1
|
Tuz K, Yuan M, Hu Y, Do TTT, Willow SY, DePaolo-Boisvert JA, Fuller JR, Minh DDL, Juárez O. Identification of the riboflavin-cofactor binding site in the Vibrio cholerae ion-pumping NQR complex: A novel structural motif in redox enzymes. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102182. [PMID: 35752362 PMCID: PMC9293633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ion-pumping NQR complex is an essential respiratory enzyme in the physiology of many pathogenic bacteria. This enzyme transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone through several cofactors, including riboflavin (vitamin B2). NQR is the only enzyme reported that is able to use riboflavin as a cofactor. Moreover, the riboflavin molecule is found as a stable neutral semiquinone radical. The otherwise highly reactive unpaired electron is stabilized via an unknown mechanism. Crystallographic data suggested that riboflavin might be found in a superficially located site in the interface of NQR subunits B and E. However, this location is highly problematic, as the site does not have the expected physiochemical properties. In this work, we have located the riboflavin-binding site in an amphipathic pocket in subunit B, previously proposed to be the entry site of sodium. Here, we show that this site contains absolutely conserved residues, including N200, N203, and D346. Mutations of these residues decrease enzymatic activity and specifically block the ability of NQR to bind riboflavin. Docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that these residues participate directly in riboflavin binding, establishing hydrogen bonds that stabilize the cofactor in the site. We conclude that riboflavin is likely bound in the proposed pocket, which is consistent with enzymatic characterizations, thermodynamic studies, and distance between cofactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Tuz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL
| | - Yuyao Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL
| | - Tien T T Do
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL
| | | | | | - James R Fuller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - David D L Minh
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL
| | - Oscar Juárez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Different Colors of mAbs in Solution. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020021. [PMID: 34073775 PMCID: PMC8161444 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The color of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody solution is a critical quality attribute. Consistency of color is typically assessed at time of release and during stability studies against preset criteria for late stage clinical and commercial products. A therapeutic protein solution's color may be determined by visual inspection or by more quantitative methods as per the different geographical area compendia. The nature and intensity of the color of a therapeutic protein solution is typically determined relative to calibrated standards. This review covers the analytical methodologies used for determining the color of a protein solution and presents an overview of protein variants and impurities known to contribute to colored recombinant therapeutic protein solutions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lecerf M, Kanyavuz A, Rossini S, Dimitrov JD. Interaction of clinical-stage antibodies with heme predicts their physiochemical and binding qualities. Commun Biol 2021; 4:391. [PMID: 33758329 PMCID: PMC7988133 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin repertoires contain a fraction of antibodies that recognize low molecular weight compounds, including some enzymes' cofactors, such as heme. Here, by using a set of 113 samples with variable region sequences matching clinical-stage antibodies, we demonstrated that a considerable number of these antibodies interact with heme. Antibodies that interact with heme possess specific sequence traits of their antigen-binding regions. Moreover they manifest particular physicochemical and functional qualities i.e. increased hydrophobicity, higher propensity of self-binding, higher intrinsic polyreactivity and reduced expression yields. Thus, interaction with heme is a strong predictor of different molecular and functional qualities of antibodies. Notably, these qualities are of high importance for therapeutic antibodies, as their presence was associated with failure of drug candidates to reach clinic. Our study reveled an important facet of information about relationship sequence-function in antibodies. It also offers a convenient tool for detection of liabilities of therapeutic antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lecerf
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Kanyavuz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wallace A, Trimble S, Valliere-Douglass JF, Allen M, Eakin C, Balland A, Reddy P, Treuheit MJ. Control of Antibody Impurities Induced by Riboflavin in Culture Media During Production. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:566-575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Mechanisms of color formation in drug substance and mitigation strategies for the manufacture and storage of therapeutic proteins produced using mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
6
|
|
7
|
Alam MM, Abul Qais F, Ahmad I, Alam P, Hasan Khan R, Naseem I. Multi-spectroscopic and molecular modelling approach to investigate the interaction of riboflavin with human serum albumin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:795-809. [PMID: 28276274 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1298470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF) plays an important role in various metabolic redox reactions in the form of flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. Human serum albumin (HSA) is an important protein involved in the transportation of drugs, hormones, fatty acid and other molecules which determine the biodistribution and physiological fate of these molecules. In this study, we have investigated the interaction of riboflavin RF with HSA under simulative physiological conditions using various biophysical, calorimetric and molecular docking techniques. Results demonstrate the formation of riboflavin-HSA complex with binding constant in the order of 104 M-1. Fluorescence spectroscopy confirms intermediate strength having a static mode of quenching with stoichiometry of 1:1. Experimental results suggest that the binding site of riboflavin mainly resides in sub-domain IIA of HSA and that ligand interaction increases the α-helical content of HSA. These parameters were further verified by isothermal titration calorimetry ITC which confirms the thermodynamic parameters obtained by fluorescence spectroscopy. Molecular docking was employed to suggest a binding model. Based on thermodynamic, spectroscopic and computational observations it can be concluded that HSA-riboflavin complex is mainly stabilized by various non-covalent forces with binding energy of -7.2 kcal mol-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Maroof Alam
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Faizan Abul Qais
- b Department of Agricultural Microbiology , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- b Department of Agricultural Microbiology , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Parvez Alam
- c Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- c Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Imrana Naseem
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hassan I, Naseem I, Aman S, Alhazza IM. Age Affects the Mitigating Efficacy of Riboflavin Against Cisplatin-Induced Toxicity In Vivo. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1381-1393. [PMID: 27673721 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1225106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CP), a prominent anticancer drug, exerts toxic insults that are functional to various factors that compromise its antineoplastic activity. Riboflavin (RF) is an essential vitamin and photosensitizer that ameliorates CP-induced toxic insults in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. The aim of the present study is to investigate how age can influence the ameliorative effect of RF against CP-induced toxicity. Ninety male mice were divided into three age groups: young, adult, and old for the present investigation under an established treatment strategy with CP, RF, and their combinations under photoillumination for 1 mo. Their kidneys and serum samples were assessed for redox status [superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl contents, and glutathione-S-transferase], biochemical analysis (renal function markers-nitric oxide), comet assay, and histopathology. The adult group showed not only the strongest resistance against the CP-induced toxicity but also the better ameliorative effect of RF followed by the young and old groups, respectively, with well-maintained redox status concomitant with the level of renal function markers, MDA, and carbonyl contents near the control values. Furthermore, comet assay and histopathological evaluation confirmed the results in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, age is an important patient-related factor that can influence the final clinical outcome under personalized chemoradiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Hassan
- a Department of Zoology , College of Sciences, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Imrana Naseem
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Shazia Aman
- c Department of Biochemistry , J N Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Ibrahim M Alhazza
- a Department of Zoology , College of Sciences, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song H, Xu J, Jin M, Huang C, Bongers J, Bai H, Wu W, Ludwig R, Li Z, Tao L, Das TK. Investigation of Color in a Fusion Protein Using Advanced Analytical Techniques: Delineating Contributions from Oxidation Products and Process Related Impurities. Pharm Res 2015; 33:932-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
10
|
Matnuri M, Zheng C, Sidik D, Bai G, Abdukerim M, Abdukadier A, Ahmat K, Ma Y, Eli M. Correlation analysis of riboflavin, RFT2 and Helicobater pylori in gastric carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:13339-45. [PMID: 26722538 PMCID: PMC4680483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between tissue riboflavin level and riboflavin transporter 2 (RFT2) protein expression, and the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection and the plasma riboflavin level in gastric carcinoma (GC). METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect tissue riboflavin level in patients with GC. Western blotting was applied to analyze the expression of RFT2 protein in 60 tissue samples from gastric carcinoma together with their normal tissues. The Warthin-starry method, rapid urease test and (14)C-UBT were administered to detect the infection of H.pylori. High performance liquid chromatography (H.PYLORILC) was performed to detect plasma riboflavin level in the GC. RESULTS A significant decrease in the tissue riboflavin level was detected in GC samples compared to those in the normal mucous membrane (17.02 ± 3.91 vs. 21.0 ± 4.73; P = 0.043), and a significant decrease in the RFT2 protein was found in GC samples compared to those in the normal mucous membrane (0.92 ± 0.39 vs. 1.23 ± 0.51; P = 0.042). A positive correlation of tissue riboflavin level with defective expression of RFT2 protein was observed in GC patients (χ(2) = 1.969; P = 0.039). Plasma riboflavin level in gastric cancer without H.pylori infection group (1.6674 ng/mL ± 0.37009 ng/mL) was higher than H.pylori infection group (1.2207 ng/mL ± 0.17727 ng/mL, P = 0.043). CONCLUSION The results indicate that RFT2 plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis by modulating riboflavin absorption. H.pylori infection affects plasma riboflavin level and the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muattar Matnuri
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dildar Sidik
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mamatjan Abdukerim
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Aliye Abdukadier
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kilara Ahmat
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Maynur Eli
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lecerf M, Scheel T, Pashov AD, Jarossay A, Ohayon D, Planchais C, Mesnage S, Berek C, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Dimitrov JD. Prevalence and gene characteristics of antibodies with cofactor-induced HIV-1 specificity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5203-5213. [PMID: 25564611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy immune repertoire contains a fraction of antibodies that bind to various biologically relevant cofactors, including heme. Interaction of heme with some antibodies results in induction of new antigen binding specificities and acquisition of binding polyreactivity. In vivo, extracellular heme is released as a result of hemolysis or tissue damage; hence the post-translational acquisition of novel antigen specificities might play an important role in the diversification of the immunoglobulin repertoire and host defense. Here, we demonstrate that seronegative immune repertoires contain antibodies that gain reactivity to HIV-1 gp120 upon exposure to heme. Furthermore, a panel of human recombinant antibodies was cloned from different B cell subpopulations, and the prevalence of antibodies with cofactor-induced specificity for gp120 was determined. Our data reveal that upon exposure to heme, ∼24% of antibodies acquired binding specificity for divergent strains of HIV-1 gp120. Sequence analyses reveal that heme-sensitive antibodies do not differ in their repertoire of variable region genes and in most of the molecular features of their antigen-binding sites from antibodies that do not change their antigen binding specificity. However, antibodies with cofactor-induced gp120 specificity possess significantly lower numbers of somatic mutations in their variable region genes. This study contributes to the understanding of the significance of cofactor-binding antibodies in immunoglobulin repertoires and of the influence that the tissue microenvironment might have in shaping adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lecerf
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Tobias Scheel
- the Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastas D Pashov
- the Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria, and
| | - Annaelle Jarossay
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ohayon
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Mesnage
- the Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Berek
- the Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France,.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naseem I, Hassan I, Alhazza IM, Chibber S. Protective effect of riboflavin on cisplatin induced toxicities: a gender-dependent study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:303-14. [PMID: 25242266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity exerted by the anticancer drug, cisplatin in vivo is functional to many factors such as dose, duration, gender and age etc. The present study is aimed to investigate if ameliorative potential of riboflavin on cisplatin induced toxicity is gender dependent. Eighty four adult mice from male and female sex were divided into seven groups (n=6) for both sexes. They were treated with riboflavin (2mg/kg), cisplatin (2mg/kg) and their two different combinations (cisplatin at 2mg/kg with 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg of riboflavin) under photoillumination with their respective controls for the combination groups without photoillumination. After treatment, all groups were sacrificed and their kidney, liver and serum were collected for biochemical estimations, comet assay and histopathology. In the present investigation, it was evident from antioxidant and detoxification studies (SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, MDA and carbonyl level) that the female mice exhibited better tolerance towards cisplatin inducted toxicity and the ameliorative effect of riboflavin against cisplatin toxicity was found stronger in their combination groups as compared to the male groups as the activity of all antioxidant enzymes were found better concomitant with lower level of MDA and carbonyl contents in the female combination groups than their male counterparts. Furthermore, single cell gel electrophoresis and histopathological examination confirmed that restoration of normal nuclear and cellular integrity was more prominent in female with respect to the males after treatment in the combination groups in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, this study reveals that cisplatin is more toxic in male mice and the ameliorative effect of riboflavin against cisplatin toxicity is stronger in female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imrana Naseem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Iftekhar Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim M Alhazza
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandesh Chibber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ravi G, Venkatesh YP. Recognition of riboflavin and the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b by antibodies generated to the haptenic epitope D-ribitol. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:247-58. [PMID: 24643482 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
D-Ribitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol, is an important metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway; it is an integral part of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and cell wall polysaccharides in most Gram-positive and a few Gram-negative bacteria. Antibodies specific to D-ribitol were generated in New Zealand white rabbits by using reductively aminated D-ribose-BSA conjugate as the immunogen. MALDI-TOF and amino group analyses of ribitol-BSA conjugate following 120 h reaction showed ~27-30 mol of ribitol conjugated per mole BSA. The presence of sugar alcohol in the conjugates was also confirmed by an increase in molecular mass and a positive periodic acid-Schiff staining in SDS-PAGE. Caprylic acid precipitation of rabbit serum followed by hapten affinity chromatography on ribitol-KLH-Sepharose CL-6B resulted in pure ribitol-specific antibodies (~45-50 μg/mL). The affinity constant of ribitol antibodies was found to be 2.9 × 10(7) M(-1) by non-competitive ELISA. Ribitol antibodies showed 100% specificity towards ribitol, ~800% cross-reactivity towards riboflavin, 10-15% cross-reactivity with sorbitol, xylitol and mannitol, and 5-7% cross-reactivity with L-arabinitol and meso-erythritol. The specificity of antibody to ribitol was further confirmed by its low cross-reactivity (0.4%) with lumichrome. Antibodies to D-ribitol recognized the purified capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, which could be specifically inhibited by ribitol. In conclusion, antibodies specific to D-ribitol have been generated and characterized, which have potential applications in the detection of free riboflavin and ribitol in biological samples, as well as identification of cell-surface macromolecules containing ribitol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ravi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, 'Chaluvamba Vilas', KRS Road, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka State, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Derfus GE, Dizon-Maspat J, Broddrick JT, Velayo AC, Toschi JD, Santuray RT, Hsu SK, Winter CM, Krishnan R, Amanullah A. Red colored IgG4 caused by vitamin B12 from cell culture media combined with disulfide reduction at harvest. MAbs 2014; 6:679-88. [PMID: 24552690 PMCID: PMC4011912 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While many antibody therapeutics are formulated at low concentration (~10–20 mg/mL) for intravenous administration, high concentration (> 100 mg/mL) formulations may be required for subcutaneous delivery in certain clinical indications. For such high concentration formulations, product color is more apparent due to the higher molecular density across a given path-length. Color is therefore a product quality attribute that must be well-understood and controlled, to demonstrate process consistency and enable clinical trial blinding. Upon concentration of an IgG4 product at the 2000 L manufacturing scale, variability in product color, ranging from yellow to red, was observed. A small-scale experimental model was developed to assess the effect of processing conditions (medium composition and harvest conditions) on final bulk drug substance (BDS) color. The model was used to demonstrate that, for two distinct IgG4 products, red coloration occurred only in the presence of disulfide reduction-mediated antibody dissociation. The red color-causing component was identified as vitamin B12, in the hydroxocobalamin form, and the extent of red color was correlated with the cobalt (vitamin B12) concentration in the final pools. The intensity of redness in the final BDS was modulated by changing the concentration of vitamin B12 in the cell culture media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayle E Derfus
- Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Josh D Toschi
- Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA
| | | | - Stephen K Hsu
- Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prentice KM, Gillespie R, Lewis N, Fujimori K, McCoy R, Bach J, Connell-Crowley L, Eakin CM. Hydroxocobalamin association during cell culture results in pink therapeutic proteins. MAbs 2013; 5:974-81. [PMID: 23924851 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Process control of protein therapeutic manufacturing is central to ensuring the product is both safe and efficacious for patients. In this work, we investigate the cause of pink color variability in development lots of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and Fc-fusion proteins. Results show pink-colored product generated during manufacturing is due to association of hydroxocobalamin (OH-Cbl), a form of vitamin B12. OH-Cbl is not part of the product manufacturing process; however we found cyanocobalamin (CN-Cbl) in cell culture media converts to OH-Cbl in the presence of light. OH-Cbl can be released from mAb and Fc-fusion proteins by conversion with potassium cyanide to CN-Cbl, which does not bind. By exploiting the differential binding of CN-Cbl and OH-Cbl, we developed a rapid and specific assay to accurately measure B12 levels in purified protein. Analysis of multiple products and lots using this technique gives insight into color variability during manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald Gillespie
- Department of Purification Process Development; Amgen Inc; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nathan Lewis
- Department of Analytical Sciences; Amgen Inc; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kiyoshi Fujimori
- Department of Drug Product Development; Amgen Inc; Thousand Oaks, CA USA
| | - Rebecca McCoy
- Department of Cell Sciences and Technology; Amgen Inc; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Julia Bach
- Department of Purification Process Development; Amgen Inc; Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aili A, Hasim A, Kelimu A, Guo X, Mamtimin B, Abudula A, Upur H. Association of the plasma and tissue riboflavin levels with C20orf54 expression in cervical lesions and its relationship to HPV16 infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79937. [PMID: 24260322 PMCID: PMC3832395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin deficiency can cause a variety of metabolic problems that lead to skin and mucosal disorders. Limited evidence suggests that high intake of riboflavin may reduce overall risks of cancer. However, association of this deficiency with cervical cancer and precancerous lesions are still not definitively known. In this study, we characterized the relationship between plasma and tissue riboflavin levels and C20orf54 protein expression in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) as well as the relationship of these levels with human papillomavirus virus 16, 18 (HPV16/18) infections. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure blood riboflavin levels in patients with CIN and CSCC, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine tissue riboflavin levels in patients with CSCC and matched normal mucous epithelia. The expression of C20orf54 in fresh CSCC and matched tissues were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. And it was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded CIN and CSCC. An HPV genotyping chip was used to analyze HPV infection and typing. The results showed that patients with CIN and CSCC had decreased plasma riboflavin levels as compared with normal controls. There was also significantly decreased riboflavin in tissues from CSCC patients, when compared with normal cervical epithelia. C20orf54 expression were significantly up-regulated in CSCC compared to matched control on both mRNA and protein level. Tissue riboflavin levels were significantly lower in HPV16/18 positive tissue compared with HPV16/18-negative tissue, and an inverse association was found between tissue riboflavin levels and C20orf54 mRNA and protein expression in CSCC. Additionally, C20orf54 was significantly correlated with tumor stages. In conclusion, C20orf54 tend to play a protective role in Uyghur cervical carcinogenesis of which modulating riboflavin absorption, and it is also related with HPV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aixingzi Aili
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ayshamgul Hasim
- Department of Pathology of the Medical University of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Alimujiang Kelimu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Batur Mamtimin
- Pharmaceutical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Halmurat Upur
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kinjo AR, Nakamura H. GIRAF: a method for fast search and flexible alignment of ligand binding interfaces in proteins at atomic resolution. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2012; 8:79-94. [PMID: 27493524 PMCID: PMC4629647 DOI: 10.2142/biophysics.8.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison and classification of protein structures are fundamental means to understand protein functions. Due to the computational difficulty and the ever-increasing amount of structural data, however, it is in general not feasible to perform exhaustive all-against-all structure comparisons necessary for comprehensive classifications. To efficiently handle such situations, we have previously proposed a method, now called GIRAF. We herein describe further improvements in the GIRAF protein structure search and alignment method. The GIRAF method achieves extremely efficient search of similar structures of ligand binding sites of proteins by exploiting database indexing of structural features of local coordinate frames. In addition, it produces refined atom-wise alignments by iterative applications of the Hungarian method to the bipartite graph defined for a pair of superimposed structures. By combining the refined alignments based on different local coordinate frames, it is made possible to align structures involving domain movements. We provide detailed accounts for the database design, the search and alignment algorithms as well as some benchmark results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira R Kinjo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hassan I, Chibber S, Khan AA, Naseem I. Riboflavin ameliorates cisplatin induced toxicities under photoillumination. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36273. [PMID: 22567145 PMCID: PMC3342168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin is an effective anticancer drug that elicits many side effects mainly due to induction of oxidative and nitrosative stresses during prolonged chemotherapy. The severity of these side effects consequently restricts its clinical use under long term treatment. Riboflavin is an essential vitamin used in various metabolic redox reactions in the form of flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. Besides, it has excellent photosensitizing property that can be used to ameliorate these toxicities in mice under photodynamic therapy. Methods and Findings Riboflavin, cisplatin and their combinations were given to the separate groups of mice under photoilluminated condition under specific treatment regime. Their kidney and liver were excised for comet assay and histopathological studies. Furthermore, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of riboflavin-cisplatin combination in vitro was also conducted to investigate any possible interaction between the two compounds. Their comet assay and histopathological examination revealed that riboflavin in combination with cisplatin was able to protect the tissues from cisplatin induced toxicities and damages. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis of the combination indicated a strong molecular interaction among their constituent groups that may be assigned for the protective effect of the combination in the treated animals. Conclusion Inclusion of riboflavin diminishes cisplatin induced toxicities which may possibly make the cisplatin-riboflavin combination, an effective treatment strategy under chemoradiotherapy in pronouncing its antineoplastic activity and sensitivity towards the cancer cells as compared to cisplatin alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Sandesh Chibber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Aijaz A. Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Imrana Naseem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lerner RA. Rare antibodies from combinatorial libraries suggests an S.O.S. component of the human immunological repertoire. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1004-12. [PMID: 21298133 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Convergence of observations from different sources is the norm in science. However, when convergence occurs in man for antibodies it is remarkable because the repertoire of possible immunoglobulin products is very large and diverse. Thus, one would not expect to see the same antibody twice from divergent populations unless there is special significance as to why the immune response is constrained. Now, broadly neutralizing antibodies isolated from combinatorial libraries from three separate populations have been shown to all use the same (V(H) 1-69) germ line gene and interact with the influenza virus in very similar ways. Here we discuss the reasons for this convergence in terms of how the immunological repertoire responds to emergency situations where time is short as occurs, for example, in potentially lethal infections. It is suggested that there is a first responder or S.O.S. component of the antibody repertoire that evolved to initiate rapid defense against infectious agents. The discovery of the homologies between these commonly produced antibodies may have significance for the design of novel vaccines. Finally, these convergent results may give much insight into why antibodies encoded by the V(H) 1-69 germ line gene are highly over represented in B-cell lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kyle RA, Roberts WC. Robert Arthur Kyle, MD: a conversation with the editor. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2010; 23:400-18. [PMID: 20944764 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2010.11928660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Arthur Kyle
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (Kyle), and the Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas (Roberts)
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Bayles DO, Geisbrecht BV. Characteristics of an extensive Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recombinant protein set. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:223-33. [PMID: 20359537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the first step of a comprehensive large-scale antigen discovery project, 651 genes of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis were expressed in Escherichia coli. All of these were purified by affinity chromatography, dialyzed in phosphate buffered saline, and analyzed on SDS-PAGE gels. Collectively, these purified recombinant proteins represent 14.9% of the total M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteome. This volume of protein expression and purification has yielded unique observations that may be missed in smaller scale expression and purification projects. For example, the 252 putative membrane proteins predicted by PSORTb analysis, resulted in lower average expression yields (3.51mg/l culture) than the 176 predicted cytoplasmic proteins (7.27mg/l culture). A few proteins (MAP0107c, MAP3169c and MAP3640) appear to promote lysis of E. coli since there was a drop in optical density of the growth culture minutes after the inducing agent was added. Certain M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins, when expressed in E. coli changed the color of the column resin or appearance of harvested cell pellets. Finally, 19 proteins showed an absorbance maximum at 260nm rather than 280nm that was attributed to binding of nucleic acid during purification. This extensive recombinant protein repository provides a powerful tool for proteome- and genome-scale research of this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Antibodies represent the end product of an exquisitely complex biological process including recombination, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation, and self-tolerance, culminating in binding reagents directed against a vast repertoire of antigens. The resultant high affinity and diversity of specificity of these biomolecules has been exploited through the development of immunoassays and biotherapeutics that inaugurated a new era in experimental molecular biology and pharmaceutical drug development. Despite the utility of antibodies for research applications and in disease treatment, they must be employed in the context of an accurate understanding of their binding profile. High-content microarrays comprised of thousands of native, full length human proteins are an important tool in the assessment of antibody specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R Mattoon
- Invitrogen Corporation, Protein Array Center, 688 East Main Street, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies is common due to the various modifications introduced over the lifespan of the molecules from the point of synthesis to the point of complete clearance from the subjects. The vast number of modifications presents great challenge to the thorough characterization of the molecules. This article reviews the current knowledge of enzymatic and nonenzymatic modifications of monoclonal antibodies including the common ones such as incomplete disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, N-terminal pyroglutamine cyclization, C-terminal lysine processing, deamidation, isomerization, and oxidation, and less common ones such as modification of the N-terminal amino acids by maleuric acid and amidation of the C-terminal amino acid. In addition, noncovalent associations with other molecules, conformational diversity and aggregation of monoclonal antibodies are also discussed. Through a complete understanding of the heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies, strategies can be employed to better identify the potential modifications and thoroughly characterize the molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- Process Sciences Department, Abbott Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cheng HM, Chamley L. Cryptic natural autoantibodies and co-potentiators. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:431-4. [PMID: 18558357 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural autoantibodies are normal components of the humoral arm of the immune system found in clinically healthy individuals. There are two subpopulations of natural antibodies, including an overt group of antibodies that are readily detected in unfractionated normal human sera. The other natural antibody subgroup is revealed by physico or biochemical treatment of normal human sera in vitro. Unmasking of this latter cryptic natural autoantibodies (cNA) may occur in vivo by local factors in the tissue environment of disease states. The masking cryptic factors may be immunoglobulin (Ig) or non-Ig in nature. These factors may either be co-inhibitors or co-enhancers of cNA. In the heat-potentiated binding of natural anti-phospholipid antibodies, apolipoprotein H (beta 2-glycoprotein I) appears to act as a co-enhancer. The immuno-relationship between the in vitro and in vivo cNA phenomenon remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu Y, Hixon MS, Yamamoto N, McAllister LA, Wentworth AD, Wentworth P, Janda KD. Antibody-catalyzed anaerobic destruction of methamphetamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3681-6. [PMID: 17360412 PMCID: PMC1820643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611094104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine [(+)-2] abuse has emerged as a fast-rising global epidemic, with immunopharmacotherapeutic approaches being sought for its treatment. Herein, we report the generation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody, YX1-40H10, that catalyzes the photooxidation of (+)-2 into the nonpsychoactive compound benzaldehyde (14) under anaerobic conditions in the presence of riboflavin (6). Studies have revealed that the antibody facilitates the conversion of (+)-2 into 14 by binding the triplet photoexcited state of 6 in proximity to (+)-2. The antibody binds riboflavin (K(d) = 180 muM), although this was not programmed into hapten design, and the YX1-40H10-catalyzed reaction is inhibited by molecular oxygen via the presumed quenching of the photoexcited triplet state of 6. Given that this reaction is another highlight in the processing of reactive intermediates by antibodies, we speculate that this process may have future significance in vivo with programmed immunoglobulins that use flavins as cofactors to destroy selectable molecular targets under hypoxic or even anoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
| | - Mark S. Hixon
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | | | | | - Paul Wentworth
- Departments of Chemistry and
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Scripps–Oxford Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and
- Immunology
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and
- The Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| |
Collapse
|