1
|
Ji L, Li J, Liu D, Qiao Y, Zhao W, Liu Y, Zheng S. RUNX2 mutation inhibits the cellular senescence of dental follicle cells via ERK signalling pathway. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1337-1349. [PMID: 37154397 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory effect of RUNX2 mutation on dental follicle cells (DFCs) senescence and clarify the underlying mechanism. This study aimed to explore the basis for a novel mechanism of delayed permanent tooth eruption in cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dental follicles were collected from a CCD patient and healthy controls. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, Ki67 staining, cell cycle assays, and senescence-related gene and protein expression assays were performed to assess DFCs senescence. Western blotting was performed to detect the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways, and the molecular mechanism underlying RUNX2 regulating in DFCs senescence was explored. RESULTS RUNX2 mutation inhibited the cellular senescence of DFCs from the CCD patient compared with healthy controls. Ki67 staining showed that mutant RUNX2 promoted DFCs proliferation, and cell cycle assays revealed that the healthy control-derived DFCs arrested at G1 phase. RUNX2 mutation significantly downregulated senescence-associated gene and protein expression. RUNX2 mutation suppressed ERK signalling pathway activation, an ERK inhibitor decreased healthy control-derived DFCs senescence, and an ERK activator promoted CCD patient-derived DFCs senescence. CONCLUSIONS RUNX2 mutation delayed DFCs senescence through the ERK signalling pathway, which may be responsible for delayed permanent tooth eruption in CCD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LingLi Ji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanchun Qiao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Toner J, Gordon JAR, Greenyer H, Kaufman P, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. RUNX2 as a Prognostic Factor in Human Cancers. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:51-66. [PMID: 39072409 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2024054162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The RUNX2 transcription factor was discovered as an essential transcriptional regulator for commitment to osteoblast lineage cells and bone formation. Expression of RUNX2 in other tissues, such as breast, prostate, and lung, has been linked to oncogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. In this study, we sought to determine the extent of RUNX2 involvement in other tumors using a pan-cancer analysis strategy. We correlated RUNX2 expression and clinical-pathological parameters in human cancers by interrogating publicly available multiparameter clinical data. Our analysis demonstrated that altered RUNX2 expression or function is associated with several cancer types from different tissues. We identified three tumor types associated with increased RUNX2 expression and four other tumor types associated with decreased RUNX2 expression. Our pan-cancer analysis for RUNX2 revealed numerous other discoveries for RUNX2 regulation of different cancers identified in each of the pan-cancer databases. Both up and down regulation of RUNX2 was observed during progression of specific types of cancers in promoting the distinct types of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Toner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Johnathan A R Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA; University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - H Greenyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Peter Kaufman
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405; University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vimalraj S, Sekaran S. RUNX Family as a Promising Biomarker and a Therapeutic Target in Bone Cancers: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanism(s) behind Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3247. [PMID: 37370857 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor runt-related protein (RUNX) family is the major transcription factor responsible for the formation of osteoblasts from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, which are involved in bone formation. Accumulating evidence implicates the RUNX family for its role in tumor biology and cancer progression. The RUNX family has been linked to osteosarcoma via its regulation of many tumorigenicity-related factors. In the regulatory network of cancers, with numerous upstream signaling pathways and its potential target molecules downstream, RUNX is a vital molecule. Hence, a pressing need exists to understand the precise process underpinning the occurrence and prognosis of several malignant tumors. Until recently, RUNX has been regarded as one of the therapeutic targets for bone cancer. Therefore, in this review, we have provided insights into various molecular mechanisms behind the tumorigenic role of RUNX in various important cancers. RUNX is anticipated to grow into a novel therapeutic target with the in-depth study of RUNX family-related regulatory processes, aid in the creation of new medications, and enhance clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krishnan V. The RUNX Family of Proteins, DNA Repair, and Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081106. [PMID: 37190015 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The RUNX family of transcription factors, including RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3, are key regulators of development and can function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that the dysregulation of RUNX genes can promote genomic instability in both leukemia and solid cancers by impairing DNA repair mechanisms. RUNX proteins control the cellular response to DNA damage by regulating the p53, Fanconi anemia, and oxidative stress repair pathways through transcriptional or non-transcriptional mechanisms. This review highlights the importance of RUNX-dependent DNA repair regulation in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi Krishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The RUNX Family Defines Trk Phenotype and Aggressiveness of Human Neuroblastoma through Regulation of p53 and MYCN. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040544. [PMID: 36831211 PMCID: PMC9954111 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family, which is essential for the differentiation of cells of neural crest origin, also plays a potential role in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Consecutive studies in various tumor types have demonstrated that the RUNX family can play either pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic roles in a context-dependent manner, including in response to chemotherapeutic agents. However, in primary neuroblastomas, RUNX3 acts as a tumor-suppressor, whereas RUNX1 bifunctionally regulates cell proliferation according to the characterized genetic and epigenetic backgrounds, including MYCN oncogenesis. In this review, we first highlight the current knowledge regarding the mechanism through which the RUNX family regulates the neurotrophin receptors known as the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) family, which are significantly associated with neuroblastoma aggressiveness. We then focus on the possible involvement of the RUNX family in functional alterations of the p53 family members that execute either tumor-suppressive or dominant-negative functions in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. By examining the tripartite relationship between the RUNX, Trk, and p53 families, in addition to the oncogene MYCN, we endeavor to elucidate the possible contribution of the RUNX family to neuroblastoma tumorigenesis for a better understanding of potential future molecular-based therapies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ebrahimighaei R, Sala-Newby GB, Hudson C, Kimura TE, Hathway T, Hawkins J, McNeill MC, Richardson R, Newby AC, Bond M. Combined role for YAP-TEAD and YAP-RUNX2 signalling in substrate-stiffness regulation of cardiac fibroblast proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119329. [PMID: 35905788 PMCID: PMC7616274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is associated with increased stiffness of the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) in part mediated by increased cardiac fibroblast proliferation However, our understanding of the mechanisms regulating cardiac fibroblast proliferation are incomplete. Here we characterise a novel mechanism involving a combined activation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) targets RUNX Family Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2) and TEA Domain Transcription Factor (TEAD). We demonstrate that cardiac fibroblast proliferation is enhanced by interaction with a stiff ECM compared to a soft ECM. This is associated with activation of the transcriptional co-factor, YAP. We demonstrate that this stiffness induced activation of YAP enhances the transcriptional activity of both TEAD and RUNX2 transcription factors. Inhibition of either TEAD or RUNX2, using gene silencing, expression of dominant-negative mutants or pharmacological inhibition, reduces cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Using mutants of YAP, defective in TEAD or RUNX2 activation ability, we demonstrate a dual role of YAP-mediated activation of TEAD and RUNX2 for substrate stiffness induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Our data highlights a previously unrecognised role of YAP mediated RUNX2 activation for cardiac fibroblast proliferation in response to increased ECM stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ebrahimighaei
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Graciela B Sala-Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Claire Hudson
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Tomomi E Kimura
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Tom Hathway
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Joseph Hawkins
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Madeleine C McNeill
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Rebecca Richardson
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Andrew C Newby
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Mark Bond
- School of Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang YY, Chen YK, Lo S, Chi TC, Chen YH, Hu SCS, Chen YW, Jiang SS, Tsai FY, Liu W, Li RN, Hsieh YC, Huang CJ, Yuan SSF. MRE11 promotes oral cancer progression through RUNX2/CXCR4/AKT/FOXA2 signaling in a nuclease-independent manner. Oncogene 2021; 40:3510-3532. [PMID: 33927349 PMCID: PMC8134045 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
MRE11, the nuclease component of RAD50/MRE11/NBS1 DNA repair complex which is essential for repair of DNA double-strand-breaks in normal cells, has recently garnered attention as a critical factor in solid tumor development. Herein we report the crucial role of MRE11 in oral cancer progression in a nuclease-independent manner and delineate its key downstream effectors including CXCR4. MRE11 expression in oral cancer samples was positively associated with tumor size, cancer stage and lymph node metastasis, and was predictive of poorer patient survival and radiotherapy resistance. MRE11 promoted cell proliferation/migration/invasion in a nuclease-independent manner but enhanced radioresistance via a nuclease-dependent pathway. The nuclease independent promotion of EMT and metastasis was mediated by RUNX2, CXCR4, AKT, and FOXA2, while CXCR4 neutralizing antibody mitigated these effects in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, MRE11 may serve as a crucial prognostic factor and therapeutic target in oral cancer, displaying dual nuclease dependent and independent roles that permit separate targeting of tumor vulnerabilities in oral cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Steven Lo
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tsung-Chen Chi
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wangta Liu
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Nian Li
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Hsieh
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chih-Jen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National ChiaoTung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rose JT, Moskovitz E, Boyd JR, Gordon JA, Bouffard NA, Fritz AJ, Illendula A, Bushweller JH, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zaidi SK, Stein GS. Inhibition of the RUNX1-CBFβ transcription factor complex compromises mammary epithelial cell identity: a phenotype potentially stabilized by mitotic gene bookmarking. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2512-2530. [PMID: 32655837 PMCID: PMC7335667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 has recently been shown to play an important role in determination of mammary epithelial cell identity. However, mechanisms by which loss of the RUNX1 transcription factor in mammary epithelial cells leads to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are not known. Here, we report that interaction between RUNX1 and its heterodimeric partner CBFβ is essential for sustaining mammary epithelial cell identity. Disruption of RUNX1-CBFβ interaction, DNA binding, and association with mitotic chromosomes alters cell morphology, global protein synthesis, and phenotype-related gene expression. During interphase, RUNX1 is organized as punctate, predominantly nuclear, foci that are dynamically redistributed during mitosis, with a subset localized to mitotic chromosomes. Genome-wide RUNX1 occupancy profiles for asynchronous, mitotically enriched, and early G1 breast epithelial cells reveal RUNX1 associates with RNA Pol II-transcribed protein coding and long non-coding RNA genes and RNA Pol I-transcribed ribosomal genes critical for mammary epithelial proliferation, growth, and phenotype maintenance. A subset of these genes remains occupied by the protein during the mitosis to G1 transition. Together, these findings establish that the RUNX1-CBFβ complex is required for maintenance of the normal mammary epithelial phenotype and its disruption leads to EMT. Importantly, our results suggest, for the first time, that RUNX1 mitotic bookmarking of a subset of epithelial-related genes may be an important epigenetic mechanism that contributes to stabilization of the mammary epithelial cell identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eliana Moskovitz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Joseph R. Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Nicole A. Bouffard
- Microscopy Imaging Center at the Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Andrew J. Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anuradha Illendula
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John H. Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Sayyed K. Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang P, Liu L, Zhang L, He X, Xu X, Lu Y, Li F. Runx2 is required for activity of CD44 +/CD24 -/low breast cancer stem cell in breast cancer development. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:2305-2318. [PMID: 32509221 PMCID: PMC7270029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Runx2, a master regulator of osteogenesis, is abnormally expressed in advanced breast cancer. Here we addressed Runx2 contribution to breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. We found that CD44 and Runx2 were both elevated in breast cancer tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues in breast cancer patients. Runx2 expression was significantly correlated with tumor TNM stage, metastasis and poor prognosis. We then screened several breast cancer cell lines and found that Runx2 expression level was positively related to the malignant level of the cells screened. Knockdown of Runx2 in high metastatic cell line MDA-MB-231 could inhibit breast cancer cell vitality, invasion and clone formation capacity, while overexpression of Runx2 in low metastatic cell line MCF-7 could increase those malignant behaviors. The mechanism might be due to Runx2 positively regulating cancer stem cell properties, as CD44 expression level and CD44+/CD24-/low breast cancer stem cell population were both significantly decreased in Runx2 knockdown cells. Cancer stem cell renewal ability such as soft agar clone formation, mammospheres formation and tumor formation ability in null mice were all decreased after knockdown of Runx2. On the contrary, overexpression of Runx2 could enhance all above stem cell renewal ability. Lastly, we explored how Runx2 changes cancer stem cell population. We found it could affect epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Runx2 could regulate mesenchymal marker and epithelial marker expression and affect activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These results together strongly suggest that Runx2 can promote CD44+/CD24-/low breast cancer stem cell properties and breast cancer tumorigenesis through EMT process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical School, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhoupu Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityFuyang 236000, Anhui, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical School, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaogan He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical School, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical School, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ilich JZ, Gilman JC, Cvijetic S, Boschiero D. Chronic Stress Contributes to Osteosarcopenic Adiposity via Inflammation and Immune Modulation: The Case for More Precise Nutritional Investigation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040989. [PMID: 32252359 PMCID: PMC7230299 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress and low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) are key underlying factors formany diseases, including bone and body composition impairments. Objectives of this narrativereview were to examine the mechanisms by which chronic stress and LGCI may influenceosteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome, originally named as ostoesarcopenic obesity (OSO).We also examined the crucial nutrients presumed to be affected by or cause of stress andinflammation and compared/contrasted them to those of our prehistoric ancestors. The evidenceshows that stress (particularly chronic) and its related inflammatory processes, contribute toosteoporosis, sarcopenia, and adiposity ultimately leading to OSA as a final and most derangedstate of body composition, commencing at the mesenchymal cell lineage disturbance. Thefoods/nutrients consumed by modern humans, as well as their altered lifestyle, also contribute tostress, LGCI and subsequently to OSA. The processes can also go in opposite direction when stressand inflammation impact nutritional status, particularly some micronutrients' levels. Whilenutritional management of body composition and LGCI have been studied, the nutrients (and theirquantities) most affected by stressors and those which may act toward the alleviation of stressfulstate, ultimately leading to better body composition outcomes, need to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Z. Ilich
- Institute for Successful Longevity, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Selma Cvijetic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 11000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
RUNX family: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:3-19. [PMID: 31059069 PMCID: PMC6549079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer.
Collapse
|
12
|
Komori T. Regulation of Proliferation, Differentiation and Functions of Osteoblasts by Runx2. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071694. [PMID: 30987410 PMCID: PMC6480215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Runx2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation. During osteoblast differentiation, Runx2 is weakly expressed in uncommitted mesenchymal cells, and its expression is upregulated in preosteoblasts, reaches the maximal level in immature osteoblasts, and is down-regulated in mature osteoblasts. Runx2 enhances the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors by directly regulating Fgfr2 and Fgfr3. Runx2 enhances the proliferation of suture mesenchymal cells and induces their commitment into osteoblast lineage cells through the direct regulation of hedgehog (Ihh, Gli1, and Ptch1), Fgf (Fgfr2 and Fgfr3), Wnt (Tcf7, Wnt10b, and Wnt1), and Pthlh (Pthr1) signaling pathway genes, and Dlx5. Runx2 heterozygous mutation causes open fontanelle and sutures because more than half of the Runx2 gene dosage is required for the induction of these genes in suture mesenchymal cells. Runx2 regulates the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors and their differentiation into osteoblasts via reciprocal regulation with hedgehog, Fgf, Wnt, and Pthlh signaling molecules, and transcription factors, including Dlx5 and Sp7. Runx2 induces the expression of major bone matrix protein genes, including Col1a1, Spp1, Ibsp, Bglap2, and Fn1, in vitro. However, the functions of Runx2 in differentiated osteoblasts in the expression of these genes in vivo require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Komori
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kawane T, Qin X, Jiang Q, Miyazaki T, Komori H, Yoshida CA, Matsuura-Kawata VKDS, Sakane C, Matsuo Y, Nagai K, Maeno T, Date Y, Nishimura R, Komori T. Runx2 is required for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors and induces proliferation by regulating Fgfr2 and Fgfr3. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13551. [PMID: 30202094 PMCID: PMC6131145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx2 and Sp7 are essential transcription factors for osteoblast differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors remain unclear. The early onset of Runx2 expression caused limb defects through the Fgfr1–3 regulation by Runx2. To investigate the physiological role of Runx2 in the regulation of Fgfr1–3, we compared osteoblast progenitors in Sp7−/− and Runx2−/− mice. Osteoblast progenitors accumulated and actively proliferated in calvariae and mandibles of Sp7−/− but not of Runx2−/− mice, and the number of osteoblast progenitors and their proliferation were dependent on the gene dosage of Runx2 in Sp7−/− background. The expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, which were responsible for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors, was severely reduced in Runx2−/− but not in Sp7−/− calvariae. Runx2 directly regulated Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, increased the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors, and augmented the FGF2-induced proliferation. The proliferation of Sp7−/− osteoblast progenitors was enhanced and strongly augmented by FGF2, and Runx2 knockdown reduced the FGF2-induced proliferation. Fgfr inhibitor AZD4547 abrogated all of the enhanced proliferation. These results indicate that Runx2 is required for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors and induces proliferation, at least partly, by regulating Fgfr2 and Fgfr3 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kawane
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hisato Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Carolina Andrea Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | | | - Chiharu Sakane
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagai
- Transfusion and Cell Therapy Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeno
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Date
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan. .,Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Z, Li K, Yan M, Lin Q, Lv J, Zhu P, Xu Y. Metabolomics profiling of cleidocranial dysplasia. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1031-1040. [PMID: 29943367 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare autosomal-dominantly inherited skeletal dysplasia that is predominantly associated with heterozygous mutations of RUNX2. However, no information is available regarding metabolic changes associated with CCD at present. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed members of a CCD family and checked for mutations in the RUNX2 coding sequence using the nucleotide BLAST program. The 3D protein structure of mutant RUNX2 was predicted by I-TASSER. Finally, we analyzed metabolites extracted from plasma using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS We identified a novel mutation (c.1061insT) that generates a premature termination in the RUNX2 coding region, which, based on protein structure prediction models, likely alters the protein's function. Interestingly, metabolomics profiling indicated that 30 metabolites belonging to 13 metabolic pathways were significantly changed in the CCD patients compared to normal controls. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight interesting correlations between a RUNX2 mutation, metabolic changes, and the clinical features in a family with CCD. The results also contribute to our understanding of the pathogenetic processes underlying this rare disorder. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides the first metabolomics profiling in CCD patients, expands our insights into the pathogenesis of the disorder, may help in diagnostics and its refinements, and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to CCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Li
- San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, University of California, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Room C111, San Diego, CA, 92103-8467, USA
| | - Mengdie Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Lv
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillafacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biomechanical regulation of drug sensitivity in an engineered model of human tumor. Biomaterials 2017; 150:150-161. [PMID: 29040875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Predictive testing of anticancer drugs remains a challenge. Bioengineered systems, designed to mimic key aspects of the human tumor microenvironment, are now improving our understanding of cancer biology and facilitating clinical translation. We show that mechanical signals have major effects on cancer drug sensitivity, using a bioengineered model of human bone sarcoma. Ewing sarcoma (ES) cells were studied within a three-dimensional (3D) matrix in a bioreactor providing mechanical loadings. Mimicking bone-like mechanical signals within the 3D model, we rescued the ERK1/2-RUNX2 signaling pathways leading to drug resistance. By culturing patient-derived tumor cells in the model, we confirmed the effects of mechanical signals on cancer cell survival and drug sensitivity. Analyzing human microarray datasets, we showed that RUNX2 expression is linked to poor survival in ES patients. Mechanical loadings that activated signal transduction pathways promoted drug resistance, stressing the importance of introducing mechanobiological cues into preclinical tumor models for drug screening.
Collapse
|
16
|
Decreased WWOX expression promotes angiogenesis in osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60917-60932. [PMID: 28977834 PMCID: PMC5617394 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) is known to be an important tumor suppressor in cancer. In this study, we used samples from 201 osteosarcoma patients to investigate the effects of WWOX on angiogenesis and invasion. WWOX levels were negatively correlated with RUNX2 and VEGF levels, but were not correlated with OPN levels. Among the clinicopathological characteristics examined, WWOX was associated only with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and its expression in osteosarcoma tissues was a predictor of disease-free survival. WWOX promoted apoptosis and inhibited invasion and expression of bcl-2, OPN, RUNX2, and VEGF in osteosarcoma cells in vitro. In MG-63 cells, bcl-2 increased VEGF expression, while RUNX2 increased VEGF and OPN expression. Administration of DNA methylation inhibitors increased WWOX expression in MG-63 cells and methylation of WWOX gene promoter CpG island in the osteosarcoma of patients was associated with suppression of WWOX expression. Overexpression of WWOX in osteosarcoma cells inhibited tube formation in co-cultured HUVEC cells, and high WWOX expression was associated with decreased microvessel density (MVD). These results suggest that reduced WWOX expression in osteosarcoma inhibits apoptosis, promotes invasion and increases MVD.
Collapse
|
17
|
Neil JC, Gilroy K, Borland G, Hay J, Terry A, Kilbey A. The RUNX Genes as Conditional Oncogenes: Insights from Retroviral Targeting and Mouse Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:247-264. [PMID: 28299662 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The observation that the Runx genes act as targets for transcriptional activation by retroviral insertion identified a new family of dominant oncogenes. However, it is now clear that Runx genes are 'conditional' oncogenes whose over-expression is growth inhibitory unless accompanied by another event such as concomitant over-expression of MYC or loss of p53 function. Remarkably, while the oncogenic activities of either MYC or RUNX over-expression are suppressed while p53 is intact, the combination of both neutralises p53 tumour suppression in vivo by as yet unknown mechanisms. Moreover, there is emerging evidence that endogenous, basal RUNX activity is important to maintain the viability and proliferation of MYC-driven lymphoma cells. There is also growing evidence that the human RUNX genes play a similar conditional oncogenic role and are selected for over-expression in end-stage cancers of multiple types. Paradoxically, reduced RUNX activity can also predispose to cell immortalisation and transformation, particularly by mutant Ras. These apparently conflicting observations may be reconciled in a stage-specific model of RUNX involvement in cancer. A question that has yet to be fully addressed is the extent to which the three Runx genes are functionally redundant in cancer promotion and suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Neil
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Kathryn Gilroy
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gillian Borland
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jodie Hay
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Anne Terry
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Runx2 Expression as a Potential Prognostic Marker in Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:461-70. [PMID: 26597806 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Runx family of transcription factors has been implicated in cancer progression, both positively and negatively. Recent studies assigned a role for Runx2 in promoting breast cancer metastasis. However, the role of Runx2 during the early stage of breast carcinoma and its association with clinical outcomes remain unknown. Assessing the clinicopathological significance of Runx2 expression in a cohort of breast invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). The correlation of nuclear Runx2 LI with clinicopathological parameters was assessed in 84 IDCs. To study the association of Runx2 with patient outcomes, in addition to treating it as a continuous variable, Runx2 was categorized by its median value (65) and by an additional two cut-off points determined by ROC curve analyses, at 45 for disease free survival (DFS) and 40 for overall survival (OS). Multivariate Cox regression models were also constructed. We used the best subset regression to identify models that predict DFS and OS with as few predictors as possible, and validation was performed. Based on the "Predicted R(2)", the three best models were identified. Using Cox-regression, the interaction between Runx2 and other clinicopathological terms was tested. Runx2 LI was significantly associated only with positive Her-2 status, and did not correlate significantly with other clinicopathological parameters. Although Runx2 LI, in the continuous form and when categorized by the median, did not correlate significantly with DFS and OS; after it was categorized using the optimal cut-off points determined using ROC curve analysis, the patients with Runx2 LI >45 % showed a significantly higher event rate and shorter DFS (P = 0.047), whereas patients with Runx2 LI >40 % showed a significantly shorter OS (P = 0.050). Moreover, Runx2 LI contributed significantly in the models built to predict DFS and OS. For DFS, no interaction terms contributed significantly to the models. However, among stage IV cases, the interaction term between centred Runx2 and ER significantly contributed to the prediction of OS. Runx2 was a significant predictor of OS in this model. Runx2 has a role in biological behaviour and affects the outcome of IDC; therefore, its inhibition may be a new therapeutic strategy. The predictability of Runx2 for OS in stage IV tumours differs with different ER states. The pattern of this difference was not determined because the sample size was not sufficient to allow pattern testing.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
RUNX proteins belong to a family of metazoan transcription factors that serve as master regulators of development. They are frequently deregulated in human cancers, indicating a prominent and, at times, paradoxical role in cancer pathogenesis. The contextual cues that direct RUNX function represent a fast-growing field in cancer research and could provide insights that are applicable to early cancer detection and treatment. This Review describes how RUNX proteins communicate with key signalling pathways during the multistep progression to malignancy; in particular, we highlight the emerging partnership of RUNX with p53 in cancer suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ito
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361763, South Korea. [2]
| | - Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Todorova K, Metodiev MV, Metodieva G, Zasheva D, Mincheff M, Hayrabedyan S. miR-204 is dysregulated in metastatic prostate cancer in vitro. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:131-47. [PMID: 25630658 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During cancer progression, the genome instability incurred rearrangement could possibly turn some of the tumor suppressor micro-RNAs into pro-oncogenic ones. We aimed to investigate miR-204 in the context of prostate cancer progression using a cell line model of different levels of genome instability (LNCaP, PC3, VCaP and NCI H660), as demonstrated by the availability of ERG fusion. We studied the effect of miR-204 modulation on master transcription factors important for lineage development, cell differentiation and prostate cancer bone marrow metastasis. We followed c-MYB, ETS1 and RUNX2 transcript and protein expression and the miR-204 affected global proteome. We further investigated if these transcription factors exert an effect on miR-204 expression (qPCR, luciferase reporter assay) by silencing them using esiRNA. We found dualistic miR-204 effects, either acting as a tumor suppressor on c-MYB, or as an oncomiR on ETS1. RUNX2 and ETS1 regulation by miR-204 was ERG fusion dependent, demonstrating regulatory circuitry disruption in advanced metastatic models. miR-204 also differentially affected mRNA splicing and protein stability. miR-204 levels were found dependent on cancer hypermethylation and supported by positive feedback induced by all three transcription factors. In this regulatory circuitry among miR-204, c-MYB, RUNX2 and ETS1, the c-MYB was found to induce all three other members, but its expression was differentially affected by the methylation status in lymph node vs. bone metastasis. We demonstrate that not only tumor suppressor micro-RNA loss, but also significant genome rearrangement-driven regulatory loop perturbations play a role in the advanced cancer progression, conferring better pro-survival and metastatic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krassimira Todorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Diana Zasheva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milcho Mincheff
- Cellular and Gene Therapy Ward, National Specialized Hematology Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Soren Hayrabedyan
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang S, Quaresma AJC, Nickerson JA, Green KM, Shaffer SA, Imbalzano AN, Martin-Buley LA, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. Subnuclear domain proteins in cancer cells support the functions of RUNX2 in the DNA damage response. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:728-40. [PMID: 25609707 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.160051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit modifications in nuclear architecture and transcriptional control. Tumor growth and metastasis are supported by RUNX family transcriptional scaffolding proteins, which mediate the assembly of nuclear-matrix-associated gene-regulatory hubs. We used proteomic analysis to identify RUNX2-dependent protein-protein interactions associated with the nuclear matrix in bone, breast and prostate tumor cell types and found that RUNX2 interacts with three distinct proteins that respond to DNA damage - RUVBL2, INTS3 and BAZ1B. Subnuclear foci containing these proteins change in intensity or number following UV irradiation. Furthermore, RUNX2, INTS3 and BAZ1B form UV-responsive complexes with the serine-139-phosphorylated isoform of H2AX (γH2AX). UV irradiation increases the interaction of BAZ1B with γH2AX and decreases histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation levels, which mark accessible chromatin. RUNX2 depletion prevents the BAZ1B-γH2AX interaction and attenuates loss of H3K9 and H3K56 acetylation. Our data are consistent with a model in which RUNX2 forms functional complexes with BAZ1B, RUVBL2 and INTS3 to mount an integrated response to DNA damage. This proposed cytoprotective function for RUNX2 in cancer cells might clarify its expression in chemotherapy-resistant and/or metastatic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungchan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Alexandre J C Quaresma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Karin M Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Lori A Martin-Buley
- Department of Biochemistry & Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Department of Biochemistry & Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Department of Biochemistry & Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Departments of Orthopedic Surgery & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., MSB 3-69, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Department of Biochemistry & Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tao J, Jiang MM, Jiang L, Salvo JS, Zeng HC, Dawson B, Bertin TK, Rao PH, Chen R, Donehower LA, Gannon F, Lee BH. Notch activation as a driver of osteogenic sarcoma. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:390-401. [PMID: 25203324 PMCID: PMC4159617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic sarcoma (OS) is a deadly skeletal malignancy whose cause is unknown. We report here a mouse model of OS based on conditional expression of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (NICD). Expression of the NICD in immature osteoblasts was sufficient to drive the formation of bone tumors, including OS, with complete penetrance. These tumors display features of human OS; namely, histopathology, cytogenetic complexity, and metastatic potential. We show that Notch activation combined with loss of p53 synergistically accelerates OS development in mice, although p53-driven OS is not Rbpj dependent, which demonstrates a dual dominance of the Notch oncogene and p53 mutation in the development of OS. Using this model, we also reveal the osteoblasts as the potential sources of OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Tao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lichun Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason S Salvo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huan-Chang Zeng
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Terry K Bertin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pulivarthi H Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lawrence A Donehower
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Francis Gannon
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brendan H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, R815, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lu Y, Gitelis S, Lei G, Ding M, Maki C, Mira RR, Zheng Q. Research findings working with the p53 and Rb1 targeted osteosarcoma mouse model. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:234-244. [PMID: 24959378 PMCID: PMC4065404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone cancer in children and young adults. The etiology of osteosarcoma is currently unknown. Besides the predominant osteoblasts, the presence of cartilage forming chondrocytes within its tumor tissues suggests a role of chondrogenesis in osteosarcoma development. Runx2 is a master transcription factor both for osteoblast differentiation and for chondrocyte maturation. Interestingly, RUNX2 has been shown to directly interact with p53 and Rb1, two genes essential for osteosarcoma development in mice. However the in vivo relevance of Runx2 during osteosarcoma progression has not been elucidated. We have recently shown that targeting Runx2 expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes delays chondrocyte maturation. It has also been shown that osteoblast-specific deletion of p53 and Rb1 genes developed osteosarcoma in mice. Here, we report our recent research findings using these osteosarcoma mouse models as well as human osteosarcoma tissues. We have detected high-level RUNX2 expression in human osteoblastic osteosarcoma, while chondroblastic osteosarcoma is predominant with chondroid matrix. To minimize the effect of strain difference, we have backcrossed osterix-Cre mice onto congenic FVB/N genetic background. We also detected low-GC content (36%) in sequence around the floxed Rb1 gene and demonstrated that addition of BSA into the reaction system increases the efficiency of PCR genotyping of floxed Rb1 gene. Finally, we successfully generated multiple osteosarcoma mouse models with or without Runx2 transgenic background. These mice showed heterogeneous osteosarcoma phenotypes and marker gene expression. Characterization of these mice will facilitate understanding the role of Runx2 in osteosarcoma pathogenesis and possibly, for osteosarcoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaojuan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steven Gitelis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guanghua Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carl Maki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ranim R Mira
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical CenterChicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ilich JZ, Kelly OJ, Inglis JE, Panton LB, Duque G, Ormsbee MJ. Interrelationship among muscle, fat, and bone: connecting the dots on cellular, hormonal, and whole body levels. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:51-60. [PMID: 24632496 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity have been recognized in the last decade, a combined concept to include decreased muscle mass and strength, as well as decreased bone mass with coexistence of adiposity is discussed here. We introduce a new term, osteopenic obesity, and operationalize its meaning within the context of osteopenia and obesity. Next, we consolidate osteopenic obesity with the already existing and more familiar term, sarcopenic obesity, and delineate the resulting combined condition assigning it the term osteosarcopenic obesity. Identification and possible diagnosis of each condition are discussed, as well as the interactions of muscle, fat and bone tissues on cellular level, considering their endocrine features. Special emphasis is placed on the mesenchymal stem cell commitment into osteoblastogenic, adipogenic and myogenic lineages and causes of its deregulation. Based on the presented evidence and as expounded within the text, it is reasonable to say that under certain conditions, osteoporosis and sarcopenia could be the obesity of bone and muscle, respectively, with the term osteosarcopenic obesity as an encompassment for all.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yoon DS, Kim YH, Lee S, Lee K, Park KH, Jang Y, Lee JW. Interleukin‐6 induces the lineage commitment of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal multipotent cells through down‐regulation of Sox2 by osteogenic transcription factors. FASEB J 2014; 28:3273-86. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Suk Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seulgi Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kyoung‐Mi Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kwang Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeonsue Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen X, Bahrami A, Pappo A, Easton J, Dalton J, Hedlund E, Ellison D, Shurtleff S, Wu G, Wei L, Parker M, Rusch M, Nagahawatte P, Wu J, Mao S, Boggs K, Mulder H, Yergeau D, Lu C, Ding L, Edmonson M, Qu C, Wang J, Li Y, Navid F, Daw NC, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Zhang J, Dyer MA. Recurrent somatic structural variations contribute to tumorigenesis in pediatric osteosarcoma. Cell Rep 2014; 7:104-12. [PMID: 24703847 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric osteosarcoma is characterized by multiple somatic chromosomal lesions, including structural variations (SVs) and copy number alterations (CNAs). To define the landscape of somatic mutations in pediatric osteosarcoma, we performed whole-genome sequencing of DNA from 20 osteosarcoma tumor samples and matched normal tissue in a discovery cohort, as well as 14 samples in a validation cohort. Single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) exhibited a pattern of localized hypermutation called kataegis in 50% of the tumors. We identified p53 pathway lesions in all tumors in the discovery cohort, nine of which were translocations in the first intron of the TP53 gene. Beyond TP53, the RB1, ATRX, and DLG2 genes showed recurrent somatic alterations in 29%-53% of the tumors. These data highlight the power of whole-genome sequencing for identifying recurrent somatic alterations in cancer genomes that may be missed using other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alberto Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James Dalton
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Erin Hedlund
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sheila Shurtleff
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Panduka Nagahawatte
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shenghua Mao
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristy Boggs
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles Lu
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Li Ding
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Michael Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fariba Navid
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Najat C Daw
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yao Z, Li Y, Yin X, Dong Y, Xing L, Boyce BF. NF-κB RelB negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:866-77. [PMID: 24115294 PMCID: PMC3961566 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RelA-mediated NF-κB canonical signaling promotes mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) proliferation, but inhibits differentiation of mature osteoblasts (OBs) and thus negatively regulates bone formation. Previous studies suggest that NF-κB RelB may also negatively regulate bone formation through noncanonical signaling, but they involved a complex knockout mouse model, and the molecular mechanisms involved were not investigated. Here, we report that RelB(-/-) mice develop age-related increased trabecular bone mass associated with increased bone formation. RelB(-/-) bone marrow stromal cells expanded faster in vitro and have enhanced OB differentiation associated with increased expression of the osteoblastogenic transcription factor, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). In addition, RelB directly targeted the Runx2 promoter to inhibit its activation. Importantly, RelB(-/-) bone-derived MPCs formed bone more rapidly than wild-type cells after they were injected into a murine tibial bone defect model. Our findings indicate that RelB negatively regulates bone mass as mice age and limits bone formation in healing bone defects, suggesting that inhibition of RelB could reduce age-related bone loss and enhance bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yanyun Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xiaoxiang Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yufeng Dong
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Brendan F. Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boregowda RK, Olabisi OO, Abushahba W, Jeong BS, Haenssen KK, Chen W, Chekmareva M, Lasfar A, Foran DJ, Goydos JS, Cohen-Solal KA. RUNX2 is overexpressed in melanoma cells and mediates their migration and invasion. Cancer Lett 2014; 348:61-70. [PMID: 24657655 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the role of the transcription factor RUNX2 in melanomagenesis. We demonstrated that the expression of transcriptionally active RUNX2 was increased in melanoma cell lines as compared with human melanocytes. Using a melanoma tissue microarray, we showed that RUNX2 levels were higher in melanoma cells as compared with nevic melanocytes. RUNX2 knockdown in melanoma cell lines significantly decreased Focal Adhesion Kinase expression, and inhibited their cell growth, migration and invasion ability. Finally, the pro-hormone cholecalciferol reduced RUNX2 transcriptional activity and decreased migration of melanoma cells, further suggesting a role of RUNX2 in melanoma cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Boregowda
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Oyenike O Olabisi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Walid Abushahba
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Keneshia K Haenssen
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Wenjin Chen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging & Informatics - Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Marina Chekmareva
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, 1 RWJ Place, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David J Foran
- Center for Biomedical Imaging & Informatics - Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - James S Goydos
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kelly OJ, Gilman JC, Kim Y, Ilich JZ. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may mutually benefit both obesity and osteoporosis. Nutr Res 2013; 33:521-33. [PMID: 23827126 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The overconsumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), resulting in a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFA, may contribute to the increased pathogenesis of obesity and osteoporosis by promoting low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI). As evidence suggests, both obesity and osteoporosis are linked on a cellular and systemic basis. This review will analyze if a relationship exists between LGCI, fat, bone, and n-3 PUFA. During the life cycle, inflammation increases, fat mass accumulates, and bone mass declines, thus suggesting that a connection exists. This review will begin by examining how the current American diet and dietary guidelines may fall short of providing an anti-inflammatory dose of the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It will then define LGCI and outline the evidence for a relationship between fat and bone. Inflammation as it pertains to obesity and osteoporosis and how EPA and DHA can alleviate the associated inflammation will be discussed, followed by some preliminary evidence to show how mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage commitment may be altered by inflammation to favor adipogenesis. Our hypothesis is that n-3 PUFA positively influence obesity and osteoporosis by reducing LGCI, ultimately leading to a beneficial shift in MSC lineage commitment. This hypothesis essentially relates the need for more focused research in several areas such as determining age and lifestyle factors that promote the shift in MSC commitment and if current intakes of EPA and DHA are optimal for fat and bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Kelly
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development, Columbus, OH 43219-3034, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
van der Deen M, Taipaleenmäki H, Zhang Y, Teplyuk NM, Gupta A, Cinghu S, Shogren K, Maran A, Yaszemski MJ, Ling L, Cool SM, Leong DT, Dierkes C, Zustin J, Salto-Tellez M, Ito Y, Bae SC, Zielenska M, Squire JA, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zambetti GP, Jones SN, Galindo M, Hesse E, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ. MicroRNA-34c inversely couples the biological functions of the runt-related transcription factor RUNX2 and the tumor suppressor p53 in osteosarcoma. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21307-21319. [PMID: 23720736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone tumor that is most prevalent during adolescence. RUNX2, which stimulates differentiation and suppresses proliferation of osteoblasts, is deregulated in OS. Here, we define pathological roles of RUNX2 in the etiology of OS and mechanisms by which RUNX2 expression is stimulated. RUNX2 is often highly expressed in human OS biopsies and cell lines. Small interference RNA-mediated depletion of RUNX2 inhibits growth of U2OS OS cells. RUNX2 levels are inversely linked to loss of p53 (which predisposes to OS) in distinct OS cell lines and osteoblasts. RUNX2 protein levels decrease upon stabilization of p53 with the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. Elevated RUNX2 protein expression is post-transcriptionally regulated and directly linked to diminished expression of several validated RUNX2 targeting microRNAs in human OS cells compared with mesenchymal progenitor cells. The p53-dependent miR-34c is the most significantly down-regulated RUNX2 targeting microRNAs in OS. Exogenous supplementation of miR-34c markedly decreases RUNX2 protein levels, whereas 3'-UTR reporter assays establish RUNX2 as a direct target of miR-34c in OS cells. Importantly, Nutlin-3-mediated stabilization of p53 increases expression of miR-34c and decreases RUNX2. Thus, a novel p53-miR-34c-RUNX2 network controls cell growth of osseous cells and is compromised in OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha van der Deen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Nadiya M Teplyuk
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Anurag Gupta
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Senthilkumar Cinghu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Kristen Shogren
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648,; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228
| | - David T Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Christian Dierkes
- Medical Care Unit for Histology, Cytology, and Molecular Diagnostics, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Jozef Zustin
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom,; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 12-01, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 12-01, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Maria Zielenska
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jane B Lian
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Janet L Stein
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, and
| | - Stephen N Jones
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Mario Galindo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy and Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Hesse
- Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gary S Stein
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405,.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,; Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648,; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228,.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lucero CMJ, Vega OA, Osorio MM, Tapia JC, Antonelli M, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Galindo MA. The cancer-related transcription factor Runx2 modulates cell proliferation in human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:714-23. [PMID: 22949168 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 regulates osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, but also suppresses pre-osteoblast proliferation by affecting cell cycle progression in the G(1) phase. The growth suppressive potential of Runx2 is normally inactivated in part by protein destabilization, which permits cell cycle progression beyond the G(1)/S phase transition, and Runx2 is again up-regulated after mitosis. Runx2 expression also correlates with metastasis and poor chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma. Here we show that six human osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS, MG63, U2OS, HOS, G292, and 143B) have different growth rates, which is consistent with differences in the lengths of the cell cycle. Runx2 protein levels are cell cycle-regulated with respect to the G(1)/S phase transition in U2OS, HOS, G292, and 143B cells. In contrast, Runx2 protein levels are constitutively expressed during the cell cycle in SaOS and MG63 cells. Forced expression of Runx2 suppresses growth in all cell lines indicating that accumulation of Runx2 in excess of its pre-established levels in a given cell type triggers one or more anti-proliferative pathways in osteosarcoma cells. Thus, regulatory mechanisms controlling Runx2 expression in osteosarcoma cells must balance Runx2 protein levels to promote its putative oncogenic functions, while avoiding suppression of bone tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M J Lucero
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bicalutamide-induced hypoxia potentiates RUNX2-mediated Bcl-2 expression resulting in apoptosis resistance. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1714-21. [PMID: 23073173 PMCID: PMC3493869 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that hypoxia selects for more invasive, apoptosis-resistant LNCaP prostate cancer cells, with upregulation of the osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 detected in the hypoxia-selected cells. Following this observation, we questioned through what biological mechanism this occurs. METHODS We examined the effect of hypoxia on RUNX2 expression and the role of RUNX2 in the regulation of Bcl-2 and apoptosis resistance in prostate cancer. RESULTS Hypoxia increased RUNX2 expression in vitro, and bicalutamide-treated LNCaP tumours in mice (previously shown to have increased tumour hypoxia) exhibited increased RUNX2 expression. In addition, RUNX2-overexpressing LNCaP cells showed increased cell viability, following bicalutamide and docetaxel treatment, which was inhibited by RUNX2 siRNA; a range of assays demonstrated that this was due to resistance to apoptosis. RUNX2 expression was associated with increased Bcl-2 levels, and regulation of Bcl-2 by RUNX2 was confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) binding and reporter assays. Moreover, a Q-PCR array identified other apoptosis-associated genes upregulated in the RUNX2-overexpressing LNCaP cells. CONCLUSION This study establishes a contributing mechanism for progression of prostate cancer cells to a more apoptosis-resistant and thus malignant phenotype, whereby increased expression of RUNX2 modulates the expression of apoptosis-associated factors, specifically Bcl-2.
Collapse
|
33
|
Grosse A, Bartsch S, Baniahmad A. Androgen receptor-mediated gene repression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:46-56. [PMID: 21784131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens have an essential role in inducing the genetic program for masculinization during development. Androgens mediate their effect through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-controlled transcription factor and regulator of rapid signaling. Inactivated AR results in complete feminization. Androgens are also essential in later life for reproduction, behavior, muscle development, breast, and prostate growth. In general, androgens inhibit breast and promote prostate growth. In the latter context the AR is a major drug target. On the one hand, many insights have been obtained how the AR mediates gene activation on a molecular level. Gene activation is mediated by a battery of factors including coactivators, chromatin remodeling complex proteins and transcription factors which either directly or indirectly interact with the AR at DNA binding sites. On the other hand, there are important AR target genes that are repressed by androgen-bound AR. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood although genes repressed by AR are key factors involved in cell proliferation and invasion. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms of AR-mediated gene repression, thereby differentiating between direct and indirect DNA/chromatin recruitment and between genomic and non-genomic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Grosse
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Baniwal SK, Little GH, Chimge NO, Frenkel B. Runx2 controls a feed-forward loop between androgen and prolactin-induced protein (PIP) in stimulating T47D cell proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2276-82. [PMID: 21809344 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin-Induced Protein (PIP) is a small polypeptide expressed by breast and prostate cancer (BCa, PCa) cells. However, both the regulation of PIP expression and its function in cancer cells are poorly understood. Using BCa and PCa cells, we found that Runx2, a pro-metastatic transcription factor, functionally interacts with the Androgen Receptor (AR) to regulate PIP expression. Runx2 expression in C4-2B PCa cells synergized with AR to promote PIP expression, whereas its knockdown in T47D BCa cells abrogated basal as well as hormone stimulated PIP expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Runx2 and AR co-occupied an enhancer element located ∼11 kb upstream of the PIP open reading frame, and that Runx2 facilitated AR recruitment to the enhancer. PIP knockdown in T47D cells compromised DHT-stimulated expression of multiple AR target genes including PSA, FKBP5, FASN, and SGK1. The inhibition of AR activity due to loss of PIP was attributable at least in part to abrogation of its nuclear translocation. PIP knockdown also suppressed T47D cell proliferation driven by either serum growth factors or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Our data suggest that Runx2 controls a positive feedback loop between androgen signaling and PIP, and pharmacological inhibition of PIP may be useful to treat PIP positive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Baniwal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
van der Deen M, Akech J, Lapointe D, Gupta S, Young DW, Montecino MA, Galindo M, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ. Genomic promoter occupancy of runt-related transcription factor RUNX2 in Osteosarcoma cells identifies genes involved in cell adhesion and motility. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4503-17. [PMID: 22158627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.287771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3) are key lineage-specific regulators of progenitor cell growth and differentiation but also function pathologically as cancer genes that contribute to tumorigenesis. RUNX2 attenuates growth and stimulates maturation of osteoblasts during bone formation but is also robustly expressed in a subset of osteosarcomas, as well as in metastatic breast and prostate tumors. To assess the biological function of RUNX2 in osteosarcoma cells, we examined human genomic promoter interactions for RUNX2 using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-microarray analysis in SAOS-2 cells. Promoter binding of both RUNX2 and RNA polymerase II was compared with gene expression profiles of cells in which RUNX2 was depleted by RNA interference. Many RUNX2-bound loci (1550 of 2339 total) exhibit promoter occupancy by RNA polymerase II and contain the RUNX consensus motif 5'-((T/A/C)G(T/A/C)GG(T/G). Gene ontology analysis indicates that RUNX2 controls components of multiple signaling pathways (e.g. WNT, TGFβ, TNFα, and interleukins), as well as genes linked to cell motility and adhesion (e.g. the focal adhesion-related genes FAK/PTK2 and TLN1). Our results reveal that siRNA depletion of RUNX2, PTK2, or TLN1 diminishes motility of U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Thus, RUNX2 binding to diverse gene loci may support the biological properties of osteosarcoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha van der Deen
- Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. North, Worcester, MA 01655-0106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chimge NO, Baniwal SK, Luo J, Coetzee S, Khalid O, Berman BP, Tripathy D, Ellis MJ, Frenkel B. Opposing effects of Runx2 and estradiol on breast cancer cell proliferation: in vitro identification of reciprocally regulated gene signature related to clinical letrozole responsiveness. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:901-11. [PMID: 22147940 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the clinical significance of the interaction between estrogen and Runx2 signaling, previously shown in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MCF7/Rx2(dox) breast cancer cells were treated with estradiol and/or doxycycline to induce Runx2, and global gene expression was profiled to define genes regulated by estradiol, Runx2, or both. Anchorage-independent growth was assessed by soft-agar colony formation assays. Expression of gene sets defined using the MCF7/Rx2(dox) system was analyzed in pre- and on-treatment biopsies from hormone receptor-positive patients undergoing neoadjuvant letrozole treatment in two independent studies, and short-term changes in gene expression were correlated with tumor size reduction or Ki67 index at surgery. RESULTS Reflecting its oncogenic property, estradiol strongly promoted soft-agar colony formation, whereas Runx2 blocked this process suggesting tumor suppressor property. Transcriptome analysis of MCF7/Rx2(dox) cells treated with estradiol and/or doxycycline showed reciprocal attenuation of Runx2 and estrogen signaling. Correspondingly in breast cancer tumors, expression of estradiol- and Runx2-regulated genes was inversely correlated, and letrozole increased expression of Runx2-stimulated genes, as defined in the MCF7/Rx2(dox) model. Of particular interest was a gene set upregulated by estradiol and downregulated by Runx2 in vitro; its short-term response to letrozole treatment associated with tumor size reduction and Ki67 index at surgery better than other estradiol-regulated gene sets. CONCLUSION This work provides clinical evidence for the importance of antagonism between Runx2 and E2 signaling in breast cancer. Likely sensing the tension between them, letrozole responsiveness of a genomic node, positively regulated by estradiol and negatively regulated by Runx2 in vitro, best correlated with the clinical efficacy of letrozole treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nyam-Osor Chimge
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Genetic Medicine, USC Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim HN, Min WK, Jeong JH, Kim SG, Kim JR, Kim SY, Choi JY, Park BC. Combination of Runx2 and BMP2 increases conversion of human ligamentum flavum cells into osteoblastic cells. BMB Rep 2011; 44:446-51. [PMID: 21777514 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.7.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of fibroblasts into osteoblasts requires the activation of key signaling pathways, including the BMP pathway. Although Runx2 is known to be a component of the BMP pathway, the combination of Runx2 and BMP2 has not yet been examined with respect to the conversion of fibroblasts into osteoblasts. Here, human ligamentum flavum (LF) fibroblast- like cells from six patients were tested for their conversion into osteoblasts using adenoviruses expressing Runx2 or BMP2. The forced expression of Runx2 or BMP2 in primary cultured LF cells resulted in a variety of proliferation and differentiation behaviors. Combined treatment of BMP2 plus Runx2 resulted in better osteoblastic differentiation than treatment with either component alone. These results indicate that the Runx2 and BMP2 pathways possess both common and independent target genes. Collectively, Runx2 plus BMP2 mediated efficient conversion of fibroblast-like LF cells into osteoblast- like cells, suggesting the possible use of these components for clinical applications such as spinal fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Nam Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CMRI, Skeletal Diseases Genome Research Center, WCU Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wip1 promotes RUNX2-dependent apoptosis in p53-negative tumors and protects normal tissues during treatment with anticancer agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E68-75. [PMID: 22065775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107017108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in many cancers often increases their resistance to anticancer therapy. Here we show that a previously proposed strategy directed to Wip1 inhibition could be ineffective in tumors lacking p53. On the contrary, Wip1 overexpression sensitized these tumors to chemotherapeutic agents. This effect was mediated through interaction between Wip1 and RUNX2 that resulted, in response to anticancer treatment, in RUNX2-dependent transcriptional induction of the proapoptotic Bax protein. The potentiating effects of Wip1 overexpression on chemotherapeutic agents were directed only to tumor cells lacking p53. The overexpression of Wip1 in normal tissues provided protection from cisplatin-induced apoptosis through decreased strength of upstream signaling to p53. Thus, Wip1 phosphatase promotes apoptosis in p53-negative tumors and protects normal tissues during treatment with anticancer agents.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hawse JR, Cicek M, Grygo SB, Bruinsma ES, Rajamannan NM, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein GS, Oursler MJ, Subramaniam M, Spelsberg TC. TIEG1/KLF10 modulates Runx2 expression and activity in osteoblasts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19429. [PMID: 21559363 PMCID: PMC3084845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of TIEG1/KLF10 in mice results in a gender specific osteopenic skeletal phenotype with significant defects in both cortical and trabecular bone, which are observed only in female animals. Calvarial osteoblasts isolated from TIEG1 knockout (KO) mice display reduced expression levels of multiple bone related genes, including Runx2, and exhibit significant delays in their mineralization rates relative to wildtype controls. These data suggest that TIEG1 plays an important role in regulating Runx2 expression in bone and that decreased Runx2 expression in TIEG1 KO mice is in part responsible for the observed osteopenic phenotype. In this manuscript, data is presented demonstrating that over-expression of TIEG1 results in increased expression of Runx2 while repression of TIEG1 results in suppression of Runx2. Transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that TIEG1 directly binds to and activates the Runx2 promoter. The zinc finger containing domain of TIEG1 is necessary for this regulation supporting that activation occurs through direct DNA binding. A role for the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in fine tuning the regulation of Runx2 expression by TIEG1 is also implicated in this study. Additionally, the regulation of Runx2 expression by cytokines such as TGFβ1 and BMP2 is shown to be inhibited in the absence of TIEG1. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization assays indicate that TIEG1 protein associates with Runx2 protein resulting in co-activation of Runx2 transcriptional activity. Lastly, Runx2 adenoviral infection of TIEG1 KO calvarial osteoblasts leads to increased expression of Runx2 and enhancement of their ability to differentiate and mineralize in culture. Taken together, these data implicate an important role for TIEG1 in regulating the expression and activity of Runx2 in osteoblasts and suggest that decreased expression of Runx2 in TIEG1 KO mice contributes to the observed osteopenic bone phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stein GS, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Zaidi SK, Nickerson JA, Montecino MA, Young DW. An architectural genetic and epigenetic perspective. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:297-303. [PMID: 21184003 PMCID: PMC3251170 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The organization and intranuclear localization of nucleic acids and regulatory proteins contribute to both genetic and epigenetic parameters of biological control. Regulatory machinery in the cell nucleus is functionally compartmentalized in microenvironments (focally organized sites where regulatory factors reside) that provide threshold levels of factors required for transcription, replication, repair and cell survival. The common denominator for nuclear organization of regulatory machinery is that each component of control is architecturally configured and every component of control is embedded in architecturally organized networks that provide an infrastructure for integration and transduction of regulatory signals. It is realistic to anticipate emerging mechanisms that account for the organization and assembly of regulatory complexes within the cell nucleus can provide novel options for cancer diagnosis and therapy with maximal specificity, reduced toxicity and minimal off-target complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pratap J, Lian JB, Stein GS. Metastatic bone disease: role of transcription factors and future targets. Bone 2011; 48:30-6. [PMID: 20561908 PMCID: PMC2958222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Progression of cancer from the earliest event of cell transformation through stages of tumor growth and metastasis at a distal site involves many complex biological processes. Underlying the numerous responses of cancer cells to the tumor microenvironment which support their survival, migration and metastasis are transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes reflecting properties of the tumor cell. A number of transcription factors have been identified that play key roles in promoting oncogenesis, tumor growth, metastasis and tissue destruction. Relevant to solid tumors and leukemias, tissue-specific transcription factors that are deregulated resulting from mutations, being silenced or aberrantly expressed, have been well characterized. These are the master transcription factors of the Runx family of genes, the focus of this review, with emphasis placed on Runx2 that is abnormally expressed at very high levels in cancer cell lines that are metastatic to bone. Recent evidence has identified a correlation of Runx2 levels in advanced stages of prostate and breast cancer and demonstrated that effective depletion of Runx2 by RNA interference inhibits migration and invasive properties of the cells prevents metastatic bone disease. This striking effect is consistent with the broad spectrum of Runx2 properties in activating many genes in tumor cells that have already been established as indicators of bone metastasis in poor prognosis. Potential strategies to translate these findings for therapeutic applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Pratap
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rauch DA, Hurchla MA, Harding JC, Deng H, Shea LK, Eagleton MC, Niewiesk S, Lairmore MD, Piwnica-Worms D, Rosol TJ, Weber JD, Ratner L, Weilbaecher KN. The ARF tumor suppressor regulates bone remodeling and osteosarcoma development in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15755. [PMID: 21209895 PMCID: PMC3012707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53 as well as basic developmental processes independent of p53, including osteoclast activation, by controlling ribosomal biogenesis. Here we provide evidence that ARF is a master regulator of bone remodeling and osteosarcoma (OS) development in mice. Arf-/- mice displayed increased osteoblast (OB) and osteoclast (OC) activity with a significant net increase in trabecular bone volume. The long bones of Arf-/- mice had increased expression of OB genes while Arf-/- OB showed enhanced differentiation in vitro. Mice transgenic for the Tax oncogene develop lymphocytic tumors with associated osteolytic lesions, while Tax+Arf-/- mice uniformly developed spontaneous OS by 7 months of age. Tax+Arf-/- tumors were well differentiated OS characterized by an abundance of new bone with OC recruitment, expressed OB markers and displayed intact levels of p53 mRNA and reduced Rb transcript levels. Cell lines established from OS recapitulated characteristics of the primary tumor, including the expression of mature OB markers and ability to form mineralized tumors when transplanted. Loss of heterozygosity in OS tumors arising in Tax+Arf+/- mice emphasized the necessity of ARF-loss in OS development. Hypothesizing that inhibition of ARF-regulated bone remodeling would repress development of OS, we demonstrated that treatment of Tax+Arf-/- mice with zoledronic acid, a bisphosphonate inhibitor of OC activity and repressor of bone turnover, prevented or delayed the onset of OS. These data describe a novel role for ARF as a regulator of bone remodeling through effects on both OB and OC. Finally, these data underscore the potential of targeting bone remodeling as adjuvant therapy or in patients with genetic predispositions to prevent the development of OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Rauch
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Hurchla
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Harding
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hongju Deng
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lauren K. Shea
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Eagleton
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Lairmore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Rosol
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Weber
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katherine N. Weilbaecher
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive but ill-understood cancer of bone that predominantly affects adolescents. Its rarity and biological heterogeneity have limited studies of its molecular basis. In recent years, an important role has emerged for the RUNX2 "platform protein" in osteosarcoma oncogenesis. RUNX proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in cellular differentiation and cell-cycle progression. RUNX2 is genetically essential for developing bone and osteoblast maturation. Studies of osteosarcoma tumours have revealed that the RUNX2 DNA copy number together with RNA and protein levels are highly elevated in osteosarcoma tumors. The protein is also important for metastatic bone disease of prostate and breast cancers, while RUNX2 may have both tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles in bone morphogenesis. This paper provides a synopsis of the current understanding of the functions of RUNX2 and its potential role in osteosarcoma and suggests directions for future study.
Collapse
|
44
|
Leong DT, Lim J, Goh X, Pratap J, Pereira BP, Kwok HS, Nathan SS, Dobson JR, Lian JB, Ito Y, Voorhoeve PM, Stein GS, Salto-Tellez M, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ. Cancer-related ectopic expression of the bone-related transcription factor RUNX2 in non-osseous metastatic tumor cells is linked to cell proliferation and motility. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R89. [PMID: 21029421 PMCID: PMC3096982 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic breast cancer cells frequently and ectopically express the transcription factor RUNX2, which normally attenuates proliferation and promotes maturation of osteoblasts. RUNX2 expression is inversely regulated with respect to cell growth in osteoblasts and deregulated in osteosarcoma cells. METHODS Here, we addressed whether the functional relationship between cell growth and RUNX2 gene expression is maintained in breast cancer cells. We also investigated whether the aberrant expression of RUNX2 is linked to phenotypic parameters that could provide a selective advantage to cells during breast cancer progression. RESULTS We find that, similar to its regulation in osteoblasts, RUNX2 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells is enhanced upon growth factor deprivation, as well as upon deactivation of the mitogen-dependent MEK-Erk pathway or EGFR signaling. Reduction of RUNX2 levels by RNAi has only marginal effects on cell growth and expression of proliferation markers in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Thus, RUNX2 is not a critical regulator of cell proliferation in this cell type. However, siRNA depletion of RUNX2 in MDA-MB-231 cells reduces cell motility, while forced exogenous expression of RUNX2 in MCF7 cells increases cell motility. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the emerging concept that the osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 functions as a metastasis-related oncoprotein in non-osseous cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T Leong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Baniwal SK, Khalid O, Gabet Y, Shah RR, Purcell DJ, Mav D, Kohn-Gabet AE, Shi Y, Coetzee GA, Frenkel B. Runx2 transcriptome of prostate cancer cells: insights into invasiveness and bone metastasis. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:258. [PMID: 20863401 PMCID: PMC2955618 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) cells preferentially metastasize to bone at least in part by acquiring osteomimetic properties. Runx2, an osteoblast master transcription factor, is aberrantly expressed in PCa cells, and promotes their metastatic phenotype. The transcriptional programs regulated by Runx2 have been extensively studied during osteoblastogenesis, where it activates or represses target genes in a context-dependent manner. However, little is known about the gene regulatory networks influenced by Runx2 in PCa cells. We therefore investigated genome wide mRNA expression changes in PCa cells in response to Runx2. Results We engineered a C4-2B PCa sub-line called C4-2B/Rx2dox, in which Doxycycline (Dox) treatment stimulates Runx2 expression from very low to levels observed in other PCa cells. Transcriptome profiling using whole genome expression array followed by in silico analysis indicated that Runx2 upregulated a multitude of genes with prominent cancer associated functions. They included secreted factors (CSF2, SDF-1), proteolytic enzymes (MMP9, CST7), cytoskeleton modulators (SDC2, Twinfilin, SH3PXD2A), intracellular signaling molecules (DUSP1, SPHK1, RASD1) and transcription factors (Sox9, SNAI2, SMAD3) functioning in epithelium to mesenchyme transition (EMT), tissue invasion, as well as homing and attachment to bone. Consistent with the gene expression data, induction of Runx2 in C4-2B cells enhanced their invasiveness. It also promoted cellular quiescence by blocking the G1/S phase transition during cell cycle progression. Furthermore, the cell cycle block was reversed as Runx2 levels declined after Dox withdrawal. Conclusions The effects of Runx2 in C4-2B/Rx2dox cells, as well as similar observations made by employing LNCaP, 22RV1 and PC3 cells, highlight multiple mechanisms by which Runx2 promotes the metastatic phenotype of PCa cells, including tissue invasion, homing to bone and induction of high bone turnover. Runx2 is therefore an attractive target for the development of novel diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches to PCa management. Targeting Runx2 may prove more effective than focusing on its individual downstream genes and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Baniwal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
van der Deen M, Akech J, Wang T, FitzGerald TJ, Altieri DC, Languino LR, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS. The cancer-related Runx2 protein enhances cell growth and responses to androgen and TGFbeta in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:828-37. [PMID: 20082326 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells often metastasize to bone where osteolytic lesions are formed. Runx2 is an essential transcription factor for bone formation and suppresses cell growth in normal osteoblasts but may function as an oncogenic factor in solid tumors (e.g., breast, prostate). Here, we addressed whether Runx2 is linked to steroid hormone and growth factor signaling, which controls prostate cancer cell growth. Protein expression profiling of prostate cell lines (i.e., PC3, LNCaP, RWPE) treated with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or tumor growth factor beta (TGFbeta) revealed modulations in selected cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors that are generally consistent with mitogenic responses. Endogenous elevation of Runx2 and diminished p57 protein levels in PC3 cells are associated with faster proliferation in vitro and development of larger tumors upon xenografting these cells in bone in vivo. To examine whether TGFbeta or DHT signaling modulates the transcriptional activity of Runx2 and vice versa, we performed luciferase reporter assays. In PC3 cells that express TGFbetaRII, TGFbeta and Runx2 synergize to increase transcription of synthetic promoters. In LNCaP cells that are DHT responsive, Runx2 stimulates the androgen receptor (AR) responsive expression of the prostate-specific marker PSA, perhaps facilitated by formation of a complex with AR. Our data suggest that Runx2 is mechanistically linked to TGFbeta and androgen responsive pathways that support prostate cancer cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha van der Deen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ghali O, Chauveau C, Hardouin P, Broux O, Devedjian JC. TNF-alpha's effects on proliferation and apoptosis in human mesenchymal stem cells depend on RUNX2 expression. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:1616-26. [PMID: 20200969 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RUNX2 is a bone-specific transcription factor that plays a critical role in prenatal bone formation and postnatal bone development. It regulates the expression of genes that are important in committing cells into the osteoblast lineage. There is increasing evidence that RUNX2 is involved in osteoblast proliferation. RUNX2 expression increases during osteoblast differentiation, and recent data even suggest that it acts as a proapoptotic factor. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to modulate osteoblast functions in a manner that depends on the differentiation stage. TNF-alpha affects the rate at which mesenchymal precursor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and induces apoptosis in mature osteoblasts. Thus we sought to establish whether or not the effects of TNF-alpha and fetal calf serum on proliferation and apoptosis in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were dependent on RUNX2 level and activity. We transfected hMSCs with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against RUNX2 and found that they proliferated more quickly than control hMSCs transfected with a nonspecific siRNA. This increase in proliferation was accompanied by a rise in cyclin A1, B1, and E1 expression and a decrease in levels of the cyclin inhibitor p21. Moreover, we observed that RUNX2 silencing protected hMSCs from TNF-alpha's antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. This protection was accompanied by the inhibition of caspase-3 activity and Bax expression. Our results confirmed that RUNX2 is a critical link between cell fate, proliferation, and growth control. This study also suggested that, depending on the osteoblasts' differentiation stage, RUNX2 may control cell growth by regulating the expression of elements involved in hormone and cytokine sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Ghali
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Biomatériaux/Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EA 2603, IFR 114, Université Lille Nord de France, Boulogne-sur-mer, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Ling L, Dombrowski C, Foong KM, Haupt LM, Stein GS, Nurcombe V, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM. Synergism between Wnt3a and heparin enhances osteogenesis via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/RUNX2 pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26233-44. [PMID: 20547765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy has emerged to improve healing of bone defects using exogenous glycosaminoglycans by increasing the effectiveness of bone-anabolic growth factors. Wnt ligands play an important role in bone formation. However, their functional interactions with heparan sulfate/heparin have only been investigated in non-osseous tissues. Our study now shows that the osteogenic activity of Wnt3a is cooperatively stimulated through physical interactions with exogenous heparin. N-Sulfation and to a lesser extent O-sulfation of heparin contribute to the physical binding and optimal co-stimulation of Wnt3a. Wnt3a-heparin signaling synergistically increases osteoblast differentiation with minimal effects on cell proliferation. Thus, heparin selectively reduces the effective dose of Wnt3a needed to elicit osteogenic, but not mitogenic responses. Mechanistically, Wnt3a-heparin signaling strongly activates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway and requires the bone-related transcription factor RUNX2 to stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity, which parallels canonical beta-catenin signaling. Collectively, our findings establish the osteo-inductive potential of a heparin-mediated Wnt3a-phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-RUNX2 signaling network and suggest that heparan sulfate supplementation may selectively reduce the therapeutic doses of peptide factors required to promote bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Basu-Roy U, Ambrosetti D, Favaro R, Nicolis SK, Mansukhani A, Basilico C. The transcription factor Sox2 is required for osteoblast self-renewal. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:1345-53. [PMID: 20489730 PMCID: PMC2902624 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maintenance of most tissues and organs requires the presence of multipotent and unipotent stem cells that have the ability of self-renewal as well as of generating committed, further differentiated cell types. The transcription factor Sox2 is essential for embryonic development and maintains pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic stem cells. It is expressed in immature osteoblasts/osteoprogenitors in vitro and in vivo and is induced by FGF signaling, which stimulates osteoblast proliferation and inhibits differentiation. Sox2 overexpression can by itself inhibit osteoblast differentiation. To elucidate its role in the osteoblastic lineage, we generated mice with an osteoblast-specific, Cre-mediated knockout of Sox2. These mice are small and osteopenic, and mosaic for Sox2 inactivation. However, culturing calvarial osteoblasts from the mutant mice for 2-3 passages failed to yield any Sox2 null cells. Inactivation of the Sox2 gene by Cre-mediated excision in cultured osteoblasts showed that Sox2 null cells could not survive repeated passage in culture, could not form colonies, and arrested their growth with a senescent phenotype. Additionally, expression of Sox2 specific shRNAs in independent osteoblastic cell lines suppressed their proliferative ability. Osteoblasts capable of forming “osteospheres” are greatly enriched in Sox2 expression. These data identify a novel role for Sox2 in the maintenance of self-renewal in the osteoblastic lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Basu-Roy
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|