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Akter R, Afrose A, Sharmin S, Rezwan R, Rahman MR, Neelotpol S. A comprehensive look into the association of vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with obesity in children. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113285. [PMID: 35728355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity accounts for several psychosocial and clinical consequences. Psychosocial consequences include lower self-esteem, social isolation, poor academic achievement, peer problems, and depression, whereas clinical consequences are cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cancer, autoimmune diseases, girls early polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), asthma, bone deformities, etc. A growing number of studies have uncovered the association of childhood obesity and its consequences with vitamin-D (vit-D) deficiency and vitamin-D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), e.g., TaqI, BsmI, ApaI, FokI, and Cdx2. Considering the impact of vit-D deficiency and VDR gene polymorphisms, identifying associated factors and risk groups linked to lower serum vit-D levels and prevention of obesity-related syndromes in children is of utmost importance. Previously published review articles mainly focused on the association of vit-D deficiency with obesity or other non-communicable diseases in children. The nature of the correlation between vit-D deficiency and VDR gene polymorphisms with obesity in children is yet to be clarified. Therefore, this review attempts to delineate the association of obesity with these two factors by identifying the molecular mechanism of the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushanara Akter
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afrina Afrose
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Sharmin
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rifat Rezwan
- School of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rashidur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
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2
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Hsu S, Zelnick LR, Lin YS, Best CM, Kestenbaum BR, Thummel KE, Hoofnagle AN, de Boer IH. Validation of the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 ratio as a biomarker of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 clearance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 217:106047. [PMID: 34954017 PMCID: PMC8837693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) from 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the primary mechanism for the metabolic clearance of 25(OH)D, and is regulated by tissue-level vitamin D activity. The ratio of 24,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D3 in blood (vitamin D metabolite ratio, VDMR) is postulated to be a marker of 25(OH)D3 clearance, however this has never been tested. We measured baseline 24,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 concentrations in 87 participants by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Following an infusion of deuterated 25(OH)D3, blood samples for each participant were collected over 56 days and analyzed for deuterated vitamin D metabolites. 25(OH)D3 clearance and the deuterated metabolite-to-parent AUC ratio (ratio of the AUC of deuterated 24,25(OH)2D3 to that of deuterated 25(OH)D3) were calculated. We compared the VDMR with these two measures using correlation coefficients and linear regression. Participants had a mean age of 64 ± 11years, 41 % were female, 30 % were self-described Black, 28 % had non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 23 % had kidney failure treated with hemodialysis. The VDMR was strongly correlated with 25(OH)D3 clearance and the deuterated metabolite-to-parent AUC ratio (r = 0.51 and 0.76, respectively). Adjusting for 25(OH)D3 clearance or the deuterated metabolite-to-parent AUC ratio in addition to clinical covariates, lower VDMR was observed in participants with CKD and kidney failure than in healthy controls; in Black than White participants; and in those with lower serum albumin. Our findings validate the VDMR as a measure of 25(OH)D3 clearance. This relationship was biased by characteristics including race and kidney disease, which warrant consideration in studies assessing the VDMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yvonne S Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cora M Best
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bryan R Kestenbaum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Puget Sound VA Healthcare System, Seattle, WA, United States
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3
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Jay N, Duffy SR, Estrada DF. Characterization of a Cleavable Fusion of Human CYP24A1 with Adrenodoxin Reveals the Variable Role of Hydrophobics in Redox Partner Binding. Biochemistry 2022; 61:57-66. [PMID: 34979083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The improper maintenance of the bioactivated form of vitamin-D (1α,25(OH)2D) may result in vitamin-D insufficiency and therefore compromise the absorption of dietary calcium. A significant regulator of vitamin-D metabolism is the inactivating function of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1). In humans, CYP24A1 carries out hydroxylation of carbon-23 (C23) or carbon-24 (C24) of the 1α,25(OH)2D side chain, eventually resulting in production of either an antagonist of the vitamin-D receptor (C23 pathway) or calcitroic acid (C24 pathway). Despite its importance to human health, the human isoform (hCYP24A1) remains largely uncharacterized due in part to the difficulty in producing the enzyme using recombinant means. In this study, we utilize a cleavable fusion with the cognate redox partner, human Adx (hAdx), to stabilize hCYP24A1 during production. The subsequent cleavage and isolation of active hCYP24A1 allowed for an investigation of substrate and analog binding, enzymatic activity, and redox partner recognition. We demonstrate involvement of a nonpolar contact involving Leu-80 of hAdx and a nonconserved proximal surface of hCYP24A1. Interestingly, shortening the length of this residue (L80V) results in enhanced binding between the CYP-Adx complex and 1α,25(OH)2D yet unexpectedly results in decreased catalysis. The same mutation has a negligible effect on rat CYP24A1 (a C24-hydroxylase), indicating the presence of a species-specific requirement that may correlate with differences in regioselectivity of the reaction. Taken together, this work presents an example of production of a challenging human CYP as well as providing details regarding hydrophobic modulation of a CYP-Adx complex that is critical to human vitamin-D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jay
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Sean R Duffy
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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4
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Yasuda K, Nishikawa M, Mano H, Takano M, Kittaka A, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Development of In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Systems for Vitamin D Derivatives and Their Application to Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111839. [PMID: 34769269 PMCID: PMC8584323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro system to easily examine the affinity for vitamin D receptor (VDR) and CYP24A1-mediated metabolism as two methods of assessing vitamin D derivatives. Vitamin D derivatives with high VDR affinity and resistance to CYP24A1-mediated metabolism could be good therapeutic agents. This system can effectively select vitamin D derivatives with these useful properties. We have also developed an in vivo system including a Cyp27b1-gene-deficient rat (a type I rickets model), a Vdr-gene-deficient rat (a type II rickets model), and a rat with a mutant Vdr (R270L) (another type II rickets model) using a genome editing method. For Cyp27b1-gene-deficient and Vdr mutant (R270L) rats, amelioration of rickets symptoms can be used as an index of the efficacy of vitamin D derivatives. Vdr-gene-deficient rats can be used to assess the activities of vitamin D derivatives specialized for actions not mediated by VDR. One of our original vitamin D derivatives, which displays high affinity VDR binding and resistance to CYP24A1-dependent metabolism, has shown good therapeutic effects in Vdr (R270L) rats, although further analysis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Hiroki Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Masashi Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Mendoza A, Takemoto Y, Cruzado KT, Masoud SS, Nagata A, Tantipanjaporn A, Okuda S, Kawagoe F, Sakamoto R, Odagi M, Mototani S, Togashi M, Kawatani M, Aono H, Osada H, Nakagawa H, Higashi T, Kittaka A, Nagasawa K, Uesugi M. Controlled lipid β-oxidation and carnitine biosynthesis by a vitamin D metabolite. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:660-669.e12. [PMID: 34506728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactone-vitamin D3 is a major metabolite of vitamin D3, a lipophilic vitamin biosynthesized in numerous life forms by sunlight exposure. Although lactone-vitamin D3 was discovered 40 years ago, its biological role remains largely unknown. Chemical biological analysis of its photoaffinity probe identified the hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit alpha (HADHA), a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, as its selective binding protein. Intriguingly, the interaction of lactone-vitamin D3 with HADHA does not affect the HADHA enzymatic activity but instead limits biosynthesis of carnitine, an endogenous metabolite required for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation. Lactone-vitamin D3 dissociates the protein-protein interaction of HADHA with trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), thereby impairing the TMLD enzyme activity essential in carnitine biosynthesis. These findings suggest a heretofore undescribed role of lactone-vitamin D3 in lipid β-oxidation and carnitine biosynthesis, and possibly in sunlight-dependent shifts of lipid metabolism in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Mendoza
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takemoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kevin Tan Cruzado
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shadi Sedghi Masoud
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Okuda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kawagoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Minami Odagi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Sayuri Mototani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Moeka Togashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawatani
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Harumi Aono
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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6
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Kaufmann M, Schlingmann KP, Berezin L, Molin A, Sheftel J, Vig M, Gallagher JC, Nagata A, Masoud SS, Sakamoto R, Nagasawa K, Uesugi M, Kottler ML, Konrad M, Jones G. Differential diagnosis of vitamin D-related hypercalcemia using serum vitamin D metabolite profiling. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1340-1350. [PMID: 33856702 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genetic causes of vitamin D-related hypercalcemia are known to involve mutation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase CYP24A1 or the sodium phosphate co-transporter SLC34A1, which result in excessive 1,25-(OH)2 D hormonal action. However, at least 20% of idiopathic hypercalcemia (IH) cases remain unresolved. In this case-control study, we used precision vitamin D metabolite profiling based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of an expanded range of vitamin D metabolites to screen German and French cohorts of hypercalcemia patients, to identify patients with altered vitamin D metabolism where involvement of CYP24A1 or SLC34A1 mutation had been ruled out and who possessed normal 25-OH-D3 :24,25-(OH)2 D3 ratios. Profiles were compared to those of hypercalcemia patients with hypervitaminosis D, Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), CYP24A1 mutation, and normal subjects with a range of 25-OH-D levels. We observed that certain IH and WBS patients exhibited a unique profile comprising eightfold to 10-fold higher serum 23,25,26-(OH)3 D3 and 25-OH-D3 -26,23-lactone than normals, as well as very low serum 1,25-(OH)2 D3 (2-5 pg/ml) and elevated 1,24,25-(OH)3 D3 , which we interpret implies hypersensitive expression of vitamin D-dependent genes, including CYP24A1, as a general underlying mechanism of hypercalcemia in these patients. Because serum 25-OH-D3 and 24,25-(OH)2 D3 remained normal, we excluded the possibility that the aberrant profile was caused by hypervitaminosis D, but instead points to an underlying genetic cause that parallels the effect of Williams syndrome transcription factor deficiency in WBS. Furthermore, we observed normalization of serum calcium and vitamin D metabolite profiles at follow-up of an IH patient where 25-OH-D was reduced to 9 ng/ml, suggesting that symptomatic IH may depend on vitamin D nutritional status. Other hypercalcemic patients with complex conditions exhibited distinct vitamin D metabolite profiles. Our work points to the importance of serum vitamin D metabolite profiling in the differential diagnosis of vitamin D-related hypercalcemia that can rationalize expensive genetic testing, and assist healthcare providers in selecting appropriate treatment. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Linor Berezin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arnaud Molin
- Department of Genetics University Hospital, Caen-Normandie University, Caen, France
| | - Jesse Sheftel
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Vig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Gallagher
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Akiko Nagata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Technology and Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shadi Sedghi Masoud
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Technology and Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Technology and Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Technology and Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marie Laure Kottler
- Department of Genetics University Hospital, Caen-Normandie University, Caen, France
| | - Martin Konrad
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Munster, Germany
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Yasuda K, Nishikawa M, Okamoto K, Horibe K, Mano H, Yamaguchi M, Okon R, Nakagawa K, Tsugawa N, Okano T, Kawagoe F, Kittaka A, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Elucidation of metabolic pathways of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 mediated by CYP24A1 and CYP3A using Cyp24a1 knockout rats generated by CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100668. [PMID: 33865853 PMCID: PMC8134072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP24A1-deficient (Cyp24a1 KO) rats were generated using the CRISPER/Cas9 system to investigate CYP24A1-dependent or -independent metabolism of 25(OH)D3, the prohormone of calcitriol. Plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations in Cyp24a1 KO rats were approximately twofold higher than in wild-type rats. Wild-type rats showed five metabolites of 25(OH)D3 in plasma following oral administration of 25(OH)D3, and these metabolites were not detected in Cyp24a1 KO rats. Among these metabolites, 25(OH)D3-26,23-lactone was identified as the second major metabolite with a significantly higher Tmax value than others. When 23S,25(OH)2D3 was administered to Cyp24a1 KO rats, neither 23,25,26(OH)3D3 nor 25(OH)D3-26,23-lactone was observed. However, when 23S,25R,26(OH)3D3 was administered to Cyp24a1 KO rats, plasma 25(OH)D3-26,23-lactone was detected. These results suggested that CYP24A1 is responsible for the conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 23,25,26(OH)3D3 via 23,25(OH)2D3, but enzyme(s) other than CYP24A1 may be involved in the conversion of 23,25,26(OH)3D3 to 25(OH)D3-26,23-lactone. Enzymatic studies using recombinant human CYP species and the inhibitory effects of ketoconazole suggested that CYP3A plays an essential role in the conversion of 23,25,26(OH)3D3 into 25(OH)D3-26,23-lactone in both rats and humans. Taken together, our data indicate that Cyp24a1 KO rats are valuable for metabolic studies of vitamin D and its analogs. In addition, long-term administration of 25(OH)D3 to Cyp24a1 KO rats at 110 μg/kg body weight/day resulted in significant weight loss and ectopic calcification. Thus, Cyp24a1 KO rats could represent an important model for studying renal diseases originating from CYP24A1 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kairi Okamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kyohei Horibe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mana Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Risa Okon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Hygienic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Tsugawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kawagoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.
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8
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Galuška D, Pácal L, Kaňková K. Pathophysiological Implication of Vitamin D in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:152-161. [PMID: 33756482 DOI: 10.1159/000514286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is a hormone regulating not only calcium and phosphate homeostasis but also, at the same time, exerting many other extraskeletal functions via genomic effects (gene transcription) and probably by non-genomic effects as well. Availability is ensured by dietary intake of its precursors and by de novo production via sunlight. Yet, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are very common across the globe and are connected to many pathophysiological states, for example, diabetes mellitus, allergies, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy complications, and recently have also been associated with worse COVID-19 clinical outcomes. SUMMARY In this review, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin D metabolism in general, its role in diabetes mellitus (mainly type 2) and diabetic complications (mainly diabetic kidney disease), and potential therapeutic perspectives including vitamin D signalling as a druggable target. Key Messages: Vitamin D is not only a vitamin but also a hormone involved in many physiological processes. Its insufficiency or deficiency can lead to many pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Galuška
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia,
| | - Lukáš Pácal
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Kaňková
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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9
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Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for bone health and is known to be involved in immunomodulation and cell proliferation. Vitamin D status remains a significant health issue worldwide. However, there has been no clear consensus on vitamin D deficiency and its measurement in serum, and clinical practice of vitamin D deficiency treatment remains inconsistent. The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is widely used as a biomarker of vitamin D status. Other metabolic pathways are recognised as important to vitamin D function and measurement of other metabolites may become important in the future. The utility of free 25(OH)D rather than total 25(OH)D needs further assessment. Data used to estimate the vitamin D intake required to achieve a serum 25(OH)D concentration were drawn from individual studies which reported dose-response data. The studies differ in their choice of subjects, dose of vitamin D, frequency of dosing regimen and methods used for the measurement of 25(OH)D concentration. Baseline 25(OH)D, body mass index, ethnicity, type of vitamin D (D2 or D3) and genetics affect the response of serum 25(OH)D to vitamin D supplementation. The diversity of opinions that exist on this topic are reflected in the guidelines. Government and scientific societies have published their recommendations for vitamin D intake which vary from 400-1000 IU/d (10-25 μg/d) for an average adult. It was not possible to establish a range of serum 25(OH)D concentrations associated with selected non-musculoskeletal health outcomes. To recommend treatment targets, future studies need to be on infants, children, pregnant and lactating women.
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10
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Metabolism and Profiling in Veterinary Species. Metabolites 2020; 10:E371. [PMID: 32942601 PMCID: PMC7569877 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for vitamin D analysis in veterinary species is increasing with the growing knowledge of the extra-skeletal role vitamin D plays in health and disease. The circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25(OH)D) metabolite is used to assess vitamin D status, and the benefits of analysing other metabolites in the complex vitamin D pathway are being discovered in humans. Profiling of the vitamin D pathway by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) facilitates simultaneous analysis of multiple metabolites in a single sample and over wide dynamic ranges, and this method is now considered the gold-standard for quantifying vitamin D metabolites. However, very few studies report using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of vitamin D metabolites in veterinary species. Given the complexity of the vitamin D pathway and the similarities in the roles of vitamin D in health and disease between humans and companion animals, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive, reliable method for veterinary analysis that is comparable to that used in human clinical practice. In this review, we highlight the differences in vitamin D metabolism between veterinary species and the benefits of measuring vitamin D metabolites beyond 25(OH)D. Finally, we discuss the analytical challenges in profiling vitamin D in veterinary species with a focus on LC-MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Natalie Z. Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK;
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Martineau C, Kaufmann M, Arabian A, Jones G, St-Arnaud R. Preclinical safety and efficacy of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 or lactosylceramide treatment to enhance fracture repair. J Orthop Translat 2020; 23:77-88. [PMID: 32518749 PMCID: PMC7270532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Cyp24a1-null mice deficient in 24,25(OH)2D3 display impaired callus formation during the endochondral phase of bone fracture repair. The 24,25(OH)2D3 metabolite acted by binding to the TLC domain containing 3B isoform 2 (TLCD3B2, previously named FAM57B2) effector protein, which then synthesizes lactosylceramide (LacCer). Treatment with 24,25(OH)2D3 or LacCer restored callus size and mechanical properties in Cyp24a1-null mice. Methods To assess the safety of these molecules and test their efficacy for bone healing in wild-type, non-genetically modified mice, we treated 12-week-old, osteotomized C57BL/6 female mice with each compound for up to 21 days post-osteotomy. Control cohorts were injected with vehicle. Results Neither compound was found to exhibit any nephro- nor hepato-toxicity. Calcemia remained stable throughout the experiment and was unaffected by either treatment. Supplementation with 24,25(OH)2D3 increased circulating levels of this metabolite about 8-fold, decreased 1,25(OH)2D3 levels, and significantly increased circulating 1,24,25(OH)3D3 levels, suggesting 1?-hydroxylation of 24,25(OH)2D3. TLCD3B2 was found to be expressed in fracture callus at the surface of unmineralized or pre-mineralized cartilage on day 10 and day 12 post-osteotomy and to progressively recede to become undetectable by day 18. Treatment with 24,25(OH)2D3 or LacCer reduced the number of TLCD3B2-positive cells. Both treatments also significantly increased stiffness and elastic modulus of the healing bone callus. Conclusion Exogenous administration of 24,25(OH)2D3 or LacCer improved the biomechanical properties of repaired bones in wild-type animals without affecting circulating calcium levels or other blood parameters, demonstrating preclinical safety and efficacy. Translational potential Our data suggest the use of 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or lactosylceramide for ameliorating fracture healing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Martineau
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alice Arabian
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, H3H 2R9, Canada
- Corresponding author. Research Centre, Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada.
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Kumar A, Wilderman PR, Tu C, Shen S, Qu J, Estrada DF. Evidence of Allosteric Coupling between Substrate Binding and Adx Recognition in the Vitamin D Carbon-24 Hydroxylase CYP24A1. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1537-1548. [PMID: 32259445 PMCID: PMC7233526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3 requires molecular recognition between the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) and its cognate redox partner adrenodoxin (Adx). Recent evidence supports a model of CYP24A1 function in which substrate binding and Adx recognition are structurally linked. However, the details of this allosteric connection are not clear. In this study, we utilize chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and CYP24A1 functional assays to inform a working model of a CYP24A1-Adx complex. We report that differential cross-linking internal to CYP24A1 points toward an Adx-induced conformational change that perturbs the F and G helices, which are required for substrate binding. Moreover, the modeled complex suggests that a semiconserved nonpolar interaction at the interface may influence CYP24A1 regioselectivity. Taken together, these findings contribute to our understanding of Adx recognition in a critical vitamin D-inactivating enzyme and provide broader insight regarding the variability inherent in CYP-Adx interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo NY 14203
| | - P. Ross Wilderman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Chengjian Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 318 Pharmacy Building, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14214
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 318 Pharmacy Building, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14214
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 318 Pharmacy Building, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14214
| | - D. Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo NY 14203
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13
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Bikle D, Christakos S. New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action - addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:234-252. [PMID: 32029884 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a key role in stimulating calcium absorption from the gut and promoting skeletal health, as well as many other important physiological functions. Vitamin D is produced in the skin. It is subsequently metabolized to its hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), by the 1-hydroxylase and catabolized by the 24-hydroxylase. In this Review, we pay special attention to the effect of mutations in these enzymes and their clinical manifestations. We then discuss the role of vitamin D binding protein in transporting vitamin D and its metabolites from their source to their targets, the free hormone hypothesis for cell entry and HSP70 for intracellular transport. This is followed by discussion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates the cellular actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Cell-specific recruitment of co-regulatory complexes by liganded VDR leads to changes in gene expression that result in distinct physiological actions by 1,25(OH)2D, which are disrupted by mutations in the VDR. We then discuss the epidermis and hair follicle, to provide a non-skeletal example of a tissue that expresses VDR that not only makes vitamin D but also can metabolize it to its hormonally active form. This enables vitamin D to regulate epidermal differentiation and hair follicle cycling and, in so doing, to promote barrier function, wound healing and hair growth, while limiting cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Bao Q, Wang D, Zhang Y, Bao L, Jia H. The Impact of CYP24A1 Polymorphisms on Hypertension Susceptibility. Kidney Blood Press Res 2020; 45:28-37. [PMID: 31918428 DOI: 10.1159/000503925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is one of the leading causes of human death and disability. CYP24A1 regulates vitamin D activity and is closely linked to hypertension. However, the relationship between CYP24A1polymorphisms and hypertension risk remains unclear. METHODS This case-control study included 503 hypertensive patients and 498 healthy controls from the Chinese Han population. The genotypes of CYP24A1polymorphisms were detected using the Agena MassARRAY method. The association between genetic variations of CYP24A1and hypertension risk was evaluated with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in genetic models. RESULTS We found that rs56229249 of CYP24A1significantlydecreased the hypertension risk in homozygote (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.91, p = 0.022) and recessive models (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.91, p = 0.023). Further stratification analyses indicated that hypertension risk is related to age and sex, rs2762934 polymorphism increases hypertension risk among younger subjects (<61 years), and rs1977297 influences the risk of hypertension among older subjects (≥61 years). In addition, rs2762940 is related to hypertension risk in men, and rs56229249 is a protective factor against hypertension in women. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that genetic variations of the CYP24A1gene were significantly associated with susceptibility to hypertension in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Bao
- Gerontological Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Gerontological Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Gerontological Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lili Bao
- Gerontological Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haiyu Jia
- Gerontological Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China,
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15
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Jenkinson C. The vitamin D metabolome: An update on analysis and function. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:408-423. [PMID: 31328813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current understanding of vitamin D tends to be focussed on the measurement of the major circulating form 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and its conversion to the active hormonal form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2 D3) via the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). However, whilst these metabolites form the endocrine backbone of vitamin D physiology, it is important to recognise that there are other metabolic and catabolic pathways that are now recognised as being crucially important to vitamin D function. These pathways include C3-epimerization, CYP24A1 hydroxylase, CYP11A1 alternative metabolism of vitamin D3, and phase II metabolism. Endogenous metabolites beyond 25OHD3 are usually present at low endogenous levels and may only be functional in specific target tissues rather than in the general circulation. However, the technologies available to measure these metabolites have also improved, so that measurement of alternative vitamin D metabolic pathways may become more routine in the near future. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various pathways of vitamin D metabolism, as well as describe the analytical techniques currently available to measure these vitamin D metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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16
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Kumar A, Estrada DF. Specificity of the Redox Complex between Cytochrome P450 24A1 and Adrenodoxin Relies on Carbon-25 Hydroxylation of Vitamin-D Substrate. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:974-982. [PMID: 31289106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic deactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3 is initiated by modification of the vitamin-D side chain, as carried out by the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1). In addition to its role in vitamin-D metabolism, CYP24A1 is involved in catabolism of vitamin-D analogs, thereby reducing their efficacy. CYP24A1 function relies on electron transfer from the soluble ferredoxin protein adrenodoxin (Adx). Recent structural evidence suggests that regioselectivity of the CYP24A1 reaction may correlate with distinct modes of Adx recognition. Here we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to monitor the structure of 15N-labeled full-length Adx from rat while forming the complex with rat CYP24A1 in the ligand-free state or bound to either 1,25(OH)2D3 or the vitamin-D supplement 1α(OH)D3. Although both vitamin-D ligands were found to induce a reduction in overall NMR peak broadening, thereby suggesting ligand-induced disruption of the complex, a crosslinking analysis suggested that ligand does not have a significant effect on the relative association affinities of the redox complexes. However, a key finding is that, whereas the presence of primary CYP24A1 substrate was found to induce NMR peak broadening focused on the putative recognition site α-helix 3 of rat adrenodoxin, the interaction in the presence of 1α(OH)D3, which is lacking the carbon-25 hydroxyl, results in disruption of the NMR peak broadening pattern, thus indicating a ligand-induced nonspecific protein interaction. These findings provide a structural basis for the poor substrate turnover of side-chain-modified vitamin-D analogs, while also confirming that specificity of the CYP24A1-ligand interaction influences specificity of CYP24A1-Adx recognition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP24A1 responsible for catabolizing vitamin-D and its analogs, rely on a protein-protein interaction with a ferredoxin in order to receive delivery of the electrons required for catalysis. In this study, we demonstrate that this protein interaction is influenced by the enzyme-ligand interaction that precedes it. Specifically, vitamin-D missing carbon-25 hydroxylation binds the enzyme active site with high affinity but results in a loss of P450-ferredoxin binding specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo New York
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo New York
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17
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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18
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Kaufmann M, Martineau C, Arabian A, Traynor M, St-Arnaud R, Jones G. Calcioic acid: In vivo detection and quantification of the terminal C24-oxidation product of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and related intermediates in serum of mice treated with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:23-28. [PMID: 30553931 PMCID: PMC9703456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcitroic acid, the excretory form of vitamin D, is the terminal product of a 5-step pathway catalyzed by CYP24A1, commencing with C24-hydroxylation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3). Catabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) proceeds via analogous steps culminating in calcioic acid; however this C23-truncated acid has not been reported in the circulation. It has recently been shown that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25-(OH)2D3) is an important factor in optimal bone fracture healing acting via an effector molecule FAM57B2 to produce lactosylceramide. Administration of 24,25-(OH)2D3 was found to restore normal fracture repair in Cyp24a1-/- mice devoid of 24,25-(OH)2D3. We set out to study the multi-step catabolism of D3 metabolites in vivo using LC-MS/MS methods in vehicle or 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated mice. Vehicle-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice possessed normal levels of serum 24,25-(OH)2D3 (7 ng/mL) and 25-OH-D3-26,23-lactone (4 ng/mL). We also detected 24-oxo-25-OH-D3 (3 ng/mL) and 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3 (0.4 ng/mL); which were not detectable in vehicle-treated Cyp24a1-/- mice. In 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice, serum 24,25-(OH)2D3 rose to 200 ng/mL while 25-OH-D3-26,23-lactone remained unchanged in comparison to vehicle-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice Concentration of serum 24-oxo-25-OH-D3 and 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3 rose by 10-fold, when Cyp24a1+/- mice were treated with 24,25-(OH)2D3 Calcioic acid was increased to 0.030 ng/mL for 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1+/- mice. In 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1-/- mice, serum 24,25-(OH)2D3 rose further to a striking 830 ng/mL due to lack of catabolism of the 24,25-(OH)2D3 dose. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 levels were suppressed in 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated Cyp24a1+/- and Cyp24a1-/- mice. Circulating 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 rose from 73 pg/mL to 106 pg/mL when Cyp24a1+/- mice were treated with 24,25-(OH)2D3. While undetectable in vehicle-treated Cyp24a1-/- mice, 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 rose unexpectedly to 153 pg/mL in 24,25-(OH)2D3-treated nulls suggesting conversion of 24,25-(OH)2D3 to 1,24,25-(OH)3D3 via 1-hydroxylation. Taken together, amplification of 24,25-(OH)2D3 catabolism by exogenous doses of this metabolite have enabled detection of downstream C24-oxidation pathway products in vivo, including calcioic acid; and provides a platform for studying alternative routes of vitamin D metabolism that may occur in pathological states including hypervitaminosis D and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia caused by mutations of CYP24A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Corine Martineau
- Research Centre - Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | - Alice Arabian
- Research Centre - Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, PQ, Canada
| | - Mary Traynor
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Research Centre - Shriners Hospitals for Children - Canada, Montreal, PQ, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, and Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, PQ, Canada
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
The number of requests for vitamin D metabolite measurements has increased dramatically over the past decade leading commercial laboratories to develop rapid high throughput assays. The measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and to a lesser extent 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) dominates these requests, but requests for multiple metabolite measurements in the same sample are also increasing. The most commonly used methods include immunoassays and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, but with improvements in technology, especially in LC-MS, this method is gaining ascendance due to its greater precision and flexibility. The use of standards from the National Institutes of Standards and Technology has substantially reduced the variability from laboratory to laboratory, thereby improving the reliability of these measurements. Although the current demand is for measurement of total vitamin D metabolite levels, these metabolites circulate in blood tightly bound to vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and albumin with less than 1% free. The free concentration may be a more accurate indicator of vitamin D status especially in individuals with DBP levels that deviate from the normal population. Thus, methods to measure the free concentration at least of 25(OH)D are becoming available and may supplement if not replace measurements of total levels.
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20
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Estrada DF. The cytochrome P450 24A1 interaction with adrenodoxin relies on multiple recognition sites that vary among species. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4167-4179. [PMID: 29371396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochromes P450 (P450s) are responsible for important metabolic reactions, including steps involved in steroid and vitamin D metabolism. The mitochondrial P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) is responsible for deactivation of the bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3. Its function relies on formation of a P450-redox partner complex with the ferredoxin and electron donor adrenodoxin (Adx). However, very little is known about how the Adx-CYP24A1 complex forms. In this study, we report the results of solution NMR in which we monitor isotopically labeled full-length Adx as it binds CYP24A1 in complex with the P450 inhibitor clotrimazole. The NMR titration data suggested a mode for P450-Adx interactions in which formation of the complex relies on contributions from multiple recognition sites on the Adx core domain, some of which have not previously been reported. To evaluate differences among CYP24A1-Adx complexes from different mammalian species and displaying distinct regioselectivity for 1,25(OH)2D3, all bound spectra were acquired in parallel for human (carbon-23 and -24 hydroxylase), rat (carbon-24 hydroxylase), and opossum (carbon-23 hydroxylase) CYP24A1 isoforms. Binding data from a series of single and double charge-neutralizing substitutions of Adx confirmed that species-specific CYP24A1 isoforms differ in binding to Adx, providing evidence that variations in redox partner interactions correlate with P450 regioselectivity. In summary, these findings reveal that CYP24A1-Adx interactions rely on several recognition sites and that variations in CYP24A1 isoforms modulate formation of the complex, thus providing insight into the variable and complex nature of mitochondrial P450-Adx interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernando Estrada
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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21
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Jones G, Kottler ML, Schlingmann KP. Genetic Diseases of Vitamin D Metabolizing Enzymes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:1095-1117. [PMID: 29080636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolism involves 3 highly specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (25-hydroxylase, 1α-hydroxylase, and 24-hydroxylase) involved in the activation of vitamin D3 to the hormonal form, 1,25-(OH)2D3, and the inactivation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to biliary excretory products. Mutations of the activating enzymes CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 cause lack of normal 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis and result in rickets whereas mutations of the inactivating enzyme CYP24A1 cause build-up of excess 1,25-(OH)2D3 and result in hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, and nephrocalcinosis. This article reviews the literature for 3 clinical conditions. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management of vitamin D-dependent rickets and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Room 650, Botterell Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Marie Laure Kottler
- Department of Genetics, University de Basse-Normandie, National Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, Caen University Hospital, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France; Team 7450 BIOTARGEN, Caen-Normandy University, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Karl Peter Schlingmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Waldeyerstr. 22, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Jones G, Kaufmann M. Vitamin D metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:110-114. [PMID: 26409684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as the latest technology to be used to assay the metabolites of vitamin D. The method uses molecular mass as a detection technique after straightforward extraction and chromatography steps. LC-MS/MS assay provides a level of accuracy and reproducibility not seen before with other methods and is beginning to rival antibody-based methods in terms of sensitivity and convenience. Methods for detection of underivatized and DMEQ-TAD derivatized vitamin D metabolites are evaluated. Sensitivity is improved by 10-100 fold with derivatization and allows for the simultaneous assay of multiple vitamin D metabolites, a process termed vitamin D metabolite profiling. Clinical and research applications of vitamin D metabolite profiling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada.
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Veldurthy V, Wei R, Campbell M, Lupicki K, Dhawan P, Christakos S. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ 24-Hydroxylase: A Key Regulator of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ Catabolism and Calcium Homeostasis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 100:137-50. [PMID: 26827951 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the most pronounced effects of the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is increased synthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates its own metabolism, protecting against hypercalcemia and limiting the levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 in cells. This chapter summarizes the catalytic properties of CYP24A1, the recent data related to the crystal structure of CYP24A1, the findings obtained from the generation of mice deficient for the Cyp24a1 gene as well as recent data identifying a causal role of a genetic defect in CYP24A1 in certain patients with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. This chapter also reviews the regulation of renal and placental CYP24A1 as well as the genomic mechanisms, including coactivators, repressors, and epigenetic modification, involved in modulating 1,25(OH)2D3 regulation of CYP24A1. We conclude with future research directions related to this key regulator of 1,25(OH)2D3 catabolism and calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Veldurthy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Megan Campbell
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kamil Lupicki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
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Biswas T, Akagi Y, Usuda K, Yasui K, Shimizu I, Okamoto M, Uesugi M, Hosokawa S, Nagasawa K. Synthesis of 24,24-Difluoro-1,3- cis-25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D 3 Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Vitamin D Receptor-Binding Affinity. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1387-91. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Biswas
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Yusuke Akagi
- Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kosuke Usuda
- Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Koji Yasui
- Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Isao Shimizu
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Mayumi Okamoto
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
| | | | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Graduate School of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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25
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Ahmed MS, Shoker A. Vitamin D Metabolites; Protective versus Toxic Properties: Molecular and Cellular Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4081/nr.2010.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an essential role in bone metabolism. The discovery that the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed in most tissues led researchers to investigate other biological actions of vitamin D. These effects were found to include anti-inflammatory effects and anti-atherogenesis, decreased renin activity and biosynthesis, induction of cell differentiation, inhibition of cell growth, and immunomodulation. In spite of the plethora of evidence on the protective effects of vitamin D, the reports on its intoxication still are considerably few. Therefore, in this review we aim to summarize the molecular and cellular bases of the protect-ive and toxic vitamin D actions that are mediated mostly by VDR. This review will also shed light on vitamin D metabolites other than the active metabolite calcitriol and particularly 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), putting emphasis on its magnifying role in vitamin D intoxication. One of the important themes we discuss is defining serum levels of beneficial or toxic effects of other exogenous vitamin D administration and its impact on 25(OH)D serum levels in animals and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ahmed Shoker
- Department of Medicine, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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26
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Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 24529992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol under the influence of UV light. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived from the plant sterol ergosterol. Vitamin D is metabolized first to 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), then to the hormonal form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). CYP2R1 is the most important 25-hydroxylase; CYP27B1 is the key 1-hydroxylase. Both 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D are catabolized by CYP24A1. 1,25(OH)2D is the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor, binding to sites in the DNA called vitamin D response elements (VDREs). There are thousands of these binding sites regulating hundreds of genes in a cell-specific fashion. VDR-regulated transcription is dependent on comodulators, the profile of which is also cell specific. Analogs of 1,25(OH)2D are being developed to target specific diseases with minimal side effects. This review will examine these different aspects of vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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27
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Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:319-29. [PMID: 24529992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1013] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is made in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol under the influence of UV light. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived from the plant sterol ergosterol. Vitamin D is metabolized first to 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), then to the hormonal form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). CYP2R1 is the most important 25-hydroxylase; CYP27B1 is the key 1-hydroxylase. Both 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D are catabolized by CYP24A1. 1,25(OH)2D is the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor, binding to sites in the DNA called vitamin D response elements (VDREs). There are thousands of these binding sites regulating hundreds of genes in a cell-specific fashion. VDR-regulated transcription is dependent on comodulators, the profile of which is also cell specific. Analogs of 1,25(OH)2D are being developed to target specific diseases with minimal side effects. This review will examine these different aspects of vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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28
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Jones G. Extrarenal Vitamin D Activation and Interactions Between Vitamin D2, Vitamin D3, and Vitamin D Analogs. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:23-44. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6;
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29
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Abstract
The vitamin D signal transduction system involves a series of cytochrome P450-containing sterol hydroxylases to generate and degrade the active hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which serves as a ligand for the vitamin D receptor-mediated transcriptional gene expression described in companion articles in this review series. This review updates our current knowledge of the specific anabolic cytochrome P450s involved in 25- and 1α-hydroxylation, as well as the catabolic cytochrome P450 involved in 24- and 23-hydroxylation steps, which are believed to initiate inactivation of the vitamin D molecule. We focus on the biochemical properties of these enzymes; key residues in their active sites derived from crystal structures and mutagenesis studies; the physiological roles of these enzymes as determined by animal knockout studies and human genetic diseases; and the regulation of these different cytochrome P450s by extracellular ions and peptide modulators. We highlight the importance of these cytochrome P450s in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, metabolic bone disease, and hyperproliferative diseases, such as psoriasis and cancer; as well as explore potential future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Tieu EW, Tang EKY, Chen J, Li W, Nguyen MN, Janjetovic Z, Slominski A, Tuckey RC. Rat CYP24A1 acts on 20-hydroxyvitamin D(3) producing hydroxylated products with increased biological activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1696-704. [PMID: 23041230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
20-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) (20(OH)D(3)), the major product of CYP11A1 action on vitamin D(3), is biologically active and is produced in vivo. As well as potentially having important physiological actions, it is of interest as a therapeutic agent due to its lack of calcemic activity. In the current study we have examined the ability of CYP24A1, the enzyme that inactivates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), to metabolize 20(OH)D(3). Rat CYP24A1 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by Ni-affinity chromatography and assayed with substrates incorporated into phospholipid vesicles which served as a model of the inner mitochondrial membrane. In this system CYP24A1 metabolized 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) with a catalytic efficiency 1.4-fold higher than that seen for 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)). CYP24A1 hydroxylated 20(OH)D(3) to several dihydroxy-derivatives with the major two identified by NMR as 20,24-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (20,24(OH)(2)D(3)) and 20,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (20,25(OH)(2)D(3)). The catalytic efficiency of CYP24A1 for 20(OH)D(3) metabolism was more than 10-fold lower than for either 25(OH)D(3) or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and no secondary metabolites were produced. The two major products, 20,24(OH)(2)D(3) and 20,25(OH)(2)D(3), caused significantly greater inhibition of colony formation by SKMEL-188 melanoma cells than either 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or the parent 20(OH)D(3), showing that CYP24A1 plays an activating, rather than an inactivating role on 20(OH)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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31
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Würde AE, Reunert J, Rust S, Hertzberg C, Haverkämper S, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Lehle L, Rossi R, Marquardt T. Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ij (CDG-Ij, DPAGT1-CDG): extending the clinical and molecular spectrum of a rare disease. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:634-41. [PMID: 22304930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are caused by enzymatic defects of the formation or processing of lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. Since the majority of proteins is glycosylated, a defect in a singular CDG enzyme leads to a multisytemic disease with secondary malfunction of thousands of proteins. CDG-Ij (DPAGT1-CDG) is caused by a defect of the human DPAGT1 (UDP-GlcNAc: Dolichol Phosphate N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphotransferase), catalyzing the first step of N-linked glycosylation. So far the clinical phenotype of only one CDG-Ij patient has been described. The patient showed severe muscular hypotonia, intractable seizures, developmental delay, mental retardation, microcephaly and exotropia. Molecular studies of this patient revealed the heterozygous mutation c.660A>G (Y170C; paternal) in combination with an uncharacterized splicing defect (maternal). Two further mutations, c.890A>T (I297F) and c.162-8G>A as a splicing defect were detected when analyzing DPAGT1 in two affected siblings of a second family. We report two new patients with the novel homozygous mutation, c.341C>G (A114 G), causing a severe clinical phenotype, characterized by hyperexcitability, intractable seizures, bilateral cataracts, progressive microcephaly and muscular hypotonia. Both our patients died within their first year of life. With the discovery of this novel mutation and a detailed clinical description we extend the clinical features of CDG-Ij in order to improve early detection of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Würde
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin-Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Münster, Germany.
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33
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Jones G, Prosser DE, Kaufmann M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): its important role in the degradation of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 523:9-18. [PMID: 22100522 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CYP24A1 is the cytochrome P450 component of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-24-hydroxylase enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25-OH-D(3)) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) into 24-hydroxylated products, which constitute the degradation of the vitamin D molecule. This review focuses on recent data in the CYP24A1 field, including biochemical, physiological and clinical developments. Notable among these are: the first crystal structure for rat CYP24A1; mutagenesis studies which change the regioselectivity of the enzyme; and the finding that natural inactivating mutations of CYP24A1 cause the genetic disease idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH). The review also discusses the emerging correlation between rising serum phosphate/FGF-23 levels and increased CYP24A1 expression in chronic kidney disease, which in turn underlies accelerated degradation of both serum 25-OH-D(3) and 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in this condition. This review concludes by evaluating the potential clinical utility of blocking this enzyme with CYP24A1 inhibitors in various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with chronic renal disease have elevated serum phosphate levels, elevated fibroblast-like growth factor 23 (FGF-23), and declining vitamin D status. These changes are related and may be responsible for elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) and dysfunctional vitamin D metabolism. This review focuses on the biochemistry and pathophysiology of CYP24A1 and the utility of blocking this enzyme with CYP24A1 inhibitors in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. RECENT FINDINGS CYP24A1 is the cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) and its hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], into 24-hydroxylated products targeted for excretion. The CYP24A1-null phenotype is consistent with the catabolic role of CYP24A1. A number of polymorphisms of CYP24A1 have recently been identified. New data from the uremic rat and humans suggest that dysfunctional vitamin D metabolism is due to changes in CYP24A1 expression caused by phosphate and FGF-23 elevations. SUMMARY Changes in serum phosphate and FGF-23 levels in the CKD patient increase CYP24A1 expression resulting in decreased vitamin D status. Vitamin D deficiency may exacerbate defective calcium and phosphate homeostasis causing renal osteodystrophy and contribute to the other complications of renal disease. These findings argue for increased focus on correcting vitamin D deficiency in CKD patients by blocking CYP24A1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Petkovich
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Kaufmann M, Prosser DE, Jones G. Bioengineering anabolic vitamin D-25-hydroxylase activity into the human vitamin D catabolic enzyme, cytochrome P450 CYP24A1, by a V391L mutation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28729-28737. [PMID: 21697097 PMCID: PMC3190681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.236679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP24A1 is a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (CYP) that catabolizes 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) to different products: calcitroic acid or 1α,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-26,23-lactone via multistep pathways commencing with C24 and C23 hydroxylation, respectively. Despite the ability of CYP24A1 to catabolize a wide range of 25-hydroxylated analogs including 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3), the enzyme is unable to metabolize the synthetic prodrug, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α-OH-D(3)), presumably because it lacks a C25-hydroxyl. In the current study we show that a single V391L amino acid substitution in the β3a-strand of human CYP24A1 converts this enzyme from a catabolic 1α,25-(OH)(2)D(3)-24-hydroxylase into an anabolic 1α-OH-D(3)-25-hydroxylase, thereby forming the hormone, 1α,25-(OH)(2)D(3). Furthermore, because the mutant enzyme retains its basal ability to catabolize 1α,25-(OH)(2)D(3) via C24 hydroxylation, it can also make calcitroic acid. Previous work has shown that an A326G mutation is responsible for the regioselectivity differences observed between human (primarily C24-hydroxylating) and opossum (C23-hydroxylating) CYP24A1. When the V391L and A326G mutations were combined (V391L/A326G), the mutant enzyme continued to form 1α,25-(OH)(2)D(3) from 1α-OH-D(3), but this initial product was diverted via the C23 hydroxylation pathway into the 26,23-lactone. The relative position of Val-391 in the β3a-strand of a homology model and the crystal structure of rat CYP24A1 is consistent with hydrophobic contact of Val-391 and the substrate side chain near C21. We interpret that the substrate specificity of V391L-modified human CYP24A1 toward 1α-OH-D(3) is enabled by an altered contact with the substrate side chain that optimally positions C25 of the 1α-OH-D(3) above the heme for hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - David E Prosser
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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Schlingmann KP, Kaufmann M, Weber S, Irwin A, Goos C, John U, Misselwitz J, Klaus G, Kuwertz-Bröking E, Fehrenbach H, Wingen AM, Güran T, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, Prosser DE, Jones G, Konrad M. Mutations in CYP24A1 and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:410-21. [PMID: 21675912 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of rickets is one of the oldest and most effective prophylactic measures in medicine, having virtually eradicated rickets in North America. Given the potentially toxic effects of vitamin D, the recommendations for the optimal dose are still debated, in part owing to the increased incidence of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia in Britain in the 1950s during a period of high vitamin D supplementation in fortified milk products. We investigated the molecular basis of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia, which is characterized by severe hypercalcemia, failure to thrive, vomiting, dehydration, and nephrocalcinosis. METHODS We used a candidate-gene approach in a cohort of familial cases of typical idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia with suspected autosomal recessive inheritance. Identified mutations in the vitamin D-metabolizing enzyme CYP24A1 were evaluated with the use of a mammalian expression system. RESULTS Sequence analysis of CYP24A1, which encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase, the key enzyme of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) degradation, revealed recessive mutations in six affected children. In addition, CYP24A1 mutations were identified in a second cohort of infants in whom severe hypercalcemia had developed after bolus prophylaxis with vitamin D. Functional characterization revealed a complete loss of function in all CYP24A1 mutations. CONCLUSIONS The presence of CYP24A1 mutations explains the increased sensitivity to vitamin D in patients with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia and is a genetic risk factor for the development of symptomatic hypercalcemia that may be triggered by vitamin D prophylaxis in otherwise apparently healthy infants.
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Rhieu SY, Annalora AJ, Gathungu RM, Vouros P, Uskokovic MR, Schuster I, Palmore GTR, Reddy GS. A new insight into the role of rat cytochrome P450 24A1 in metabolism of selective analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 509:33-43. [PMID: 21338573 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the metabolism of two synthetic analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1), namely 1α,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D₃ (2) and 1α,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-dimethyl-vitamin D₃ (4) using rat cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) in a reconstituted system. We noted that 2 is metabolized into a single metabolite identified as C26-hydroxy-2 while 4 is metabolized into two metabolites, identified as C26-hydroxy-4 and C26a-hydroxy-4. The structural modification of adding methyl groups to the side chain of 1 as in 4 is also featured in another analog, 1α,25-dihydroxy-22,24-diene-24,26,27-trihomo-vitamin D₃ (6). In a previous study, 6 was shown to be metabolized exactly like 4, however, the enzyme responsible for its metabolism was found to be not CYP24A1. To gain a better insight into the structural determinants for substrate recognition of different analogs, we performed an in silico docking analysis using the crystal structure of rat CYP24A1 that had been solved for the substrate-free open form. Whereas analogs 2 and 4 docked similar to 1, 6 showed altered interactions for both the A-ring and side chain, despite prototypical recognition of the CD-ring. These findings hint that CYP24A1 metabolizes selectively different analogs of 1, based on their ability to generate discrete recognition cues required to close the enzyme and trigger the catalytic mechanism.
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Abstract
Vitamin D has gone through a renaissance with the association of vitamin D deficiency with a wide array of common diseases including breast, colorectal and prostate cancers, cardio-vascular disease, autoimmune conditions and infections. Vitamin D analogs constitute a valuable group of compounds which can be used to regulate gene expression in functions as varied as calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as cell growth regulation and cell differentiation of a wide spectrum of cell types. This review will discuss the full range of vitamin D compounds currently available, some of their possible uses, and potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biochemistry Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
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39
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Annalora AJ, Goodin DB, Hong WX, Zhang Q, Johnson EF, Stout CD. Crystal structure of CYP24A1, a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 involved in vitamin D metabolism. J Mol Biol 2009; 396:441-51. [PMID: 19961857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 24A1 catalyzes the side-chain oxidation of the hormonal form of vitamin D. Expression of CYP24A1 is up-regulated to attenuate vitamin D signaling associated with calcium homeostasis and cellular growth processes. The development of therapeutics for disorders linked to vitamin D insufficiency would be greatly facilitated by structural knowledge of CYP24A1. Here, we report the crystal structure of rat CYP24A1 at 2.5 A resolution. The structure exhibits an open cleft leading to the active-site heme prosthetic group on the distal surface that is likely to define the path of substrate access into the active site. The entrance to the cleft is flanked by conserved hydrophobic residues on helices A' and G', suggesting a mode of insertion into the inner mitochondrial membrane. A docking model for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) binding in the open form of CYP24A1 that clarifies the structural determinants of secosteroid recognition and validates the predictive power of existing homology models of CYP24A1 is proposed. Analysis of CYP24A1's proximal surface identifies the determinants of adrenodoxin recognition as a constellation of conserved residues from helices K, K'', and L that converge with an adjacent lysine-rich loop for binding the redox protein. Overall, the CYP24A1 structure provides the first template for understanding membrane insertion, substrate binding, and redox partner interaction in mitochondrial P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Annalora
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Brown WM. Vitamin D, vitamin D analogs (deltanoids) and prostate cancer. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2008; 1:803-13. [PMID: 24410609 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
'Vitamin D' is a generic term for a family of secosteroids, members of which bind to the vitamin D receptor. Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, has antiproliferative effects on many tumor cells. However, clinical use of calcitriol in cancer prevention or therapy is limited because it induces hypercalcemia at the necessary supraphysiological doses. The anti-tumor effects of vitamin D analogs (deltanoids) have been researched extensively; more than 3000 deltanoids have now been described. Prostate cancer is more common in northern geographic regions; mortality decreases with exposure to sunlight. As UV light is necessary for vitamin D synthesis in the skin, it has long been dogma that vitamin D is involved. This review concerns deltanoids that have been assessed for use in treating or preventing prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Brown
- VaxDesign Corp., 12612 Challenger Parkway, Suite 365, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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Abstract
Although researchers first identified the fat-soluble vitamin cholecalciferol almost a century ago and studies have now largely elucidated the transcriptional mechanism of action of its hormonal form, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)], we know surprisingly little about mechanisms of vitamin D toxicity. The lipophilic nature of vitamin D explains its adipose tissue distribution and its slow turnover in the body (half-life approximately 2 mo). Its main transported metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)], shows a half-life of approximately 15 d and circulates at a concentration of 25-200 nmol/L, whereas the hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) has a half-life of approximately 15 h. Animal experiments involving vitamin D(3) intoxication have established that 25(OH)D(3) can reach concentrations up to 2.5 mumol/L, at which it is accompanied by hypercalcemia and other pathological sequelae resulting from a high Ca/PO(4) product. The rise in 25(OH)D(3) is accompanied by elevations of its precursor, vitamin D(3), as well as by rises in many of its dihydroxy- metabolites [24,25(OH)(2)D(3); 25,26(OH)(2)D(3); and 25(OH)D(3)-26,23-lactone] but not 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Early assumptions that 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) might cause hypercalcemia in vitamin D toxicity have been replaced by the theories that 25(OH)D(3) at pharmacologic concentrations can overcome vitamin D receptor affinity disadvantages to directly stimulate transcription or that total vitamin D metabolite concentrations displace 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D from vitamin D binding, increasing its free concentration and thus increasing gene transcription. Occasional anecdotal reports from humans intoxicated with vitamin D appear to support the latter mechanism. Although current data support the viewpoint that the biomarker plasma 25(OH)D concentration must rise above 750 nmol/L to produce vitamin D toxicity, the more prudent upper limit of 250 nmol/L might be retained to ensure a wide safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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