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Picazo-Frutos R, Sheberstov KF, Blanchard JW, Van Dyke E, Reh M, Sjoelander T, Pines A, Budker D, Barskiy DA. Zero-field J-spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4487. [PMID: 38802356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZULF NMR) allows molecular structure elucidation via measurement of electron-mediated spin-spin J-couplings. This study examines zero-field J-spectra from molecules with quadrupolar nuclei, exemplified by solutions of various isotopologues of ammonium cations. The spectra reveal differences between various isotopologues upon extracting precise J-coupling values from pulse-acquire measurements. A primary isotope effect, △ J = γ 14 N / γ 15 N J 15 N H - J 14 N H ≈ - 58 mHz, is deduced by analysis of the proton-nitrogen J-coupling ratios. This study points toward further experiments with symmetric cations containing quadrupolar nuclei, promising applications in biomedicine, energy storage, and benchmarking quantum chemistry calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román Picazo-Frutos
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kirill F Sheberstov
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - John W Blanchard
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Erik Van Dyke
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Moritz Reh
- Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Sjoelander
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danila A Barskiy
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3220, USA.
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2
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Maurice V, Carlé C, Keshavarzi S, Chutani R, Queste S, Gauthier-Manuel L, Cote JM, Vicarini R, Abdel Hafiz M, Boudot R, Passilly N. Wafer-level vapor cells filled with laser-actuated hermetic seals for integrated atomic devices. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:129. [PMID: 36533261 PMCID: PMC9747707 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomic devices such as atomic clocks and optically-pumped magnetometers rely on the interrogation of atoms contained in a cell whose inner content has to meet high standards of purity and accuracy. Glass-blowing techniques and craftsmanship have evolved over many decades to achieve such standards in macroscopic vapor cells. With the emergence of chip-scale atomic devices, the need for miniaturization and mass fabrication has led to the adoption of microfabrication techniques to make millimeter-scale vapor cells. However, many shortcomings remain and no process has been able to match the quality and versatility of glass-blown cells. Here, we introduce a novel approach to structure, fill and seal microfabricated vapor cells inspired from the century-old approach of glass-blowing, through opening and closing single-use zero-leak microfabricated valves. These valves are actuated exclusively by laser, and operate in the same way as the "make-seals" and "break-seals" found in the filling apparatus of traditional cells. Such structures are employed to fill cesium vapor cells at the wafer-level. The make-seal structure consists of a glass membrane that can be locally heated and deflected to seal a microchannel. The break-seal is obtained by breaching a silicon wall between cavities. This new approach allows adapting processes previously restricted to glass-blown cells. It can also be extended to vacuum microelectronics and vacuum-packaging of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Maurice
- IEMN - Institut d’Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, UMR8520 CNRS, Université Lille, Centrale Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Clément Carlé
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Shervin Keshavarzi
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Ravinder Chutani
- IEMN - Institut d’Electronique de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, UMR8520 CNRS, Université Lille, Centrale Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Samuel Queste
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Ludovic Gauthier-Manuel
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cote
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Rémy Vicarini
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Moustafa Abdel Hafiz
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Rodolphe Boudot
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Passilly
- FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR6174 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
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3
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Yao H, Maddox B, Renzoni F. High-sensitivity operation of an unshielded single cell radio-frequency atomic magnetometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42015-42025. [PMID: 36366663 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Real-world applications of atomic magnetometers require the ability to operate them with high-sensitivity in the presence of magnetic noise. In the present work, high-sensitivity operation of unshielded atomic magnetometers in a magnetically noisy environment is demonstrated. The distinguishing feature of the demonstrated approach is the implementation of active in-situ bias field stabilization using multiple fluxgate magnetometers. This is combined with the use of a counter-propagating pump and triple-pass probe configuration, to maximize the atomic polarization and the probe rotation respectively, so to reach high-sensitivity. The improvement in sensitivity of the unshielded system with respect to previous realizations is fully characterized, with the contributions of the different modifications of the apparatus individually quantified. The presented set-up is suitable for the detection of long-range magnetic fields, where shielding or differential measurements using multi-sensor set-ups do not constitute viable options.
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4
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Kaseman DC, Batrice RJ, Williams RF. Detection of natural abundance 13C J-couplings at Earth's magnetic field for spin system differentiation of small organic molecules. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 342:107272. [PMID: 35917767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy routinely characterizes the unique spin systems of molecules using a combination of chemical shift and J-coupling interactions for the 1H and 13C nuclei. However, at Earth's magnetic field, chemical shifts are unresolvable and the ability to characterize structure relies solely on the J-couplings. Fortuitously, the J-couplings at Earth's field provides the same spin system information as high field, but only requires detection of the 1H nucleus. We report the first identification of the multiple natural abundance 1H-13C spin systems on organic molecules detected at Earth's magnetic field. The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of Earth's field NMR to characterize small organic molecules without costly enrichment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick C Kaseman
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Rami J Batrice
- Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
| | - Robert F Williams
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
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5
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Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165568. [PMID: 34451010 PMCID: PMC8402258 DOI: 10.3390/s21165568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
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6
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Blanchard JW, Budker D, Trabesinger A. Lower than low: Perspectives on zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106886. [PMID: 33518173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The less-traveled low road in nuclear magnetic resonance is discussed, honoring the contributions of Prof. Bernhard Blümich, aspiring towards reaching 'a new low.' A history of the subject and its current status are briefly reviewed, followed by an effort to prophesy possible directions for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blanchard
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA
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7
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Put P, Pustelny S, Budker D, Druga E, Sjolander TF, Pines A, Barskiy DA. Zero- to Ultralow-Field NMR Spectroscopy of Small Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3226-3232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Put
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Szymon Pustelny
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30-348, Poland
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United States
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, United States
| | - Tobias F. Sjolander
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, United States
| | - Danila A. Barskiy
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462, United States
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8
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Jiang M, Bian J, Li Q, Wu Z, Su H, Xu M, Wang Y, Wang X, Peng X. Zero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance and its applications. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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10
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Gerginov V, Pomponio M, Knappe S. Scalar Magnetometry Below 100 fT/Hz 1/2 in a Microfabricated Cell. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2020; 20:12684-12690. [PMID: 36275194 PMCID: PMC9586184 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2020.3002193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zero-field optically-pumped magnetometers are a room-temperature alternative to traditionally used super-conducting sensors detecting extremely weak magnetic fields. They offer certain advantages such as small size, flexible arrangement, reduced sensitivity in ambient fields offering the possibility for telemetry. Devices based on microfabricated technology are nowadays commercially available. The limited dynamic range and vector nature of the zero-field magnetometers restricts their use to environments heavily shielded against magnetic noise. Total-field (or scalar) magnetometers based on microfabricated cells have demonstrated subpicotesla sensitivities only recently. This work demonstrates a scalar magnetometer based on a single optical axis, 18 (3 × 3 × 2) mm3 microfabricated cell, with a noise floor of 70 fT/Hz1/2. The magnetometer operates in a large static magnetic field range, and and is based on a simple optical and electronic configuration that allows the development of dense sensor arrays. Different methods of magnetometer interrogation are demonstrated. The features of this magnetic field sensor hold promise for applications of miniature sensors in nonzero field environments such as unshielded magnetoencephalography (MEG) and brain-computer interfaces (BCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Gerginov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Marco Pomponio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Svenja Knappe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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11
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Korchak S, Jagtap AP, Glöggler S. Signal-enhanced real-time magnetic resonance of enzymatic reactions at millitesla fields. Chem Sci 2020; 12:314-319. [PMID: 34163599 PMCID: PMC8178804 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04884d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely applied in biomedical and biological science to study structures and dynamics of proteins and their reactions. Despite its impact, NMR is an inherently insensitive phenomenon and has driven the field to construct spectrometers with increasingly higher magnetic fields leading to more detection sensitivity. Here, we are demonstrating that enzymatic reactions can be followed in real-time at millitesla fields, three orders of magnitude lower than the field of state-of-the-art NMR spectrometers. This requires signal-enhancing samples via hyperpolarization. Within seconds, we have enhanced the signals of 2-13C-pyruvate, an important metabolite to probe cancer metabolism, in 22 mM concentrations (up to 10.1% ± 0.1% polarization) and show that such a large signal allows for the real-time detection of enzymatic conversion of pyruvate to lactate at 24 mT. This development paves the pathways for biological studies in portable and affordable NMR systems with a potential for medical diagnostics. We demonstrate that metabolism can be monitored in real-time with magnetic resonance at milli-tesla fields that are 1000 fold lower than state-of-the-art high field spectrometers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Korchak
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group, Max-Planck-Insitute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG Von-Siebold-Str. 3A 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Anil P Jagtap
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group, Max-Planck-Insitute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG Von-Siebold-Str. 3A 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Stefan Glöggler
- NMR Signal Enhancement Group, Max-Planck-Insitute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Faßberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration of UMG Von-Siebold-Str. 3A 37075 Göttingen Germany
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12
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A numerical study of pre-polarisation switching in ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging using dynamic permanent magnet arrays. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18141. [PMID: 33097737 PMCID: PMC7585444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamically adjustable permanent magnet arrays have been proposed to generate switchable magnetic fields for pre-polarisation in Ultra-Low Field magnetic resonance imaging. However, the optimal switching dynamics of the pre-polarisation magnetic field as well as the energy requirements, mechanical forces and stresses during switching of the pre-polarisation field have not been evaluated. We analysed these requirements numerically and estimated the magnetic resonance signal strength and image quality for two practical switching modes in an instrument suitable for scanning the human head. Von Mises stress analysis showed that although magnetic forces were significantly higher for two specific rungs, the structural integrity of magnet rungs would not be compromised. Our simulations suggest that a significantly higher signal yield is obtained by switching off the pre-polarisation field with the angular velocity in each rung dependent on its location.
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13
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Qiang S, Fang J, Mingzhi Z, Baoxu W, Dongge D, Fei Y. Suppression of ambient stray field for alkali magnetometer of nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes: Modeling and experiment. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:095005. [PMID: 33003795 DOI: 10.1063/5.0018011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes (NMRGs), an ambient stray field should be suppressed to maximize performance of the in situ parametrically modulated alkali magnetometer (PMAM). Transfer functions of the PMAM of NMRGs decoupled with lock-in amplifiers are obtained by theoretical and simulation identification. It is found that the frequency bandwidth of the PMAM of NMRGs decoupled by lock-in amplifiers depends largely upon the low-pass filter of the lock-in amplifiers. A dynamic Kalman filter is used to estimate the stray field disturbance that is fed back to field coils to compensate the disturbance in the PMAM. Simulation and experiment results show that the dynamic Kalman filter has adaptiveness to the frequency shift of the nuclear spin precession signal of NMRGs that is quasi-sinusoidal. The dynamic Kalman filter for the PMAM is efficient in suppressing the ambient stray field noise of broad band and low frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Qiang
- Institute of Mechanical Manufacturing Technology, Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Ji Fang
- Institute of Mechanical Manufacturing Technology, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Zhu Mingzhi
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Wang Baoxu
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Deng Dongge
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Yang Fei
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Mianyang 621999, China
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14
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Sjolander TF, Blanchard JW, Budker D, Pines A. Two-dimensional single- and multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy in zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 318:106781. [PMID: 32759044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present single- and multiple-quantum correlation J-spectroscopy detected in zero (<1μG) magnetic field using a 87Rb vapor-cell magnetometer. At zero field the spectrum of ethanol appears as a mixture of 13C isotopomers, and correlation spectroscopy is useful in separating the two composite spectra. We also identify and observe the zero-field equivalent of a double-quantum transition in 13C2-acetic acid, and show that such transitions are of use in spectral assignment. Two-dimensional spectroscopy further improves the high resolution attained in zero-field NMR since selection rules on the coherence-transfer pathways allow for the separation of otherwise overlapping resonances into distinct cross-peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Sjolander
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John W Blanchard
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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15
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Kaseman DC, Magnelind PE, Widgeon Paisner S, Yoder JL, Alvarez M, Urbaitis AV, Janicke MT, Nath P, Espy MA, Williams RF. Design and implementation of a J-coupled spectrometer for multidimensional structure and relaxation detection at low magnetic fields. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:054103. [PMID: 32486714 DOI: 10.1063/1.5130391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has been realized that low and ultra-low field (mT-nT magnetic field range) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used for molecular structural analysis. However, spectra are often hindered by lengthy acquisition times or require large sample volumes and high concentrations. Here, we report a low field (50 μT) instrument that employs a linear actuator to shuttle samples between a 1 T prepolarization field and a solenoid detector in a laboratory setting. The current experimental setup is benchmarked using water and 13C-methanol with a single scan detection limit of 2 × 1020 spins (3 µl, 55M H2O) and detection limit of 2.9 × 1019 (200 µl, 617 mM 13C-methanol) spins with signal averaging. The system has a dynamic range of >3 orders of magnitude. Investigations of room-temperature relaxation dynamics of 13C-methanol show that sample dilution can be used in lieu of sample heating to acquire spectra with linewidths comparable to high-temperature spectra. These results indicate that the T1 and T2 mechanisms are governed by both the proton exchange rate and the dissolved oxygen in the sample. Finally, a 2D correlation spectroscopy experiment is reported, performed in the strong coupling regime that resolves the multiple resonances associated with the heteronuclear J-coupling. The spectrum was collected using 10 times less sample and in less than half the time from previous reports in the strong coupling limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick C Kaseman
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Per E Magnelind
- Quantum Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Scarlett Widgeon Paisner
- Materials Science in Radiation and Dynamics Extremes Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jacob L Yoder
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Marc Alvarez
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Algis V Urbaitis
- Quantum Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Michael T Janicke
- Inorganic, Isotope and Actinide Chemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Pulak Nath
- Quantum Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Michelle A Espy
- Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Robert F Williams
- Bioenergy and Biome Sciences Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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16
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Smits J, Damron JT, Kehayias P, McDowell AF, Mosavian N, Fescenko I, Ristoff N, Laraoui A, Jarmola A, Acosta VM. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a microfluidic diamond quantum sensor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw7895. [PMID: 31360769 PMCID: PMC6660203 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have emerged as a promising detection modality for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy owing to their micrometer-scale detection volume and noninductive-based detection. A remaining challenge is to realize sufficiently high spectral resolution and concentration sensitivity for multidimensional NMR analysis of picoliter sample volumes. Here, we address this challenge by spatially separating the polarization and detection phases of the experiment in a microfluidic platform. We realize a spectral resolution of 0.65 ± 0.05 Hz, an order-of-magnitude improvement over previous diamond NMR studies. We use the platform to perform two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy of liquid analytes within an effective ∼40-picoliter detection volume. The use of diamond quantum sensors as in-line microfluidic NMR detectors is a major step toward applications in mass-limited chemical analysis and single-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Laser Center of the University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Joshua T. Damron
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Pauli Kehayias
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | - Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ristoff
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Andrey Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, CA 94530, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.J.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Victor M. Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.J.); (V.M.A.)
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17
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Schwartz I, Rosskopf J, Schmitt S, Tratzmiller B, Chen Q, McGuinness LP, Jelezko F, Plenio MB. Blueprint for nanoscale NMR. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6938. [PMID: 31061430 PMCID: PMC6502870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been used as ultrasensitive magnetometers to perform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of statistically polarized samples at 1-100 nm length scales. However, the spectral linewidth is typically limited to the kHz level, both by the NV sensor coherence time and by rapid molecular diffusion of the nuclei through the detection volume which in turn is critical for achieving long nuclear coherence times. Here we provide a blueprint supported by detailed theoretical analysis for a set-up that combines a sensitivity sufficient for detecting NMR signals from nano- to micron-scale samples with a spectral resolution that is limited only by the nuclear spin coherence, i.e. comparable to conventional NMR. Our protocol detects the nuclear polarization induced along the direction of an external magnetic field with near surface NV centers using lock-in detection techniques to enable phase coherent signal averaging. Using the NV centers in a dual role of NMR detector and optical hyperpolarization source to increase signal to noise, and in combination with Bayesian inference models for signal processing, nano/microscale NMR spectroscopy can be performed on sample concentrations in the micromolar range, several orders of magnitude better than the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilai Schwartz
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Rosskopf
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Schmitt
- Institute of Quantum Optics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Tratzmiller
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Liam P McGuinness
- Institute of Quantum Optics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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18
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Lin Y, Zeng Q, Lin L, Chen Z, Barker PB. High-resolution methods for the measurement of scalar coupling constants. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 109:135-159. [PMID: 30527134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scalar couplings provide important information regarding molecular structure and dynamics. The measurement of scalar coupling constants constitutes a topic of interest and significance in NMR spectroscopy. However, the measurement of J values is often not straightforward because of complex signal splitting patterns and signal overlap. Many methods have been proposed for the measurement of scalar coupling constants, both for homonuclear and heteronuclear cases. Different approaches to the measurement of scalar coupling constants are reviewed here with several applications presented. The accurate measurement of scalar coupling constants can greatly facilitate molecular structure elucidation and the study of molecule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Lin
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Qing Zeng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Liangjie Lin
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Peter B Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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19
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Jia H, Tsai TW, Xu S. Probing drug-DNA interactions using super-resolution force spectroscopy. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2018; 113:193702. [PMID: 30473584 PMCID: PMC6219894 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atomic magnetometry and ultrasound, as individual techniques, have been used extensively in various physical, chemical, and biomedical fields. Their combined application, however, has been rare. We report that super-resolution force spectroscopy, which is based on the integration of the two techniques, can find unique biophysical applications in studying drug-DNA interactions. The precisely controlled ultrasound generates acoustic radiation force on the biological systems labeled with magnetic microparticles. A decrease in the magnetic signal, measured by an automated atomic magnetometer, indicates that the acoustic radiation force equals the binding force of the biological system. With 0.5 pN force resolution, we were able to precisely resolve three small molecules binding with two DNA sequences and quantitatively reveal the effect of a single hydrogen bond. Our results indicate that the increases in DNA binding force caused by drug binding correlate with the enthalpy instead of free energy, thus providing an alternative physical parameter for optimizing chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shoujun Xu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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20
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Toward noninvasive monitoring of ongoing electrical activity of human uterus and fetal heart and brain. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2470-2481. [PMID: 29100065 PMCID: PMC5697525 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Evaluated a fetal-maternal scanner for monitoring electrical maternal and fetal organ activity. The simulated scanner can monitor the uterine and fetal heart and brain activity online. Biomagnetic monitors similar to this instrument should be useful in clinical neurophysiology.
Objective To evaluate whether a full-coverage fetal-maternal scanner can noninvasively monitor ongoing electrophysiological activity of maternal and fetal organs. Methods A simulation study was carried out for a scanner with an array of magnetic field sensors placed all around the torso from the chest to the hip within a horizontal magnetic shielding enclosure. The magnetic fields from internal organs and an external noise source were computed for a pregnant woman with a 35-week old fetus. Signal processing methods were used to reject the external and internal interferences, to visualize uterine activity, and to detect activity of fetal heart and brain. Results External interference was reduced by a factor of 1000, sufficient for detecting signals from internal organs when combined with passive and active shielding. The scanner rejects internal interferences better than partial-coverage arrays. It can be used to estimate currents around the uterus. It clearly detects spontaneous activity from the fetal heart and brain without averaging and weaker evoked brain activity at all fetal head positions after averaging. Conclusion The simulated device will be able to monitor the ongoing activity of the fetal and maternal organs. Significance This type of scanner may become a novel tool in fetal medicine.
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21
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Tayler MCD, Theis T, Sjolander TF, Blanchard JW, Kentner A, Pustelny S, Pines A, Budker D. Invited Review Article: Instrumentation for nuclear magnetic resonance in zero and ultralow magnetic field. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:091101. [PMID: 28964224 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We review experimental techniques in our laboratory for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in zero and ultralow magnetic field (below 0.1 μT) where detection is based on a low-cost, non-cryogenic, spin-exchange relaxation free 87Rb atomic magnetometer. The typical sensitivity is 20-30 fT/Hz1/2 for signal frequencies below 1 kHz and NMR linewidths range from Hz all the way down to tens of mHz. These features enable precision measurements of chemically informative nuclear spin-spin couplings as well as nuclear spin precession in ultralow magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | | | | | | | - Szymon Pustelny
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander Pines
- College of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Department of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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22
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Kehayias P, Jarmola A, Mosavian N, Fescenko I, Benito FM, Laraoui A, Smits J, Bougas L, Budker D, Neumann A, Brueck SRJ, Acosta VM. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a nanostructured diamond chip. Nat Commun 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28775280 PMCID: PMC5543112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond are a promising tool for small-volume nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, but the limited sensitivity remains a challenge. Here we show nearly two orders of magnitude improvement in concentration sensitivity over previous nitrogen-vacancy and picoliter NMR studies. We demonstrate NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions using a nanostructured diamond chip with dense, high-aspect-ratio nanogratings, enhancing the surface area by 15 times. The nanograting sidewalls are doped with nitrogen-vacancies located a few nanometers from the diamond surface to detect the NMR spectrum of roughly 1 pl of fluid lying within adjacent nanograting grooves. We perform 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at room temperature in magnetic fields below 50 mT. Using a solution of CsF in glycerol, we determine that 4 ± 2 × 1012 19F spins in a 1 pl volume can be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 in 1 s of integration. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres in diamond can be used for NMR spectroscopy, but increased sensitivity is needed to avoid long measurement times. Kehayias et al. present a nanostructured diamond grating with a high density of NV centres, enabling NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kehayias
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.,Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
| | - N Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - I Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - F M Benito
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - J Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - L Bougas
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Budker
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.,Helmholtz Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Neumann
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - S R J Brueck
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - V M Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA.
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23
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Sjolander TF, Tayler MCD, Kentner A, Budker D, Pines A. 13C-Decoupled J-Coupling Spectroscopy Using Two-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Zero-Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1512-1516. [PMID: 28291363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a two-dimensional method for obtaining 13C-decoupled, 1H-coupled nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra in zero magnetic field using coherent spin-decoupling. The result is a spectrum determined only by the proton-proton J-coupling network. Detection of NMR signals in zero magnetic field requires at least two different nuclear spin species, but the proton J-spectrum is independent of isotopomer, thus potentially simplifying spectra and thereby improving the analytical capabilities of zero-field NMR. The protocol does not rely on a difference in Larmor frequency between the coupled nuclei, allowing for the direct determination of J-coupling constants between chemically equivalent spins. We obtain the 13C-decoupled zero-field spectrum of [1-13C]-propionic acid and identify conserved quantum numbers governing the appearance of cross peaks in the two-dimensional spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Sjolander
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Michael C D Tayler
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United States
- Magnetic Resonance Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
| | - Arne Kentner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United States
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
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24
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An optimized microfabricated platform for the optical generation and detection of hyperpolarized 129Xe. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43994. [PMID: 28266629 PMCID: PMC5339783 DOI: 10.1038/srep43994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low thermal-equilibrium nuclear spin polarizations and the need for sophisticated instrumentation render conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) incompatible with small-scale microfluidic devices. Hyperpolarized 129Xe gas has found use in the study of many materials but has required very large and expensive instrumentation. Recently a microfabricated device with modest instrumentation demonstrated all-optical hyperpolarization and detection of 129Xe gas. This device was limited by 129Xe polarizations less than 1%, 129Xe NMR signals smaller than 20 nT, and transport of hyperpolarized 129Xe over millimeter lengths. Higher polarizations, versatile detection schemes, and flow of 129Xe over larger distances are desirable for wider applications. Here we demonstrate an ultra-sensitive microfabricated platform that achieves 129Xe polarizations reaching 7%, NMR signals exceeding 1 μT, lifetimes up to 6 s, and simultaneous two-mode detection, consisting of a high-sensitivity in situ channel with signal-to-noise of 105 and a lower-sensitivity ex situ detection channel which may be useful in a wider variety of conditions. 129Xe is hyperpolarized and detected in locations more than 1 cm apart. Our versatile device is an optimal platform for microfluidic magnetic resonance in particular, but equally attractive for wider nuclear spin applications benefitting from ultra-sensitive detection, long coherences, and simple instrumentation.
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25
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Jiménez-Martínez R, Knappe S. Microfabricated Optically-Pumped Magnetometers. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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A High-Sensitivity Tunable Two-Beam Fiber-Coupled High-Density Magnetometer with Laser Heating. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101691. [PMID: 27754358 PMCID: PMC5087479 DOI: 10.3390/s16101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atomic magnetometers (AM) are finding many applications in biomagnetism, national security, industry, and science. Fiber-coupled (FC) designs promise to make them compact and flexible for operation. Most FC designs are based on a single-beam configuration or electrical heating. Here, we demonstrate a two-beam FC AM with laser heating that has 5 fT/Hz1/2 sensitivity at low frequency (50 Hz), which is higher than that of other fiber-coupled magnetometers and can be improved to the sub-femtotesla level. This magnetometer is widely tunable from DC to very high frequencies (as high as 100 MHz; the only issue might be the application of a suitable uniform and stable bias field) with a sensitivity under 10 fT/Hz1/2 and can be used for magneto-encephalography (MEG), magneto-cardiography (MCG), underground communication, ultra-low MRI/NMR, NQR detection, and other applications.
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27
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Wrachtrup J, Finkler A. Single spin magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 269:225-236. [PMID: 27378060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different approaches have improved the sensitivity of either electron or nuclear magnetic resonance to the single spin level. For optical detection it has essentially become routine to observe a single electron spin or nuclear spin. Typically, the systems in use are carefully designed to allow for single spin detection and manipulation, and of those systems, diamond spin defects rank very high, being so robust that they can be addressed, read out and coherently controlled even under ambient conditions and in a versatile set of nanostructures. This renders them as a new type of sensor, which has been shown to detect single electron and nuclear spins among other quantities like force, pressure and temperature. Adapting pulse sequences from classic NMR and EPR, and combined with high resolution optical microscopy, proximity to the target sample and nanoscale size, the diamond sensors have the potential to constitute a new class of magnetic resonance detectors with single spin sensitivity. As diamond sensors can be operated under ambient conditions, they offer potential application across a multitude of disciplines. Here we review the different existing techniques for magnetic resonance, with a focus on diamond defect spin sensors, showing their potential as versatile sensors for ultra-sensitive magnetic resonance with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Amit Finkler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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28
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Knappe S, Alem O, Sheng D, Kitching J. Microfabricated Optically-Pumped Magnetometers for Biomagnetic Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Sjolander TF, Tayler MCD, King JP, Budker D, Pines A. Transition-Selective Pulses in Zero-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4343-8. [PMID: 27243376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We use low-amplitude, ultralow frequency pulses to drive nuclear spin transitions in zero and ultralow magnetic fields. In analogy to high-field NMR, a range of sophisticated experiments becomes available as these allow narrow-band excitation. As a first demonstration, pulses with excitation bandwidths 0.5-5 Hz are used for population redistribution, selective excitation, and coherence filtration. These methods are helpful when interpreting zero- and ultralow-field NMR spectra that contain a large number of transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Sjolander
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Michael C D Tayler
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge , Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
| | - Jonathan P King
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United States.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley California 94720-3220, United States.,Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley California 94720-3220, United States
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30
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Bevilacqua G, Biancalana V, Baranga ABA, Dancheva Y, Rossi C. Microtesla NMR J-coupling spectroscopy with an unshielded atomic magnetometer. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 263:65-70. [PMID: 26773528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental data and theoretical interpretation of NMR spectra of remotely magnetized samples, detected in an unshielded environment by means of a differential atomic magnetometer. The measurements are performed in an ultra-low-field at an intermediate regime, where the J-coupling and the Zeeman energies have comparable values and produce rather complex line sets, which are satisfactorily interpreted.
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31
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Ganssle PJ, Shin HD, Seltzer SJ, Bajaj VS, Ledbetter MP, Budker D, Knappe S, Kitching J, Pines A. Ultra-Low-Field NMR Relaxation and Diffusion Measurements Using an Optical Magnetometer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Forstner S, Sheridan E, Knittel J, Humphreys CL, Brawley GA, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H, Bowen WP. Ultrasensitive optomechanical magnetometry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6348-6353. [PMID: 24889714 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cavity optomechanical magneto-meter operating in the 100 pT range is reported. The device operates at earth field, achieves tens of megahertz bandwidth with 60 μm spatial resolution and microwatt optical-power requirements. These unique capabilities may have a broad range of applications including cryogen-free and microfluidic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and investigation of spin-physics in condensed matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Forstner
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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33
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Ganssle PJ, Shin HD, Seltzer SJ, Bajaj VS, Ledbetter MP, Budker D, Knappe S, Kitching J, Pines A. Ultra-low-field NMR relaxation and diffusion measurements using an optical magnetometer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9766-70. [PMID: 25081416 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry and diffusometry are important tools for the characterization of heterogeneous materials and porous media, with applications including medical imaging, food characterization and oil-well logging. These methods can be extremely effective in applications where high-resolution NMR is either unnecessary, impractical, or both, as is the case in the emerging field of portable chemical characterization. Here, we present a proof-of-concept experiment demonstrating the use of high-sensitivity optical magnetometers as detectors for ultra-low-field NMR relaxation and diffusion measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ganssle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA); Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA).
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34
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Optical hyperpolarization and NMR detection of 129Xe on a microfluidic chip. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3908. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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35
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Jensen K, Leefer N, Jarmola A, Dumeige Y, Acosta VM, Kehayias P, Patton B, Budker D. Cavity-enhanced room-temperature magnetometry using absorption by nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:160802. [PMID: 24815631 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.160802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a cavity-enhanced room-temperature magnetic field sensor based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Magnetic resonance is detected using absorption of light resonant with the 1042 nm spin-singlet transition. The diamond is placed in an external optical cavity to enhance the absorption, and significant absorption is observed even at room temperature. We demonstrate a magnetic field sensitivity of 2.5 nT/Hz, and project a photon shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 70 pT/Hz for a few mW of infrared light, and a quantum projection-noise-limited sensitivity of 250 fT/Hz for the sensing volume of ∼90 μm×90 μm×200 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jensen
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - N Leefer
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - Y Dumeige
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6082 FOTON, Enssat, 6 rue de Kerampont, CS 80518, 22305 Lannion cedex, France
| | - V M Acosta
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - P Kehayias
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
| | - B Patton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA and Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA
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36
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Kim K, Lee SJ, Kang CS, Hwang SM, Lee YH, Yu KK. Toward a brain functional connectivity mapping modality by simultaneous imaging of coherent brainwaves. Neuroimage 2014; 91:63-9. [PMID: 24473099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Matching the proton-magnetic-resonance frequency to the frequency of a periodic neural oscillation (e.g., alpha or gamma band waves) by magnetic resonance imaging techniques, enables direct visualization of brain functional connectivity. Functional connectivity has been studied by analyzing the correlation between coherent neural oscillations in different areas of the brain. In electro- or magneto-encephalography, coherent source reconstruction in a source-space is very tricky due to power leaking from the correlation among the sources. For this reason, most studies have been limited to sensor-space analyses, which give doubtful results because of volume current mixing. The direct visualization of coherent brain oscillations can circumvent this problem. The feasibility of this idea was demonstrated by conducting phantom experiments with a SQUID-based, micro-Tesla NMR/MRI system. We introduce an experimental trick, an effective step-up of the measurement B-field in a pulse sequence, to decouple the magnetic resonance signal from the strong magneto-encephalographic signal at the same frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwoong Kim
- Center for Brain and Cognition Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Doryong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Joo Lee
- Center for Brain and Cognition Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Doryong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Seok Kang
- Center for Brain and Cognition Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Doryong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Hwang
- Center for Brain and Cognition Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Doryong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Center for Brain and Cognition Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Doryong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Kyu Yu
- Center for Brain and Cognition Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Doryong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
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37
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Liu G, Li X, Sun X, Feng J, Ye C, Zhou X. Ultralow field NMR spectrometer with an atomic magnetometer near room temperature. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 237:158-163. [PMID: 24225528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a Cs atomic magnetometer with a sensitivity of 150fT/Hz(1/2) operating near room temperature. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal of 125μL tap water was detected at an ultralow magnetic field down to 47nT, with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the NMR signal approaching 50 after eight averages. Relaxivity experiments with a Gd(DTPA) contrast agent in zero field were performed, in order to show the magnetometer's ability to measure spin-lattice relaxation time with high accuracy. This demonstrates the feasibility of an ultralow field NMR spectrometer based on a Cs atomic magnetometer, which has a low working temperature, short data acquisition time and high sensitivity. This kind of NMR spectrometer has great potential in applications such as chemical analysis and magnetic relaxometry detection in ultralow or zero fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xianping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiwen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chaohui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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38
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Theis T, Blanchard JW, Butler MC, Ledbetter MP, Budker D, Pines A. Chemical analysis using J-coupling multiplets in zero-field NMR. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Staudacher T, Shi F, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J, Meriles CA, Reinhard F, Wrachtrup J. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a (5-nanometer)3 sample volume. Science 2013; 339:561-3. [PMID: 23372009 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to nanoscale samples has remained an elusive goal, achieved only with great experimental effort at subkelvin temperatures. We demonstrated detection of NMR signals from a (5-nanometer)(3) voxel of various fluid and solid organic samples under ambient conditions. We used an atomic-size magnetic field sensor, a single nitrogen-vacancy defect center, embedded ~7 nanometers under the surface of a bulk diamond to record NMR spectra of various samples placed on the diamond surface. Its detection volume consisted of only 10(4) nuclear spins with a net magnetization of only 10(2) statistically polarized spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Staudacher
- 3rd Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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40
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Katz I, Shtirberg L, Shakour G, Blank A. Earth field NMR with chemical shift spectral resolution: theory and proof of concept. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 219:13-24. [PMID: 22595293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method for obtaining an NMR signal in the Earth's magnetic field (EF) is presented. The method makes use of a simple pulse sequence with only DC fields which is much less demanding than previous approaches in terms of the pulses' rise and fall times. Furthermore, it offers the possibility of obtaining NMR data with enough spectral resolution to allow retrieving high resolution molecular chemical shift (CS) information - a capability that was not considered possible in EF NMR until now. Details of the pulse sequence, the experimental system, and our specially tailored EF NMR probe are provided. The experimental results demonstrate the capability to differentiate between three types of samples made of common fluorine compounds, based on their CS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Katz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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41
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Theis T, Ledbetter MP, Kervern G, Blanchard JW, Ganssle PJ, Butler MC, Shin HD, Budker D, Pines A. Zero-Field NMR Enhanced by Parahydrogen in Reversible Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3987-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Micah P. Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300,
United States
| | - Gwendal Kervern
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - John W. Blanchard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Paul J. Ganssle
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Mark C. Butler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Hyun D. Shin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300,
United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
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42
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Magneto-optical contrast in liquid-state optically detected NMR spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19510-5. [PMID: 22100736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108702108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We use optical Faraday rotation (OFR) to probe nuclear spins in real time at high-magnetic field in a range of diamagnetic sample fluids. Comparison of OFR-detected NMR spectra reveals a correlation between the relative signal amplitude and the fluid Verdet constant, which we interpret as a manifestation of the variable detuning between the probe beam and the sample optical transitions. The analysis of chemical-shift-resolved, optically detected spectra allows us to set constraints on the relative amplitudes of hyperfine coupling constants, both for protons at chemically distinct sites and other lower-gyromagnetic-ratio nuclei including carbon, fluorine, and phosphorous. By considering a model binary mixture we observe a complex dependence of the optical response on the relative concentration, suggesting that the present approach is sensitive to the solvent-solute dynamics in ways complementary to those known in inductive NMR. Extension of these experiments may find application in solvent suppression protocols, sensitivity-enhanced NMR of metalloproteins in solution, the investigation of solvent-solute interactions, or the characterization of molecular orbitals in diamagnetic systems.
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43
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Ledbetter MP, Theis T, Blanchard JW, Ring H, Ganssle P, Appelt S, Blümich B, Pines A, Budker D. Near-zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:107601. [PMID: 21981529 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in near zero field, where the Zeeman interaction can be treated as a perturbation to the electron mediated scalar interaction (J coupling). This is in stark contrast to the high-field case, where heteronuclear J couplings are normally treated as a small perturbation. We show that the presence of very small magnetic fields results in splitting of the zero-field NMR lines, imparting considerable additional information to the pure zero-field spectra. Experimental results are in good agreement with first-order perturbation theory and with full numerical simulation when perturbation theory breaks down. We present simple rules for understanding the splitting patterns in near-zero-field NMR, which can be applied to molecules with nontrivial spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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44
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Savukov I, Karaulanov T, Castro A, Volegov P, Matlashov A, Urbatis A, Gomez J, Espy M. Non-cryogenic anatomical imaging in ultra-low field regime: hand MRI demonstration. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 211:101-8. [PMID: 21700482 PMCID: PMC3143263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low field (ULF) MRI with a pulsed prepolarization is a promising method with potential for applications where conventional high-, mid-, and low-field medical MRI cannot be used due to cost, weight, or other restrictions. Previously, successful ULF demonstrations of anatomical imaging were made using liquid helium-cooled SQUIDs and conducted inside a magnetically shielded room. The Larmor frequency for these demonstrations was ∼3 kHz. In order to make ULF MRI more accessible, portable, and inexpensive, we have recently developed a non-cryogenic system. To eliminate the requirement for a magnetically shielded room and improve the detection sensitivity, we increased the frequency to 83.6 kHz. While the background noise at these frequencies is greatly reduced, this is still within the ULF regime and most of its advantages such as simplicity in magnetic field generation hardware, and less stringent requirements for uniform fields, remaining. In this paper we demonstrate use of this system to image a human hand with up to 1.5mm resolution. The signal-to-noise ratio was sufficient to reveal anatomical features within a scan time of less than 7 min. This prototype can be scaled up for constructing head and full body scanners, and work is in progress toward demonstration of head imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Savukov
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Applied Modern Physics Group, MS D454, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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45
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Maser D, Pandey S, Ring H, Ledbetter MP, Knappe S, Kitching J, Budker D. Note: Detection of a single cobalt microparticle with a microfabricated atomic magnetometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:086112. [PMID: 21895290 DOI: 10.1063/1.3626505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present magnetic detection of a single, 2 μm diameter cobalt microparticle using an atomic magnetometer based on a microfabricated vapor cell. These results represent an improvement by a factor of 10(5) in terms of the detected magnetic moment over previous work using atomic magnetometers to detect magnetic microparticles. The improved sensitivity is due largely to the use of small vapor cells. In an optimized setup, we predict detection limits of 0.17 μm(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maser
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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46
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Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV. Analysis of remote detection travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2011; 210:238-245. [PMID: 21459639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Remote detection technique can increase sensitivity of an NMR experiment by several orders of magnitude in microfluidic applications. Travel time experiment is a basic remote detection NMR experiment, which reveals the travel time distribution of the molecules flowing from the encoding coil region to the detector. In this article, we focus on analyzing how flow type (Poiseuille or plug flow), diffusion, dispersion and geometry of the flow channels are manifested in the travel time curves measured from microfluidic channels. We demonstrate that remote detection travel time experiment could be used even as an alternative NMR method for measuring self-diffusion coefficient of a fluid without magnetic field gradients. In addition, we introduce a modified travel time pulse sequence, which removes the signal of unencoded fluid spins as well as the background signal arising from the material inside or close to the detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville-Veikko Telkki
- NMR Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014, Finland.
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47
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Paciok E, Blümich B. Ultraschnelle Mikroskopie in der Mikrofluidik: komprimierte Abtastung und Ferndetektion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Paciok E, Blümich B. Ultrafast Microscopy of Microfluidics: Compressed Sensing and Remote Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5258-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Griffith WC, Knappe S, Kitching J. Femtotesla atomic magnetometry in a microfabricated vapor cell. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:27167-72. [PMID: 21196993 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.027167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe an optically pumped 87Rb magnetometer with 5 fT/Hz(1/2) sensitivity when operated in the spin-exchange relaxation free (SERF) regime. The magnetometer uses a microfabricated vapor cell consisting of a cavity etched in a 1 mm thick silicon wafer with anodically bonded Pyrex windows. The measurement volume of the magnetometer is 1 mm3, defined by the overlap region of a circularly polarized pump laser and a linearly polarized probe laser, both operated near 795 nm. Sensitivity limitations unique to the use of microfabricated cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Clark Griffith
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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50
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Slupsky CM. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based analysis of urine for the rapid etiological diagnosis of pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:63-73. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2011.537653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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