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Dubey JP, Thompson PC, Fournet V, Hill DE, Zarlenga D, Gamble HR, Rosenthal BM. Over a century of progress on Trichinella research in pigs at the United States Department of Agriculture: Challenges and solutions. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2024; 36:e00239. [PMID: 39247629 PMCID: PMC11378942 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2024.e00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis, caused by 13 species/subspecies/genotypes in the nematode genus Trichinella, is a worldwide zoonosis. In the United States, trichinellosis was of historical and economic significance because of European restrictions on the import of U.S. pork. Before the advent of effective protective measures, most cases of trichinellosis were derived from consumption of undercooked or inadequately processed, infected pork. Research conducted at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) since 1891, and policies established by USDA regulatory agencies, have helped to reduce Trichinella infections in commercially raised domestic pigs to negligible levels. Here, we review the history of this scientific progress, placing special emphasis on research conducted at the USDA's Beltsville Agricultural Research Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Peter C Thompson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Valsin Fournet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Dolores E Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Dante Zarlenga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - H Ray Gamble
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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Zarlenga DS, Hoberg EP, Thompson P, Rosenthal B. Trichinella: Becoming a parasite. Vet Parasitol 2024:110220. [PMID: 38910035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Phylogenetic evidence indicates that free-living nematodes gave rise to parasitic nematodes where parasitism evolved independently at least 15 times. The high level of genetic and biological diversity among parasites dictates an equally high level of diversity in the transition to parasitism. We previously hypothesized that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) played an important role in the evolution of parasitism among early ancestors of Trichinella, mediated by an interplay of ecological and evolutionary pathways that contributed to persistence and diversification. We propose that host selection may have been associated with the metabolism of ammonia and engender a new paradigm whereby the reprogrammed nurse cell is capable of generating cyanate thereby enabling the importance of the Trichinella cyanase in the longevity of the cell. Parasites and parasitism have revealed considerable resilience against a backdrop of climate change and environmental perturbation. Here we provide a putative link between key periods in the evolution of Trichinella and major geological and climatological events dating back 500 million years. A useful lens for exploring such ideas, the Stockholm Paradigm, integrates Ecological Fitting (a foundation for host colonization and diversification), the Oscillation Hypothesis (recurring shifts between trends in generalization and specialization relative to host range), the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution (microevolutionary co-adaptive processes), and the Taxon Pulse Hypothesis (alternating events of biotic expansion i.e., exploitation in evolutionary and ecological time). Here we examine how one or more of these interactive theories, in a phylogenetic-historical context and in conjunction with HGT, may help explain the scope and depth of diversity among Trichinella genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante S Zarlenga
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Ghanei-Motlagh R, Fast MD, Groman D, Kumar G, Soliman H, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:182. [PMID: 37277780 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae, Huffmanelinae), represents a group of nematodes that infect both marine and freshwater fish, and the main gross feature of infection with different species of the genus is the presence of noticeable dark spots or tracks within the parasitized tissues. The purpose of this study was to describe morphologically and morphometrically the eggs of a new marine species of Huffmanela (Huffmanela persica sp. nov.), which was found in the form of black spots in the ovary and the tunica serosa of the stomach of the daggertooth pike conger (Muraenesox cinereus). The new species differs from Huffmanela hamo, another species reported from musculature of this host in Japan, in egg metrics, eggshell features and targeted organ. Molecular identification and pathological examination of the lesions caused by the new species are also reported. METHODS Nematode eggs with varying degrees of development were separated from the infected tissues (ovary and tunica serosa of stomach) and investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Different species-specific markers (small subunit ribosomal DNA, 18S; large subunit ribosomal DNA, 28S; internal transcribed spacer, ITS) were used for molecular identification and phylogenetic study of the new species. Infected tissues were fixed in buffered formalin for pathological investigations. RESULTS The fully developed eggs of H. persica sp. nov. are distinguished from those previously described from this host on the basis of their measurements (size, 54-68 × 31-43 µm; polar plugs, 6.4-9.7 × 8.4-12 µm; shell thickness, 3.5-6.1 µm) and a delicate but ornate uterine layer (UL) covering the entire eggshell including the polar plugs. Histopathological examination revealed a fibro-granulomatous inflammation in the ovary and the serosal layer of the stomach of infected fish. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis recovered a sister relationship between the new species of marine origin and Huffmanela species previously collected from freshwater hosts. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to report the molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a teleost-associated marine species of the genus Huffmanela. A comprehensive list of nominal and innominate populations of Huffmanela is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanei-Motlagh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Nazarizadeh M, Nováková M, Loot G, Gabagambi NP, Fatemizadeh F, Osano O, Presswell B, Poulin R, Vitál Z, Scholz T, Halajian A, Trucchi E, Kočová P, Štefka J. Historical dispersal and host-switching formed the evolutionary history of a globally distributed multi-host parasite - The Ligula intestinalis species complex. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107677. [PMID: 36572162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies on parasite biogeography and host spectrum provide insights into the processes driving parasite diversification. Global geographical distribution and a multi-host spectrum make the tapeworm Ligula intestinalis a promising model for studying both the vicariant and ecological modes of speciation in parasites. To understand the relative importance of host association and biogeography in the evolutionary history of this tapeworm, we analysed mtDNA and reduced-represented genomic SNP data for a total of 139 specimens collected from 18 fish-host genera across a distribution range representing 21 countries. Our results strongly supported the existence of at least 10 evolutionary lineages and estimated the deepest divergence at approximately 4.99-5.05 Mya, which is much younger than the diversification of the fish host genera and orders. Historical biogeography analyses revealed that the ancestor of the parasite diversified following multiple vicariance events and was widespread throughout the Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Nearctic between the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Cyprinoids were inferred as the ancestral hosts for the parasite. Later, from the late Pliocene to Pleistocene, new lineages emerged following a series of biogeographic dispersal and host-switching events. Although only a few of the current Ligula lineages show narrow host-specificity (to a single host genus), almost no host genera, even those that live in sympatry, overlapped between different Ligula lineages. Our analyses uncovered the impact of historical distribution shifts on host switching and the evolution of host specificity without parallel host-parasite co-speciation. Historical biogeography reconstructions also found that the parasite colonized several areas (Afrotropical and Australasian) much earlier than was suggested by only recent faunistic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Nazarizadeh
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Nováková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Géraldine Loot
- UMR-5174, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution and Diversité Biologique), CNRS, IRD, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, France
| | | | - Faezeh Fatemizadeh
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Odipo Osano
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zoltán Vitál
- Research Center for Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szarvas, Hungary
| | - Tomáš Scholz
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Halajian
- Research Administration and Development, and 2-DSI-NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Emiliano Trucchi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Jan Štefka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Retrospective Survey of Human Trichinellosis in a Romanian Infectious Diseases Hospital over a Thirty-Year Interval—The Never-Ending Story. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030369. [PMID: 36986291 PMCID: PMC10051731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis remains a food-safety risk in Romania due to cultural traditions and food behavior. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical data of all human trichinellosis cases in patients admitted to an Infectious Diseases Hospital from northwestern Romania during a thirty-year interval. Between 1 January 1988 and 31 December 2018, a total of 558 patients were hospitalized with the diagnosis of trichinellosis. The number of cases/year varied between 1 and 86. The source of infection was known for 524 patients, represented by domestic pig meat (n = 484; 92.37%) and wild boar (n = 40; 7.63%). Most patients (410; 73.48%) presented were part of family or group outbreaks. Demographical and clinical data of patients will be presented. Antiparasitic therapy was prescribed in 99.46% of cases, and corticosteroids were prescribed in 77.06% of patients. In total, 48 patients (8.6%) presented complications of trichinellosis: 44 for a single complication (neurological, cardiovascular or respiratory); the others multiple complications. Pregnancy was documented in five patients. No fatalities occurred during the study period. Although the number of hospitalized patients has decreased in the last years, trichinellosis still remains an important public health problem in northwestern Romania.
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Crisóstomo-Jorquera V, Landaeta-Aqueveque C. The genus Trichinella and its presence in wildlife worldwide: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1269-e1279. [PMID: 35398980 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The genus Trichinella has a worldwide distribution, infecting people, domestic animals, and wildlife. It includes 13 genotypes, which are geographically delimited; Trichinella is transmitted to people through the ingestion of undercooked meat. Historically, it has been associated with pigs, but most Trichinella species affect wildlife, and cases of trichinellosis due to the consumption of game meat have been emerging. Therefore, it is important to monitor the sources of transmission to domestic animals and humans. The objective of this work was to analyse reports of Trichinella spp. in wild/feral animals around the world to identify the needs of future research in the epidemiology of the sylvatic cycle. A search of studies published until 2021 was conducted using Web of Science and SciELO. In the Palearctic, the most commonly studied hosts were wild boars and red foxes, and hosts with the highest prevalence rates were polar bears and martens. In the Nearctic, red foxes and black bears were the most frequently studied hosts, and the highest prevalence was found for wolverines and brown bears. In the Neotropics, positive reports were only identified in two countries, with wild boars being the most commonly studied species, and armadillos featuring the highest prevalence. In the Afrotropics, Trichinella limits its presence to Sub-Saharan Africa, where lions are the most studied hosts, and spotted hyenas have the highest prevalence. In the Indo-Malaya and Australasia ecozones, information on wildlife is scarce; the Norwegian rat is the most frequently studied host, and the Tasmanian devil has the highest prevalence of infection. In the last decade, research on world wildlife has increased which is associated with more frequent trichinellosis outbreaks caused by the consumption of wild meat. The results suggest the need to increase research in developing countries, particularly where more diverse sources of meat are available for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Crisóstomo-Jorquera
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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Zarlenga D, Thompson P, Mitreva M, Rosa BA, Hoberg E. Horizontal gene transfer provides insights into the deep evolutionary history and biology of Trichinella. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00155. [PMID: 35542181 PMCID: PMC9079694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution involves temporal changes in the characteristics of a species that are subsequently propagated or rejected through natural selection. In the case of parasites, host switching also plays a prominent role in the evolutionary process. These changes are rooted in genetic variation and gene flow where genes may be deleted, mutated (sequence), duplicated, rearranged and/or translocated and then transmitted through vertical gene transfer. However, the introduction of new genes is not driven only by Mendelian inheritance and mutation but also by the introduction of DNA from outside a lineage in the form of horizontal gene transfer between donor and recipient organisms. Once introduced and integrated into the biology of the recipient, vertical inheritance then perpetuates the newly acquired genetic factor, where further functionality may involve co-option of what has become a pre-existing physiological capacity. Upon sequencing the Trichinella spiralis (Clade I) genome, a cyanate hydratase (cyanase) gene was identified that is common among bacteria, fungi, and plants, but rarely observed among other eukaryotes. The sequence of the Trichinella cyanase gene clusters with those derived from the Kingdom Plantae in contrast to the genes found in some Clade III and IV nematodes that cluster with cyanases of bacterial origin. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the Trichinella cyanase was acquired during the Devonian period and independently from those of other nematodes. These data may help inform us of the deep evolutionary history and ecological connectivity of early ancestors within the lineage of contemporary Trichinella. Further, in many extant organisms, cyanate detoxification has been largely superseded by energy requirements for metabolism. Thus, deciphering the function of Trichinella cyanase may provide new avenues for treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Zarlenga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, B1180 BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Peter Thompson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, B1180 BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnel Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- McDonnel Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Eric Hoberg
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Ahmed M, Roberts NG, Adediran F, Smythe AB, Kocot KM, Holovachov O. Phylogenomic Analysis of the Phylum Nematoda: Conflicts and Congruences With Morphology, 18S rRNA, and Mitogenomes. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.769565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within many lineages of the phylum Nematoda remain unresolved, despite numerous morphology-based and molecular analyses. We performed several phylogenomic analyses using 286 published genomes and transcriptomes and 19 new transcriptomes by focusing on Trichinellida, Spirurina, Rhabditina, and Tylenchina separately, and by analyzing a selection of species from the whole phylum Nematoda. The phylogeny of Trichinellida supported the division of Trichinella into encapsulated and non-encapsulated species and placed them as sister to Trichuris. The Spirurina subtree supported the clades formed by species from Ascaridomorpha and Spiruromorpha respectively, but did not support Dracunculoidea. The analysis of Tylenchina supported a clade that included all sampled species from Tylenchomorpha and placed it as sister to clades that included sampled species from Cephalobomorpha and Panagrolaimomorpha, supporting the hypothesis that postulates the single origin of the stomatostylet. The Rhabditina subtree placed a clade composed of all sampled species from Diplogastridae as sister to a lineage consisting of paraphyletic Rhabditidae, a single representative of Heterorhabditidae and a clade composed of sampled species belonging to Strongylida. It also strongly supported all suborders within Strongylida. In the phylum-wide analysis, a clade composed of all sampled species belonging to Enoplia were consistently placed as sister to Dorylaimia + Chromadoria. The topology of the Nematoda backbone was consistent with previous studies, including polyphyletic placement of sampled representatives of Monhysterida and Araeolaimida.
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A Case of Trichinellosis in a 14-Year-Old Male Child at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia. Case Rep Infect Dis 2021; 2021:3624687. [PMID: 34691794 PMCID: PMC8536450 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3624687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinellosis develops after ingestion of Trichinella cysts in pork meat. It is one of the most important parasitic human pathogens in the world. It is, however, underreported in part because none of the clinical manifestations are pathognomonic. The primary mode of transmission is ingestion of raw meat. Among the symptoms are muscle pain, swelling, and myopathy. High-grade fever and other systemic symptoms are not unusual. The hallmarks are ophthalmic and musculoskeletal manifestations, particularly conjunctival haemorrhage with periorbital edema and subungual splinter haemorrhage. Although the majority of infections are mild and asymptomatic, severe infections can result in enteritis, periorbital edema, and myositis. Presentation of the Case. A 14-year-old male patient from Oromia Region, Arsi Zone, West Arsi Zone, Bishan Guracha area, which is almost completely encircled by mountains, presented with a complaint of worsening easy fatigability and asymmetric right thigh enlargement lasting one month. The pertinent physical examinations on presentation were puffy face and eyes, and there was a 4 cm by 5 cm mass on the right lateral thigh with no overlying skin colour change, on-tender, and no discharge. Eosinophilia of 14% was noticed on the complete blood count. The definitive diagnosis of trichinellosis was made by muscle biopsy. He was then managed with albendazole and prednisolone and improved. Conclusion Patients with periorbital edema, myositis, or eosinophilia should be evaluated for trichinellosis. Individuals who have these symptoms and a history of eating pork meat should be suspected of having trichinellosis. Before eating raw pork meat, it is recommended that it be cooked properly.
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Bilska-Zając E, Thompson P, Rosenthal B, Różycki M, Cencek T. Infection, genetics, and evolution of Trichinella: Historical insights and applications to molecular epidemiology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105080. [PMID: 34509647 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in pathogen populations provides the means to answer questions in disease ecology and transmission, illuminating interactions between genetic traits, environmental exposures, and disease. Such studies elucidate the phylogeny, evolution, transmission and pathogenesis of viruses, bacteria and parasites. Here, we review how such studies have fostered understanding of the biology and epidemiology of zoonotic nematode parasites in the genus Trichinella spp., which impose considerable economic and health burdens by infecting wildlife, livestock, and people. To use such data to define ongoing chains of local transmission and source traceback, researchers first must understand the extent and distribution of genetic variation resident in regional parasite populations. Thus, genetic variability illuminates a population's past as well as its present. Here we review how such data have helped define population dynamics of Trichinella spp. in wild and domesticated hosts, creating opportunities to harness genetic variation in the quest to prevent, track, and contain future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Tomasz Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, Poland
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Reichard MV, Sanders TL, Prentiss NL, Cotey SR, Koch RW, Fairbanks WS, Interisano M, La Rosa G, Pozio E. Detection of Trichinella murrelli and Trichinella pseudospiralis in bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Oklahoma. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 25:100609. [PMID: 34474802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spp. infect wild carnivores throughout the world. We determined the prevalence and mean infection intensity of Trichinella spp. in bobcats (Lynx rufus) from 41 counties in Oklahoma (USA). Tongues from 306 bobcats were examined using artificial tissue digestion. The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of Trichinella spp. was 5.9% (3.7%-9.2%) in which 18 of the 301 bobcats were infected. Bobcats infected with Trichinella spp. were detected in 10 of the 41 (24.4%; 13.7%-39.5%) counties sampled. Although variable, a statistically significant difference was not detected in the prevalence of Trichinella spp. among counties where bobcats were collected. The mean (standard deviation) and median (range) infection intensity of Trichinella sp. larvae were 30.9 (39.8) and 9.6 (0.6-119.9) larvae per gram of tissue examined. Genotyping results demonstrated that 17 bobcats were infected with T. murrelliand one bobcat was infected with T. pseudospiralis. This is the first report of T. pseudospiralis in bobcats and in Oklahoma. These data suggest the bobcat, as an obligate carnivore, is likely an important host in maintaining T. murrelli sylvatic cycles in Oklahoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason V Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Tiana L Sanders
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Natasha L Prentiss
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Stacy R Cotey
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Ryan W Koch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - W Sue Fairbanks
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Maria Interisano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Trumbić Ž, Hrabar J, Palevich N, Carbone V, Mladineo I. Molecular and evolutionary basis for survival, its failure, and virulence factors of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii. Genomics 2021; 113:2891-2905. [PMID: 34186188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism is a highly successful life strategy and a driving force in genetic diversity that has evolved many times over. Accidental infections of non-targeted hosts represent an opportunity for lateral host switches and parasite niche expansion. However, if directed toward organisms that are phylogenetically distant from parasite's natural host, such as humans, it may present a dead-end environment where the parasite fails to mature or is even killed by host immunity. One example are nematodes of Anisakidae family, genus Anisakis, that through evolution have lost the ability to propagate in terrestrial hosts, but can survive for a limited time in humans causing anisakiasis. To scrutinize versatility of Anisakis to infect an evolutionary-distant host, we performed transcriptomic profiling of larvae successfully migrating through the rat, a representative model of accidental human infection and compared it to that of larvae infecting an evolutionary-familiar, paratenic host (fish). In a homeothermic accidental host Anisakis upregulated ribosome-related genes, cell division, cuticle constituents, oxidative phosphorylation, in an unsuccessful attempt to molt to the next stage. In contrast, in the paratenic poikilothermic host where metabolic pathways were moderately upregulated or silenced, larvae prepared for dormancy by triggering autophagy and longevity pathways. Identified differences and the modelling of handful of shared transcripts, provide the first insights into evolution of larval nematode virulence, warranting their further investigation as potential drug therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Trumbić
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nikola Palevich
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Vincenzo Carbone
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Ivona Mladineo
- Laboratory of Functional Helminthology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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13
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Feng Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Tang B, Bai X, Li C, Wang X, Deng Y, Gao F, Liu M. Comparative Epigenomics Reveals Host Diversity of the Trichinella Epigenomes and Their Effects on Differential Parasitism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681839. [PMID: 34179010 PMCID: PMC8226246 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative epigenomics provides new insights on evolutionary biology in relation with complex interactions between species and their environments. In the present study, we focus on deciphering the conservation and divergence of DNA methylomes during Trichinella evolution. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-seq were performed on the two clades of Trichinella species, in addition to whole-genome sequencing. We demonstrate that methylation patterns of sing-copy orthologous genes (SCOs) of the 12 Trichinella species are host-related and can mirror known phylogenetic relationships. Among these SCOs, we identify a panel of genes exhibiting hyper-/hypo-methylated features in gene-bodies or respective promoters that play pivotal roles in transcriptome regulation. These hyper-/hypo-methylated SCOs are also of functional significance across developmental stages, as they are highly enriched species-specific and stage-specific expressed genes both in Ad and ML stages. We further identify a set of parasitism-related functional genes that exhibit host-related differential methylation and expression among those SCOs, including p53-like transcription factor and Cdc37 that are of functional significance for elucidating differential parasitology between the two clades of Trichinella. This comparative epigenome study can help to decipher the environmental effects on differential adaptation and parasitism of the genus Trichinella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Feng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Mitogenomics and Evolutionary History of Rodent Whipworms ( Trichuris spp.) Originating from Three Biogeographic Regions. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060540. [PMID: 34207698 PMCID: PMC8228637 DOI: 10.3390/life11060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichuris spp. is a widespread nematode which parasitizes a wide range of mammalian hosts including rodents, the most diverse mammalian order. However, genetic data on rodent whipworms are still scarce, with only one published whole genome (Trichuris muris) despite an increasing demand for whole genome data. We sequenced the whipworm mitogenomes from seven rodent hosts belonging to three biogeographic regions (Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan), including three previously described species: Trichuris cossoni, Trichurisarvicolae, and Trichurismastomysi. We assembled and annotated two complete and five almost complete mitogenomes (lacking only the long non-coding region) and performed comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses. All the mitogenomes are circular, have the same organisation, and consist of 13 protein-coding, 2 rRNA, and 22 tRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis supports geographical clustering of whipworm species and indicates that T. mastomysi found in Eastern Africa is able to infect multiple closely related rodent hosts. Our results are informative for species delimitation based on mitochondrial markers and could be further used in studies on phylogeny, phylogeography, and population genetics of rodent whipworms
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15
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Sharma R, Harms NJ, Kukka PM, Jung TS, Parker SE, Ross S, Thompson P, Rosenthal B, Hoberg EP, Jenkins EJ. High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:146. [PMID: 33685525 PMCID: PMC7938582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Species of Trichinella are globally important foodborne parasites infecting a number of domestic and wild vertebrates, including humans. Free-ranging carnivores can act as sentinel species for detection of Trichinella spp. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these parasites may help prevent Trichinella spp. infections in northern Canadian animals and people. Previous research on Trichinella spp. in wildlife from Yukon did not identify risk factors associated with infection, or the diversity and identity of species of Trichinella in regional circulation, based on geographically extensive sampling with large sample sizes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence, infection intensity, risk factors, and species or genotypes of Trichinella in wolverine (Gulo gulo) in two regions of Yukon, Canada, from 2013–2017. A double separatory funnel digestion method followed by mutiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to recover and identify species of Trichinella, respectively. Results We found larvae of Trichinella in the tongues of 78% (95% CI 73–82) of 338 wolverine sampled. The odds of adult (≥ 2 years) and yearling (1 year) wolverine being Trichinella spp.-positive were four and two times higher, respectively, compared to juveniles (<1 year). The odds of Trichinella spp. presence were three times higher in wolverine from southeast than northwest Yukon. The mean intensity of infection was 22.6 ± 39 (SD, range 0.1–295) larvae per gram. Trichinella T6 was the predominant genotype (76%), followed by T. nativa (8%); mixed infections with Trichinella T6 and T. nativa (12%) were observed. In addition, T. spiralis was detected in one wolverine. Out of 22 isolates initially identified as T. nativa in multiplex PCR, 14 were analyzed by PCR-RFLP to distinguish them from T. chanchalensis, a recently discovered cryptic species, which cannot be distinguished from the T. nativa on multiplex PCR. Ten isolates were identified either as T. chanchalensis alone (n = 7), or mixed infection with T. chanchalensis and T. nativa (n = 2) or T. chanchalensis and Trichinella T6 (n = 1)]. Conclusions Wolverine hosted high prevalence, high larval intensity, and multiple species of Trichinella, likely due to their scavenging habits, apex position in the food chain, and wide home range. Wolverine (especially adult males) should be considered as a sentinel species for surveys for Trichinella spp. across their distributional range.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - N Jane Harms
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Piia M Kukka
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Thomas S Jung
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada.,Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 351 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB, T6H 3T1, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Sasha Ross
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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16
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Comparative multi-omics analyses reveal differential expression of key genes relevant for parasitism between non-encapsulated and encapsulated Trichinella. Commun Biol 2021; 4:134. [PMID: 33514854 PMCID: PMC7846577 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome assemblies provide a powerful basis of comparative multi-omics analyses that offer insight into parasite pathogenicity, host-parasite interactions, and invasion biology. As a unique intracellular nematode, Trichinella consists of two clades, encapsulated and non-encapsulated. Genomic correlation of the distinct differences between the two clades is still unclear. Here, we report an annotated draft reference genome of non-encapsulated Trichinella, T. pseudospiralis, and perform comparative multi-omics analyses with encapsulated T. spiralis. Genome and methylome analyses indicate that, during Trichinella evolution, the two clades of Trichinella exhibit differential expansion and methylation of parasitism-related multi-copy gene families, especially for the DNase II members of the phospholipase D superfamily and Glutathione S-transferases. Further, methylome and transcriptome analyses revealed divergent key excretory/secretory (E/S) genes between the two clades. Among these key E/S genes, TP12446 is significantly more expressed across three life stages in T. pseudospiralis. Overexpression of TP12446 in the mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line could induce inhibition of myotube formation and differentiation, further indicating its key role in parasitism of T. pseudospiralis. This multi-omics study provides a foundation for further elucidation of the mechanism of nurse cell formation and immunoevasion, as well as the identification of pharmacological and diagnostic targets of trichinellosis.
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17
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Thompson PC, Bilska-Zajac E, Zarlenga DS, Liu M, Cencek T, Różycki M, Rosenthal BM. Divergence at mitochondrial and ribosomal loci indicates the split between Asian and European populations of Trichinella spiralis occurred prior to swine domestication. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 88:104705. [PMID: 33418148 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence suggests that Trichinella spiralis first originated in Asia and subsequently spread to the rest of the world. Notably limited genetic diversity in European T. spiralis isolates indicates that the parasite went through a dramatic genetic bottleneck at some point in its history. Did this genetic bottleneck result from the transport of a limited number of T. spiralis infected pigs from Asian centers of domestication, or was the parasite resident in Europe far earlier than the domestication of pigs there? In order to explore this hypothesis, we generated complete mitochondrial genomes and ribosomal DNAs from seventeen European T. spiralis isolates, six North American isolates and seven Asian isolates using next generation sequencing. A total of 13,858 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA and 7431 nucleotides of the nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence from each isolate were aligned and subjected to phylogenetic analysis using T. nelsoni as an outgroup. We confirmed that North American and European isolates were tightly clustered within a single "western clade" and all Chinese T. spiralis isolates were placed within a well-supported sister clade. These results indicate that European T. spiralis did not directly descend from extant Chinese parasite populations. Furthermore, the amount of nucleotide divergence between the two clades suggests that they diverged before pigs were domesticated. Over evolutionary time periods, Chinese and European T. spiralis were likely maintained as separate populations. The data presented here indicates the genetic bottleneck observed in European T. spiralis did not result from a small number of founders introduced with Chinese pigs in the recent past, but derives from an earlier bottleneck in host populations associated with the end of the last glacial maximum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Thompson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zajac
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dante S Zarlenga
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, 130062 Changchun, PR China
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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18
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Halali S, van Bergen E, Breuker CJ, Brakefield PM, Brattström O. Seasonal environments drive convergent evolution of a faster pace-of-life in tropical butterflies. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:102-112. [PMID: 33099881 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
New ecological niches that may arise due to climate change can trigger diversification, but their colonisation often requires adaptations in a suite of life-history traits. We test this hypothesis in species-rich Mycalesina butterflies that have undergone parallel radiations in Africa, Asia, and Madagascar. First, our ancestral state reconstruction of habitat preference, using c. 85% of extant species, revealed that early forest-linked lineages began to invade seasonal savannahs during the late Miocene-Pliocene. Second, rearing replicate pairs of forest and savannah species from the African and Malagasy radiation in a common garden experiment, and utilising published data from the Asian radiation, demonstrated that savannah species consistently develop faster, have smaller bodies, higher fecundity with an earlier investment in reproduction, and reduced longevity, compared to forest species across all three radiations. We argue that time-constraints for reproduction favoured the evolution of a faster pace-of-life in savannah species that facilitated their persistence in seasonal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Erik van Bergen
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,Research Centre of Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Casper J Breuker
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Paul M Brakefield
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland
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19
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Pozio E, Merialdi G, Licata E, Della Casa G, Fabiani M, Amati M, Cherchi S, Ramini M, Faeti V, Interisano M, Ludovisi A, Rugna G, Marucci G, Tonanzi D, Gómez-Morales MA. Differences in larval survival and IgG response patterns in long-lasting infections by Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis in pigs. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:520. [PMID: 33066824 PMCID: PMC7566126 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domesticated and wild swine play an important role as reservoir hosts of Trichinella spp. and a source of infection for humans. Little is known about the survival of Trichinella larvae in muscles and the duration of anti-Trichinella antibodies in pigs with long-lasting infections. METHODS Sixty pigs were divided into three groups of 20 animals and infected with 10,000 larvae of Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi or Trichinella pseudospiralis. Four pigs from each group were sacrificed at 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-infection (p.i.) and the number of larvae per gram (LPG) of muscles was calculated. Serum samples were tested by ELISA and western blot using excretory/secretory (ES) and crude antigens. RESULTS Trichinella spiralis showed the highest infectivity and immunogenicity in pigs and larvae survived in pig muscles for up to 2 years p.i. In these pigs, the IgG level significantly increased at 30 days p.i. and reached a peak at about 60 days p.i., remaining stable until the end of the experiment. In T. britovi-infected pigs, LPG was about 70 times lower than for T. spiralis at 2 months p.i. and only very few infecting larvae were detected at 6 months p.i., whereas no larvae were detected at 12, 18 and 24 months p.i. At 6 months p.i., degenerated/calcified larvae and cysts were detected in the muscles by trichinoscopy and histology. The IgG pattern showed by T. britovi-infected pigs was similar to that of T. spiralis-infected pigs, although seroconversion occurred some days later. The larval burden of T. pseudospiralis was slightly greater than for T. britovi at 2 months p.i., but no larvae were detected at 6 and 12 months p.i. In T. pseudospiralis-infected pigs, seroconversion occurred slowly, as in T. britovi-infected pigs. The IgG level showed a significant drop at 6 months p.i. and declining to the cut-off value at 12 months p.i. CONCLUSIONS The longer survival of T. spiralis in pigs in comparison with the other two species highlights its exceptional dissemination potential. These results provide an explanation of the controversial data collected by parasitological and serological tools in the course of epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Pietro Fiorini 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elio Licata
- Department of Public Health, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale of Modena, Strada Martiniana 21, 4112, Baggiovara, Modena, Italy
| | - Giacinto Della Casa
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca Zootecnica e Acquacoltura, Sede di Modena, via Beccastecca 345, 41018, S. Cesario sul Panaro (MO), Italy
| | - Massimo Fabiani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Amati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cherchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Ramini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Pietro Fiorini 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Faeti
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca Zootecnica e Acquacoltura, Sede di Modena, via Beccastecca 345, 41018, S. Cesario sul Panaro (MO), Italy
| | - Maria Interisano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rugna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Pietro Fiorini 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Tonanzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Zarlenga D, Thompson P, Pozio E. Trichinella species and genotypes. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:289-296. [PMID: 33199264 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis has historically been deemed "the pig parasite" owing to its initial classification within a monospecific genus. However, in recent years, the genus has expanded to include 10 distinct species and at least 3 different genotypes whose taxonomic status remains unstipulated. In contrast to T. spiralis, however, most of these sylvatic species and genotypes do not infect pigs well. Inasmuch as morphological characters cannot be used to define species within this genus, earlier classifications were based upon host and geographical ranges, biological characters, and the presence or absence of a collagen capsule that surrounds the muscle stage larvae. Later, isoenzymes, DNA gel fragmentation patterns and DNA probes were used to help in identification and classification. Today, amidst the "-omics" revolution, new molecular and biochemical-based methodologies have improved detection, differentiation and characterization at all levels including worm populations. These efforts have discernably expanded immunological, epidemiological, and genetic studies resulting in better hypotheses on the evolution of the genus, and on global events, transmission cycles, host associations, and biogeographical histories that contributed to its cosmopolitan distribution. Reviews of this sort are best begun with a background on the genus; however, efforts will divert to the most recent knowledge available on the taxonomy, phylogeny, epidemiology and biochemistry that define this genus in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Zarlenga
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Peter Thompson
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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21
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Study of Trichinella patagoniensis in wild boars. Vet Parasitol 2020; 297:109166. [PMID: 32540092 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease, which represents a significant public health concern in some South American countries, such as Argentina and Chile. Its impact is essentially due to absence of adequate control measures on meat from game animals, as well as the presence of illegal slaughterhouses and the trade of meat products without being tested for this parasite. In Argentina, trichinellosis is an endemic disease. At present, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella patagoniensis, Trichinella pseudospiralis, and Trichinella britovi have been detected in animals from Argentina. Until now, T. patagoniensis had only been found in mountain cougars (Puma concolor) in Argentina but there is limited information available. The present study intends to determine susceptibility, serological response and distribution of muscle larvae in wild boars infected with T. patagoniensis, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis. For each of the Trichinella species five wild boars were inoculated with 20,000 muscle larvae. Except for two specimens which died during the experiment, the animals were euthanized 19 weeks post infection (pi). Blood samples were collected throughout the study in order to determine the antibody kinetics. Also, nine muscle samples from each specimen were taken and analysed for determination of larval distribution. Additionally, four muscle samples were used to obtain muscle juices. Wild boars infected with T. patagoniensis showed little to no larvae in the muscle samples analysed while animals infected with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis had a significantly high larval load in all the samples analysed. Optical density (OD) values remained above the cut-off value throughout the experiment. This is the first study to characterize the biological aspects of T. patagoniensis in wild boars.
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Sharma R, Thompson PC, Hoberg EP, Brad Scandrett W, Konecsni K, Harms NJ, Kukka PM, Jung TS, Elkin B, Mulders R, Larter NC, Branigan M, Pongracz J, Wagner B, Kafle P, Lobanov VA, Rosenthal BM, Jenkins EJ. Hiding in plain sight: discovery and phylogeography of a cryptic species of Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) in wolverine (Gulo gulo). Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:277-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Halali S, Brakefield PM, Collins SC, Brattström O. To mate, or not to mate: The evolution of reproductive diapause facilitates insect radiation into African savannahs in the Late Miocene. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1230-1241. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | | | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI) Nairobi Kenya
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Li TT, Tang B, Bai X, Wang XL, Luo XN, Yan HB, Zhu HF, Jia H, Liu XL, Liu MY. Development of genome-wide polymorphic microsatellite markers for Trichinella spiralis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:58. [PMID: 32046770 PMCID: PMC7014596 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinella nematodes are globally distributed food-borne pathogens, in which Trichinella spiralis is the most common species in China. Microsatellites are a powerful tool in population genetics and phylogeographic analysis. However, only a few microsatellite markers were reported in T. spiralis. Thus, there is a need to develop and validate genome-wide microsatellite markers for T. spiralis. Methods Microsatellites were selected from shotgun genomic sequences using MIcroSAtellite identification tool (MISA). The identified markers were validated in 12 isolates of T. spiralis in China. Results A total of 93,140 microsatellites were identified by MISA from 9267 contigs in T. spiralis genome sequences, in which 16 polymorphic loci were selected for validation by PCR with single larvae from 12 isolates of T. spiralis in China. There were 7–19 alleles per locus (average 11.25 alleles per locus). The observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 0.325 to 0.750 and 0.737 to 0.918, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.719 to 0.978 (average 0.826). Among the 16 loci, markers for 10 loci could be amplified from all 12 international standard strains of Trichinella spp. Conclusions Sixteen highly polymorphic markers were selected and validated for T. spiralis. Primary phylogenetic analysis showed that these markers might serve as a useful tool for genetic studies of Trichinella parasites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Nong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Pozio E. Scientific achievements of the last 60 years: From a single to a multispecies concept of the genus Trichinella. Vet Parasitol 2020; 297:109042. [PMID: 32035667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The scientific basis that led to the development of a multispecies concept within the Trichinella genus originated in the 1950s, when scientists began reporting an increasing number of host-specific peculiarities among different geographic isolates. This led to speculation that important geographic variability existed within Trichinella spiralis, the only species in the genus at that time. Comparative infection results sparked great interest among investigators and led to similar studies using various geographic isolates of the parasite. In 1972, the Russian scientists V.A. Britov, S.N. Boev and B.L. Garkavi, described three new species: Trichinella nativa, Trichinella nelsoni and Trichinella pseudospiralis. This shattered the concept that the genus Trichinella was monospecific and widened the host range to include birds. The description of these new species generated an intense debate over their taxonomic validity because there were no clear morphological differences among them and because the concept of sibling species had not yet been accepted by parasitologists. The resolution of the taxonomic issues was facilitated by the adoption of new biochemical and molecular techniques for systematics research. In 1992, the first study comparing 152 isolates from various host species and geographical regions identified eight distinct taxa, coded T1 through T8; four of these represented the previously proposed species and included one new species, Trichinella britovi (T3). During the past 27 years, an increasing number of investigations in different geographical regions and hosts coupled with the availability of new and highly sensitive molecular techniques have allowed the description of four new species; Trichinella murrelli (T5), Trichinella papuae (T10), Trichinella zimbabwensis (T11) and Trichinella patagoniensis (T12), and two new genotypes Trichinella T9 and T13. Thus, the taxonomic status of Trichinella T6, T8, T9 and T13 remain unresolved. These new technologies have also advanced a more complete phylogenetic, zoogeographical and epidemiological knowledge base for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Zhang X, Han LL, Hong X, Jiang P, Niu YF, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Genotyping and Phylogenetic Position of Trichinella spiralis Isolates from Different Geographical Locations in China. Front Genet 2019; 10:1093. [PMID: 31737057 PMCID: PMC6834790 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the nematode Trichinella spiralis is the main aetiological agent of human trichinellosis. We performed multi-locus microsatellite typing of T. spiralis isolates to improve the current knowledge of the evolution and population diversity. First, seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to infer the genetic diversity of T. spiralis collected in 10 endemic regions. Then, a Bayesian model-based STRUCTURE analysis, a clustering based on the neighbor-joining method, and a principal coordinate analysis (PCA) were performed to identify the genetic structure. Finally, the phylogenetic position of Chinese isolates was explored based on six mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers (cox1, cytb, 5S ISR, ESV, ITS1, and 18S rDNA) using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. In addition, the divergence time was estimated with multiple genes using an uncorrelated log-normal relaxed molecular-clock model. A total of 16 alleles were detected in 2,310 individuals (1,650 muscle larvae and 660 adult worms) using seven loci. The STRUCTURE analysis indicated that the T. spiralis isolates could be organized and derived from the admixture of two ancestral clusters, which was also substantiated through the clustering analysis based on the allelic data. PCA separated most samples from Tiandong, Guangxi (GX-td), and Linzhi, Tibet (Tibet-lz), from the remaining isolates. However, both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference supported the close relationship between Xiangfan, Hubei (HB-xf), and GX-td. The molecular dating analysis suggested that the Chinese isolates started to diverge during the Late Pleistocene (0.69 Mya). Generally, T. spiralis was observed to harbor low genetic variation, and further investigation with deeper sampling is needed to elucidate the population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Pérez SD, Grummer JA, Fernandes-Santos RC, José CT, Medici EP, Marcili A. Phylogenetics, patterns of genetic variation and population dynamics of Trypanosoma terrestris support both coevolution and ecological host-fitting as processes driving trypanosome evolution. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:473. [PMID: 31604471 PMCID: PMC6790053 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A considerable amount of evidence has favored ecological host-fitting, rather than coevolution, as the main mechanism responsible for trypanosome divergence. Nevertheless, beyond the study of human pathogenic trypanosomes, the genetic basis of host specificity among trypanosomes isolated from forest-inhabiting hosts remains largely unknown. METHODS To test possible scenarios on ecological host-fitting and coevolution, we combined a host capture recapture strategy with parasite genetic data and studied the genetic variation, population dynamics and phylogenetic relationships of Trypanosoma terrestris, a recently described trypanosome species isolated from lowland tapirs in the Brazilian Pantanal and Atlantic Forest biomes. RESULTS We made inferences of T. terrestris population structure at three possible sources of genetic variation: geography, tapir hosts and 'putative' vectors. We found evidence of a bottleneck affecting the contemporary patterns of parasite genetic structure, resulting in little genetic diversity and no evidence of genetic structure among hosts or biomes. Despite this, a strongly divergent haplotype was recorded at a microgeographical scale in the landscape of Nhecolândia in the Pantanal. However, although tapirs are promoting the dispersion of the parasites through the landscape, neither geographical barriers nor tapir hosts were involved in the isolation of this haplotype. Taken together, these findings suggest that either host-switching promoted by putative vectors or declining tapir population densities are influencing the current parasite population dynamics and genetic structure. Similarly, phylogenetic analyses revealed that T. terrestris is strongly linked to the evolutionary history of its perissodactyl hosts, suggesting a coevolving scenario between Perissodactyla and their trypanosomes. Additionally, T. terrestris and T. grayi are closely related, further indicating that host-switching is a common feature promoting trypanosome evolution. CONCLUSIONS This study provides two lines of evidence, both micro- and macroevolutionary, suggesting that both host-switching by ecological fitting and coevolution are two important and non-mutually-exclusive processes driving the evolution of trypanosomes. In line with other parasite systems, our results support that even in the face of host specialization and coevolution, host-switching may be common and is an important determinant of parasite diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Pérez
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Jared A Grummer
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Renata C Fernandes-Santos
- Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative (LTCI), Institute for Ecological Research (IPÊ), Campo Grande, Brazil.,Tapir Specialist Group (TSG), Species Survival Commission (SSC), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Houston, USA.,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine (TRÍADE), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Caroline Testa José
- Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative (LTCI), Institute for Ecological Research (IPÊ), Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Emília Patrícia Medici
- Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative (LTCI), Institute for Ecological Research (IPÊ), Campo Grande, Brazil.,Tapir Specialist Group (TSG), Species Survival Commission (SSC), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Houston, USA.,Escola Superior de Conservação Ambiental e Sustentabilidade (ESCAS/IPÊ), Nazaré Paulista, Brazil
| | - Arlei Marcili
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Masters program in Medicine and Animal Welfare, Santo Amaro University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Azani N, Bruneau A, Wojciechowski MF, Zarre S. Miocene climate change as a driving force for multiple origins of annual species in Astragalus (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 137:210-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hidalgo A, Villanueva J, Becerra V, Soriano C, Melo A, Fonseca-Salamanca F. Trichinella spiralis Infecting Wild Boars in Southern Chile: Evidence of an Underrated Risk. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:625-629. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Sciences, Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile
| | - José Villanueva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Faculty of Natural Resources and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Santo Tomás, Temuco, Chile
| | - Valeria Becerra
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Cristofer Soriano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Angelica Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Flery Fonseca-Salamanca
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoparasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine (CEMT), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Doctoral Program in Sciences, Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Bilska-Zając E, Franssen F, Różycki M, Swart A, Karamon J, Sroka J, Zdybel J, Ziętek-Barszcz A, Cencek T. Intraspecific genetic variation in Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi populations circulating in different geographical regions of Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2019; 10:101-112. [PMID: 31440446 PMCID: PMC6698805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi are species of nematodes which are responsible for the majority of Trichinella infections in the world and the most prevalent in Poland. The most abundant species – T. spiralis, is considered to be more genetically homogeneous in Europe than T. britovi. The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic variability in T. spiralis and T. britovi populations based on nuclear 5S rDNA intergenic spacer region (5S rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COX1) gene sequences. For the study, 55 isolates of T. spiralis and 50 isolates of T. britovi isolated from wild boars, pigs, brown rat and a red fox were analyzed. Based on the analysis of both genes, the genetic variability within populations of T. spiralis and T. britovi differed. In T. spiralis, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed in the 612 bp 5S rDNA gene fragment, and one SNP was detected in the 700 bp COX1 gene fragment. In T. britovi, 17 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were detected in the 5S rDNA gene fragment (among them 16 SNPs), while COX1 sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of 20 SNVs between the sequences tested (among them 19 SNPs). For the majority of T. spiralis isolates the investigated larvae presented uniform haplotypes. In contrast, most of the isolates of T. britovi consisted of larvae of different haplotypes. Geographical analysis showed that each region exhibited different haplotype composition and richness. Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Zachodniopomorskie regions were the richest in haplotypes (15 and 16 haplotypes, respectively). We used heatmaps showing a characteristic pattern for each region graphically. This may allow to differentiate regions based on the occurrence of particular haplotypes. Furthermore, a PCA analysis on the SNP level yielded biplots that show that certain haplotypes/genotypes are associated with (clusters of) regions. The genetic variability within the Polish T. britovi population is high. 5S rDNA and COX1 variability in T. spiralis is low compared to T. britovi. T. britovi variability may correlate to geographical origin. Heatmap and PCA analysis could be helpful analytical tool for epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Frits Franssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Arno Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Ziętek-Barszcz
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research InstitutePulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Winter M, Abate SD, Pasqualetti MI, Fariña FA, Ercole ME, Pardini L, Moré G, Venturini MC, Perera N, Corominas MJ, Mancini S, Alonso B, Marcos A, Veneroni R, Castillo M, Birochio DE, Ribicich MM. Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella infections in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. Prev Vet Med 2019; 168:75-80. [PMID: 31097126 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) was introduced in many countries of the world and is recognized as carrier of many infectious diseases. Wild game meat consumption is recognized as a source of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. in free-range wild boars in Northeastern Argentine Patagonia. Between 2014 and 2018, 144 blood samples and 423 muscle samples from 423 carcasses were collected. To detect T. gondii IgG, 144 sera were processed by an immunofluorescent antibody test, and to detect anti-Trichinella IgG, 125 sera and 304 muscle juice samples were processed by ELISA. Detection of first stage larvae in muscle was performed by artificial digestion. A total of 423 wild boars muscle samples were negative to Trichinella spp. by artificial digestion. Antibodies to Trichinella spp. were detected in 2.4% (3/125) of serum samples and in 1.64% (5/304) of meat juice samples. Antibodies to T. gondii infection were detected in 12.5% (18/144) of the serum samples. This is the first study to reveal the presence of antibodies to T. gondii in wild boars from Argentina. The present results suggest that consumption of raw or undercooked wild boar meat could represent a potential source risk for toxoplasmosis in humans and that Trichinella spp. is infrequent and/or that it circulates in low burdens among wild boars in Northeastern Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Winter
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Sergio D Abate
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Mariana I Pasqualetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
| | - Fernando A Fariña
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
| | - Mariano E Ercole
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina.
| | - Lais Pardini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Gastón Moré
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
| | - María Cecilia Venturini
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología (LAINPA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Nélida Perera
- Unidad Regional de Epidemiología y Salud Ambiental- Laboratorio de Zoonosis, provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - María José Corominas
- Unidad Regional de Epidemiología y Salud Ambiental- Laboratorio de Zoonosis, provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Sergio Mancini
- Unidad Regional de Epidemiología y Salud Ambiental- Laboratorio de Zoonosis, provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Bernardo Alonso
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Andrea Marcos
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Ricardo Veneroni
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Marianela Castillo
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Argentina.
| | - Diego E Birochio
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Río Negro (CONICET-UNRN), Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - M Mabel Ribicich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
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Monteiro KJL, Jaeger LH, Nunes BC, Calegar DA, Reis ERCD, Bacelar PAA, Santos JPD, Bóia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA. Mitochondrial DNA reveals species composition and phylogenetic relationships of hookworms in northeastern Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 68:105-112. [PMID: 30508686 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm infection persists focally in rural communities in Brazil. In this study, we analyze the mitochondrial nucleotide sequences obtained from hookworms infecting humans in order to characterize species composition and assess their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. Field expeditions and cross-sectional surveys were carried out in three Brazilian municipalities from 2013 to 2017: Nossa Senhora de Nazaré (n = 605) and Teresina (n = 297), in the state of Piauí, and Russas (n = 213) in the State of Ceará. Parasitological methods were used to evaluate fecal samples. Hookworm-positive samples had a partial mtDNA cox1 amplified and sequenced. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analysis demonstrated two strongly-supported clades, including Group A, corresponding to Necator americanus, and Groups B and C, corresponding to Necator sp. Group A was divided into three main clusters: A1 grouped with Asian sequences, A2 grouped with African sequences, and A3 had only Asian sequences. Group B was closely related to Necator sp., showing a sequence similarity of 98%-99% with African samples circulating zoonotically among humans and non-human primates. Twenty three N. americanus haplotypes were identified. N. americanus Median-Joining network revealed three distinct groups, designated again as A1, A2, and A3. Group A1 presented a star-like shape, with one dominant haplotype. The molecular dating suggested that the two clades dividing N. americanus and Necator sp. began to diverge during the middle Pleistocene. The most recent common ancestor among N. americanus groups was dated to the late Pleistocene. Hookworms circulating in the studied communities are structured in well-defined subpopulations presenting both Asian and African genetic backgrounds. This reveals a double origin for hookworms in northeastern Brazil and opens up new possibilities in phylogeographic, evolutionary, and molecular epidemiological studies in regions where hookworms persists focally, despite control efforts. The presence of potentially zoonotic species and the specific identification of Necator sp. should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerla Joeline Lima Monteiro
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Lauren Hubert Jaeger
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Coronato Nunes
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deiviane Aparecida Calegar
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elis Regina Chaves Dos Reis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Polyanna Araújo Alves Bacelar
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Pereira Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Márcio Neves Bóia
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
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Hecht LBB, Thompson PC, Rosenthal BM. Comparative demography elucidates the longevity of parasitic and symbiotic relationships. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1032. [PMID: 30282650 PMCID: PMC6191686 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic and symbiotic relationships govern vast nutrient and energy flows, yet controversy surrounds their longevity. Enduring relationships may engender parallel phylogenies among hosts and parasites, but so may ephemeral relationships when parasites colonize related hosts. An understanding of whether symbiont and host populations have grown and contracted in concert would be useful when considering the temporal durability of these relationships. Here, we devised methods to compare demographic histories derived from genomic data. We compared the historical growth of the agent of severe human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, and its mosquito vector, Anopheles gambiae, to human and primate histories, thereby discerning long-term parallels and anthropogenic population explosions. The growth history of Trichinella spiralis, a zoonotic parasite disseminated by swine, proved regionally specific, paralleling distinctive growth histories for wild boar in Asia and Europe. Parallel histories were inferred for an anemone and its algal symbiont (Exaiptasia pallida and Symbiodinium minutum). Concerted growth in potatoes and the agent of potato blight (Solanum tuberosum and Phytophthora infestans) did not commence until the age of potato domestication. Through these examples, we illustrate the utility of comparative historical demography as a new exploratory tool by which to interrogate the origins and durability of myriad ecological relationships. To facilitate future use of this approach, we introduce a tool called C-PSMC to align and evaluate the similarity of demographic history curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B B Hecht
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Peter C Thompson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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La Rosa G, Vallée I, Marucci G, Casabianca F, Bandino E, Galati F, Boireau P, Pozio E. Multilocus genotype analysis outlines distinct histories for Trichinella britovi in the neighboring Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:353. [PMID: 29914552 PMCID: PMC6006749 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic nematode Trichinella britovi was discovered in two neighboring Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia, almost simultaneously at the beginning of the 21st century. An epidemiological link between the two parasite populations was generally assumed. In 2015, an outbreak of trichinellosis in Nice, the South of France, was reportedly caused by the consumption of raw pork delicatessen imported from Corsica. The aims of the present study were to investigate, by multilocus genotype (MLG) analyses, the hypothesis of the common origin of the Corsican and Sardinian T. britovi foci and to trace “from fork to farm” the origin of the pork product, which caused a trichinellosis outbreak in mainland France in 2015. Methods Sixty-three T. britovi isolates were collected from animals and pork products of Sardinia and Corsica islands and from mainland of Italy, France and Spain. We analyzed genetic variability at four polymorphic microsatellite loci by two independent algorithms, the Bayesian and multivariate analyses, to evaluate the genetic relationships of 1367 single larvae. Results Trichinella britovi isolates of the two islands showed different genetic structures and the Bayesian analysis revealed a different membership of the two insular populations. Furthermore, two geographically separate genetic groups were identified among Corsican isolates. Lastly, the origin of the pork delicatessen marketed in Nice was linked to a breeder-butcher in Corsica. Conclusions The low level of genetic admixture of the insular T. britovi isolates suggests that this pathogen colonized the two islands by separate events. On the other hand in Corsica, although the isolates share the same genetic structure, geographically separate isolates showed different membership. We suggest the MLG analysis as a suitable method in supporting epidemiological investigations to trace “from fork to farm” insular populations of T. britovi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2939-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Rosa
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- Animal Health Laboratory, OIE Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, JRU BIPAR, Anses, ENVA, INRA, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Animal Health Laboratory, OIE Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, JRU BIPAR, Anses, ENVA, INRA, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Ennio Bandino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Fabio Galati
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pascal Boireau
- Animal Health Laboratory, OIE Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, JRU BIPAR, Anses, ENVA, INRA, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Allopatric speciation of Meteterakis (Heterakoidea: Heterakidae), a highly dispersible parasitic nematode, in the East Asian islands. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:493-500. [PMID: 29702259 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify how the species diversity of highly dispersible parasites has developed, molecular phylogenetic analyses of Meteterakis spp., multi-host endoparasitic nematodes of reptiles and amphibians from the East Asian islands, were conducted. The results demonstrated the existence of two major clades, the J- and A-groups, with exclusive geographic ranges that are discordant with the host faunal province. However, diversification within the J-group was concordant with the host biogeography and suggested co-divergence of this group with vicariance of the host fauna. In contrast, the phylogenetic pattern within the A-group was discordant with host biogeography and implied diversification by repeated colonization. In addition, the mosaic distribution pattern of a J-group and an A-group species in the Japanese Archipelago, along with comparison of population genetic parameters and the genetic distance from their closest relatives, suggested the initial occurrence of a J-group lineage followed by exclusion in the western part of this region caused by invasion of an A-group lineage. Thus, the present study suggested that the species diversity of highly dispersible parasites including Meteterakis is formed not only by co-divergence with host faunal vicariance but also by peripatric speciation and exclusive interactions between species.
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Zhang X, Shi YL, Han LL, Xiong C, Yi SQ, Jiang P, Wang ZX, Shen JL, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Population structure analysis of the neglected parasite Thelazia callipaeda revealed high genetic diversity in Eastern Asia isolates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006165. [PMID: 29324738 PMCID: PMC5783425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thelazia callipaeda is the causative agent of thelaziasis in canids, felids and humans. However, the population genetic structure regarding this parasite remains unclear. Methodology/principal findings In this study, we first explored the genetic variation of 32 T. callipaeda clinical isolates using the following multi-molecular markers: cox1, cytb, 12S rDNA, ITS1 and 18S rDNA. The isolates were collected from 13 patients from 11 geographical locations in China. Next, the population structure of T. callipaeda from Europe and other Asian countries was analyzed using the cox1 sequences collected during this study and from the GenBank database. In general, the Chinese clinical isolates of T. callipaeda expressed high genetic diversity. Based on the cox1 gene, a total of 21 haplotypes were identified. One only circulated in European countries (Hap1), while the other 20 haplotypes were dispersed in Korea, Japan and China. There were five nucleotide positions in the cox1 sequences that were confirmed as invariable among individuals from Europe and Asia, but the sequences were distinct between these two regions. Population differences between Europe and Asian countries were greater than those among China, Korea and Japan. The T. callipaeda populations from Europe and Asia should be divided into two separate sub-populations. These two groups started to diverge during the middle Pleistocene. Neutrality tests, mismatch distribution and Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) analysis all rejected possible population expansion of T. callipaeda. Conclusions The Asian population of T. callipaeda has a high level of genetic diversity, but further studies should be performed to explore the biology, ecology and epidemiology of T. callipaeda. Thelazia callipaeda is the causative agent of thelaziasis canids, felids and humans. Despite the existing threat of thelaziosis in China, the genetic diversity of T. callipaeda has not been investigated across its wide geographical distribution in China, yet such information may provide insight into the disease epidemiology and the development of specific control measures. In this study, the genetic variation of 32 T. callipaeda clinical isolates collected from 13 patients from 11 geographical locations in China were explored using the following multi-molecular markers: cox1, cytb, 12S rDNA, ITS1 and 18S rDNA. In addition, the population structure of T. callipaeda from Europe and other Asian countries was analyzed using the cox1 sequences collected during this study and from the GenBank database. In general, the Chinese clinical isolates of T. callipaeda demonstrated high genetic diversity. Based on the cox1 gene, a total of 21 haplotypes were identified, one circulated in European countries (Hap1), while the other 20 haplotypes were dispersed in Korea, Japan and China. There were five nucleotide positions in the cox1 that were confirmed as invariable among individuals from Europe and Asia, but the sequences were distinct between these two regions. Population differences between Europe and Asian countries were greater than those among China, Korea and Japan, such that the T. callipaeda population from Europe and Asia should be divided into two separate sub-populations. These two groups started to diverge during the middle Pleistocene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- China
- Cluster Analysis
- Cytochromes b/genetics
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Europe
- Asia, Eastern
- Genetic Variation
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Thelazioidea/classification
- Thelazioidea/genetics
- Thelazioidea/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya Li Shi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Xiong
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shi Qi Yi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zeng Xian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Ji Long Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZQW); (JC)
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZQW); (JC)
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Winter M, Pasqualetti M, Fariña F, Ercole M, Failla M, Perello M, Birochio D, Abate S, Soricetti M, Ribicich M. Trichinellosis surveillance in wildlife in northeastern argentine patagonia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 11:32-35. [PMID: 31014615 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a food-borne parasitic disease produced by different nematodes of the genus Trichinella. In Argentina, it is an endemic zoonosis and an important public health problem. The infection has been detected in domestic and wild animals. Trichinella spp. muscle larvae have anaerobic metabolism, which allows their survival in decaying tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Trichinella spp. in carnivorous and/or scavenger wild vertebrates - birds, mammals and reptiles - in northeastern Argentine Patagonia. Skeletal muscle samples from 141 animals, which were found killed on northeastern Argentine Patagonia roads, were analyzed by the artificial digestion method. None of the 141 samples were positive for larvae of Trichinella. These results suggest that Trichinella does not use these species to complete its cycle in this region of the continent and the absence of a significant alteration in the study area makes it difficult to transmit parasitic diseases. However, due to the limited number of samples assessed for some species, this could not be confirmed. The relevance of this study resides in the fact that it is the first systematic study in South America that considers birds, reptiles and mammals as potential hosts for Trichinella.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Winter
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro- Sede Atlántica, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigacióny Transferencia Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - M Pasqualetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO CABA, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - F Fariña
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO CABA, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Ercole
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO CABA, Argentina.
| | - M Failla
- Proyecto Patagonia Noreste. Balneario El Cóndor, Río Negro, Argentina; Museo Provincial Patagónico de Ciencias Naturales Juan Carlos Salgado, General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - M Perello
- Fundación Félix de Azara, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Birochio
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro- Sede Atlántica, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigacióny Transferencia Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - S Abate
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro- Sede Atlántica, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigacióny Transferencia Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - M Soricetti
- Universidad Nacional de Río Negro- Sede Atlántica, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigacióny Transferencia Río Negro, Viedma, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - M Ribicich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO CABA, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Long-read sequencing improves assembly of Trichinella genomes 10-fold, revealing substantial synteny between lineages diverged over 7 million years. Parasitology 2017; 144:1302-1315. [PMID: 28583210 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genome assemblies can form the basis of comparative analyses fostering insight into the evolutionary genetics of a parasite's pathogenicity, host-pathogen interactions, environmental constraints and invasion biology; however, the length and complexity of many parasite genomes has hampered the development of well-resolved assemblies. In order to improve Trichinella genome assemblies, the genome of the sylvatic encapsulated species Trichinella murrelli was sequenced using third-generation, long-read technology and, using syntenic comparisons, scaffolded to a reference genome assembly of Trichinella spiralis, markedly improving both. A high-quality draft assembly for T. murrelli was achieved that totalled 63·2 Mbp, half of which was condensed into 26 contigs each longer than 571 000 bp. When compared with previous assemblies for parasites in the genus, ours required 10-fold fewer contigs, which were five times longer, on average. Better assembly across repetitive regions also enabled resolution of 8 Mbp of previously indeterminate sequence. Furthermore, syntenic comparisons identified widespread scaffold misassemblies in the T. spiralis reference genome. The two new assemblies, organized for the first time into three chromosomal scaffolds, will be valuable resources for future studies linking phenotypic traits within each species to their underlying genetic bases.
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Mladineo I, Trumbić Ž, Radonić I, Vrbatović A, Hrabar J, Bušelić I. Anisakis simplex complex: ecological significance of recombinant genotypes in an allopatric area of the Adriatic Sea inferred by genome-derived simple sequence repeats. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:215-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Making sense of genomes of parasitic worms: Tackling bioinformatic challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:663-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Mayer-Scholl A, Murugaiyan J, Neumann J, Bahn P, Reckinger S, Nöckler K. Rapid Identification of the Foodborne Pathogen Trichinella spp. by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152062. [PMID: 26999436 PMCID: PMC4801418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trichinellosis occurs through consumption of raw or inadequately processed meat or meat products containing larvae of the parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Currently, nine species and three genotypes are recognized, of which T. spiralis, T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis have the highest public health relevance. To date, the differentiation of the larvae to the species and genotype level is based primarily on molecular methods, which can be relatively time consuming and labor intensive. Due to its rapidness and ease of use a matrix assisted laser desorption / ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) reference spectra database using Trichinella strains of all known species and genotypes was created. A formicacid/acetonitrile protein extraction was carried out after pooling 10 larvae of each Trichinella species and genotype. Each sample was spotted 9 times using α-cyano 4-hydoxy cinnamic acid matrix and a MicroFlex LT mass spectrometer was used to acquire 3 spectra (m/z 2000 to 20000 Da) from each spot resulting in 27 spectra/species or genotype. Following the spectra quality assessment, Biotyper software was used to create a main spectra library (MSP) representing nine species and three genotypes of Trichinella. The evaluation of the spectra generated by MALDI-TOF MS revealed a classification which was comparable to the results obtained by molecular methods. Also, each Trichinella species utilized in this study was distinct and distinguishable with a high confidence level. Further, different conservation methods such as freezing and conservation in alcohol and the host species origin of the isolated larvae did not have a significant influence on the generated spectra. Therefore, the described MALDI-TOF MS can successfully be implemented for both genus and species level identification and represents a major step forward in the use of this technique in foodborne parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Neumann
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bahn
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Reckinger
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Nöckler
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Hecht LB, Thompson PC, Lavin ES, Zarlenga DS, Rosenthal BM. Hybridization is limited between two lineages of freeze-resistant Trichinella during coinfection in a mouse model. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 38:146-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Korhonen PK, Pozio E, La Rosa G, Chang BCH, Koehler AV, Hoberg EP, Boag PR, Tan P, Jex AR, Hofmann A, Sternberg PW, Young ND, Gasser RB. Phylogenomic and biogeographic reconstruction of the Trichinella complex. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10513. [PMID: 26830005 PMCID: PMC4740406 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a globally important food-borne parasitic disease of humans caused by roundworms of the Trichinella complex. Extensive biological diversity is reflected in substantial ecological and genetic variability within and among Trichinella taxa, and major controversy surrounds the systematics of this complex. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of 16 draft genomes representing all 12 recognized Trichinella species and genotypes, define protein-coding gene sets and assess genetic differences among these taxa. Using thousands of shared single-copy orthologous gene sequences, we fully reconstruct, for the first time, a phylogeny and biogeography for the Trichinella complex, and show that encapsulated and non-encapsulated Trichinella taxa diverged from their most recent common ancestor ∼21 million years ago (mya), with taxon diversifications commencing ∼10-7 mya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi K Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bill C H Chang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Yourgene Bioscience, Shu-Lin District, New Taipei City 23863, Taiwan
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- United States National Parasite Collection, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Peter R Boag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Division of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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44
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Kuuslahti M, Näreaho A, Sukura A, Parkkila S. Innovative molecular diagnosis of Trichinella species based on β-carbonic anhydrase genomic sequence. Microb Biotechnol 2015; 9:172-9. [PMID: 26639312 PMCID: PMC4767284 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a helminthic infection where different species of Trichinella nematodes are the causative agents. Several molecular assays have been designed to aid diagnostics of trichinellosis. These assays are mostly complex and expensive. The genomes of Trichinella species contain certain parasite‐specific genes, which can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. We selected β‐carbonic anhydrase (β‐CA) gene as a target, because it is present in many parasites genomes but absent in vertebrates. We developed a novel β‐CA gene‐based method for detection of Trichinella larvae in biological samples. We first identified a β‐CA protein sequence from Trichinella spiralis by bioinformatic tools using β‐CAs from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Thereafter, 16 sets of designed primers were tested to detect β‐CA genomic sequences from three species of Trichinella, including T. spiralis, Trichinella
pseudospiralis and Trichinella
nativa. Among all 16 sets of designed primers, the primer set No. 2 efficiently amplified β‐CA genomic sequences from T. spiralis, T. pseudospiralis and T. nativa without any false‐positive amplicons from other parasite samples including Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara cati and Parascaris equorum. This robust and straightforward method could be useful for meat inspection in slaughterhouses, quality control by food authorities and medical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland.,BioMediTech, University of Tampere, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 4, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 4, FI-33520, Tampere, Finland
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45
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Dolezalova J, Obornik M, Hajduskova E, Jirku M, Petrzelkova KJ, Bolechova P, Cutillas C, Callejon R, Jozef J, Berankova Z, Modry D. How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [PMID: 26668135 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dolezalova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Obornik
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hajduskova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirku
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bolechova
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic.,Department of Husbandry and Ethology of Animals, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cristina Cutillas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sevilla University, Sevilla, Spain; 10 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rocio Callejon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sevilla University, Sevilla, Spain; 10 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - David Modry
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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46
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Galbreath KE, Hoberg EP. Host responses to cycles of climate change shape parasite diversity across North America's Intermountain West. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v64.i3.a4.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt E. Galbreath
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, 1401 Presque Isle Ave, Marquette, MI 49855, U.S.A.
| | - Eric P. Hoberg
- United States National Parasite Collection, ARS USDA, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC East 1180, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A.
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47
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Franssen F, Bilska-Zając E, Deksne G, Sprong H, Pozio E, Rosenthal B, Rozycki M, van der Giessen J. Genetic evidence of interspecies introgression of mitochondrial genomes between Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi under natural conditions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:323-332. [PMID: 26458526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Trichinella muscle larvae (ML) through ingestion of raw or undercooked meat. To date, 12 taxa are recognized in this genus, of which four are circulating in Europe (Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis). T. spiralis and T. britovi circulate in European wildlife and occur simultaneously in the same host species. The possibility of hybrid formation between T. britovi and T. spiralis has hardly been addressed and so far, results of experimental hybridisation attempts between T. britovi and T. spiralis are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to analyse molecular polymorphisms of single T. spiralis and T. britovi ML from natural infections based on nuclear 5S rDNA intergenic spacer region (5S rDNA-ISR) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene sequences. Six haplotypes of the 5S rDNA intergenic spacer region (5S rDNA-ISR) and 14 of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene were demonstrated in 89 individual T. britovi ML from Latvia and Poland. In contrast, only two haplotypes were observed at both 5S rDNA-ISR and CO1 of 57 individual T. spiralis ML from Polish wild boar and red foxes. Moreover, this study demonstrates hybridisation in eight individual ML between T. britovi and T. spiralis under natural conditions in four Polish wild boar and two red foxes, revealed by combining 5S rDNA-ISR and CO1 sequence information of individual Trichinella ML. To our knowledge, this is the first report of interspecies hybridisation between T. spiralis and T. britovi under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Franssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy (PIWet), Poland.
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment (BIOR), Riga, Latvia.
| | - Hein Sprong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Mirek Rozycki
- National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy (PIWet), Poland.
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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48
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Mitochondrial genomes of Trichinella species and genotypes – a basis for diagnosis, and systematic and epidemiological explorations. Int J Parasitol 2015; 44:1073-80. [PMID: 25245252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we sequenced or re-sequenced, assembled and annotated 15 mitochondrial genomes representing the 12 currently recognised taxa of Trichinella using a deep sequencing-coupled approach. We then defined and compared the gene order in individual mitochondrial genomes (14 to 17.7 kb), evaluated genetic differences among species/genotypes and re-assessed the relationships among these taxa using the mitochondrial nucleic acid or amino acid sequence data sets. In addition, a rich source of mitochondrial genetic markers was defined that could be used in future systematic, epidemiological and population genetic studies of Trichinella. The sequencing-bioinformatic approach employed herein should be applicable to a wide range of eukaryotic parasites.
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49
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Yang C, Su T, Liang W, Møller AP. Coevolution between the large hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus sparverioides) and its two sympatric Leiothrichidae hosts: evidence for recent expansion and switch in host use? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Canchao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology; College of Life Sciences; Hainan Normal University; Haikou 571158 China
| | - Tongping Su
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology; College of Life Sciences; Hainan Normal University; Haikou 571158 China
- College of Nature Conservation; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Wei Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology; College of Life Sciences; Hainan Normal University; Haikou 571158 China
| | - Anders Pape Møller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; CNRS UMR 8079; Université Paris-Sud; Bâtiment 362 F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
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50
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Hoberg EP, Brooks DR. Evolution in action: climate change, biodiversity dynamics and emerging infectious disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130553. [PMID: 25688014 PMCID: PMC4342959 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatological variation and ecological perturbation have been pervasive drivers of faunal assembly, structure and diversification for parasites and pathogens through recurrent events of geographical and host colonization at varying spatial and temporal scales of Earth history. Episodic shifts in climate and environmental settings, in conjunction with ecological mechanisms and host switching, are often critical determinants of parasite diversification, a view counter to more than a century of coevolutionary thinking about the nature of complex host-parasite assemblages. Parasites are resource specialists with restricted host ranges, yet shifts onto relatively unrelated hosts are common during phylogenetic diversification of parasite lineages and directly observable in real time. The emerging Stockholm Paradigm resolves this paradox: Ecological Fitting (EF)--phenotypic flexibility and phylogenetic conservatism in traits related to resource use, most notably host preference--provides many opportunities for rapid host switching in changing environments, without the evolution of novel host-utilization capabilities. Host shifts via EF fuel the expansion phase of the Oscillation Hypothesis of host range and speciation and, more generally, the generation of novel combinations of interacting species within the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution. In synergy, an environmental dynamic of Taxon Pulses establishes an episodic context for host and geographical colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Hoberg
- US National Parasite Collection, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville Area Research Center, BARC East 1180 Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Daniel R Brooks
- H.W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum of Natural History, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0514, USA
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