1
|
Tomasello B, Bellia F, Naletova I, Magrì A, Tabbì G, Attanasio F, Tomasello MF, Cairns WRL, Fortino M, Pietropaolo A, Greco V, La Mendola D, Sciuto S, Arena G, Rizzarelli E. BDNF- and VEGF-Responsive Stimulus to an NGF Mimic Cyclic Peptide with Copper Ionophore Capability and Ctr1/CCS-Driven Signaling. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1755-1769. [PMID: 38602894 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of growth factors that play a key role in the development and regulation of the functioning of the central nervous system. Their use as drugs is made difficult by their poor stability, cellular permeability, and side effects. Continuing our effort to use peptides that mimic the neurotrophic growth factor (NGF), the family model protein, and specifically the N-terminus of the protein, here we report on the spectroscopic characterization and resistance to hydrolysis of the 14-membered cyclic peptide reproducing the N-terminus sequence (SSSHPIFHRGEFSV (c-NGF(1-14)). Far-UV CD spectra and a computational study show that this peptide has a rigid conformation and left-handed chirality typical of polyproline II that favors its interaction with the D5 domain of the NGF receptor TrkA. c-NGF(1-14) is able to bind Cu2+ with good affinity; the resulting complexes have been characterized by potentiometric and spectroscopic measurements. Experiments on PC12 cells show that c-NGF(1-14) acts as an ionophore, influencing the degree and the localization of both the membrane transporter (Ctr1) and the copper intracellular transporter (CCS). c-NGF(1-14) induces PC12 differentiation, mimics the protein in TrkA phosphorylation, and activates the kinase cascade, inducing Erk1/2 phosphorylation. c-NGF(1-14) biological activities are enhanced when the peptide interacts with Cu2+ even with the submicromolar quantities present in the culture media as demonstrated by ICP-OES measurements. Finally, c-NGF(1-14) and Cu2+ concur to activate the cAMP response element-binding protein CREB that, in turn, induces the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, V.le Andrea Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Irina Naletova
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Antonio Magrì
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tabbì
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | | | | | - Warren R L Cairns
- Istituto di Scienze Polari (ISP), c/o Campus Scientifico, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Via Torino, Venezia Mestre 155-30170, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Fortino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Adriana Pietropaolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pisa, Bonanno Pisano 12, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciuto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Crystallography, CNR, P. Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Orlov IA, Sankova TP, Skvortsov AN, Klotchenko SA, Sakhenberg EI, Mekhova AA, Kiseleva IV, Ilyechova EY, Puchkova LV. Properties of recombinant extracellular N-terminal domain of human high-affinity copper transporter 1 (hNdCTR1) and its interactions with Cu(II) and Ag(I) ions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3403-3419. [PMID: 36815348 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04060c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is a key link in the transfer of copper (Cu) from the extracellular environment to the cell. Violation in the control system of its expression, or mutations in this gene, cause a global copper imbalance. However, the mechanism of copper transfer via CTR1 remains unclear. It has been shown that transformed bacteria synthesizing the fused GB1-NdCTR become resistant to toxic silver ions. According to UV-Vis spectrophotometry and isothermal titration calorimetry, electrophoretically pure GB1-NdCTR specifically and reversibly binds copper and silver ions, and binding is associated with aggregation. Purified NdCTR1 forms SDS-resistant oligomers. The link between nontrivial properties of NdCTR1 and copper import mechanism from extracellular space, as well as potential chelating properties of NdCTR1, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iurii A Orlov
- Research centre of advanced functional materials and laser communication systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO, University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Tatiana P Sankova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey N Skvortsov
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of The Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology, RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey A Klotchenko
- Laboratory for the Development of Molecular Diagnostic Systems, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I Sakhenberg
- Laboratory of cell protection mechanisms, Institute of Cytology, RAS, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Mekhova
- Research centre of advanced functional materials and laser communication systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO, University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia. .,Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu Ilyechova
- Research centre of advanced functional materials and laser communication systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO, University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia. .,Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Puchkova
- Research centre of advanced functional materials and laser communication systems, ADTS Institute, ITMO, University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia. .,Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adamson SXF, Zheng W, Agim ZS, Du S, Fleming S, Shannahan J, Cannon J. Systemic Copper Disorders Influence the Olfactory Function in Adult Rats: Roles of Altered Adult Neurogenesis and Neurochemical Imbalance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1315. [PMID: 34572528 PMCID: PMC8471899 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted systemic copper (Cu) homeostasis underlies neurodegenerative diseases with early symptoms including olfactory dysfunction. This study investigated the impact of Cu dyshomeostasis on olfactory function, adult neurogenesis, and neurochemical balance. Models of Cu deficiency (CuD) and Cu overload (CuO) were established by feeding adult rats with Cu-restricted diets plus ip. injection of a Cu chelator (ammonium tetrathiomolybdate) and excess Cu, respectively. CuD reduced Cu levels in the olfactory bulb (OB), subventricular zone (SVZ), rostral migratory stream (RMS), and striatum, while CuO increased Cu levels in these areas. The buried pellet test revealed both CuD and CuO prolonged the latency to uncover food. CuD increased neural proliferation and stem cells in the SVZ and newly differentiated neurons in the OB, whereas CuO caused opposite alterations, suggesting a "switch"-type function of Cu in regulating adult neurogenesis. CuO increased GABA in the OB, while both CuD and CuO reduced DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT and the DA turnover rate in olfactory-associated brain regions. Altered mRNA expression of Cu transport and storage proteins in tested brain areas were observed under both conditions. Together, results support an association between systemic Cu dyshomeostasis and olfactory dysfunction. Specifically, altered adult neurogenesis along the SVZ-RMS-OB pathway and neurochemical imbalance could be the factors that may contribute to olfactory dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherleen Xue-Fu Adamson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zeynep Sena Agim
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Sarah Du
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Sheila Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA;
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jason Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.X.-F.A.); (Z.S.A.); (S.D.); (J.S.)
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Puchkova LV, Babich PS, Zatulovskaia YA, Ilyechova EY, Di Sole F. Copper Metabolism of Newborns Is Adapted to Milk Ceruloplasmin as a Nutritive Source of Copper: Overview of the Current Data. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1591. [PMID: 30380720 PMCID: PMC6266612 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper, which can potentially be a highly toxic agent, is an essential nutrient due to its role as a cofactor for cuproenzymes and its participation in signaling pathways. In mammals, the liver is a central organ that controls copper turnover throughout the body, including copper absorption, distribution, and excretion. In ontogenesis, there are two types of copper metabolism, embryonic and adult, which maintain the balance of copper in each of these periods of life, respectively. In the liver cells, these types of metabolism are characterized by the specific expression patterns and activity levels of the genes encoding ceruloplasmin, which is the main extracellular ferroxidase and copper transporter, and the proteins mediating ceruloplasmin metalation. In newborns, the molecular genetic mechanisms responsible for copper homeostasis and the ontogenetic switch from embryonic to adult copper metabolism are highly adapted to milk ceruloplasmin as a dietary source of copper. In the mammary gland cells, the level of ceruloplasmin gene expression and the alternative splicing of its pre-mRNA govern the amount of ceruloplasmin in the milk, and thus, the amount of copper absorbed by a newborn is controlled. In newborns, the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of copper are adapted to milk ceruloplasmin. If newborns are not breast-fed in the early stages of postnatal development, they do not have this natural control ensuring alimentary copper balance in the body. Although there is still much to be learned about the neonatal consequences of having an imbalance of copper in the mother/newborn system, the time to pay attention to this problem has arrived because the neonatal misbalance of copper may provoke the development of copper-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V Puchkova
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, 197101 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov str., 12, 197376 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Biophysics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya str., 29, 195251 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Polina S Babich
- Department of Zoology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Kazanskaya str., 6, 191186 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Yulia A Zatulovskaia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Ekaterina Y Ilyechova
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ITMO University, Kronverksky av., 49, 197101 St.-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Francesca Di Sole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sammons S, Brady D, Vahdat L, Salama AK. Copper suppression as cancer therapy: the rationale for copper chelating agents in BRAFV600 mutated melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:207-216. [PMID: 30190890 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful targeting of oncogenic BRAFV600 represents one of the landmark breakthroughs in therapy for advanced melanoma. While the initial clinical benefit can be dramatic, resistance is common due to a number of mechanisms, including MAPK pathway reactivation. Recent data have revealed a novel role for copper (Cu) in BRAF signaling with potential clinical implications. The history, preclinical data and efficacy of Cu chelating agents in cancer, specifically tetrathiomolybdate, will be reviewed with a focus on the rationale for targeting the MAPK cascade in melanoma through novel combination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sammons
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 203 Research Drive, MSRB1, Room 397, Box 2639, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 203 Research Drive, MSRB1, Room 397, Box 2639, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donita Brady
- Department of Cancer Biology & Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, 612 BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, 612 BRBII/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Linda Vahdat
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - April Ks Salama
- Melanoma Program, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 25176 Morris Bldg, DUMC 3198, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Melanoma Program, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 25176 Morris Bldg, DUMC 3198, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamamoto T, Tsigelny IF, Götz AW, Howell SB. Cisplatin inhibits MEK1/2. Oncotarget 2016; 6:23510-22. [PMID: 26155939 PMCID: PMC4695133 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cDDP) is known to bind to the CXXC motif of proteins containing a ferrodoxin-like fold but little is known about its ability to interact with other Cu-binding proteins. MEK1/2 has recently been identified as a Cu-dependent enzyme that does not contain a CXXC motif. We found that cDDP bound to and inhibited the activity of recombinant MEK1 with an IC50 of 0.28 μM and MEK1/2 in whole cells with an IC50 of 37.4 μM. The inhibition of MEK1/2 was relieved by both Cu+1 and Cu+2 in a concentration-dependent manner. cDDP did not inhibit the upstream pathways responsible for activating MEK1/2, and did not cause an acute depletion of cellular Cu that could account for the reduction in MEK1/2 activity. cDDP was found to bind MEK1/2 in whole cells and the extent of binding was augmented by supplementary Cu and reduced by Cu chelation. Molecular modeling predicts 3 Cu and cDDP binding sites and quantum chemistry calculations indicate that cDDP would be expected to displace Cu from each of these sites. We conclude that, at clinically relevant concentrations, cDDP binds to and inhibits MEK1/2 and that both the binding and inhibitory activity are related to its interaction with Cu bound to MEK1/2. This may provide the basis for useful interactions of cDDP with other drugs that inhibit MAPK pathway signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Yamamoto
- Moores Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- Moores Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Neuroscience Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andreas W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen B Howell
- Moores Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fu S, Jiang W, Gao X, Zeng A, Cholger D, Cannon J, Chen J, Zheng W. Aberrant Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone-Rostral Migratory Stream-Olfactory Bulb System Following Subchronic Manganese Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:347-68. [PMID: 26794142 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in brain subventricular zone (SVZ). Our recent data reveal an elevated proliferation of BrdU(+) cells in SVZ following subchronic manganese (Mn) exposure in rats. This study was designed to distinguish Mn effect on the critical stage of adult neurogenesis, ie, proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation from the SVZ via the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb (OB). Adult rats received a single ip-dose of BrdU at the end of 4-week Mn exposure to label proliferating cells. Immunostaining and cell-counting showed a 48% increase of BrdU(+) cells in Mn-exposed SVZ than in controls (P< .05). These BrdU(+) cells were identified as a mixed population of mainly GFAP(+) type-B neural stem cells, Nestin(+) type-C transit progenitor cells, DCX(+) migratory neuroblasts and Iba1(+) microglial cells. Another group of adult rats received 3 daily ip-injections of BrdU followed by subchronic Mn exposure. By 4-week post BrdU labeling, most of the surviving BrdU(+) cells in the OB were differentiated into NeuN(+) matured neurons. However, survival rates of BrdU/NeuN/DAPI triple-labeled cells in OB were 33% and 64% in Mn-exposed and control animals, respectively (P< .01). Infusion of Cu directly into the lateral ventricle significantly decreased the cell proliferation in the SVZ. Taken together, these results suggest that Mn exposure initially enhances the cell proliferation in adult SVZ. In the OB, however, Mn exposure significantly reduces the surviving adult-born cells and markedly inhibits their differentiation into mature neurons, resulting in an overall decreased adult neurogenesis in the OB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherleen Fu
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and
| | - Wendy Jiang
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Andrew Zeng
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and
| | - Daniel Cholger
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and
| | - Jason Cannon
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Wei Zheng
- *School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907; and
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu S, O'Neal S, Hong L, Jiang W, Zheng W. Elevated adult neurogenesis in brain subventricular zone following in vivo manganese exposure: roles of copper and DMT1. Toxicol Sci 2015; 143:482-98. [PMID: 25575534 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain subventricular zone (SVZ) is a source of neural precursor cells; these cells travel along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to destination areas in the process of adult neurogenesis. Recent x-ray fluorescence (XRF) studies reveal an extensive accumulation of copper (Cu) in the SVZ. Earlier human and animal studies also suggest an altered Cu homeostasis after manganese (Mn) exposure. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Mn exposure by acting on the divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) altered Cu levels in SVZ and RMS, thereby affecting adult neurogenesis. Adult rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 6 mg Mn/kg as MnCl2 once daily for 4 weeks with concomitant injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 5 days in the last week. In control rats, Cu levels were significantly higher in the SVZ than other brain regions examined. Mn exposure significantly reduced Cu concentrations in the SVZ (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical data showed that in vivo Mn exposure significantly increased numbers of BrdU(+) cells, which were accompanied with increased GFAP(+) astrocytic stem cells and DCX(+) neuroblasts in SVZ and RMS. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot confirmed the increased expression of DMT1 in SVZ following in vivo Mn exposure, which contributed to Mn accumulation in the neurogenesis pathway. Taken together, these results indicate a clear disruptive effect of Mn on adult neurogenesis; the effect appears due partly to Mn induction of DMT1 and its interference with cellular Cu regulation in SVZ and RMS. The future research directions based on these observations are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherleen Fu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Stefanie O'Neal
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Lan Hong
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Wendy Jiang
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jaatinen L, Salemi S, Miettinen S, Hyttinen J, Eberli D. The Combination of Electric Current and Copper Promotes Neuronal Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1014-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
10
|
Tsai CY, Larson CA, Safaei R, Howell SB. Molecular modulation of the copper and cisplatin transport function of CTR1 and its interaction with IRS-4. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:379-87. [PMID: 24967972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The copper influx transporter CTR1 is also a major influx transporter for cisplatin (cDDP) in tumor cells. It influences the cytotoxicity of cDDP both in vivo and in vitro. Whereas Cu triggers internalization of CTR1 from the plasma membrane, cDDP does not. To investigate the mechanisms of these effects, myc-tagged forms of wild type hCTR1 and variants in which Y103 was converted to alanine, C189 was converted to serine, or the K178/K179 dilysine motif was converted to alanines were re-expressed in mouse embryo cells in which both alleles of CTR1 had been knocked out and also in HEK293T cells. The Y103A mutation and to a lesser extent the C189S mutation reduced internalization of CTR1 induced by Cu while the K178A/K179A had little effect. Both Y103 and C189 were required for Cu and cDDP transport whereas the K178/K179 motif was not. While Y103 lies in an YXXM motif that, when phosphorylated, is a potential docking site for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other proteins involved in endocytosis, Western blot analysis of immunoprecipitated myc-CTR1, and proteomic analysis of peptides derived from CTR1, failed to identify any basal or Cu-induced phosphorylation. However, proteomic analysis did identify an interaction of CTR1 with IRS-4 and this was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation from HEK cells expressing either FLAG-CTR1 or myc-CTR1. The interaction was greater in the Y103A-expressing cells. We conclude that Y103 is required for the internalization of hCTR1 in response to Cu, that this occurs by a mechanism other than phosphorylation and that mutation of Y103 modulates the interaction with IRS-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Christopher A Larson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Roohangiz Safaei
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
| | - Stephen B Howell
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
SLC31 (CTR) family of copper transporters in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:561-70. [PMID: 23506889 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper is a vital mineral for many organisms, yet it is highly toxic as demonstrated by serious health concerns associated with its deficiency or excess accumulation. The SLC31 (CTR) family of copper transporters is a major gateway of copper acquisition in eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Characterization of the function, modes of action, and regulation of CTR and other molecular factors that functionally cooperate with CTR for copper transport, compartmentalization, incorporation into cuproproteins, and detoxification has revealed that organisms have evolved fascinating mechanisms for tight control of copper metabolism. This research progress further indicates the significance of copper in health and disease and opens avenues for therapeutic control of copper bioavailability and its metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wee NK, Weinstein DC, Fraser ST, Assinder SJ. The mammalian copper transporters CTR1 and CTR2 and their roles in development and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:960-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
13
|
Ciarimboli G. Membrane transporters as mediators of Cisplatin effects and side effects. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:473829. [PMID: 24278698 PMCID: PMC3820462 DOI: 10.6064/2012/473829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transporters are important mediators of specific cellular uptake and thus, not only for effects, but also for side effects, metabolism, and excretion of many drugs such as cisplatin. Cisplatin is a potent cytostatic drug, whose use is limited by its severe acute and chronic nephro-, oto-, and peripheral neurotoxicity. For this reason, other platinum derivatives, such as carboplatin and oxaliplatin, with less toxicity but still with antitumoral action have been developed. Several transporters, which are expressed on the cell membranes, have been associated with cisplatin transport across the plasma membrane and across the cell: the copper transporter 1 (Ctr1), the copper transporter 2 (Ctr2), the P-type copper-transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B, the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), and the multidrug extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1). Some of these transporters are also able to accept other platinum derivatives as substrate. Since membrane transporters display a specific tissue distribution, they can be important molecules that mediate the entry of platinum derivatives in target and also nontarget cells possibly mediating specific effects and side effects of the chemotherapeutic drug. This paper summarizes the literature on toxicities of cisplatin compared to that of carboplatin and oxaliplatin and the interaction of these platinum derivatives with membrane transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tsai CY, Finley JC, Ali SS, Patel HH, Howell SB. Copper influx transporter 1 is required for FGF, PDGF and EGF-induced MAPK signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1007-13. [PMID: 22842628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is the major copper (Cu) influx transporter in mammalian cells. We report here that CTR1 is required for the activation of signaling to the MAPK pathway by the ligands of three major receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) including FGF, PDGF and EGF. Induction of Erk1/2 phosphorylation was compared in isogenic wild type CTR1(+/+) and CTR1(-/-) cells. Whereas all three ligands increased pErk1/2 in the CTR1(+/+) cells, they failed to do this in CTR1(-/-) cells. While FGF did not enhance the phosphorylation of AKT in the CTR1(+/+) cells, both PDGF and EGF increased pAKT in the CTR1(+/+) but not CTR1(-/-) cells. The deficit in Erk1/2 phosphorylation in the CTR1(-/-) cells was rescued by adding Cu to the medium, and it was induced in CTR1(+/+) cells by treatment with a Cu chelator. Intracellular Cu availability was reduced in the CTR1(-/-) cells as reflected by increased expression of the Cu chaperone CCS. The failure of RTK-induced signaling to both Erk1/2 and AKT suggested the presence of a Cu-dependent step upstream of Ras. The Cu-dependent enzyme SOD1 is responsible for generating the hydrogen peroxide in response to RTK activation that serves to inhibit phosphatases that normally limit RTK signaling. SOD1 activity was reduced by a factor of 17-fold in the CTR1(-/-) cells, and addition of hydrogen peroxide restored signaling. We conclude that Cu acquired from CTR1 is required for signaling in pathways regulated by RTKs that play major roles in development and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- The Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kleiber ML, Laufer BI, Wright E, Diehl EJ, Singh SM. Long-term alterations to the brain transcriptome in a maternal voluntary consumption model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Brain Res 2012; 1458:18-33. [PMID: 22560501 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many women continue to consume low to moderate quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, which can result in the variable neurobehavioural effects in the absence of physiological abnormalities that characterize fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Previously, we reported that a mouse model for FASD based on voluntary maternal ethanol consumption throughout gestation resulted in offspring that showed mild developmental delay, anxiety-related traits, and deficits in spatial learning. Here, we extend this model by evaluating the gene expression changes that occur in the adult brain of C57BL/6J mice prenatally exposed to ethanol via maternal preference drinking. The results of two independent expression array experiments indicate that ethanol induces subtle but consistent changes to global gene expression. Gene enrichment analysis showed over-represented gene ontology classifications of cellular, embryonic, and nervous system development. Molecular network analysis supported these classifications, with significant networks related to cellular and tissue development, free radical scavenging, and small molecule metabolism. Further, a number of genes identified have previously been implicated in FASD-relevant neurobehavioural phenotypes such as cognitive function (Ache, Bcl2, Cul4b, Dkc1, Ebp, Lcat, Nsdh1, Sstr3), anxiety (Bcl2), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Nsdh1), and mood disorders (Bcl2, Otx2, Sstr3). The results suggest a complex residual "footprint" of neurodevelopmental ethanol exposure that may provide a new perspective for identifying mechanisms that underlie the life-long persistence of FASD-related cognitive and behavioural alterations, including potential targets for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Kleiber
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gletsu-Miller N, Broderius M, Frediani JK, Zhao VM, Griffith DP, Davis SS, Sweeney JF, Lin E, Prohaska JR, Ziegler TR. Incidence and prevalence of copper deficiency following roux-en-y gastric bypass surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:328-35. [PMID: 21876546 PMCID: PMC3748601 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The frequency of copper deficiency and clinical manifestations following roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is not yet clear. Objectives were to determine the prevalence and incidence of copper deficiency in patients who have undergone RYGB. DESIGN AND METHODS We sought to determine the number of RYGB patients undergoing medical and nutritional follow-up visits at the Emory Bariatric Center who experienced copper deficiency and associated hematological and neurological complaints (n=136). Separately, in patients followed longitudinally before and during 6 and 24 months following RYGB surgery, we obtained measures of copper status (n=16). Systemic blood cell counts and measures of copper, zinc and ceruloplasmin were determined using standardized assays in reference laboratories including atomic absorption spectrometry and immunoassays. RESULTS Thirteen patients were identified to have copper deficiency suggesting a prevalence of copper deficiency of 9.6%, and the majority of these had concomitant complications including anemia, leukopenia and various neuro-muscular abnormalities. In the longitudinal study, plasma copper concentrations and ceruloplasmin activity decreased over 6 and 24 months following surgery, respectively (P<0.05), but plasma zinc concentrations did not change. A simultaneous decrease in white blood cells was observed (P<0.05). The incidence of copper deficiency in these subjects was determined to be 18.8%. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence and incidence of copper deficiency following RYGB surgery was determined to be 9.6% and 18.8%, respectively, with many patients experiencing mild-to-moderate symptoms. Given that copper deficiency can lead to serious and irreversible complications if untreated, frequent monitoring of the copper status of RYGB patients is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gletsu-Miller
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential for development and proliferation, yet the cellular requirements for Cu in these processes are not well defined. We report that Cu plays an unanticipated role in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Ablation of the Ctr1 high-affinity Cu transporter in flies and mouse cells, mutation of Ctr1, and Cu chelators all reduce the ability of the MAP kinase kinase Mek1 to phosphorylate the MAP kinase Erk. Moreover, mice bearing a cardiac-tissue-specific knockout of Ctr1 are deficient in Erk phosphorylation in cardiac tissue. in vitro investigations reveal that recombinant Mek1 binds two Cu atoms with high affinity and that Cu enhances Mek1 phosphorylation of Erk in a dose-dependent fashion. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggest that Cu is important for promoting the Mek1-Erk physical interaction that precedes the phosphorylation of Erk by Mek1. These results demonstrate a role for Ctr1 and Cu in activating a pathway well known to play a key role in normal physiology and in cancer.
Collapse
|
18
|
Human copper transporters: mechanism, role in human diseases and therapeutic potential. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1125-42. [PMID: 20454597 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal copper homeostasis is essential for human growth and development. Copper deficiency, caused by genetic mutations, inadequate diet or surgical interventions, may lead to cardiac hypertrophy, poor neuronal myelination, blood vessel abnormalities and impaired immune response. Copper overload is associated with morphological and metabolic changes in tissues and, if untreated, eventual death. Recent reports also indicate that changes in the expression of copper transporters alter the sensitivity of cancer cells to major chemotherapeutic drugs, such as cisplatin, although the mechanism behind this important phenomenon remains unclear. This review summarizes current information on the molecular characteristics of copper transporters CTR1, CTR2, ATP7A and ATP7B, their roles in mammalian copper homeostasis and the physiological consequences of their inactivation. The mechanisms through which copper transporters may influence cell sensitivity to cisplatin are discussed. Regulation of human copper homeostasis has significant therapeutic potential and requires the detailed understanding of copper transport mechanisms.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fukunaka A, Kurokawa Y, Teranishi F, Sekler I, Oda K, Ackland ML, Faundez V, Hiromura M, Masuda S, Nagao M, Enomoto S, Kambe T. Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase is activated via a two-step mechanism by zinc transport complexes in the early secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16363-73. [PMID: 21402707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.227173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of enzymes become functional by binding to zinc during their journey through the early secretory pathway. The zinc transporters (ZnTs) located there play important roles in this step. We have previously shown that two zinc transport complexes, ZnT5/ZnT6 heterodimers and ZnT7 homo-oligomers, are required for the activation of alkaline phosphatases, by converting them from the apo- to the holo-form. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of this activation. ZnT1 and ZnT4 expressed in chicken DT40 cells did not contribute to the activation of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). The reduced activity of TNAP in DT40 cells deficient in both ZnT complexes was not restored by zinc supplementation nor by exogenous expression of other ZnTs that increase the zinc content in the secretory pathway. Moreover, we showed that expression of ZnT5/ZnT6 heterodimers reconstituted with zinc transport-incompetent ZnT5 mutant failed to restore TNAP activity but could stabilize the TNAP protein as the apo-form, regardless of zinc status. These findings demonstrate that TNAP is activated not simply by passive zinc binding but by an elaborate two-step mechanism via protein stabilization followed by enzyme conversion from the apo- to the holo-form with zinc loaded by ZnT complexes in the early secretory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Fukunaka
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
FGF4 and FGF8 comprise the wavefront activity that controls somitogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4018-23. [PMID: 21368122 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007417108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Somites form along the embryonic axis by sequential segmentation from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and differentiate into the segmented vertebral column as well as other unsegmented tissues. Somites are thought to form via the intersection of two activities known as the clock and the wavefront. Previous work has suggested that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activity may be the wavefront signal, which maintains the PSM in an undifferentiated state. However, it is unclear which (if any) of the FGFs expressed in the PSM comprise this activity, as removal of any one gene is insufficient to disrupt early somitogenesis. Here we show that when both Fgf4 and Fgf8 are deleted in the PSM, expression of most PSM genes is absent, including cycling genes, WNT pathway genes, and markers of undifferentiated PSM. Significantly, markers of nascent somite cell fate expand throughout the PSM, demonstrating the premature differentiation of this entire tissue, a highly unusual phenotype indicative of the loss of wavefront activity. When WNT signaling is restored in mutants, PSM progenitor markers are partially restored but premature differentiation of the PSM still occurs, demonstrating that FGF signaling operates independently of WNT signaling. This study provides genetic evidence that FGFs are the wavefront signal and identifies the specific FGF ligands that encode this activity. Furthermore, these data show that FGF action maintains WNT signaling, and that both signaling pathways are required in parallel to maintain PSM progenitor tissue.
Collapse
|
21
|
Blair BG, Larson CA, Adams PL, Abada PB, Pesce CE, Safaei R, Howell SB. Copper transporter 2 regulates endocytosis and controls tumor growth and sensitivity to cisplatin in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:157-66. [PMID: 20930109 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper transporter 2 (CTR2) is one of the four copper transporters in mammalian cells that influence the cellular pharmacology of cisplatin and carboplatin. CTR2 was knocked down using a short hairpin RNA interference. Robust expression of CTR2 was observed in parental tumors grown in vivo, whereas no staining was found in the tumors formed from cells in which CTR2 had been knocked down. Knockdown of CTR2 reduced growth rate by 5.8-fold, increased the frequency of apoptotic cells, and decreased the vascular density, but it did not change copper content. Knockdown of CTR2 increased the tumor accumulation of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) [cisplatin (cDDP)] by 9.1-fold and greatly increased its therapeutic efficacy. Because altered endocytosis has been implicated in cDDP resistance, uptake of dextran was used to quantify the rate of macropinocytosis. Knockdown of CTR2 increased dextran uptake 2.5-fold without reducing exocytosis. Inhibition of macropinocytosis with either amiloride or wortmannin blocked the increase in macropinocytosis mediated by CTR2 knockdown. Stimulation of macropinocytosis by platelet-derived growth factor coordinately increased dextran and cDDP uptake. Knockdown of CTR2 was associated with activation of the Rac1 and cdc42 GTPases that control macropinocytosis but not activation of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway. We conclude that CTR2 is required for optimal tumor growth and that it is an unusually strong regulator of cisplatin accumulation and cytotoxicity. CTR2 regulates the transport of cDDP in part through control of the rate of macropinocytosis via activation of Rac1 and cdc42. Selective knockdown of CTR2 in tumors offers a strategy for enhancing the efficacy of cDDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Blair
- Moores Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
De Feo CJ, Mootien S, Unger VM. Tryptophan scanning analysis of the membrane domain of CTR-copper transporters. J Membr Biol 2010; 234:113-23. [PMID: 20224886 PMCID: PMC2848729 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins of the CTR family mediate cellular copper uptake in all eukaryotic cells and have been shown to participate in uptake of platinum-based anticancer drugs. Despite their importance for life and the clinical treatment of malignancies, directed biochemical studies of CTR proteins have been difficult because high-resolution structural information is missing. Building on our recent 7A structure of the human copper transporter hCTR1, we present the results of an extensive tryptophan-scanning analysis of hCTR1 and its distant relative, yeast CTR3. The comparative analysis supports our previous assignment of the transmembrane helices and shows that most functionally and structurally important residues are clustered around the threefold axis of CTR trimers or engage in helix packing interactions. The scan also identified residues that may play roles in interactions between CTR trimers and suggested that the first transmembrane helix serves as an adaptor that allows evolutionarily diverse CTRs to adopt the same overall structure. Together with previous biochemical and biophysical data, the results of the tryptophan scan are consistent with a mechanistic model in which copper transport occurs along the center of the trimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. De Feo
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Sara Mootien
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
- Present Address: L2 Diagnostic, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Vinzenz M. Unger
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uriu-Adams JY, Scherr RE, Lanoue L, Keen CL. Influence of copper on early development: prenatal and postnatal considerations. Biofactors 2010; 36:136-52. [PMID: 20232410 DOI: 10.1002/biof.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient whose requirement is increased during pregnancy and lactation. These represent times of critical growth and development, and the fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies of this nutrient. Genetic mutations that predispose the offspring to inadequate stores of Cu can be life threatening as is observed in children with Menkes disease. During the last decade, severe Cu deficiency, once thought to be a rare condition, has been reported in the literature at an increasing frequency. Secondary Cu deficiencies can be induced by a variety of ways such as excessive zinc or iron intake, certain drugs, and bariatric surgery. Premature and low birth weight infants can be born with low Cu stores. A number of mechanisms can contribute to the teratogenicity of Cu including decreased activity of select cuproenzymes, increased oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide availability, altered iron metabolism, abnormal extracellular matrix protein crosslinking, decreased angiogenesis and altered cell signaling among others. The brain, heart, and vessels as well as tissues such as lung, skin and hair, and systems including the skeletal, immune, and blood systems, are negatively affected by suboptimal Cu during development. Additionally, persistent structural, biochemical, and functional adverse effects in the offspring are noted even when Cu supplementation is initiated after birth, supporting the concept that adequate Cu nutriture during pregnancy and lactation is critical for normal development. Although Cu-containing IUDs are an effective method for increasing intrauterine Cu concentrations and for reducing the risk of pregnancy, high amounts of dietary Cu are not thought to represent a direct developmental risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Uriu-Adams
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Howell SB, Safaei R, Larson CA, Sailor MJ. Copper transporters and the cellular pharmacology of the platinum-containing cancer drugs. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 77:887-94. [PMID: 20159940 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.063172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the platinum-containing cancer drugs enter cells, are distributed to various subcellular compartments, and are exported from cells via transporters that evolved to manage copper homeostasis. The cytotoxicity of the platinum drugs is directly related to how much drug enters the cell, and almost all cells that have acquired resistance to the platinum drugs exhibit reduced drug accumulation. The major copper influx transporter, copper transporter 1 (CTR1), has now been shown to control the tumor cell accumulation and cytotoxic effect of cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. There is a good correlation between change in CTR1 expression and acquired cisplatin resistance among ovarian cancer cell lines, and genetic knockout of CTR1 renders cells resistant to cisplatin in vivo. The expression of CTR1 is regulated at the transcriptional level by copper via Sp1 and at the post-translational level by the proteosome. Copper and cisplatin both trigger the down-regulation of CTR1 via a process that involves ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation and requires the copper chaperone antioxidant protein 1 (ATOX1). The cisplatin-induced degradation of CTR1 can be blocked with the proteosome inhibitor bortezomib, and this increases the cellular uptake and the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in a synergistic manner. Copper and platinum(II) have similar sulfur binding characteristics, and the presence of stacked rings of methionines and cysteines in the CTR1 trimer suggest a mechanism by which CTR1 selectively transports copper and the platinum-containing drugs via sequential transchelation reactions similar to the manner in which copper is passed from ATOX1 to the copper efflux transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Howell
- Department of Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
van den Berghe PVE, Klomp LWJ. New developments in the regulation of intestinal copper absorption. Nutr Rev 2010; 67:658-72. [PMID: 19906252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition metal copper is an essential trace element involved in many enzymatic processes that require redox-chemistry. The redox-activity of copper is potentially harmful. Severe imbalance of copper homeostasis can occur with some hereditary disorders of copper metabolism. Copper is acquired from the diet by intestinal absorption and is subsequently distributed throughout the body. The regulation of intestinal copper absorption to maintain whole-body copper homeostasis is currently poorly understood. This review evaluates novel findings regarding the molecular mechanism of intestinal copper uptake. The role of recently identified transporters in enterocyte copper uptake and excretion into the portal circulation is described, and the regulation of dietary copper uptake during physiological and pathophysiological conditions is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter V E van den Berghe
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lutsenko S, Bhattacharjee A, Hubbard AL. Copper handling machinery of the brain. Metallomics 2010; 2:596-608. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
27
|
Abstract
In the frog, Xenopus laevis, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is required for both mesoderm formation and the morphogenetic movements that drive the elongation of the notochord, a dorsal mesodermal derivative; the coordination of these distinct roles is mediated by the Xenopus Ctr1 (Xctr1) protein: maternal Xctr1 is required for mesodermal differentiation, while the subsequent loss of Xctr1 promotes morphogenesis. The signaling cascade activated by FGF in the presence of Ctr1 has been well characterized; however, the Xctr1-independent, FGF-responsive network remains poorly defined. We have identified Xenopus Marginal Coil (Xmc) as a gene whose expression is highly enriched following Xctr1 knockdown. Zygotic initiation of Xmc expression in vivo coincides with a decrease in maternal Xctr1 transcripts; moreover, Xmc loss-of-function inhibits Xctr1 knockdown-mediated elongation of FGF-treated animal cap explants, implicating Xmc as a key effector of Xctr1-independent gastrular morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Haremaki
- Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Human copper transporter Ctr1 is functional in Drosophila, revealing a high degree of conservation between mammals and insects. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 15:107-13. [PMID: 19856191 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Living cells have to carefully control the intracellular concentration of trace metals, especially of copper, which is at the same time essential but owing to its redox activity can also facilitate generation of reactive oxygen species. Mammals have two related copper transporters, Ctr1 and Ctr2, with Ctr1 playing the major role. The fruit fly Drosophila has three family members, termed Ctr1A, Ctr1B, and Ctr1C. Ctr1A is expressed throughout development, and a null mutation causes lethality at an early stage. Ctr1B ensures efficient copper uptake in the intestinal tract, whereas Ctr1C is mainly expressed in male gonads. Ectopic expression of Ctr1 transporters in Drosophila causes toxic effects due to excessive copper uptake. Here, we compare the effects of human Ctr1 (hCtr1) with those of the Drosophila homologs Ctr1A and Ctr1B in two overexpression assays. Whereas the overexpression of Drosophila Ctr1A and Ctr1B results in strong phenotypes, expression of hCtr1 causes only a very mild phenotype, indicating a low copper-import efficiency in the Drosophila system. However, this can be boosted by coexpressing the human copper chaperone CCS. Surprisingly, hCtr1 complements a lethal Ctr1A mutation at least as well as Ctr1A and Ctr1B transgenes. These findings reveal a high level of conservation between the mammalian and insect Ctr1-type copper importers, and they also demonstrate that the Drosophila Ctr1 proteins are functionally interchangeable.
Collapse
|
29
|
Maryon EB, Zhang J, Jellison JW, Kaplan JH. Human copper transporter 1 lacking O-linked glycosylation is proteolytically cleaved in a Rab9-positive endosomal compartment. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28104-28114. [PMID: 19684018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.044925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human copper transporter hCTR1 is a homotrimer composed of a plasma membrane protein of 190 amino acids that contains three transmembrane segments. The extracellular 65-amino acid amino terminus of hCTR1 contains both N-linked (at Asn(15)) and O-linked (at Thr(27)) sites of glycosylation. If O-glycosylation at Thr(27) is prevented, hCTR1 is efficiently cleaved, removing approximately 30 amino acids from the amino terminus. We have now investigated (i) the site of this cleavage, determining which peptide bonds are cleaved, (ii) the mechanism by which glycosylation prevents cleavage, and (iii) where in the cell the proteolytic cleavage takes place. Cleavage occurs in the sequence Ala-Ser-His-Ser-His (residues 29-33), which does not contain previously recognized protease cleavage sites. Using a series of hCTR1 mutants, we show that cleavage occurs preferentially between residues Ala(29)-Ser(30)-His(31). We also show that the O-linked polysaccharide at Thr(27) blocks proteolysis due to its proximity to the cleavage site. Moving the cleavage site away from the Thr(27) polysaccharide by insertion of as few as 5 amino acids allows cleavage to occur in the presence of glycosylation. Imaging studies using immunofluorescence in fixed cells and a functional green fluorescent protein-tagged hCTR1 transporter in live cells showed that the cleaved peptide accumulates in punctate structures in the cytoplasm. These puncta overlap compartments were stained by Rab9, indicating that hCTR1 cleavage occurs in a late endosomal compartment prior to delivery of the transporter to the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Maryon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - John W Jellison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Jack H Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kim H, Son HY, Bailey SM, Lee J. Deletion of hepatic Ctr1 reveals its function in copper acquisition and compensatory mechanisms for copper homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G356-64. [PMID: 19095764 PMCID: PMC2643901 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90632.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a vital trace element required for normal growth and development of many organisms. To determine the roles for copper transporter 1 (Ctr1) in hepatic copper metabolism and the contribution of the liver to systemic copper homeostasis, we have generated and characterized mice in which Ctr1 is deleted specifically in the liver. These mice express less than 10% residual Ctr1 protein in the liver and exhibit a small but significant growth retardation, which disappears with age. Hepatic copper concentrations and the activities of copper-requiring enzymes are reduced; however, mild copper deficiency relative to Ctr1 protein deficit indicates compensatory mechanisms for copper metabolism. Copper concentrations of other organs did not alter despite the defect in hepatic copper uptake. Whereas biliary copper excretion is reduced, urinary copper concentration in these mice is higher than that of control mice. Our data indicate that Ctr1 plays a critical role in copper acquisition in the liver, and, when Ctr1 expression is compromised, compensatory mechanisms facilitate copper uptake and/or retention in the liver and excretion of copper via urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Kim
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sarah M. Bailey
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jaekwon Lee
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Turski ML, Thiele DJ. New roles for copper metabolism in cell proliferation, signaling, and disease. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:717-21. [PMID: 18757361 PMCID: PMC2613604 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r800055200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Turski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Safaei R, Maktabi MH, Blair BG, Larson CA, Howell SB. Effects of the loss of Atox1 on the cellular pharmacology of cisplatin. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 103:333-41. [PMID: 19124158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that the copper (Cu) transporters Ctr1, Atp7a and Atp7b regulate the cellular pharmacology of cisplatin (CDDP) by mediating its uptake and efflux. It was also shown that, in the process of uptake by Ctr1, CDDP triggers the rapid proteasomal degradation of its own transporter. The current study examined the role of the metallochaperone Atox1 in the regulation of uptake, efflux and subcellular distribution of CDDP by using a pair of fibroblast cell lines established from Atox1(+/+) and Atox1(-/-) mice. Atox1 is a metallochaperone that is known to play a central role in distributing Cu within the cells and was recently shown to act as a Cu-dependent transcription factor. Loss of Atox1 increased Cu accumulation and reduced efflux. In contrast, loss of Atox1 reduced the influx of CDDP and subsequent accumulation in vesicular compartments and in DNA. Loss of Atox1 was found to block the CDDP-induced down regulation of Ctr1. Ctr1 was found to be polyubiquitinated in an Atox1-dependent manner during CDDP exposure. In conclusion, Atox1 is required for the polyubiquitination of Ctr1 and the Ctr1-mediated uptake of CDDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roohangiz Safaei
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Transition metals function as cofactors in specific proteins, catalyzing electron exchange reactions, binding substrates and stabilizing protein structure. Studies of human diseases and of model organisms have defined many of the molecular details of metal uptake, trafficking, and excretion. The current challenge is to integrate these details into a systematic view of metal content, speciation, localization and use within organisms and ecosystems.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Copper is a redox active metal that is essential for biological function. Copper is potentially toxic; thus, its homeostasis is carefully regulated through a system of protein transporters. Copper is taken up across the lumen surface of the small intestinal microvilli as cuprous ion by Ctr1. Cupric ion may also be taken up, but those processes are less well understood. Within the cell, intestinal as well as others, copper is escorted to specific compartments by metallochaperones. One, CCS, donates copper to superoxide dismutase. Another, COX17, delivers copper to additional chaperones within the mitochondria for synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase. A third chaperone, Atox1, delivers copper to the secretory pathway by docking with 2 P-type ATPases. One, ATP7A, is the protein nonfunctional in Menkes disease. This protein is required for cuproenzyme biosynthesis, and in the enterocyte it is required for copper efflux to portal blood. The second, ATP7B, predominantly expressed in liver, is required for copper metallation of ceruloplasmin and biliary copper excretion. Mutations in ATP7B lead to Wilson disease. Additional intracellular hepatic copper-binding proteins COMMD1 (copper metabolism MURR1 domain) and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) may also be required for excretion. Other proteins involved in copper homeostasis may include metallothionein and amyloid precursor protein. Plasma protein transport of copper from the intestine to liver and in systemic circulation probably includes both albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin. Changes in the expression of copper "transporters" may be useful to monitor copper status of humans, provided a suitable cell type can be sampled.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kambe T, Weaver BP, Andrews GK. The genetics of essential metal homeostasis during development. Genesis 2008; 46:214-28. [PMID: 18395838 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The essential metals copper, zinc, and iron play key roles in embryonic, fetal, and postnatal development in higher eukaryotes. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecules involved in the intricate control of the homeostasis of these metals and the availability of natural mutations and targeted mutations in many of the genes involved have allowed for elucidation of the diverse roles of these metals during development. Evidence suggests that the ability of the embryo to control the homeostasis of these metals becomes essential at the blastocyst stage and during early morphogenesis. However, these metals play unique roles throughout development and exert pleiotropic, metal-specific, and often cell-specific effects on morphogenesis, growth, and differentiation. Herein, we briefly review the major players known to be involved in the homeostasis of each of these essential metals and their known roles in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7421, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|