1
|
Zhang X, Chen R, Shu H, Liang P, Qin T, Wang K, Guo A, Craik DJ, Liao B, Zhang J. Gene-guided identifications of a structure-chimeric cyclotide viphi I from Viola philippica: Potential functions against cadmium and nematodes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112185. [PMID: 38986912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The cyclic peptides, cyclotides, are identified mostly with 29-31-aa (amino acid residues) but rarely with ≥ 34-aa in plants. Viola philippica is a well-known medicinal plant but a rare metallophyte with cyclotides. A hypothesis was hence raised that the potential novel 34-aa cyclotide of Viola philippica would clearly broaden the structural and functional diversities of plant cyclotides. After homology-cloning the cyclotide precursor gene of VpCP5, a 34-aa cyclotide (viphi I) was identified to be larger than 22 other known cyclotides in V. philippica. It had a chimeric primary structure, due to its unusual loop structures (8 residues in loop 2 and 6 residues in loop 5) and aa composition (3 E and 5 R), by using phylogenetic analyses and an in-house cyclotide analysis tool, CyExcel_V1. A plasmid pCYC-viphi_I and a lab-used recombinant process were specially constructed for preparing viphi I. Typically, 0.12 or 0.25 mg ml-1 co-exposed viphi I could significantly remain cell activities with elevating Cd2+-exposed doses from 10-8 to 10-6 mol l-1 in MCF7 cells. In the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, IC50 values of viphi I to inhibit adult ratios and to induce death ratios, were 184.7 and 585.9 µg ml-1, respectively; the median lifespan of adult worms decreased from 14 to 2 d at viphi I doses ranging from 0.05 to 2 mg ml-1. Taken together, the newly identified viphi I exhibits functional potentials against cadmium and nematodes, providing new insights into structural and functional diversity of chimeric cyclotides in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Haoyue Shu
- Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Peihui Liang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ting Qin
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Kemei Wang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Aimin Guo
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - David J Craik
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Bin Liao
- Sun Yat-sen University, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chekan JR, Mydy LS, Pasquale MA, Kersten RD. Plant peptides - redefining an area of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:1020-1059. [PMID: 38411572 PMCID: PMC11253845 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Covering 1965 to February 2024Plants are prolific peptide chemists and are known to make thousands of different peptidic molecules. These peptides vary dramatically in their size, chemistry, and bioactivity. Despite their differences, all plant peptides to date are biosynthesized as ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Decades of research in plant RiPP biosynthesis have extended the definition and scope of RiPPs from microbial sources, establishing paradigms and discovering new families of biosynthetic enzymes. The discovery and elucidation of plant peptide pathways is challenging due to repurposing and evolution of housekeeping genes as both precursor peptides and biosynthetic enzymes and due to the low rates of gene clustering in plants. In this review, we highlight the chemistry, biosynthesis, and function of the known RiPP classes from plants and recommend a nomenclature for the recent addition of BURP-domain-derived RiPPs termed burpitides. Burpitides are an emerging family of cyclic plant RiPPs characterized by macrocyclic crosslinks between tyrosine or tryptophan side chains and other amino acid side chains or their peptide backbone that are formed by copper-dependent BURP-domain-containing proteins termed burpitide cyclases. Finally, we review the discovery of plant RiPPs through bioactivity-guided, structure-guided, and gene-guided approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Chekan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Lisa S Mydy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Michael A Pasquale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Roland D Kersten
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran GH, Tran TH, Pham SH, Xuan HL, Dang TT. Cyclotides: The next generation in biopesticide development for eco-friendly agriculture. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3570. [PMID: 38317283 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Chemical pesticides remain the predominant method for pest management in numerous countries. Given the current landscape of agriculture, the development of biopesticides has become increasingly crucial. The strategy empowers farmers to efficiently manage pests and diseases, while prioritizing minimal adverse effects on the environment and human health, hence fostering sustainable management. In recent years, there has been a growing interest and optimism surrounding the utilization of peptide biopesticides for crop protection. These sustainable and environmentally friendly substances have been recognized as viable alternatives to synthetic pesticides due to their outstanding environmental compatibility and efficacy. Numerous studies have been conducted to synthesize and identify peptides that exhibit activity against significant plant pathogens. One of the peptide classes is cyclotides, which are cyclic cysteine-rich peptides renowned for their wide range of sequences and functions. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of cyclotides, focusing on their structural attributes, developmental history, significant biological functions in crop protection, techniques for identification and investigation, and the application of biotechnology to enhance cyclotide synthesis. The objective is to emphasize the considerable potential of cyclotides as the next generation of plant protection agents on the global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gia-Hoa Tran
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Huyen Tran
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Son H Pham
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Huy Luong Xuan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien T Dang
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Diya F, Rahioui I, Vallier A, Benhamou S, Sivignon C, Kfoury L, Rizk F, Da Silva P. Vicia sativa subsp. sativa native to the Middle East comprises Pea Albumin1 b-like homologs: A promising natural biopesticide. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26903. [PMID: 38439846 PMCID: PMC10909718 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The extensive and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has led to adverse effects on human health, environmental pollution, and the emergence of pesticide-resistant pests. To mitigate these challenges, the development of environmentally friendly alternatives is crucial, with biopesticides emerging as promising solutions such as peptides. Legume seeds naturally contain diverse insecticidal peptides or proteins to combat pest attacks. One such peptide is PA1b (Pea Albumin 1, subunit b), a 37 amino acid extracted from pea seeds (Pisum sativum). PA1b has shown significant potential in controlling cereal weevils (Sitophilus spp.), a major pest of stored cereals. Here, we screened PA1b-like peptides in five wild seeds of vetches (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa) from the Middle East. Using a comprehensive set of biochemical, biological, and molecular techniques, we characterized different PA1b homologs and assessed their toxicity and expression profiles. Our results reveal that PA1b homolog from Vicia sativa subsp. sativa originating from turkey displays outstanding insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae through binding to the receptor site found in the midgut of the insect. Moreover, it exhibits a strong cytotoxic effect against Sf9 cells. This cysteine-rich peptide shows sequence identity and the same hydrophobic pole as AG41, a tenfold more toxic isoform of PA1b from Medicago truncatula. Such observations pave the way for the development of bioinsecticides, with PA1b-like peptides as lead compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Diya
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Laboratoire d’Innovation Therapeutique, Fanar, Lebanon
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Agronomy, Plant Protection Department, Dekwaneh, Lebanon
| | - I. Rahioui
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Vallier
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S. Benhamou
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - C. Sivignon
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - L. Kfoury
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Agronomy, Plant Protection Department, Dekwaneh, Lebanon
| | - F. Rizk
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Laboratoire d’Innovation Therapeutique, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - P. Da Silva
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bajpai A, Jackson MA, Huang YH, Yap K, Du Q, Chau TCY, Craik DJ, Gilding EK. Nematicidal Activity of Cyclotides: Toxicity Against Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1222-1229. [PMID: 37099442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are a unique family of stable and cyclic mini-proteins found in plants that have nematicidal and anthelmintic activities. They are distributed across the Rubiaceae, Violaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Solanaceae plant families, where they are posited to act as protective agents against pests. In this study, we tested the nematicidal properties of extracts from four major cyclotide-producing plants, Oldenlandia affinis, Clitoria ternatea, Viola odorata, and Hybanthus enneaspermus, against the free-living model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We evaluated the nematicidal activity of the cyclotides kalata B1, cycloviolacin O2, and hyen D present in these extracts and found them to be active against the larvae of C. elegans. Both the plant extracts and isolated cyclotides exerted dose-dependent toxicity on the first-stage larvae of C. elegans. Isolated cyclotides caused death or damage upon interacting with the worms' mouth, pharynx, and midgut or membrane. Cycloviolacin O2 and hyen D produced bubble-like structures around the C. elegans membrane, termed blebs, implicating membrane disruption causing toxicity and death. All tested cyclotides lost their toxicity when the hydrophobic patches present on them were disrupted via a single-point mutation. The present results provide a facile assay design to measure and explore the nematicidal activities of plant extracts and purified cyclotides on C. elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bajpai
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Jackson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qingdan Du
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tevin Chui-Ying Chau
- ACRF Cancer Biology Imaging Facility, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Edward K Gilding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ho TNT, Turner A, Pham SH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LTT, Nguyen LT, Dang TT. Cysteine-rich peptides: From bioactivity to bioinsecticide applications. Toxicon 2023; 230:107173. [PMID: 37211058 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Greater levels of insect resistance and constraints on the use of current pesticides have recently led to increased crop losses in agricultural production. Further, the health and environmental impacts of pesticides now restrict their application. Biologics based on peptides are gaining popularity as efficient crop protection agents with low environmental toxicity. Cysteine-rich peptides (whether originated from venoms or plant defense substances) are chemically stable and effective as insecticides in agricultural applications. Cysteine-rich peptides fulfill the stability and efficacy requirements for commercial uses and provide an environmentally benign alternative to small-molecule insecticides. In this article, cysteine-rich insecticidal peptide classes identified from plants and venoms will be highlighted, focusing on their structural stability, bioactivity and production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao N T Ho
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - A Turner
- Molecular Biology Department, University of Texas, 100 E 24th St. Austin, USA
| | - Son H Pham
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Materials, Department of Energy Materials, Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Linh T T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 an Duong Vuong Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Luan T Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Materials, Department of Energy Materials, Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tien T Dang
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1B TL29, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huisamen E, Bosua HJ, Karsten M, Terblanche JS. Sub-lethal effects of spinetoram application interacts with temperature in complex ways to influence respiratory metabolism, life history and macronutrient composition in false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 145:104490. [PMID: 36773842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In many pests, insecticide efficacy is dependent on environmental conditions, including ambient temperature. However, it remains unknown if thermal history alters sub-lethal effects to potentially enhance or reduce pesticide resistance in the false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta. Here, using FCM, a pest of economic importance in South Africa infesting several commercial food crops, we report results of sub-lethal exposure to spinetoram, an insecticide that disrupts the nervous system. We investigate whether insecticide efficacy is temperature dependent or perhaps interacts with thermal history by testing the effect of a combination of a sub-lethal dose of spinetoram (4 mg/100 ml) and developmental temperature acclimation (22˚C and 28˚C, i.e., a few degrees above or below optimal development temperatures) on the metabolic rate, life history traits and body composition of FCM in the laboratory. A sub-lethal dose of spinetoram reduced metabolic rate of FCM pupae significantly, led to smaller pupal mass and decreased emergence rates. Additionally, males acclimated at 28 °C had a significantly higher emergence rate compared to males acclimated at 22 °C. Body water, body lipids and body protein reserves of adult FCM tended to be higher in the insecticide treatment compared to the control in the 22 °C acclimation group. In the 28 °C acclimation group, body water, lipids and proteins were lower in the insecticide treatment versus the control. Furthermore, sex influenced both emergence rate and body composition with the direction of change depending on insecticide and temperature treatments. Overall, a sub-lethal dose of spinetoram negatively affects body composition and life history traits but interacts with temperature in complex ways. Therefore, both lethal and sub-lethal effects of spinetoram on FCM, in combination with information on the thermal environment experienced by the pest, should be taken into consideration when pest control decisions are made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huisamen
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Henrika J Bosua
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Minette Karsten
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Soveyzi F, Saberianpour S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Are Herbal-peptides Effective as Adjunctive Therapy in Coronavirus Disease COVID-19? Curr Drug Res Rev 2023; 15:29-34. [PMID: 36029074 DOI: 10.2174/2589977514666220826155013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant antiviral peptides (AVP) are macromolecules that can inhibit the pathogenesis of viruses by affecting their pathogenic mechanism, but most of these peptides can bind to cell membranes, inhibit viral receptors, and prevent viruses. Recently, due to the coronavirus pandemic, the availability of appropriate drugs with low side effects is needed. In this article, the importance of plant peptides in viral inhibition, especially viral inhibition of the coronavirus family, will be discussed. METHODS By searching the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, the latest articles on plant peptides effective on the COVID-19 virus were collected and reviewed. RESULTS Some proteins can act against the COVID-19 virus by blocking sensitive receptors in COVID-19, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The 23bp sequence of the ACE2 alpha receptor chain can be considered as a target for therapeutic peptides. Protease and RNAP inhibitors and other important receptors that are active against COVID-19 should also be considered. CONCLUSION Herbal medicines with AVP, especially those with a long history of antiviral effects, might be a good choice in complement therapy against the COVID-19 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Aleebrahim-Dehkordi
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Faezeh Soveyzi
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Saberianpour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghosh A, Mukhopadhyay TK, Datta A. Two dimensional materials are non-nanotoxic and biocompatible towards cyclotides: evidence from classical molecular dynamics simulations. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:321-336. [PMID: 36484694 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are backbone-cyclized peptides of plant origin enriched with disulfide bonds, having exceptional stability towards thermal denaturation and proteolytic degradation. They have a plethora of activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-tumor and anti-HIV properties predominantly owing to their selective interaction with certain phospholipids, thereby leading to the disruption of cellular membranes. On the other hand, low-dimensional materials like graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are also known to show membrane-proliferating activities through lipid extraction. A plausible and more effective antibacterial, anti-tumor and antifungal agent would be a composite of these 2D materials and cyclotides, provided the structures of the peptides remain unperturbed upon adsorption and interaction. In this study, classical molecular dynamics simulations are performed to understand the nature of adsorption of cyclotides belonging to different families on graphene and h-BN and analyze the resulting structural changes. It is revealed that, due to their exceptional structural stability, cyclotides maintain their structural integrity upon adsorption on the 2D materials. In addition, the aggregated states of the cyclotides, which are ubiquitous in plant organs, are also not disrupted upon adsorption. Extensive free energy calculations show that the adsorption strength of the cyclotides is moderate in comparison to those of other similar-sized biomolecules, and the larger the size of the aggregates, the weaker the binding of individual peptides with the 2D materials, thereby leading to their lower release times from the materials. It is predicted that graphene and h-BN may safely be used for the preparation of composites with cyclotides, which in turn may be envisaged to be probable candidates for manufacturing next-generation bionano agents for agricultural, antibacterial and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur - 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Titas Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur - 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur - 700032, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Starr AM, Zabet-Moghaddam M, San Francisco M. Identification of a novel secreted metabolite cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl) from Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and its effect on Galleria mellonella. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:293. [PMID: 36482304 PMCID: PMC9730576 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is the causative agent of chytridiomycosis and a leading cause of global decline in amphibian populations. The first stages of chytridiomycosis include: inflammation, hyperkeratosis, lethargy, loss of righting reflex, and disruption of internal electrolyte levels leading to eventual death of the host. Previous work indicates that B. dendrobatidis can produce immunomodulatory compounds and other secreted molecules that regulate the growth of the fungus. In this study, filtrates of the fungus grown in media and water were subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed using Compound Discoverer 3.0. RESULTS Identification of cyclo(phenylalanyl-prolyl), chitobiose, and S-adenosylmethionine were verified by their retention times and fragmentation patterns from B. dendrobatidis supernatants. Previous studies have analyzed the effects of B. dendrobatidis on amphibian models, in vitro, or in cell culture. We studied the effects of live B. dendrobatidis cells, spent culture filtrates containing secreted metabolites, and cyclo(pheylalanyl-prolyl) on wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Concentrated filtrates caused melanization within 24 h, while live B. dendrobatidis caused melanization within 48 h. CONCLUSIONS Here we show B. dendrobatidis produces secreted metabolites previously unreported. The impacts of these chemicals were tested on an alternate non-amphibian model system that has been used for other fungi to study pathogenicity traits in this fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Starr
- grid.462127.4Bryant & Stratton College, 8141 Hull Street Road, Richmond, VA 23235 USA ,grid.264784.b0000 0001 2186 7496Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 USA
| | | | - Michael San Francisco
- grid.264784.b0000 0001 2186 7496Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The flax genome reveals orbitide diversity. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:534. [PMID: 35870878 PMCID: PMC9308333 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ribosomally-synthesized cyclic peptides are widely found in plants and exhibit useful bioactivities for humans. The identification of cyclic peptide sequences and their precursor proteins is facilitated by the growing number of sequenced genomes. While previous research largely focused on the chemical diversity of these peptides across various species, there is little attention to a broader range of potential peptides that are not chemically identified. Results A pioneering study was initiated to explore the genetic diversity of linusorbs, a group of cyclic peptides uniquely occurring in cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum). Phylogenetic analysis clustered the 5 known linusorb precursor proteins into two clades and one singleton. Preliminary tBLASTn search of the published flax genome using the whole protein sequence as query could only retrieve its homologues within the same clade. This limitation was overcome using a profile-based mining strategy. After genome reannotation, a hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based approach identified 58 repeats homologous to the linusorb-embedded repeats in 8 novel proteins, implying that they share common ancestry with the linusorb-embedded repeats. Subsequently, we developed a customized profile composed of a random linusorb-like domain (LLD) flanked by 5 conserved sites and used it for string search of the proteome, which extracted 281 LLD-containing repeats (LLDRs) in 25 proteins. Comparative analysis of different repeat categories suggested that the 5 conserved flanking sites among the non-homologous repeats have undergone convergent evolution driven by functional selection. Conclusions The profile-based mining approach is suitable for analyzing repetitive sequences. The 25 LLDR proteins identified herein represent the potential diversity of cyclic peptides within the flax genome and lay a foundation for further studies on the functions and evolution of these protein tandem repeats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08735-x.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pinto CPG, Walker AA, King GF, Rossi GD. Immunosuppressive, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of inhibitor cystine knot peptides produced by teratocytes of the endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 36434808 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Teratocytes are specialized cells released by parasitoid wasps into their hosts. They are known for producing regulatory molecules that aid the development of immature parasitoids. We have recently reported the primary structures of cystine-rich peptides, including some containing inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motifs, produced by teratocytes of the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ICKs are known for their stability and diverse biological functions. In this study, we produced four putative ICK peptides from the teratocytes of C. flavipes using solid-phase peptide synthesis or recombinant expression in E. coli, and investigated their functions on host immune modulation as well their potential to impair the development of two lepidopterans after ingestion of the peptides. In addition, the peptides were assayed against pathogens and human cells. The peptides did not influence total hemocyte count but suppressed cellular immunity, detectable as a reduction of hemocyte encapsulation (CftICK-I, CftICK-II, CftICK-III) and spread indexes (CftICK-IV) in the host. None of the peptides influenced the activities of prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase in the hemolymph of larval Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). CftICK-I and CftICK-II with previously unknown function showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans but were non-toxic to human cells. CftICK-I, CftICK-II, and CftICK-III increased larval mortality and reduced leaf consumption of D. saccharalis, a permissive host for C. flavipes. The CftICK-III also increased larval mortality and reduced leaf consumption of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a non-permissive host for C. flavipes. This study highlights biological functions and biotechnological potential of ICK peptides from the teratocytes of C. flavipes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro P G Pinto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Guilherme D Rossi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jacob B, Vogelaar A, Cadenas E, Camarero JA. Using the Cyclotide Scaffold for Targeting Biomolecular Interactions in Drug Development. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196430. [PMID: 36234971 PMCID: PMC9570680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the properties of cyclotides and their potential for developing novel peptide-based therapeutics. The selective disruption of protein–protein interactions remains challenging, as the interacting surfaces are relatively large and flat. However, highly constrained polypeptide-based molecular frameworks with cell-permeability properties, such as the cyclotide scaffold, have shown great promise for targeting those biomolecular interactions. The use of molecular techniques, such as epitope grafting and molecular evolution employing the cyclotide scaffold, has shown to be highly effective for selecting bioactive cyclotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binu Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA
| | - Alicia Vogelaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA
| | - Enrique Cadenas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA
| | - Julio A. Camarero
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fernández-Bobey A, Pinto MEF, de Almeida LC, de Souza BM, Dias NB, de Paula-Souza J, Cilli EM, Lopes NP, Costa-Lotufo LV, Palma MS, da Silva Bolzani V. Cytotoxic Cyclotides from Anchietea pyrifolia, a South American Plant Species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2127-2134. [PMID: 36044031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are mini-proteins with potent bioactivities and outstanding potential for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications. More than 450 different plant cyclotides have been isolated from six angiosperm families. In Brazil, studies involving this class of natural products are still scarce, despite its rich floristic diversity. Herein were investigated the cyclotides from Anchietea pyrifolia roots, a South American medicinal plant from the family Violaceae. Fourteen putative cyclotides were annotated by LC-MS. Among these, three new bracelet cyclotides, anpy A-C, and the known cycloviolacins O4 (cyO4) and O17 (cyO17) were sequenced through a combination of chemical and enzymatic reactions followed by MALDI-MS/MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity was evaluated by a cytotoxicity assay against three human cancer cell lines (colorectal carcinoma cells: HCT 116 and HCT 116 TP53-/- and breast adenocarcinoma, MCF 7). For all assays, the IC50 values of isolated compounds ranged between 0.8 and 7.3 μM. CyO17 was the most potent cyclotide for the colorectal cancer cell lines (IC50, 0.8 and 1.2 μM). Furthermore, the hemolytic activity of anpy A and B, cyO4, and cyO17 was assessed, and the cycloviolacins were the least hemolytic (HD50 > 156 μM). This work sheds light on the cytotoxic effects of the anpy cyclotides against cancer cells. Moreover, this study expands the number of cyclotides obtained to date from Brazilian plant biodiversity and adds one more genus containing these molecules to the list of the Violaceae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernández-Bobey
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis, and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Zoochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meri Emili Ferreira Pinto
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis, and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Costa de Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Monson de Souza
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Zoochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Baptista Dias
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), University of The Frontier (UFRO), 4881-176, Temuco, Chile
| | - Juliana de Paula-Souza
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-535, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis, and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Nucleus Research in Natural and Synthetic Products (NPPNS), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 14040-903, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Veras Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Structural Biology and Zoochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani
- Nucleus of Bioassays, Biosynthesis, and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-060, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramos-Martín F, D'Amelio N. Biomembrane lipids: When physics and chemistry join to shape biological activity. Biochimie 2022; 203:118-138. [PMID: 35926681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biomembranes constitute the first lines of defense of cells. While small molecules can often permeate cell walls in bacteria and plants, they are generally unable to penetrate the barrier constituted by the double layer of phospholipids, unless specific receptors or channels are present. Antimicrobial or cell-penetrating peptides are in fact highly specialized molecules able to bypass this barrier and even discriminate among different cell types. This capacity is made possible by the intrinsic properties of its phospholipids, their distribution between the internal and external leaflet, and their ability to mutually interact, modulating the membrane fluidity and the exposition of key headgroups. Although common phospholipids can be found in the membranes of most organisms, some are characteristic of specific cell types. Here, we review the properties of the most common lipids and describe how they interact with each other in biomembrane. We then discuss how their assembly in bilayers determines some key physical-chemical properties such as permeability, potential and phase status. Finally, we describe how the exposition of specific phospholipids determines the recognition of cell types by membrane-targeting molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ramos-Martín
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, 80039, France.
| | - Nicola D'Amelio
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, 80039, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Doffek B, Huang Y, Huang YH, Chan LY, Gilding EK, Jackson MA, Craik DJ. Comparative analysis of cyclotide-producing plant cell suspensions presents opportunities for cyclotide plant molecular farming. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113053. [PMID: 34923360 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are a class of ribosomally-synthesized plant peptides that function in plants as a defense against insects and fungal pathogens. Their unique structure comprises a cyclized peptide backbone threaded by three disulfide bonds, that imparts structural stability, a desirable quality for peptide-based therapeutics or insecticides. Producing these peptides synthetically is challenging due to the amount of chemical waste produced and inefficiency of folding certain cyclotides. Thus, it is desirable to develop a means to access cyclotide biosynthesis in their native hosts, cultured in defined conditions, at both laboratory and commercial scale. Here we developed suspension cell cultures from two species previously unexplored for cyclotide production in suspension cells, Clitoria ternatea L., Hybanthus enneaspermus F. Muell., as well as with Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC., a species reported previously to accumulate cyclotides in cell suspensions. We assessed the growth rate, cyclotide production and gene expression for the various species. We found that while many cyclotides had reduced expression in Oldenlandia affinis suspension cells when compared to plant organs, those in Clitoria ternatea and Hybanthus enneaspermus maintained or increased expression levels. The cyclotides that continued to be expressed in suspension cultures shared similar sequence and biophysical properties as a group, regardless of phylogenetic origin of the host. Of particular interest was the discovery of inducibility by NaCl of cyclotide expression in O. affinis, cycloviolacin O2 expression in O. affinis, and the scale up of cycloviolacin O2 production in H. enneaspermus. Together the results presented here highlight the utility of plant cell suspensions as modalities to produce macrocyclic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Doffek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Yvonne Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lai Yue Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Edward K Gilding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Jackson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The involvement of cyclotides in mutual interactions of violets and the two-spotted spider mite. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1914. [PMID: 35115562 PMCID: PMC8814195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants employ different chemicals to protect themselves from herbivory. These defenses may be constitutive or triggered by stress. The chemicals can be toxic, act as repellents, phagosuppressants and/or phago-deterrents. The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is a generalist arthropod herbivorous pest and its feeding causes extensive damage both to crops and wild plants. Cyclotides are cyclic peptides involved in host-plant defenses. A single Viola sp. can produce more than a hundred cyclotides with different biological activities and roles. The organ and tissue specific cyclotide patterns change over the seasons and/or with environment, but the role of biotic/abiotic stress in shaping them remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of cyclotides in mutual interactions between violets and mites. We used immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry imaging to show the ingested cyclotides in T. urticae and assess the Viola odorata response to mite feeding. Moreover, to assess how mites are affected by feeding on violets, acceptance and reproductive performance was compared between Viola uliginosa, V. odorata and Phaseolus vulgaris. We demonstrate that cyclotides had been taken in by mites feeding on the violets. The ingested peptides were found in contact with epithelial cells of the mite digestive system, in the fecal matter, feces, ovary and eggs. Mites preferred common bean plants (P. vulgaris) to any of the violet species; the latter affected their reproductive performance. The production of particular cyclotides in V. odorata (denoted by molecular weights: 2979, 3001, 3017, 3068, 3084, 3123) was activated by mite feeding and their levels were significantly elevated compared to the control after 5 and 21 days of infestation. Specific cyclotides may affect mites by being indigestible or through direct interaction with cells in the mite digestive tract and reproductive organs. A group of particular peptides in V. odorata appears to be involved in defense response against herbivores.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gupta R, Kumari J, Pati S, Singh S, Mishra M, Ghosh SK. Interaction of cyclotide Kalata B1 protein with model cellular membranes of varied electrostatics. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:852-860. [PMID: 34592223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A uni-molecular layer of lipids at air-water interface mimicking one of the leaflets of the cellular membrane provides a simple model to understand the interaction of any foreign molecules with the membrane. Here, the interactions of protein Kalata B1 (KB1) of cyclotide family with the phospholipids 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) sodium salt (DPPG), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine chloride salt (DSEPC) have been investigated. The addition of KB1 induces a change in pressure of the lipid monolayers. The characteristic time of the change in pressure is found to be dependent on the electrostatic nature of the lipid. Even though the protein is weakly surface active, it is capable of modifying the phase behavior and elastic properties of lipid monolayers with differences in their strength and nature making the layers more floppy. The KB1-lipid interaction has been quantified by calculating the excess Gibb's free energy of interaction and the 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) binding studies. The interaction with zwitterionic DPPC and negatively charged DPPG lipids are found to be thermodynamically favorable whereas the protein shows a weaker response to positively charged DSEPC lipid. Therefore, the long ranged electrostatic is the initial driving force for the KB1 to recognize and subsequently attach to a cellular membrane. Thereafter, the hydrophobic region of the protein may penetrate into the hydrophobic core of the membrane via specific amino acid residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Gupta
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru university, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manasi Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| | - Sajal K Ghosh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, G. B. Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chung SH, Bigham M, Lappe RR, Chan B, Nagalakshmi U, Whitham SA, Dinesh‐Kumar SP, Jander G. A sugarcane mosaic virus vector for rapid in planta screening of proteins that inhibit the growth of insect herbivores. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1713-1724. [PMID: 33763921 PMCID: PMC8428830 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is a notorious pest that threatens maize production worldwide. Current control measures involve the use of chemical insecticides and transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Although additional transgenes have confirmed insecticidal activity, limited research has been conducted in maize, at least partially due to the technical difficulty of maize transformation. Here, we describe implementation of a sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) vector for rapidly testing the efficacy of both endogenous maize genes and heterologous genes from other organisms for the control of S. frugiperda in maize. Four categories of proteins were tested using the SCMV vector: (i) maize defence signalling proteins: peptide elicitors (Pep1 and Pep3) and jasmonate acid conjugating enzymes (JAR1a and JAR1b); (ii) maize defensive proteins: the previously identified ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP2) and maize proteinase inhibitor (MPI), and two proteins with predicted but unconfirmed anti-insect activities, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and a lectin (JAC1); (iii) lectins from other plant species: Allium cepa agglutinin (ACA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA); and (iv) scorpion and spider toxins: peptides from Urodacus yaschenkoi (UyCT3 and UyCT5) and Hadronyche versuta (Hvt). In most cases, S. frugiperda larval growth was reduced by transient SCMV-mediated overexpression of genes encoding these proteins. Additionally, experiments with a subset of the SCMV-expressed genes showed effectiveness against two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid) and Myzus persicae (green peach aphid). Together, these results demonstrate that SCMV vectors are a rapid screening method for testing the efficacy and insecticidal activity of candidate genes in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan R. Lappe
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Barry Chan
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh‐Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant ResearchIthacaNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antimicrobial Peptides from Plants: A cDNA-Library Based Isolation, Purification, Characterization Approach and Elucidating Their Modes of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168712. [PMID: 34445412 PMCID: PMC8395713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in a natural ecosystem, plants are continuously threatened by various microbial diseases. To save themselves from these diverse infections, plants build a robust, multilayered immune system through their natural chemical compounds. Among the several crucial bioactive compounds possessed by plants’ immune systems, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) rank in the first tier. These AMPs are environmentally friendly, anti-pathogenic, and do not bring harm to humans. Antimicrobial peptides can be isolated in several ways, but recombinant protein production has become increasingly popular in recent years, with the Escherichia coli expression system being the most widely used. However, the efficacy of this expression system is compromised due to the difficulty of removing endotoxin from its system. Therefore, this review suggests a high-throughput cDNA library-based plant-derived AMP isolation technique using the Bacillus subtilis expression system. This method can be performed for large-scale screening of plant sources to classify unique or homologous AMPs for the agronomic and applied field of plant studies. Furthermore, this review also focuses on the efficacy of plant AMPs, which are dependent on their numerous modes of action and exceptional structural stability to function against a wide range of invaders. To conclude, the findings from this study will be useful in investigating how novel AMPs are distributed among plants and provide detailed guidelines for an effective screening strategy of AMPs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lei X, Liu S, Zhou R, Meng XY. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study on Interactions of Cycloviolacin with Different Phospholipids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3476-3485. [PMID: 33787269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotides are disulfide-rich cyclic peptides isolated from plants, which are extremely stable against thermal and proteolytic degradation, with a variety of biological activities including antibacterial, hemolytic, anti-HIV, and anti-tumor. Most of these bioactivities are related to their preference for binding to certain types of phospholipids and subsequently disrupt lipid membranes. In the present study, we use a cyclotide, cycloviolacin O2 (cyO2), as a model system to investigate its interactions with three lipid bilayers 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG)-doped POPE, and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), to help understand its potential mechanism of action toward the membranes at the molecular level using molecular dynamics simulations. In our simulations, cyO2 repeatedly forms stable binding complexes with the POPE-containing bilayers, while within the same simulation time scale, it "jumps" back and forth on the surface of the POPC bilayer without a strong binding. Detailed analyses reveal that the electrostatic attraction is the main driving force for the initial bindings between cyO2 and the lipids, but with strikingly different strengths in different bilayers. For the POPE-containing bilayers, the charged residues of cyO2 attract both POPE amino and phosphate head groups favorably; meanwhile, its hydrophobic residues are deeply inserted into the lipid hydrophobic tails (core) of the membrane, thus forming stable binding complexes. In contrast, POPC lipids with three methyl groups on the amino head group create a steric hindrance when interacting with cyO2, thus resulting in a relatively difficult binding of cyO2 on POPC compared to POPE. Our current findings provide additional insights for a better understanding of how cyO2 binds to the POPE-containing membrane, which should shed light on the future cyclotide-based antibacterial agent design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Lei
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shengtang Liu
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xuan-Yu Meng
- Institute of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen C, Chen H, Huang S, Jiang T, Wang C, Tao Z, He C, Tang Q, Li P. Volatile DMNT directly protects plants against Plutella xylostella by disrupting the peritrophic matrix barrier in insect midgut. eLife 2021; 10:63938. [PMID: 33599614 PMCID: PMC7924945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pests negatively affect crop quality and yield; identifying new methods to protect crops against insects therefore has important agricultural applications. Our analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants showed that overexpression of pentacyclic triterpene synthase 1, encoding the key biosynthetic enzyme for the natural plant product (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), led to a significant resistance against a major insect pest, Plutella xylostella. DMNT treatment severely damaged the peritrophic matrix (PM), a physical barrier isolating food and pathogens from the midgut wall cells. DMNT repressed the expression of PxMucin in midgut cells, and knocking down PxMucin resulted in PM rupture and P. xylostella death. A 16S RNA survey revealed that DMNT significantly disrupted midgut microbiota populations and that midgut microbes were essential for DMNT-induced killing. Therefore, we propose that the midgut microbiota assists DMNT in killing P. xylostella. These findings may provide a novel approach for plant protection against P. xylostella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyi Chen
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shijie Huang
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Taoshan Jiang
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Tao
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen He
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, the School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Peijin Li
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, the School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pinto MEF, Chan LY, Koehbach J, Devi S, Gründemann C, Gruber CW, Gomes M, Bolzani VS, Cilli EM, Craik DJ. Cyclotides from Brazilian Palicourea sessilis and Their Effects on Human Lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:81-90. [PMID: 33397096 PMCID: PMC7836058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are plant-derived peptides found within five families of flowering plants (Violaceae, Rubiaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Poaceae) that have a cyclic backbone and six conserved cysteine residues linked by disulfide bonds. Their presence within the Violaceae species seems ubiquitous, yet not all members of other families produce these macrocyclic peptides. The genus Palicourea Aubl. (Rubiaceae) contains hundreds of neotropical species of shrubs and small trees; however, only a few cyclotides have been discovered hitherto. Herein, five previously uncharacterized Möbius cyclotides within Palicourea sessilis and their pharmacological activities are described. Cyclotides were isolated from leaves and stems of this plant and identified as pase A-E, as well as the known peptide kalata S. Cyclotides were de novo sequenced by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, and their structures were solved by NMR spectroscopy. Because some cyclotides have been reported to modulate immune cells, pase A-D were assayed for cell proliferation of human primary activated T lymphocytes, and the results showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative function. The toxicity on other nonimmune cells was also assessed. This study reveals that pase cyclotides have potential for applications as immunosuppressants and in immune-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meri Emili F. Pinto
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University−UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-060 SP, Brazil
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Lai Yue Chan
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes Koehbach
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Seema Devi
- Institute
for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Center for Complementary
Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79111 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational
Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian W. Gruber
- Center
for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical
University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Gomes
- Rio
de Janeiro
Botanic Garden Research Institute−JBRJ, Rio de Janeiro, 22470-180 RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S. Bolzani
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University−UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-060 SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University−UNESP, Araraquara, 14800-060 SP, Brazil
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
McCullough K, Haukos DA, Albanese G. Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia) Sex Ratio in Tallgrass Prairie: Effects of Survey Timing and Management Regime. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-185.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey McCullough
- Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Kansas State University, 211 Leasure Hall Manhattan, 66506
| | - David A. Haukos
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Kansas State University, 205 Leasure Hall, Manhattan, 66506
| | - Gene Albanese
- Massachusetts Audubon Society, Conservation Science Department, 208 South Great Road, Lincoln, 01773
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Murali-Baskaran RK, Senthil-Nathan S, Hunter WB. Anti-herbivore activity of soluble silicon for crop protection in agriculture: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2626-2637. [PMID: 33150504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is considered an important component for plant growth, development, and yield in many crop species. Silicon is also known to reduce plant pests. Although Si, the major component of soil next to oxygen, it is not used as a major nutrient by crop plants. However, extensive literature demonstrate the beneficial effects of soluble silicates, like silicon [orthosilicic acid (Si(H4SiO4)], on reducing biotic stress in crop ecosystems. In general, monocots tend to accumulate substantially more Si in plant tissues than dicots. Si accumulates in plant cell walls, providing protection by increasing the synthesis of lignin and phenolic compounds and activating the endogenous chemical defenses of plants including volatile and non-volatile compounds and other physical structures like trichomes. This review provides an overview of the history of silicon use in agriculture in India, for the management of insect pests. The future research needs in this field of study are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu, 627412, India
| | - Wayne Brian Hunter
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Castro BMDCE, Martínez LC, Plata-Rueda A, Soares MA, Wilcken CF, Zanuncio AJV, Fiaz M, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Exposure to chlorantraniliprole reduces locomotion, respiration, and causes histological changes in the midgut of velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128008. [PMID: 32841879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The anthranilic diamide, chlorantraniliprole is a systemic insecticide affecting ryanodine receptors. This insecticide is used to control caterpillars in soybean crops because it has low toxicity to non-target organisms. The objective was to identify side-effects of chlorantraniliprole on midgut histopathology, respiration and behavior of the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis in laboratoty. Chlorantraniliprole has LC50 = 0.61 (0.58-0.64) mg mL-1 for A. gemmatalis fourth instar caterpillars after 96 h. The insecticide causes severe histopathological effects in the midgut with epithelial disorganization, microvilli degeneration, cytoplasm vacuolization, cell fragmentation, and peritrophic matrix disorganization. The respiratory rate and the walking speed decrease, whereas the resting period increase for caterpillars exposed to this insecticide. Chlorantraniliprole is toxic to A. gemmatalis at median lethal concentrations causing severe histological and ultrastructural changes with degeneration of the midgut epithelium, reduction of respiratory rates and inducing an arresting behavioral response of this insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Carlos Martínez
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angelica Plata-Rueda
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- Departamento de Proteção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Muhammad Fiaz
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grover T, Mishra R, Gulati P, Mohanty A. An insight into biological activities of native cyclotides for potential applications in agriculture and pharmaceutics. Peptides 2021; 135:170430. [PMID: 33096195 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are plant-derived mini-proteins of 28 - 37 amino acids. They have a characteristic head-to-tail cyclic backbone and three disulfide cross-linkages formed by six highly conserved cysteine residues, creating a unique knotted ring structure, known as a cyclic cystine knot (CCK) motif. The CCK topology confers immense stability to cyclotides with resistance to thermal and enzymatic degradation. Native cyclotides are of interest due to their multiple biological activities with several potential applications in agricultural (e.g. biopesticides, antifungal) and pharmaceutical (e.g. anti-HIV, cytotoxic to tumor cells) sectors. The most recent application of insecticidal activity of cyclotides is the commercially available biopesticidal spray known as 'Sero X' for cotton crops. Cyclotides have a general mode of action and their potency of bioactivity is determined through their binding ability, pore formation and disruption of the target biological membranes. Keeping in view the important potential applications of biological activities of cyclotides and the lack of an extensive and analytical compilation of bioactive cyclotides, the present review systematically describes eight major biological activities of the native cyclotides from four angiosperm families viz. Fabaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Violaceae. The bioactivities of 94 cytotoxic, 57 antibacterial, 44 hemolytic, 25 antifungal, 21 anti-HIV, 20 nematocidal, 10 insecticidal and 5 molluscicidal cyclotides have been comprehensively elaborated. Further, their distribution in angiosperm families, mode of action and future prospects have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Grover
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Gargi College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Reema Mishra
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Aparajita Mohanty
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Gargi College, University of Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dang TT, Chan LY, Huang YH, Nguyen LTT, Kaas Q, Huynh T, Craik DJ. Exploring the Sequence Diversity of Cyclotides from Vietnamese Viola Species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1817-1828. [PMID: 32437150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Viola is the largest genus in the Violaceae plant family and is known for its ubiquitous natural production of cyclotides. Many Viola species are used as medicinal herbs across Asia and are often consumed by humans in teas for the treatment of diseases, including ulcers and asthma. Previous studies reported the isolation of cyclotides from Viola species in many countries in the hope of discovering novel compounds with anti-cancer activities; however, Viola species from Vietnam have not been investigated to date. Here, the discovery of cyclotides from three Viola species (V. arcuata, V. tonkinensis, and V. austrosinensis) collected in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam is reported. Ten cyclotides were isolated from these three Viola species: four are novel and six were previously reported to be expressed in other plants. The structures of three of the new bracelet cyclotides are similar to that of cycloviolacin O2. Because cycloviolacin O2 has previously been shown to have potent activity against a wide range of cancer cell lines including HeLa (human cervical cancer cells) and PC-3 (human prostate cancer cells), the cancer cytotoxicity of the cyclotides isolated from V. arcuata was assessed. All tested cyclotides were cytotoxic against cancer cells, albeit to varying degrees. The sequences discovered in this study significantly expand the understanding of cyclotide diversity, especially in comparison with other cyclotides found in plants from the Asian region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tien T Dang
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lai Y Chan
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Linh T T Nguyen
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Quentin Kaas
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, RMIT University, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dancewicz K, Slazak B, Kiełkiewicz M, Kapusta M, Bohdanowicz J, Gabryś B. Behavioral and physiological effects of Viola spp. cyclotides on Myzus persicae (Sulz.). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 122:104025. [PMID: 32059835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are defense peptides produced by several plant families. Viola spp. (Violaceae) produce an array of cyclotides with varying biological activities. The peach potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a generalist that feeds on the secondary hosts of over 40 plant families, including Violaceae. The present work aimed to evaluate the activities of cycloviolacins from Viola odorata L. and V. ulignosa Besser (cyO2, cyO3, cyO13, cyO19) against M. persicae. To investigate the peptides' influence on aphid feeding behavior, we used 20% sucrose diets supplemented with cyclotides and measured the effects with electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. We also applied anti-cyclotide antibodies and immunohistochemistry to track the peptides in the digestive systems of the aphids. Our study shows that cyclotides affect aphid probing and feeding behavior and limit their diet sap uptake. The cycloviolacin cyclotides: cyO13 (100 µM) and cyO19 (50 µM) most strongly impeded aphid ingestion activities when applied in sucrose diet. Sustained ingestion of the diet was blocked by 100 µM cyO13, and no aphid showed ingestion of the diet for longer than 10 min. Cyclotides were detected in the pharynx, in contact with the epipharyngeal gustatory organ, in the stomach (midgut) and upper intestine. The present study shows the deterrent activity of cycloviolacins on M. persicae. This activity may be related to the peptides' effects on epithelial cells and gustatory organs along the aphid digestive system. We demonstrate that cyclotides may play an important role in plant-aphid interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dancewicz
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Blazej Slazak
- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland; Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre (BMC), Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Małgorzata Kiełkiewicz
- Section of Applied Entomology, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mehta L, Dhankhar R, Gulati P, Kapoor RK, Mohanty A, Kumar S. Natural and grafted cyclotides in cancer therapy: An insight. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3246. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lovekesh Mehta
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of MicrobiologyMaharshi Dayanand University Rohtak India
| | - Rakhi Dhankhar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of MicrobiologyMaharshi Dayanand University Rohtak India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of MicrobiologyMaharshi Dayanand University Rohtak India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Kapoor
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of MicrobiologyMaharshi Dayanand University Rohtak India
| | - Aparajita Mohanty
- Department of Botany, Gargi CollegeUniversity of Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of MicrobiologyMaharshi Dayanand University Rohtak India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tammineni R, Gulati P, Kumar S, Mohanty A. An overview of acyclotides: Past, present and future. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 170:112215. [PMID: 31812106 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acyclotides are plant-based, acyclic miniproteins with cystine knot motif formed by three conserved disulfide linkages and lack head to tail ligation. Acyclotides may not necessarily be less stable, even though they lack cyclic backbone, as the conserved cystine knot feature provides the required stability. Violacin A was the first acyclotide, isolated from Viola odorata in 2006. Until now, acyclotides have been reported from five dicot families (Violaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae) and one monocot family (Poaceae). In Poaceae, only acyclotides have been found whereas in dicot families both cyclotides and acyclotides have been isolated. In last 15 years, several acyclotides with antimicrobial, cytotoxic and hemolytic bioactivities have been discovered. Thus, although many naturally expressed acyclotides do exhibit bioactivities, the linearization of the cyclic peptides may result in loss of bioactivities. Although, bioactivities of acyclotides are comparable to their cyclic counterparts, the numbers of isolated acyclotides are still few. Further, those discovered, have the scope to be screened for agriculturally important activities (insecticidal, anti-helminthic, molluscicidal) and pharmaceutical properties (anticancer, anti-HIV, immuno-stimulant). The feasibility of application of acyclotides is because of their relatively less complex biological synthesis compared to cyclotides, as the cyclization step is not needed. This attribute facilitates the production of transgenic crops and/or its expression in heterologous organisms, lacking cyclization machinery. Keeping in view the bioactivities and the wide array of emerging potential applications of acyclotides, the present review discusses their distribution in plants, gene and protein structure, biosynthesis, bioactivities and mechanism of action. Further, their potential applications and future perspectives to exploit them in agriculture and pharmaceutical industries have been highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Tammineni
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Gargi College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Labudda M, Różańska E, Prabucka B, Muszyńska E, Marecka D, Kozak M, Dababat AA, Sobczak M. Activity profiling of barley vacuolar processing enzymes provides new insights into the plant and cyst nematode interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:38-52. [PMID: 31605455 PMCID: PMC6913211 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) play an important role during regular growth and development and defence responses. Despite substantial attempts to understand the molecular basis of plant-cyst nematode interaction, the mechanism of VPEs functioning during this interaction remains unknown. The second-stage Heterodera filipjevi juvenile penetrates host roots and induces the formation of a permanent feeding site called a syncytium. To investigate whether infection with H. filipjevi alters plant host VPEs, the studies were performed in Hordeum vulgare roots and leaves on the day of inoculation and at 7, 14 and 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). Implementing molecular, biochemical and microscopic methods we identified reasons for modulation of barley VPE activity during interaction with H. filipjevi. Heterodera filipjevi parasitism caused a general decrease of VPE activity in infected roots, but live imaging of VPEs showed that their activity is up-regulated in syncytia at 7 and 14 dpi and down-regulated at 21 dpi. These findings were accompanied by tissue-specific VPE gene expression patterns. Expression of the barley cystatin HvCPI-4 gene was stimulated in leaves but diminished in roots upon infestation. External application of cyclotides that can be produced naturally by VPEs elicits in pre-parasitic juveniles vesiculation of their body, enhanced formation of granules, induction of exploratory behaviour (stylet thrusts and head movements), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and final death by methuosis. Taken together, down-regulation of VPE activity through nematode effectors promotes the nematode invasion rates and leads to avoidance of the induction of the plant proteolytic response and death of the invading juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Beata Prabucka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Dorota Marecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Kozak
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Abdelfattah A. Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Soil Borne Pathogens ProgramP.K. 39 Emek06511AnkaraTurkey
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
This Review explores the class of plant-derived macrocyclic peptides called cyclotides. We include an account of their discovery, characterization, and distribution in the plant kingdom as well as a detailed analysis of their sequences and structures, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis, biological functions, and applications. These macrocyclic peptides are around 30 amino acids in size and are characterized by their head-to-tail cyclic backbone and cystine knot motif, which render them to be exceptionally stable, with resistance to thermal or enzymatic degradation. Routes to their chemical synthesis have been developed over the past two decades, and this capability has facilitated a wide range of mutagenesis and structure-activity relationship studies. In turn, these studies have both led to an increased understanding of their mechanisms of action as well as facilitated a range of applications in agriculture and medicine, as ecofriendly crop protection agents, and as drug leads or scaffolds for pharmaceutical design. Our overall objective in this Review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of cyclotides that we hope will stimulate further work on this fascinating family of peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Meng-Wei Kan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Foreman DJ, Parsley NC, Lawler JT, Aryal UK, Hicks LM, McLuckey SA. Gas-Phase Sequencing of Cyclotides: Introduction of Selective Ring Opening at Dehydroalanine via Ion/Ion Reaction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15608-15616. [PMID: 31746593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase linearization of cyclotides via site-selective ring opening at dehydroalanine residues and its application to cyclotide sequencing is presented. This strategy relies on the ability to incorporate dehydroalanine into macrocyclic peptide ions, which is easily accomplished through an ion/ion reaction. Triply protonated cyclotide cations are transformed into radical cations via ion/ion reaction with the sulfate radical anion. Subsequent activation of the cyclotide radical cation generates dehydroalanine at a single cysteine residue, which is easily identified by the odd-electron loss of ·SCH2CONH2. The presence of dehydroalanine in cyclotides provides a site-selective ring-opening pathway that, in turn, generates linear cyclotide analogues in the gas phase. Unlike cyclic variants, product ions derived from the linear peptides provide rich sequence information. The sequencing capability of this strategy is demonstrated with four known cyclotides found in Viola inconspicua, where, in each case, greater than 93% sequence coverage was observed. Furthermore, the utility of this method is highlighted by the partial de novo sequencing of an unknown cyclotide with much greater sequence coverage than that obtained with a conventional Glu-C digestion approach. This method is particularly well-suited for cyclotide species that are not abundant enough to characterize with traditional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole C Parsley
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | | | | | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27514 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang YH, Du Q, Craik DJ. Cyclotides: Disulfide-rich peptide toxins in plants. Toxicon 2019; 172:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
36
|
Foreman DJ, Lawler JT, Niedrauer ML, Hostetler MA, McLuckey SA. Gold(I) Cationization Promotes Ring Opening in Lysine-Containing Cyclic Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1914-1922. [PMID: 31250319 PMCID: PMC6812625 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to sequence lysine-containing cyclic peptides by MSn is presented. Doubly protonated cyclic peptides ions are transformed into gold (I) cationized peptide ions via cation switching ion/ion reaction. Gold(I) cationization facilitates the oxidation of neutral lysine residues in the gas phase, weakening the adjacent amide bond. Upon activation, facile cleavage N-terminal to the oxidized lysine residue provides a site-specific ring opening pathway that converts cyclic peptides into acyclic analogs. The ensuing ion contains a cyclic imine as the new N-terminus and an oxazolone, or structural equivalent, as the new C-terminus. Product ions are formed from subsequent fragmentation events of the linearized peptide ion. Such an approach simplifies MS/MS data interpretation as a series of fragment ions with common N- and C-termini are generated. Results are presented for two cyclic peptides, sunflower trypsin inhibitor and the model cyclic peptide, β-Loop. The power of this strategy lies in the ability to generate the oxidized peptide, which is easily identified via the loss of HAuNH3 from [M + Au]+. While some competitive processes are observed, the site of ring opening can be pinpointed to the lysine residue upon MS4 enabling the unambiguous sequencing of cyclic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Foreman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - John T Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Mary L Niedrauer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Matthew A Hostetler
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ojeda PG, Cardoso MH, Franco OL. Pharmaceutical applications of cyclotides. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2152-2161. [PMID: 31541712 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are cyclic peptides, present in several plant families, that show diverse biological properties. Structurally, cyclotides share a distinctive head-to-tail circular knotted topology of three disulfide bonds. This framework provides cyclotides with extraordinary resistance to thermal and chemical denaturation. There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of cyclotides, which combine several promising pharmaceutical properties, including binding affinity, target selectivity, and low toxicity towards healthy mammalian cells. Recently, cyclotides have been reported to be orally bioavailable and have proved to be amenable to modifications. Here, we provide an overview of the structure, properties, and pharmaceutical applications of cyclotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola G Ojeda
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Av. San Miguel 3605, Talca 3480112, Chile
| | - Marlon H Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; 3S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; 3S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mason CJ, Ray S, Shikano I, Peiffer M, Jones AG, Luthe DS, Hoover K, Felton GW. Plant defenses interact with insect enteric bacteria by initiating a leaky gut syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15991-15996. [PMID: 31332013 PMCID: PMC6689943 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908748116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce suites of defenses that can collectively deter and reduce herbivory. Many defenses target the insect digestive system, with some altering the protective peritrophic matrix (PM) and causing increased permeability. The PM is responsible for multiple digestive functions, including reducing infections from potential pathogenic microbes. In our study, we developed axenic and gnotobiotic methods for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and tested how particular members present in the gut community influence interactions with plant defenses that can alter PM permeability. We observed interactions between gut bacteria with plant resistance. Axenic insects grew more but displayed lower immune-based responses compared with those possessing Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter isolates from field-collected larvae. While gut bacteria reduced performance of larvae fed on plants, none of the isolates produced mortality when injected directly into the hemocoel. Our results strongly suggest that plant physical and chemical defenses not only act directly upon the insect, but also have some interplay with the herbivore's microbiome. Combined direct and indirect, microbe-mediated assaults by maize defenses on the fall armyworm on the insect digestive and immune system reduced growth and elevated mortality in these insects. These results imply that plant-insect interactions should be considered in the context of potential mediation by the insect gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Asher G Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Dawn S Luthe
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mason CJ, Ray S, Shikano I, Peiffer M, Jones AG, Luthe DS, Hoover K, Felton GW. Plant defenses interact with insect enteric bacteria by initiating a leaky gut syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019. [PMID: 31332013 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7254t7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce suites of defenses that can collectively deter and reduce herbivory. Many defenses target the insect digestive system, with some altering the protective peritrophic matrix (PM) and causing increased permeability. The PM is responsible for multiple digestive functions, including reducing infections from potential pathogenic microbes. In our study, we developed axenic and gnotobiotic methods for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and tested how particular members present in the gut community influence interactions with plant defenses that can alter PM permeability. We observed interactions between gut bacteria with plant resistance. Axenic insects grew more but displayed lower immune-based responses compared with those possessing Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter isolates from field-collected larvae. While gut bacteria reduced performance of larvae fed on plants, none of the isolates produced mortality when injected directly into the hemocoel. Our results strongly suggest that plant physical and chemical defenses not only act directly upon the insect, but also have some interplay with the herbivore's microbiome. Combined direct and indirect, microbe-mediated assaults by maize defenses on the fall armyworm on the insect digestive and immune system reduced growth and elevated mortality in these insects. These results imply that plant-insect interactions should be considered in the context of potential mediation by the insect gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Michelle Peiffer
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Asher G Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Dawn S Luthe
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Saikhedkar NS, Joshi RS, Yadav AK, Seal S, Fernandes M, Giri AP. Phyto-inspired cyclic peptides derived from plant Pin-II type protease inhibitor reactive center loops for crop protection from insect pests. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1254-1262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
41
|
Toxicity and cytopathology mediated by Bacillus thuringiensis in the midgut of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6667. [PMID: 31040309 PMCID: PMC6491604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinsecticides and transgenic plants, based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins are important when managing Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a soybean defoliator pest. The interaction of these toxins with the caterpillar’s midgut cells determines their efficacy as an insecticide. The objective was to evaluate the toxicity of B. thuringiensis, subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 and cytopathological changes mediated by these bacterial toxins in the midgut of A. gemmatalis caterpillars. Insecticidal efficacy was determined by calculating lethal concentration values (LC25, LC50, LC75, LC90 and LC99) in the laboratory. Midgut fragments from A. gemmatalis were extracted after bacterial ingestion and evaluated by light, transmission electron and confocal microscopy. The Bt median lethal concentrations showed toxicity [LC50 = 0.46 (0.43–0.49) mg mL−1] to fourth instar A. gemmatalis caterpillars after 108 hours. Bt induces severe cytotoxicity to A. gemmatalis midgut epithelial cells with increasing exposure over time, causing cellular disorganization, microvillus degeneration, cell fragmentation and protrusion, peritrophic membrane rupture, and cell vacuolization. The cell nuclei presented condensed chromatin and an increase in lysosome numbers. Apoptosis occurred in the midgut cells of caterpillars exposed to Bt. A regenerative response in A. gemmatalis caterpillars was observed 8 hours after exposure to Bt, however this response was not continuous. Toxins produced by Bt are harmful to A. gemmatalis at median concentration with structural damage and death of the midgut epithelial cells of this insect.
Collapse
|
42
|
Camarero JA, Campbell MJ. The Potential of the Cyclotide Scaffold for Drug Development. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020031. [PMID: 31010257 PMCID: PMC6631875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclotides are a novel class of micro-proteins (≈30-40 residues long) with a unique topology containing a head-to-tail cyclized backbone structure further stabilized by three disulfide bonds that form a cystine knot. This unique molecular framework makes them exceptionally stable to physical, chemical, and biological degradation compared to linear peptides of similar size. The cyclotides are also highly tolerant to sequence variability, aside from the conserved residues forming the cystine knot, and are orally bioavailable and able to cross cellular membranes to modulate intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs), both in vitro and in vivo. These unique properties make them ideal scaffolds for many biotechnological applications, including drug discovery. This review provides an overview of the properties of cyclotides and their potential for the development of novel peptide-based therapeutics. The selective disruption of PPIs still remains a very challenging task, as the interacting surfaces are relatively large and flat. The use of the cell-permeable highly constrained polypeptide molecular frameworks, such as the cyclotide scaffold, has shown great promise, as it provides unique pharmacological properties. The use of molecular techniques, such as epitope grafting, and molecular evolution have shown to be highly effective for the selection of bioactive cyclotides. However, despite successes in employing cyclotides to target PPIs, some of the challenges to move them into the clinic still remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Camarero
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA.
| | - Maria Jose Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 9033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hill RI, Rush CE, Mayberry J. Larval Food Limitation in a Speyeria Butterfly (Nymphalidae): How Many Butterflies Can Be Supported? INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040179. [PMID: 30513808 PMCID: PMC6316225 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For herbivorous insects the importance of larval food plants is obvious, yet the role of host abundance and density in conservation are relatively understudied. Populations of Speyeria butterflies across North America have declined and Speyeria adiaste is an imperiled species endemic to the southern California Coast Ranges. In this paper, we study the link between the food plant Viola purpurea quercetorum and abundance of its herbivore Speyeria adiaste clemencei to better understand the butterfly’s decline and aid in restoration of this and other Speyeria species. To assess the degree to which the larval food plant limits adult abundance of S. a. clemencei in 2013, we compared adult population counts to population size predicted from a Monte Carlo simulation using data for number of V. pur. quercetorum plants, number of leaves per plant, and leaf area per plant, with lab estimates of leaf area consumed to reach pupal stage on the non-native host V. papilionacea. Results indicated an average estimate of 765 pupae (median = 478), with 77% of the distribution being <1000 pupae. However, this was heavily dependent on plant distribution, and accounting for the number of transect segments with sufficient host to support a pupa predicted 371 pupae. The adult population empirical estimate was 227 individuals (95% CI is 146 to 392), which lies near the first quartile of the simulated distribution. These results indicate that the amount of host available to larvae was more closely linked to adult abundance than the amount of host present, especially when considering assumptions of the analyses. The data also indicate that robust populations require host density well in excess of what is eaten by larvae, in combination with appropriate spacing, to mitigate factors such as competition, starvation from leaving host patches, or unrelated to food plant, such as mortality from drought, predators, parasites, or disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan I Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
| | - Cassidi E Rush
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
| | - John Mayberry
- Department of Mathematics, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
A structural perspective of plant antimicrobial peptides. Biochem J 2018; 475:3359-3375. [PMID: 30413680 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the numerous strategies plants have developed to fend off enemy attack, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) stand out as one of the most prominent defensive barriers that grant direct and durable resistance against a wide range of pests and pathogens. These small proteins are characterized by a compact structure and an overall positive charge. AMPs have an ancient origin and widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom but show an unusually high degree of variation in their amino acid sequences. Interestingly, there is a strikingly conserved topology among the plant AMP families, suggesting that the defensive properties of these peptides are not determined by their primary sequences but rather by their tridimensional structure. To explore and expand this idea, we here discuss the role of AMPs for plant defense from a structural perspective. We show how specific structural properties, such as length, charge, hydrophobicity, polar angle and conformation, are essential for plant AMPs to act as a chemical shield that hinders enemy attack. Knowledge on the topology of these peptides is facilitating the isolation, classification and even structural redesign of AMPs, thus allowing scientists to develop new peptides with multiple agronomical and pharmacological potential.
Collapse
|
45
|
Campos ML, de Souza CM, de Oliveira KBS, Dias SC, Franco OL. The role of antimicrobial peptides in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4997-5011. [PMID: 30099553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective pressure imposed by millions of years of relentless biological attack has led to the development of an extraordinary array of defense strategies in plants. Among these, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) stand out as one of the most prominent components of the plant immune system. These small and usually basic peptides are deployed as a generalist defense strategy that grants direct and durable resistance against biotic stress. Even though their name implies a function against microbes, the range of plant-associated organisms affected by these peptides is much broader. In this review, we highlight the advances in our understanding on the role of AMPs in plant immunity. We demonstrate that the capacity of plant AMPs to act against a large spectrum of enemies relies on their diverse mechanism of action and remarkable structural stability. The efficacy of AMPs as a defense strategy is evidenced by their widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom, an astonishing heterogeneity in host peptide composition, and the extent to which plant enemies have evolved effective counter-measures to evade AMP action. Plant AMPs are becoming an important topic of research due to their significance in allowing plants to thrive and for their enormous potential in agronomical and pharmaceutical fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá/MT, Brazil
| | - Camila Maurmann de Souza
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
| | | | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasilia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Bioquímicas e Proteômicas, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasilia/DF, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande/MS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Discovery of peptide probes to modulate oxytocin-type receptors of insects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10020. [PMID: 29968789 PMCID: PMC6030093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxytocin/vasopressin signalling system is conserved across the animal kingdom. In insects, the role of oxytocin-type (inotocin) neuropeptides has only been studied in locusts, beetles and ants, but their physiology continues to be poorly understood. One reason for this knowledge deficit is the lack of available research tools to complement functional genomics efforts. Consequently, ligands to probe insect inotocin receptors are essential. In this study, we sought to identify novel agonists and antagonists of the inotocin receptor from the representative model species Tribolium castaneum and Lasius niger. Drawing upon known ligands of the human receptors, we examined the pharmacology of the plant-derived cyclotide kalata B7 and the synthetic oxytocin analogue atosiban. Kalata B7 is a weak partial agonist of both inotocin receptors. This is the first reported direct interaction of cyclotides with an insect receptor, an observation that may explain their presumed role in herbivore defence. Furthermore, we discovered atosiban is an antagonist of the Tribolium receptor, which may provide a useful probe to investigate the functionality of inotocin signalling in beetles and related insect species. Our findings will enable further examination of insect inotocin receptor pharmacology and physiology, and may trigger studies to comprehend the interaction of plant cyclotides and insects.
Collapse
|
47
|
Pinto MEF, Najas JZG, Magalhães LG, Bobey AF, Mendonça JN, Lopes NP, Leme FM, Teixeira SP, Trovó M, Andricopulo AD, Koehbach J, Gruber CW, Cilli EM, Bolzani VS. Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Migration by Cyclotides Isolated from Pombalia calceolaria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1203-1208. [PMID: 29757646 PMCID: PMC5974699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two new bracelet cyclotides from roots of Pombalia calceolaria with potential anticancer activity have been characterized in this work. The cyclotides Poca A and B (1 and 2) and the previously known CyO4 (3) were de novo sequenced by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry (MS). The MS2 spectra were examined and the amino acid sequences were determined. The purified peptides were tested for their cytotoxicity and effects on cell migration of MDA-MB-231, a triple-negative breast cancer cell line. The isolated cyclotides reduced the number of cancer cells by more than 80% at 20 μM, and the concentration-related cytotoxic responses were observed with IC50 values of 1.8, 2.7, and 9.8 μM for Poca A (1), Poca B (2), and CyO4 (3), respectively. Additionally, the inhibition of cell migration (wound-healing assay) exhibited that CyO4 (3) presents an interesting activity profile, in being able to inhibit cell migration (50%) at a subtoxic concentration (2 μM). The distribution of these cyclotides in the roots was analyzed by MALDI imaging, demonstrating that all three compounds are present in the phloem and cortical parenchyma regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meri Emili F. Pinto
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University−UNESP, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Tel: 55-16-33019510. Fax: 55-16-33222308. E-mail:
| | - Jhenny Z. G. Najas
- Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro−UFRJ, 21940-910, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luma G. Magalhães
- Computational
and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Physics Institute of São
Carlos, The University of São Paulo−USP, 13563-120, São
Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio F. Bobey
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University−UNESP, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline N. Mendonça
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, The University of São Paulo−USP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, The University of São Paulo−USP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia M. Leme
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, The University of São Paulo−USP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone P. Teixeira
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, The University of São Paulo−USP, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Trovó
- Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro−UFRJ, 21940-910, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriano D. Andricopulo
- Computational
and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Physics Institute of São
Carlos, The University of São Paulo−USP, 13563-120, São
Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Johannes Koehbach
- Center
for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical
University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, 4072, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christian W. Gruber
- Center
for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical
University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University−UNESP, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S. Bolzani
- Institute
of Chemistry, São Paulo State University−UNESP, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Tel: 55-16-33019660. Fax: 55-16-33222308. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Stahl E, Hilfiker O, Reymond P. Plant-arthropod interactions: who is the winner? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:703-728. [PMID: 29160609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense response. A signaling cascade triggers the expression of hundreds of genes, which encode defensive proteins and enzymes for synthesis of toxic metabolites. This direct defense is often complemented by emission of volatiles that attract beneficial parasitoids. In return, arthropods have evolved strategies to interfere with plant defenses, either by producing effectors to inhibit detection and downstream signaling steps, or by adapting to their detrimental effect. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the molecular and chemical dialog between plants and herbivores, with an emphasis on co-evolutionary aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hilfiker
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Camarero JA. Cyclotides, a versatile ultrastable micro-protein scaffold for biotechnological applications. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5089-5099. [PMID: 29110985 PMCID: PMC5812341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclotides are fascinating microproteins (≈30-40 residues long) with a unique head-to-tail cyclized backbone, stabilized by three disulfide bonds forming a cystine knot. This unique topology makes them exceptionally stable to chemical, thermal and biological degradation compared to other peptides of similar size. Cyclotides have been also found to be highly tolerant to sequence variability, aside from the conserved residues forming the cystine knot, able to cross cellular membranes and modulate intracellular protein-protein interactions both in vitro and in vivo. These properties make them ideal scaffolds for many biotechnological applications. This article provides and overview of the properties of cyclotides and their applications as molecular imaging agents and peptide-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Camarero
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Investigation of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes Associated with Fungus and Insect Resistance in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091938. [PMID: 28914754 PMCID: PMC5618587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small defense proteins present in various organisms. Major groups of AMPs include beta-barrelin, hevein, knottin, lipid transfer protein (LTP), thionin, defensin, snakin, and cyclotide. Most plant AMPs involve host plant resistance to pathogens such as fungi, viruses, and bacteria, whereas a few plant AMPs from the cyclotide family carry insecticidal functions. In this research, a genome-wide investigation on antimicrobial peptide genes in maize genome was conducted. AMPs previously identified from various plant species were used as query sequences for maize genome data mining. Thirty-nine new maize AMPs were identified in addition to seven known maize AMPs. Protein sequence analysis revealed 10 distinguishable maize AMP groups. Analysis of mRNA expression of maize AMP genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed different expression patterns in a panel of 10 maize inbred lines. Five maize AMP genes were found significantly associated with insect or fungus resistance. Identification of maize antimicrobial peptide genes will facilitate the breeding of host plant resistance and improve maize production.
Collapse
|