS2, responsible for α-1,2-mannose trimming on the A and C branches of plant N-glycans lead to severe root growth inhibition under salt stress conditions in Arabidopsis. In contrast, mutants with defects in the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide precursor displayed enhanced salt tolerance in the absence of mannose trimming. However, mutation in EBS3, which is required for the formation of the branched N-glycan precursor, suppressed the salt-sensitive phenotype of mns1 mns2 double mutant. Interestingly, we observed that cellulose biosynthesis was compromised in mns1 mns2 roots under high salinity. Consistently, abundance of a membrane anchored endo-β-1,4-endoglucanase (RSW2/KOR) that plays a key role in cellulose biosynthesis and its mutant variant rsw2-1 were modulated by α-1,2-mannose trimming under salt stress. Overexpression of RSW2 could partially rescue the salt-sensitive phenotype of mns1 mns2. Taken together, these results suggest that MNS1/2-mediated mannose trimming of N-glycans is crucial in modulating glycoprotein abundance to withstand salt stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanting Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fugen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Zhi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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de Simone A, Hubbard R, de la Torre NV, Velappan Y, Wilson M, Considine MJ, Soppe WJJ, Foyer CH. Redox Changes During the Cell Cycle in the Embryonic Root Meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1505-1519. [PMID: 28457165 PMCID: PMC5678362 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to characterize redox changes in the nuclei and cytosol occurring during the mitotic cell cycle in the embryonic roots of germinating Arabidopsis seedlings, and to determine how redox cycling was modified in mutants with a decreased capacity for ascorbate synthesis. RESULTS Using an in vivo reduction-oxidation (redox) reporter (roGFP2), we show that transient oxidation of the cytosol and the nuclei occurred at G1 in the synchronized dividing cells of the Arabidopsis root apical meristem, with reduction at G2 and mitosis. This redox cycle was absent from low ascorbate mutants in which nuclei were significantly more oxidized than controls. The cell cycle-dependent increase in nuclear size was impaired in the ascorbate-deficient mutants, which had fewer cells per unit area in the root proliferation zone. The transcript profile of the dry seeds and size of the imbibed seeds was strongly influenced by low ascorbate but germination, dormancy release and seed aging characteristics were unaffected. INNOVATION These data demonstrate the presence of a redox cycle within the plant cell cycle and that the redox state of the nuclei is an important factor in cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS Controlled oxidation is a key feature of the early stages of the plant cell cycle. However, sustained mild oxidation restricts nuclear functions and impairs progression through the cell cycle leading to fewer cells in the root apical meristem. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1505-1519.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra de Simone
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hubbard
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natanael Viñegra de la Torre
- 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany
| | - Yazhini Velappan
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,3 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Wilson
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Considine
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,3 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,4 School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,5 The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,6 The Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, Australia
| | - Wim J J Soppe
- 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany .,7 Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine H Foyer
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,4 School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
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Qi T, Liu Z, Fan M, Chen Y, Tian H, Wu D, Gao H, Ren C, Song S, Xie D. GDP-D-mannose epimerase regulates male gametophyte development, plant growth and leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10309. [PMID: 28871157 PMCID: PMC5583398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME) converts GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L-galactose, a precursor of both L-ascorbate (vitamin C) and cell wall polysaccharides. However, the genetic functions of GME in Arabidopsis are unclear. In this study, we found that mutations in Arabidopsis GME affect pollen germination, pollen tube elongation, and transmission and development of the male gametophyte through analysis of the heterozygous GME/gme plants and the homozygous gme plants. Arabidopsis gme mutants also exhibit severe growth defects and early leaf senescence. Surprisingly, the defects in male gametophyte in the gme plants are not restored by L-ascorbate, boric acid or GDP-L-galactose, though boric acid rescues the growth defects of the mutants, indicating that GME may regulate male gametophyte development independent of L-ascorbate and GDP-L-galactose. These results reveal key roles for Arabidopsis GME in reproductive development, vegetative growth and leaf senescence, and suggest that GME regulates plant growth and controls male gametophyte development in different manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Crop Gene Engineering Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Haixia Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Crop Gene Engineering Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Dewei Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chunmei Ren
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Crop Gene Engineering Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Susheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Daoxin Xie
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Wei L, Jian H, Lu K, Yin N, Wang J, Duan X, Li W, Liu L, Xu X, Wang R, Paterson AH, Li J. Genetic and transcriptomic analyses of lignin- and lodging-related traits in Brassica napus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1961-1973. [PMID: 28634809 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Candidate genes associated with lignin and lodging traits were identified by combining phenotypic, genotypic, and gene expression data in B. napus. Brassica napus is one of the world's most important oilseed crops, but its yield can be dramatically reduced by lodging, bending, and falling of its vertical stems. Lignin has been shown to contribute to stem mechanical strength. In this study, we found that the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) monolignol ratio exhibits a significant negative correlation with disease and lodging resistance. A total of 92 and 50 SNP and SSR loci, respectively, were found to be significantly associated with five traits, breaking force, breaking strength, lodging coefficient, acid detergent lignin content, and the S/G monolignol ratio using GWAS. To identify novel genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, transcriptome sequencing of high- (H) and low (L)-ADL content accessions was performed. The up-regulated genes were mainly involved in glycoside catabolic processes (especially glucosinolate catabolism) and cell wall biogenesis, while down-regulated genes were involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis, indicating that crosstalk exists between glucosinolate metabolic processes and lignin biosynthesis. Integrating this differential expression with the GWAS analysis, we identified four candidate genes regulating lignin, including glycosyl hydrolase (BnaA01g00480D), CYT1 (BnaA04g22820D), and two encoding transcription factors, SHINE1 (ERF family) and DAR6 (LIM family). This study provides insight into the genetic control of lodging and lignin in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wei
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, 30605, GA, USA
| | - Hongju Jian
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Nengwen Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiujian Duan
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wei Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Liezhao Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xinfu Xu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Andrew H Paterson
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, 30605, GA, USA.
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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He C, Zeng S, Teixeira da Silva JA, Yu Z, Tan J, Duan J. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the phosphomannomutase (PMM) gene from Dendrobium officinale and evidence for the involvement of an abiotic stress response during germination. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1693-1704. [PMID: 27987037 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphomannomutase (PMM, EC 5.4.2.8) catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate to mannose-1-phosphate, the precursor for the synthesis of GDP-mannose. In this study, the complementary DNA (cDNA) of the Phosphomannomutase (PMM) gene was initially cloned from Dendrobium officinale by RACE method. Transient transform result showed that the DoPMM protein was localized in the cytoplasm. The DoPMM gene was highly expressed in the stems of D. officinale both in vegetative and reproductive developmental stages. The putative promoter was cloned by TAIL-PCR and used for searched cis-elements. Stress-related cis-elements like ABRE, TCA-element, and MBS were found in the promoter regions. The DoPMM gene was up-regulated after treatment with abscisic acid, salicylic acid, cold, polyethylene glycol, and NaCl. The total ascorbic acid (AsA) and polysaccharide content in all of the 35S::DoPMM Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines #1, #2, and #5 showed a 40, 39, and 31% increase in AsA and a 77, 22, and 39% increase in polysaccharides, respectively more than wild-type (WT) levels. All three 35S::DoPMM transgenic lines exhibited a higher germination percentage than WT plants when seeded on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 150 mM NaCl or 300 mM mannitol. These results provide genetic evidence for the involvement of PMM genes in the biosynthesis of AsA and polysaccharides and the mediation of PMM genes in abiotic stress tolerance during seed germination in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | | | - Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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DoGMP1 from Dendrobium officinale contributes to mannose content of water-soluble polysaccharides and plays a role in salt stress response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41010. [PMID: 28176760 PMCID: PMC5296857 DOI: 10.1038/srep41010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) catalyzed the formation of GDP-mannose, which serves as a donor for the biosynthesis of mannose-containing polysaccharides. In this study, three GMP genes from Dendrobium officinale (i.e., DoGMPs) were cloned and analyzed. The putative 1000 bp upstream regulatory region of these DoGMPs was isolated and cis-elements were identified, which indicates their possible role in responses to abiotic stresses. The DoGMP1 protein was shown to be localized in the cytoplasm. To further study the function of the DoGMP1 gene, 35S:DoGMP1 transgenic A. thaliana plants with an enhanced expression level of DoGMP1 were generated. Transgenic plants were indistinguishable from wild-type (WT) plants in tissue culture or in soil. However, the mannose content of the extracted water-soluble polysaccharides increased 67%, 96% and 92% in transgenic lines #1, #2 and #3, respectively more than WT levels. Germination percentage of seeds from transgenic lines was higher than WT seeds and the growth of seedlings from transgenic lines was better than WT seedlings under salinity stress (150 mM NaCl). Our results provide genetic evidence for the involvement of GMP genes in the biosynthesis of mannose-containing polysaccharides and the mediation of GMP genes in the response to salt stress during seed germination and seedling growth.
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Knocking Down the Expression of GMPase Gene OsVTC1-1 Decreases Salt Tolerance of Rice at Seedling and Reproductive Stages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168650. [PMID: 27992560 PMCID: PMC5167552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a severe environmental stress that greatly impairs production of crops worldwide. Previous studies have shown that GMPase plays an important role in tolerance of plants to salt stress at vegetative stage. However, the function of GMPase in plant responses to salt stress at reproductive stage remains unclear. Studies have shown that heterologous expression of rice GMPase OsVTC1-1 enhanced salt tolerance of tobacco seedlings, but the native role of OsVTC1-1 in salt stress tolerance of rice is unknown. To illustrate the native function of GMPase in response of rice to salt stress, OsVTC1-1 expression was suppressed using RNAi-mediated gene silencing. Suppressing OsVTC1-1 expression obviously decreased salt tolerance of rice varieties at vegetative stage. Intriguingly, grain yield of OsVTC1-1 RNAi rice was also significantly reduced under salt stress, indicating that OsVTC1-1 plays an important role in salt tolerance of rice at both seedling and reproductive stages. OsVTC1-1 RNAi rice accumulated more ROS under salt stress, and supplying exogenous ascorbic acid restored salt tolerance of OsVTC1-1 RNAi lines, suggesting that OsVTC1-1 is involved in salt tolerance of rice through the biosynthesis regulation of ascorbic acid. Altogether, results of present study showed that rice GMPase gene OsVTC1-1 plays a critical role in salt tolerance of rice at both vegetative and reproductive stages through AsA scavenging of excess ROS.
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Honkanen S, Jones VAS, Morieri G, Champion C, Hetherington AJ, Kelly S, Proust H, Saint-Marcoux D, Prescott H, Dolan L. The Mechanism Forming the Cell Surface of Tip-Growing Rooting Cells Is Conserved among Land Plants. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3238-3244. [PMID: 27866889 PMCID: PMC5154754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To discover mechanisms that controlled the growth of the rooting system in the earliest land plants, we identified genes that control the development of rhizoids in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. 336,000 T-DNA transformed lines were screened for mutants with defects in rhizoid growth, and a de novo genome assembly was generated to identify the mutant genes. We report the identification of 33 genes required for rhizoid growth, of which 6 had not previously been functionally characterized in green plants. We demonstrate that members of the same orthogroup are active in cell wall synthesis, cell wall integrity sensing, and vesicle trafficking during M. polymorpha rhizoid and Arabidopsis thaliana root hair growth. This indicates that the mechanism for constructing the cell surface of tip-growing rooting cells is conserved among land plants and was active in the earliest land plants that existed sometime more than 470 million years ago [1, 2]. 336,000 T-DNA lines and a genome assembly were generated in Marchantia polymorpha 33 genes required for rhizoid growth were identified Six of the 33 genes were functionally characterized in plants for the first time Genes belonging to these orthogroups were active in the first land plant roots
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Honkanen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Victor A S Jones
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Giulia Morieri
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Clement Champion
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | | | - Steve Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Hélène Proust
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Denis Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Helen Prescott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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Zhao S, Liu L. Expression and crystallographic studies of the Arabidopsis thaliana GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase VTC1. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2016; 72:795-798. [PMID: 27710946 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16013406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the production of GDP-D-mannose, an intermediate product in the plant ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme is a key regulatory target in AsA biosynthesis and is encoded by VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE 1 (VTC1) in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Here, recombinant VTC1 was expressed, purified and crystallized. Diffraction data were obtained from VTC1 crystals grown in the absence and presence of substrate using X-rays. The ligand-free VTC1 crystal diffracted X-rays to 3.3 Å resolution and belonged to space group R32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 183.6, c = 368.5 Å, α = β = 90, γ = 120°; the crystal of VTC1 in the presence of substrate diffracted X-rays to 1.75 Å resolution and belonged to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 70.8, b = 83.9, c = 74.5 Å, α = γ = 90.0, β = 114.9°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China
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N-linked glycosite profiling and use of Skyline as a platform for characterization and relative quantification of glycans in differentiating xylem of Populus trichocarpa. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:487-497. [PMID: 27491298 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our greater understanding of the importance of N-linked glycosylation in biological systems has spawned the field of glycomics and development of analytical tools to address the many challenges regarding our ability to characterize and quantify this complex and important modification as it relates to biological function. One of the unmet needs of the field remains a systematic method for characterization of glycans in new biological systems. This study presents a novel workflow for identification of glycans using Individuality Normalization when Labeling with Isotopic Glycan Hydrazide Tags (INLIGHT™) strategy developed in our lab. This consists of monoisotopic mass extraction followed by peak pair identification of tagged glycans from a theoretical library using an in-house program. Identification and relative quantification could then be performed using the freely available bioinformatics tool Skyline. These studies were performed in the biological context of studying the N-linked glycome of differentiating xylem of the poplar tree, a widely studied model woody plant, particularly with respect to understanding lignin biosynthesis during wood formation. Through our workflow, we were able to identify 502 glycosylated proteins including 12 monolignol enzymes and 1 peroxidase (PO) through deamidation glycosite analysis. Finally, our novel semi-automated workflow allowed for rapid identification of 27 glycans by intact mass and by NAT/SIL peak pairing from a library containing 1573 potential glycans, eliminating the need for extensive manual analysis. Implementing Skyline for relative glycan quantification allowed for improved accuracy and precision of quantitative measurements over current processing tools which we attribute to superior algorithms correction for baseline variation and MS1 peak filtering. Graphical abstract Workflow for FANGS-INLIGHT glycosite profiling of plant xylem and monolignol proteins followed by INLIGHT tagging with semi-automated identification of glycans by light-heavy peak pairs. Finally, manual validation and relative quantification was performed in Skyline.
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Zhang Y, Nikolovski N, Sorieul M, Vellosillo T, McFarlane HE, Dupree R, Kesten C, Schneider R, Driemeier C, Lathe R, Lampugnani E, Yu X, Ivakov A, Doblin MS, Mortimer JC, Brown SP, Persson S, Dupree P. Golgi-localized STELLO proteins regulate the assembly and trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11656. [PMID: 27277162 PMCID: PMC4906169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, cellulose is a key structural component of the plant cell wall. Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the endomembrane system and trafficked to the plasma membrane. While several proteins that affect CesA activity have been identified, components that regulate CSC assembly and trafficking remain unknown. Here we show that STELLO1 and 2 are Golgi-localized proteins that can interact with CesAs and control cellulose quantity. In the absence of STELLO function, the spatial distribution within the Golgi, secretion and activity of the CSCs are impaired indicating a central role of the STELLO proteins in CSC assembly. Point mutations in the predicted catalytic domains of the STELLO proteins indicate that they are glycosyltransferases facing the Golgi lumen. Hence, we have uncovered proteins that regulate CSC assembly in the plant Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nino Nikolovski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Mathias Sorieul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Tamara Vellosillo
- Energy Biosciences Institute, and Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Kesten
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - René Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rahul Lathe
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Edwin Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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Control of Grifola frondosa Morphology by Agitation and Aeration for Improving Mycelia and Exo-Polymer Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:459-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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44
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Qin H, Deng Z, Zhang C, Wang Y, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang Z, Huang R, Zhang Z. Rice GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase OsVTC1-1 and OsVTC1-3 play different roles in ascorbic acid synthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:317-27. [PMID: 26715595 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPase) catalyzes the synthesis of GDP-D-mannose, which is a precursor for ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis in plants. The rice genome encodes three GMPase homologs OsVTC1-1, OsVTC1-3 and OsVTC1-8, but their roles in AsA synthesis are unclear. The overexpression of OsVTC1-1 or OsVTC1-3 restored the AsA synthesis of vtc1-1 in Arabidopsis, while that of OsVTC1-8 did not, indicating that only OsVTC1-1 and OsVTC1-3 are involved in AsA synthesis in rice. Similar to Arabidopsis VTC1, the expression of OsVTC1-1 was high in leaves, induced by light, and inhibited by dark. Unlike OsVTC1-1, the expression level of OsVTC1-3 was high in roots and quickly induced by the dark, while the transcription level of OsVTC1-8 did not show obvious changes under constant light or dark treatments. In OsVTC1-1 RNAi plants, the AsA content of rice leaves decreased, and the AsA production induced by light was limited. In contrast, OsVTC1-3 RNAi lines altered AsA synthesis levels in rice roots, but not in the leaves or under the light/dark treatment. The enzyme activity showed that OsVTC1-1 and OsVTC1-3 had higher GMPase activities than OsVTC1-8 in vitro. Our data showed that, unlike in Arabidopsis, the rice GPMase homologous proteins illustrated a new model in AsA synthesis: OsVTC1-1 may be involved in the AsA synthesis, which takes place in leaves, while OsVTC1-3 may be responsible for AsA synthesis in roots. The different roles of rice GMPase homologous proteins in AsA synthesis may be due to their differences in transcript levels and enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zaian Deng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571000, China
| | - Chuanyu Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571000, China
| | - Yayun Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571000, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Gillmor CS, Roeder AHK, Sieber P, Somerville C, Lukowitz W. A Genetic Screen for Mutations Affecting Cell Division in the Arabidopsis thaliana Embryo Identifies Seven Loci Required for Cytokinesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146492. [PMID: 26745275 PMCID: PMC4712874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis in plants involves the formation of unique cellular structures such as the phragmoplast and the cell plate, both of which are required to divide the cell after nuclear division. In order to isolate genes that are involved in de novo cell wall formation, we performed a large-scale, microscope-based screen for Arabidopsis mutants that severely impair cytokinesis in the embryo. We recovered 35 mutations that form abnormally enlarged cells with multiple, often polyploid nuclei and incomplete cell walls. These mutants represent seven genes, four of which have previously been implicated in phragmoplast or cell plate function. Mutations in two loci show strongly reduced transmission through the haploid gametophytic generation. Molecular cloning of both corresponding genes reveals that one is represented by hypomorphic alleles of the kinesin-5 gene RADIALLY SWOLLEN 7 (homologous to tobacco kinesin-related protein TKRP125), and that the other gene corresponds to the Arabidopsis FUSED ortholog TWO-IN-ONE (originally identified based on its function in pollen development). No mutations that completely abolish the formation of cross walls in diploid cells were found. Our results support the idea that cytokinesis in the diploid and haploid generations involve similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stewart Gillmor
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Patrick Sieber
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Chris Somerville
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lim B, Smirnoff N, Cobbett CS, Golz JF. Ascorbate-Deficient vtc2 Mutants in Arabidopsis Do Not Exhibit Decreased Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1025. [PMID: 27468291 PMCID: PMC4943039 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants the L-galactose pathway represents the major route for ascorbate biosynthesis. The first committed step of this pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase and is encoded by two paralogs in Arabidopsis - VITAMIN C2 (VTC2) and VTC5. The first mutant of this enzyme, vtc2-1, isolated via an EMS mutagenesis screen, has approximately 20-30% of wildtype ascorbate levels and has been reported to have decreased growth under standard laboratory conditions. Here, we show that a T-DNA insertion into the VTC2 causes a similar reduction in ascorbate levels, but does not greatly affect plant growth. Subsequent segregation analysis revealed the growth defects of vtc2-1 mutants segregate independently of the vtc2-1 mutation. These observations suggest that it is the presence of an independent cryptic mutation that affects growth of vtc2-1 mutants, and not the 70-80% decrease in ascorbate levels that has been assumed in past studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Lim
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, UK
| | | | - John F. Golz
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: John F. Golz, orcid.org/0000-0001-9478-5459
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47
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Sawake S, Tajima N, Mortimer JC, Lao J, Ishikawa T, Yu X, Yamanashi Y, Yoshimi Y, Kawai-Yamada M, Dupree P, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. KONJAC1 and 2 Are Key Factors for GDP-Mannose Generation and Affect l-Ascorbic Acid and Glucomannan Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3397-409. [PMID: 26672069 PMCID: PMC4707449 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans are unable to synthesize l-ascorbic acid (AsA), yet it is required as a cofactor in many critical biochemical reactions. The majority of human dietary AsA is obtained from plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPP), VITAMIN C DEFECTIVE1 (VTC1), catalyzes a rate-limiting step in AsA synthesis: the formation of GDP-Man. In this study, we identified two nucleotide sugar pyrophosphorylase-like proteins, KONJAC1 (KJC1) and KJC2, which stimulate the activity of VTC1. The kjc1kjc2 double mutant exhibited severe dwarfism, indicating that KJC proteins are important for growth and development. The kjc1 mutation reduced GMPP activity to 10% of wild-type levels, leading to a 60% reduction in AsA levels. On the contrary, overexpression of KJC1 significantly increased GMPP activity. The kjc1 and kjc1kjc2 mutants also exhibited significantly reduced levels of glucomannan, which is also synthesized from GDP-Man. Recombinant KJC1 and KJC2 enhanced the GMPP activity of recombinant VTC1 in vitro, while KJCs did not show GMPP activity. Yeast two-hybrid assays suggested that the stimulation of GMPP activity occurs via interaction of KJCs with VTC1. These results suggest that KJCs are key factors for the generation of GDP-Man and affect AsA level and glucomannan accumulation through the stimulation of VTC1 GMPP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Sawake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tajima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom Biomass Engineering Program Cooperation Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Yukiko Yamanashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
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48
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Polle A, Chen S. On the salty side of life: molecular, physiological and anatomical adaptation and acclimation of trees to extreme habitats. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1794-816. [PMID: 25159181 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Saline and sodic soils that cannot be used for agriculture occur worldwide. Cultivating stress-tolerant trees to obtain biomass from salinized areas has been suggested. Various tree species of economic importance for fruit, fibre and timber production exhibit high salinity tolerance. Little is known about the mechanisms enabling tree crops to cope with high salinity for extended periods. Here, the molecular, physiological and anatomical adjustments underlying salt tolerance in glycophytic and halophytic model tree species, such as Populus euphratica in terrestrial habitats, and mangrove species along coastlines are reviewed. Key mechanisms that have been identified as mediating salt tolerance are discussed at scales from the genetic to the morphological level, including leaf succulence and structural adjustments of wood anatomy. The genetic and transcriptomic bases for physiological salt acclimation are salt sensing and signalling networks that activate target genes; the target genes keep reactive oxygen species under control, maintain the ion balance and restore water status. Evolutionary adaptation includes gene duplication in these pathways. Strategies for and limitations to tree improvement, particularly transgenic approaches for increasing salt tolerance by transforming trees with single and multiple candidate genes, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Tanaka H, Maruta T, Ogawa T, Tanabe N, Tamoi M, Yoshimura K, Shigeoka S. Identification and characterization of Arabidopsis AtNUDX9 as a GDP-d-mannose pyrophosphohydrolase: its involvement in root growth inhibition in response to ammonium. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5797-808. [PMID: 26049160 PMCID: PMC4566977 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
GDP-d-mannose (GDP-d-Man) is an important intermediate in ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis, cell wall synthesis, protein N-glycosylation, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchoring in plants. Thus, the modulation of intracellular levels of GDP-d-Man could be important for maintaining various cellular processes. Here an Arabidopsis GDP-d-Man pyrophosphohydrolase, AtNUDX9 (AtNUDT9; At3g46200), which hydrolysed GDP-d-Man to GMP and mannose 1-phosphate, was identified. The K m and V max values for GDP-d-Man of AtNUDX9 were 376±24 μM and 1.61±0.15 μmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively. Among various tissues, the expression levels of AtNUDX9 and the total activity of GDP-d-Man pyrophosphohydrolase were the highest in the roots. The GDP-d-Man pyrophosphohydrolase activity was increased in the root of plants grown in the presence of ammonium. No difference was observed in the levels of AsA in the leaf and root tissues of the wild-type and knockout-nudx9 (KO-nudx9) plants, whereas a marked increase in N-glycoprotein levels and enhanced growth were detected in the roots of KO-nudx9 plants in the presence of ammonium. These results suggest that AtNUDX9 is involved in the regulation of GDP-d-Man levels affecting ammonium sensitivity via modulation of protein N-glycosylation in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takanori Maruta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanabe
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University,1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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50
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O'Rourke JA, Fu F, Bucciarelli B, Yang SS, Samac DA, Lamb JFS, Monteros MJ, Graham MA, Gronwald JW, Krom N, Li J, Dai X, Zhao PX, Vance CP. The Medicago sativa gene index 1.2: a web-accessible gene expression atlas for investigating expression differences between Medicago sativa subspecies. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:502. [PMID: 26149169 PMCID: PMC4492073 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the primary forage legume crop species in the United States and plays essential economic and ecological roles in agricultural systems across the country. Modern alfalfa is the result of hybridization between tetraploid M. sativa ssp. sativa and M. sativa ssp. falcata. Due to its large and complex genome, there are few genomic resources available for alfalfa improvement. Results A de novo transcriptome assembly from two alfalfa subspecies, M. sativa ssp. sativa (B47) and M. sativa ssp. falcata (F56) was developed using Illumina RNA-seq technology. Transcripts from roots, nitrogen-fixing root nodules, leaves, flowers, elongating stem internodes, and post-elongation stem internodes were assembled into the Medicago sativa Gene Index 1.2 (MSGI 1.2) representing 112,626 unique transcript sequences. Nodule-specific and transcripts involved in cell wall biosynthesis were identified. Statistical analyses identified 20,447 transcripts differentially expressed between the two subspecies. Pair-wise comparisons of each tissue combination identified 58,932 sequences differentially expressed in B47 and 69,143 sequences differentially expressed in F56. Comparing transcript abundance in floral tissues of B47 and F56 identified expression differences in sequences involved in anthocyanin and carotenoid synthesis, which determine flower pigmentation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) unique to each M. sativa subspecies (110,241) were identified. Conclusions The Medicago sativa Gene Index 1.2 increases the expressed sequence data available for alfalfa by ninefold and can be expanded as additional experiments are performed. The MSGI 1.2 transcriptome sequences, annotations, expression profiles, and SNPs were assembled into the Alfalfa Gene Index and Expression Database (AGED) at http://plantgrn.noble.org/AGED/, a publicly available genomic resource for alfalfa improvement and legume research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1718-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A O'Rourke
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Fengli Fu
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | | | - S Sam Yang
- USDA-ARS-Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA. .,Present Address: Monsanto Company, Molecular Breeding Technology, Chesterfield, MO, 63167, USA.
| | - Deborah A Samac
- USDA-ARS-Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - JoAnn F S Lamb
- USDA-ARS-Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | | | - Michelle A Graham
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - John W Gronwald
- USDA-ARS-Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Nick Krom
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Jun Li
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Xinbin Dai
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Patrick X Zhao
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Carroll P Vance
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA. .,USDA-ARS-Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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