1
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Valdivia A, Duran C, Lee M, Williams HC, Lee MY, San Martin A. Nox1-based NADPH oxidase regulates the Par protein complex activity to control cell polarization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1231489. [PMID: 37635877 PMCID: PMC10457011 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1231489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for many biological and pathological processes. Establishing cell polarity with a trailing edge and forming a single lamellipodium at the leading edge of the cell is crucial for efficient directional cell migration and is a hallmark of mesenchymal cell motility. Lamellipodia formation is regulated by spatial-temporal activation of the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 at the front edge, and RhoA at the rear end. At a molecular level, partitioning-defective (Par) protein complex comprising Par3, Par6, and atypical Protein Kinase (aPKC isoforms ζ and λ/ι) regulates front-rear axis polarization. At the front edge, integrin clustering activates Cdc42, prompting the formation of Par3/Par6/aPKC complexes to modulate MTOC positioning and microtubule stabilization. Consequently, the Par3/Par6/aPKC complex recruits Rac1-GEF Tiam to activate Rac1, leading to lamellipodium formation. At the rear end, RhoA-ROCK phosphorylates Par3 disrupting its interaction with Tiam and inactivating Rac1. RhoA activity at the rear end allows the formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers necessary to generate the traction forces that allow cell movement. Nox1-based NADPH oxidase is necessary for PDGF-induced migration in vitro and in vivo for many cell types, including fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Here, we report that Nox1-deficient cells failed to acquire a normal front-to-rear polarity, polarize MTOC, and form a single lamellipodium. Instead, these cells form multiple protrusions that accumulate Par3 and active Tiam. The exogenous addition of H2O2 rescues this phenotype and is associated with the hyperactivation of Par3, Tiam, and Rac1. Mechanistically, Nox1 deficiency induces the inactivation of PP2A phosphatase, leading to increased activation of aPKC. These results were validated in Nox1y/- primary mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MASMCs), which also showed PP2A inactivation after PDGF-BB stimulation consistent with exacerbated activation of aPKC. Moreover, we evaluated the physiological relevance of this signaling pathway using a femoral artery wire injury model to generate neointimal hyperplasia. Nox1y/- mice showed increased staining for the inactive form of PP2A and increased signal for active aPKC, suggesting that PP2A and aPKC activities might contribute to reducing neointima formation observed in the arteries of Nox1y/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valdivia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Charity Duran
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mingyoung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Holly C. Williams
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Alejandra San Martin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Brunner J, Schvartz D, Gouiller A, Hainard A, Borchard G. Impact of peptide permeation enhancer on tight junctions opening cellular mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101375. [PMID: 36324528 PMCID: PMC9618981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated pentapeptide, L-R5, contains an amino acid sequence of the zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) portion (pseudosubstrate) of protein kinase C zeta (PKC ζ). As PKC ζ is involved in the modulation of epithelial tight junctions (TJs) through the phosphorylation of TJ proteins, L-R5 was suggested to interact with the enzyme resulting in the enhancement of paracellular permeability. This study shows that L-R5 does not bind to the enzyme but interacts directly with TJ proteins. We show here that the binding of PKC ζ to occludin and its successive phosphorylation is prevented by L-R5, which leads to TJ disruption and enhanced epithelial permeability. Although L-R5 did not show any in vitro cytotoxicity, a proteomics study revealed that L-R5 interferes with other regulatory pathways, e.g., apoptosis and immune response. We suggest that structural modification of the peptide may increase the specificity TJ protein-peptide interaction. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) showed robust results for protein bindings. The competitivity of L-R5 peptide for the binding of occludin-PKC zeta was shown. Tight junctions proteins expression was decreased due to L-R5 peptide. Multiple other mechanisms can be explored to use L-R5 for other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Brunner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Gouiller
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Hainard
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Corresponding author.
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3
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Barros-Carvalho A, Morais-de-Sá E. Balancing cell polarity PARts through dephosphorylation. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202208008. [PMID: 36121422 PMCID: PMC9486083 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells spatially organize their plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and cytoplasm remains a central question for cell biologists. In this issue of JCB, Calvi et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202201048) identify PP1 phosphatases as key regulators of C. elegans anterior-posterior polarity, by counterbalancing aPKC-mediated phosphorylation of PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barros-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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do Nascimento Soares T, Silva Valadares V, Cardoso Amorim G, de Mattos Lacerda de Carvalho M, Berrêdo‐Pinho M, Ceneviva Lacerda Almeida F, Mascarello Bisch P, Batista PR, Miranda Santos Lery L. The C‐terminal extension of
VgrG4
from
Klebsiella pneumoniae
remodels host cell microfilaments. Proteins 2022; 90:1655-1668. [PMID: 35430767 PMCID: PMC9542434 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen, which concerns public health systems worldwide, as multiple antibiotic‐resistant strains are frequent. One of its pathogenicity factors is the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS), a macromolecular complex assembled through the bacterial membranes. T6SS injects effector proteins inside target cells. Such effectors confer competitive advantages or modulate the target cell signaling and metabolism to favor bacterial infection. The VgrG protein is a T6SS core component. It may present a variable C‐terminal domain carrying an additional effector function. Kp52.145 genome encodes three VgrG proteins, one of them with a C‐terminal extension (VgrG4‐CTD). VgrG4‐CTD is 138 amino acids long, does not contain domains of known function, but is conserved in some Klebsiella, and non‐Klebsiella species. To get insights into its function, recombinant VgrG4‐CTD was used in pulldown experiments to capture ligands from macrophages and lung epithelial cells. A total of 254 proteins were identified: most of them are ribosomal proteins. Cytoskeleton‐associated and proteins involved in the phagosome maturation pathway were also identified. We further showed that VgrG4‐CTD binds actin and induces actin remodeling in macrophages. This study presents novel clues on the role of K. pneumoniae T6SS in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marcia Berrêdo‐Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Fábio Ceneviva Lacerda Almeida
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Paulo Mascarello Bisch
- Laboratório de Física‐Biológica Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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5
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Beacham GM, Wei DT, Beyrent E, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Camacho MMK, Florens L, Hollopeter G. The Caenorhabditis elegans ASPP homolog APE-1 is a junctional protein phosphatase 1 modulator. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac102. [PMID: 35792852 PMCID: PMC9434228 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How serine/threonine phosphatases are spatially and temporally tuned by regulatory subunits is a fundamental question in cell biology. Ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins are protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit binding partners associated with cardiocutaneous diseases. Ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins localize protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit to cell-cell junctions, but how ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing proteins localize and whether they regulate protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit activity in vivo is unclear. Through a Caenorhabditis elegans genetic screen, we find that loss of the ankyrin repeat, SH3 domain, proline-rich-region-containing protein homolog, APE-1, suppresses a pathology called "jowls," providing us with an in vivo assay for APE-1 activity. Using immunoprecipitations and mass spectrometry, we find that APE-1 binds the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit called GSP-2. Through structure-function analysis, we discover that APE-1's N-terminal half directs the APE-1-GSP-2 complex to intercellular junctions. Additionally, we isolated mutations in highly conserved residues of APE-1's ankyrin repeats that suppress jowls yet do not preclude GSP-2 binding, implying APE-1 does more than simply localize GSP-2. Indeed, in vivo reconstitution of APE-1 suggests the ankyrin repeats modulate phosphatase output, a function we find to be conserved among vertebrate homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek T Wei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Erika Beyrent
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mari M K Camacho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Gunther Hollopeter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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6
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Banerjee SL, Lessard F, Chartier FJM, Jacquet K, Osornio-Hernandez AI, Teyssier V, Ghani K, Lavoie N, Lavoie JN, Caruso M, Laprise P, Elowe S, Lambert JP, Bisson N. EPH receptor tyrosine kinases phosphorylate the PAR-3 scaffold protein to modulate downstream signaling networks. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111031. [PMID: 35793621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
EPH receptors (EPHRs) constitute the largest family among receptor tyrosine kinases in humans. They are mainly involved in short-range cell-cell communication events that regulate cell adhesion, migration, and boundary formation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which EPHRs control these processes are less understood. To address this, we unravel EPHR-associated complexes under native conditions using mass-spectrometry-based BioID proximity labeling. We obtain a composite proximity network from EPHA4, -B2, -B3, and -B4 that comprises 395 proteins, most of which were not previously linked to EPHRs. We examine the contribution of several BioID-identified candidates via loss-of-function in an EPHR-dependent cell-segregation assay. We find that the signaling scaffold PAR-3 is required for cell sorting and that EPHRs directly phosphorylate PAR-3. We also delineate a signaling complex involving the C-terminal SRC kinase (CSK), whose recruitment to PAR-3 is dependent on EPHR signals. Our work describes signaling networks by which EPHRs regulate cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Banerjee
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lessard
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François J M Chartier
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kévin Jacquet
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ana I Osornio-Hernandez
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Valentine Teyssier
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Karim Ghani
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Noémie Lavoie
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Josée N Lavoie
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Manuel Caruso
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Laprise
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sabine Elowe
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en données massives de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Endocrinologie-néphrologie, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Quebec-Université Laval, Division Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; PROTEO-Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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7
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Rust K, Wodarz A. Transcriptional Control of Apical-Basal Polarity Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212340. [PMID: 34830224 PMCID: PMC8624420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for many functions of cells and tissues including the initial establishment and subsequent maintenance of epithelial tissues, asymmetric cell division, and morphogenetic movements. Cell polarity along the apical-basal axis is controlled by three protein complexes that interact with and co-regulate each other: The Par-, Crumbs-, and Scrib-complexes. The localization and activity of the components of these complexes is predominantly controlled by protein-protein interactions and protein phosphorylation status. Increasing evidence accumulates that, besides the regulation at the protein level, the precise expression control of polarity determinants contributes substantially to cell polarity regulation. Here we review how gene expression regulation influences processes that depend on the induction, maintenance, or abolishment of cell polarity with a special focus on epithelial to mesenchymal transition and asymmetric stem cell division. We conclude that gene expression control is an important and often neglected mechanism in the control of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rust
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (A.W.)
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8
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Vasquez CG, de la Serna EL, Dunn AR. How cells tell up from down and stick together to construct multicellular tissues - interplay between apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272658. [PMID: 34714332 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelia define a topological inside and outside, and hence constitute a key evolutionary innovation that enabled the construction of complex multicellular animal life. Over time, this basic function has been elaborated upon to yield the complex architectures of many of the organs that make up the human body. The two processes necessary to yield a polarized epithelium, namely regulated adhesion between cells and the definition of the apicobasal (top-bottom) axis, have likewise undergone extensive evolutionary elaboration, resulting in multiple sophisticated protein complexes that contribute to both functions. Understanding how these components function in combination to yield the basic architecture of a polarized cell-cell junction remains a major challenge. In this Review, we introduce the main components of apicobasal polarity and cell-cell adhesion complexes, and outline what is known about their regulation and assembly in epithelia. In addition, we highlight studies that investigate the interdependence between these two networks. We conclude with an overview of strategies to address the largest and arguably most fundamental unresolved question in the field, namely how a polarized junction arises as the sum of its molecular parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eva L de la Serna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Baeza V, Cifuentes M, Martínez F, Ramírez E, Nualart F, Ferrada L, Oviedo MJ, De Lima I, Troncoso N, Saldivia N, Salazar K. IIIG9 inhibition in adult ependymal cells changes adherens junctions structure and induces cellular detachment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18537. [PMID: 34535732 PMCID: PMC8448829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells have multiple apical cilia that line the ventricular surfaces and the central canal of spinal cord. In cancer, the loss of ependymal cell polarity promotes the formation of different types of tumors, such as supratentorial anaplastic ependymomas, which are highly aggressive in children. IIIG9 (PPP1R32) is a protein restricted to adult ependymal cells located in cilia and in the apical cytoplasm and has unknown function. In this work, we studied the expression and localization of IIIG9 in the adherens junctions (cadherin/β-catenin-positive junctions) of adult brain ependymal cells using confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Through in vivo loss-of-function studies, ependymal denudation (single-dose injection experiments of inhibitory adenovirus) was observed, inducing the formation of ependymal cells with a "balloon-like" morphology. These cells had reduced cadherin expression (and/or delocalization) and cleavage of the cell death marker caspase-3, with "cilia rigidity" morphology (probably vibrational beating activity) and ventriculomegaly occurring prior to these events. Finally, after performing continuous infusions of adenovirus for 14 days, we observed total cell denudation and reactive parenchymal astrogliosis. Our data confirmed that IIIG9 is essential for the maintenance of adherens junctions of polarized ependymal cells. Eventually, altered levels of this protein in ependymal cell differentiation may increase ventricular pathologies, such as hydrocephalus or neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Baeza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, BIONAND, Malaga, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Malaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Eder Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIOBIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Luciano Ferrada
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIOBIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - María José Oviedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Isabelle De Lima
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Ninoschka Troncoso
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Natalia Saldivia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, 4030000, Concepcion, Chile.
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIOBIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
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10
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MAGIs regulate aPKC to enable balanced distribution of intercellular tension for epithelial sheet homeostasis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:337. [PMID: 33712709 PMCID: PMC7954791 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Constriction of the apical plasma membrane is a hallmark of epithelial cells that underlies cell shape changes in tissue morphogenesis and maintenance of tissue integrity in homeostasis. Contractile force is exerted by a cortical actomyosin network that is anchored to the plasma membrane by the apical junctional complexes (AJC). In this study, we present evidence that MAGI proteins, structural components of AJC whose function remained unclear, regulate apical constriction of epithelial cells through the Par polarity proteins. We reveal that MAGIs are required to uniformly distribute Partitioning defective-3 (Par-3) at AJC of cells throughout the epithelial monolayer. MAGIs recruit ankyrin-repeat-, SH3-domain- and proline-rich-region-containing protein 2 (ASPP2) to AJC, which modulates Par-3-aPKC to antagonize ROCK-driven contractility. By coupling the adhesion machinery to the polarity proteins to regulate cellular contractility, we propose that MAGIs play essential and central roles in maintaining steady state intercellular tension throughout the epithelial cell sheet. Matsuzawa et al. show that adhesion-related molecules MAGI-1 and MAGI-3 localize partitioning defective-3 (Par-3) at apical junctional complexes of cells throughout the epithelial monolayer. This study provides insights into how tension distribution contributes to cellular contractility in epithelial tissue homeostasis.
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11
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Martin E, Girardello R, Dittmar G, Ludwig A. New insights into the organization and regulation of the apical polarity network in mammalian epithelial cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:7073-7095. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Martin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Rossana Girardello
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of Cellular Signaling Luxembourg Institute of Health Strassen Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Luxembourg Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology (NISB) Experimental Medicine Building Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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12
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Yamashita K, Mizuno K, Furukawa K, Hirose H, Sakurai N, Masuda-Hirata M, Amano Y, Hirose T, Suzuki A, Ohno S. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Ser852 and Ser889 control the clustering, localization and function of PAR3. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244830. [PMID: 33093242 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for various asymmetric cellular events, and the partitioning defective (PAR) protein PAR3 (encoded by PARD3 in mammals) plays a unique role as a cellular landmark to establish polarity. In epithelial cells, PAR3 localizes at the subapical border, such as the tight junction in vertebrates, and functions as an apical determinant. Although we know a great deal about the regulators of PAR3 localization, how PAR3 is concentrated and localized to a specific membrane domain remains an important question to be clarified. In this study, we demonstrate that ASPP2 (also known as TP53BP2), which controls PAR3 localization, links PAR3 and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The ASPP2-PP1 complex dephosphorylates a novel phosphorylation site, Ser852, of PAR3. Furthermore, Ser852- or Ser889-unphosphorylatable PAR3 mutants form protein clusters, and ectopically localize to the lateral membrane. Concomitance of clustering and ectopic localization suggests that PAR3 localization is a consequence of local clustering. We also demonstrate that unphosphorylatable forms of PAR3 exhibited a low molecular turnover and failed to coordinate rapid reconstruction of the tight junction, supporting that both the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states are essential for the functional integrity of PAR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kana Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Natsuki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Maki Masuda-Hirata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Molecular Cellular Biology Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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13
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Jauregi-Miguel A. The tight junction and the epithelial barrier in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:105-132. [PMID: 33707052 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers are essential to maintain multicellular organisms well compartmentalized and protected from external environment. In the intestine, the epithelial layer orchestrates a dynamic balance between nutrient absorption and prevention of microorganisms, and antigen intrusion. Intestinal barrier function has been shown to be altered in coeliac disease but whether it contributes to the pathogenesis development or if it is merely a phenomenon secondary to the aberrant immune response is still unknown. The tight junction complexes are multiprotein cell-cell adhesions that seal the epithelial intercellular space and regulate the paracellular permeability of ions and solutes. These structures have a fundamental role in epithelial barrier integrity as well as in signaling mechanisms that control epithelial-cell polarization, the formation of apical domains and cellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. In coeliac disease, the molecular structures and function of tight junctions appear disrupted and are not completely recovered after treatment with gluten-free diet. Moreover, zonulin, the only known physiological regulator of the tight junction permeability, appears augmented in autoimmune conditions associated with TJ dysfunction, including coeliac disease. This chapter will examine recent discoveries about the molecular architecture of tight junctions and their functions. We will discuss how different factors contribute to tight junction disruption and intestinal barrier impairment in coeliac disease. To conclude, new insights into zonulin-driven disruption of tight junction structures and barrier integrity in coeliac disease are presented together with the advancements in novel therapy to treat the barrier defect seen in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Jauregi-Miguel
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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14
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Protein phosphatase 1 in tumorigenesis: is it worth a closer look? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188433. [PMID: 32956763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells take advantage of signaling cascades to meet their requirements for sustained growth and survival. Cell signaling is tightly controlled by reversible protein phosphorylation mechanisms, which require the counterbalanced action of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Imbalances on this system are associated with cancer development and progression. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is one of the most relevant protein phosphatases in eukaryotic cells. Despite the widely recognized involvement of PP1 in key biological processes, both in health and disease, its relevance in cancer has been largely neglected. Here, we provide compelling evidence that support major roles for PP1 in tumorigenesis.
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16
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Moreira S, Osswald M, Ventura G, Gonçalves M, Sunkel CE, Morais-de-Sá E. PP1-Mediated Dephosphorylation of Lgl Controls Apical-basal Polarity. Cell Rep 2020; 26:293-301.e7. [PMID: 30625311 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity is a common trait that underlies epithelial function. Although the asymmetric distribution of cortical polarity proteins works in a functioning equilibrium, it also retains plasticity to accommodate cell division, during which the basolateral determinant Lgl is released from the cortex. Here, we investigated how Lgl restores its cortical localization to maintain the integrity of dividing epithelia. We show that cytoplasmic Lgl is reloaded to the cortex at mitotic exit in Drosophila epithelia. Lgl cortical localization depends on protein phosphatase 1, which dephosphorylates Lgl on the serines phosphorylated by aPKC and Aurora A kinases through a mechanism that relies on the regulatory subunit Sds22 and a PP1-interacting RVxF motif of Lgl. This mechanism maintains epithelial polarity and is of particular importance at mitotic exit to couple Lgl cortical reloading with the polarization of the apical domain. Hence, PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of Lgl preserves the apical-basal organization of proliferative epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moreira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Osswald
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Ventura
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Gonçalves
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio E Sunkel
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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17
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Dealing with apical–basal polarity and intercellular junctions: a multidimensional challenge for epithelial cell division. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Li J, Xu H, Wang Q, Fu P, Huang T, Anas O, Zhao H, Xiong N. Pard3 suppresses glioma invasion by regulating RhoA through atypical protein kinase C/NF-κB signaling. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2288-2302. [PMID: 30848088 PMCID: PMC6536976 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning defective protein 3 (Pard3) has been reported to inhibit the progression of numerous human cancer cell types. However, the role of Pard3 in glioma progression remains unclear. In this study, the expression of Pard3 was measured in human gliomas of different grades by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. The effect of Pard3 on glioma progression was tested using cell counting kit‐8 assays, EdU assays, colony formation assays, cell migration, and invasion assays and tumor xenografts. The effect of Pard3 on Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) protein levels, subcellular localization, and transcriptional activity was measured by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. Our results indicate that Pard3 functions as a tumor suppressor in gliomas and that the loss of Pard3 protein is strongly associated with a higher grade and poorer outcome. Pard3 overexpression inhibits glioma progression by upregulating RhoA protein levels. However, the level of GTP‐RhoA protein remained unchanged. Further evidence demonstrates that Pard3 regulates RhoA protein levels, subcellular localization and transcriptional activity by activating atypical protein kinase C/NF‐κB signaling. Mouse modeling experiments show that Pard3 overexpression inhibits glioma cell growth in vivo. Taken together, these findings identify RhoA as a novel target of Pard3 in gliomas and substantiate a novel regulatory role for Pard3 in glioma progression. This study reveals that Pard3 plays an inhibitory role in gliomas by regulating RhoA, which reveals a potential benefit for Pard3 activators in the prevention and therapy of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qiangping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Omarkhalil Anas
- Section of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Nanxiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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19
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Mapping Cellular Polarity Networks Using Mass Spectrometry-based Strategies. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3545-3564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Hapak SM, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. PAR3-PAR6-atypical PKC polarity complex proteins in neuronal polarization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2735-2761. [PMID: 29696344 PMCID: PMC11105418 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental feature of cells. Protein complexes, including the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex, have conserved roles in establishing polarity across a number of eukaryotic cell types. In neurons, polarity is evident as distinct axonal versus dendritic domains. The PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins also play important roles in neuronal polarization. During this process, either aPKC kinase activity, the assembly of the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex or the localization of these proteins is regulated downstream of a number of signaling pathways. In turn, the PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins control various effector molecules to establish neuronal polarity. Herein, we discuss the many signaling mechanisms and effector functions that have been linked to PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC during the establishment of neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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21
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Abstract
The scaffold protein Par-3 (
Drosophila Bazooka) is a central organizer of cell polarity across animals. This review focuses on how the clustering of Par-3 contributes to cell polarity. It begins with the Par-3 homo-oligomerization mechanism and its regulation by Par-1 phosphorylation. The role of polarized cytoskeletal networks in distributing Par-3 clusters to one end of the cell is then discussed, as is the subsequent maintenance of polarized Par-3 clusters through hindered mobility and inhibition from the opposite pole. Finally, specific roles of Par-3 clusters are reviewed, including the bundling of microtubules, the cortical docking of centrosomes, the growth and positioning of cadherin–catenin clusters, and the inhibition of the Par-6–aPKC kinase cassette. Examples are drawn from
Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, mammalian cell culture, and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J C Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Schumann M, Siegmund B, Schulzke JD, Fromm M. Celiac Disease: Role of the Epithelial Barrier. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:150-162. [PMID: 28275682 PMCID: PMC5331784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In celiac disease (CD) a T-cell-mediated response to gluten is mounted in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in a malabsorptive enteropathy histologically highlighted by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. Recent data point to the epithelial layer as an under-rated hot spot in celiac pathophysiology to date. This overview summarizes current functional and genetic evidence on the role of the epithelial barrier in CD, consisting of the cell membranes and the apical junctional complex comprising sealing as well as ion and water channel-forming tight junction proteins and the adherens junction. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms are discussed, including apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, biology of intestinal stem cells, alterations in the apical junctional complex, transcytotic uptake of gluten peptides, and possible implications of a defective epithelial polarity. Current research is directed toward new treatment options for CD that are alternatives or complementary therapeutics to a gluten-free diet. Thus, strategies to target an altered epithelial barrier therapeutically also are discussed.
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Key Words
- Bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBC, crypt base columnar cell
- CD, celiac disease
- Celiac Sprue
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Epithelial Polarity
- GFD, gluten-free diet
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- IL, interleukin
- MIC-A, major histocompatibility complex class I chain–related gene-A
- Partitioning-Defective Proteins
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TJ, tight junction
- Tight Junction
- ZO, zonula occludens
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- α-Gliadin 33mer
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Coopman P, Djiane A. Adherens Junction and E-Cadherin complex regulation by epithelial polarity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3535-53. [PMID: 27151512 PMCID: PMC11108514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
E-Cadherin-based Adherens Junctions (AJs) are a defining feature of all epithelial sheets. Through the homophilic association of E-Cadherin molecules expressed on neighboring cells, they ensure intercellular adhesion amongst epithelial cells, and regulate many key aspects of epithelial biology. While their adhesive role requires these structures to remain stable, AJs are also extremely plastic. This plasticity allows for the adaptation of the cell to its changing environment: changes in neighbors after cell division, cell death, or cell movement, and changes in cell shape during differentiation. In this review we focus on the recent advances highlighting the critical role of the apico-basal polarity machinery, and in particular of the Par3/Bazooka scaffold, in the regulation and remodeling of AJs. We propose that by regulating key phosphorylation events on the core E-Cadherin complex components, Par3 and epithelial polarity promote meta-stable protein complexes governing the correct formation, localization, and functioning of AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - Alexandre Djiane
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France.
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
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24
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Tong S, Xia T, Fan K, Jiang K, Zhai W, Li JS, Wang SH, Wang JJ. 14-3-3ζ promotes lung cancer cell invasion by increasing the Snail protein expression through atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)/NF-κB signaling. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:1-9. [PMID: 27554601 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3ζ has been identified as a putative oncogene in several cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the mechanisms underlying its functions remain undefined. In this study, we show that overexpression of 14-3-3ζ was frequently detected in lung adenocarcinoma (LuAC) tissues and was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor outcome. Functional studies demonstrated that 14-3-3ζ promoted migration and invasion in A549 cells, both of which were effectively inhibited when 14-3-3ζ was silenced with short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Furthermore, 14-3-3ζ-mediated invasion of cancer cells was found to upregulate Snail through the activation of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). Activation of aPKCζ mediates this effect by stimulating NF-κB signaling. Our results identify a specific pathway by which 14-3-3ζ induces tumor invasion and provide insight into potential therapeutic approaches to target 14-3-3ζ-associated lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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25
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Zhang P, Wang S, Wang S, Qiao J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chen Z. Dual function of partitioning-defective 3 in the regulation of YAP phosphorylation and activation. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16021. [PMID: 27462467 PMCID: PMC4932730 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning-defective 3 (Par3), a key component of the evolutionarily conserved polarity PAR complex (Par3/Par6/aPKC), controls cell polarity and contributes to cell migration, proliferation and tumor development. Emerging evidence indicates that cell polarity proteins function as upstream modulators that regulate the Hippo pathway. However, little is known about Par3’s involvement in the Hippo pathway. Here, we find Par3 and YAP dynamically co-localize in different subcellular compartments; that is, the membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, in a cell-density-dependent manner. Interestingly, Par3 knockdown promotes YAP phosphorylation, leading to a significant impairment of YAP nuclear translocation at low cell density, but not at high density, in MDCK cells. Furthermore, via its third PDZ domain, Par3 directly binds to the PDZ-binding motif of YAP. The interaction is required for regulating YAP phosphorylation and nuclear localization. Mechanistically, Par3, as a scaffold protein, associates with LATS1 and protein phosphatase 1, α subunit (PP1A) in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Par3 promotes the dephosphorylation of LATS1 and YAP, thus enhancing YAP activation and cell proliferation. Strikingly, we also find that under the condition of PP1A knockdown, Par3 expression promotes YAP hyperphosphorylation, leading to the suppression of YAP activity and its downstream targets. Par3 expression results in differential effects on YAP phosphorylation and activation in different tumor cell lines. These findings indicate that Par3 may have a dual role in regulating the activation of the Hippo pathway, in a manner possibly dependent on cellular context or cell type in response to cell–cell contact and cell polarity signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Song H, Pu J, Wang L, Wu L, Xiao J, Liu Q, Chen J, Zhang M, Liu Y, Ni M, Mo J, Zheng Y, Wan D, Cai X, Cao Y, Xiao W, Ye L, Tu E, Lin Z, Wen J, Lu X, He J, Peng Y, Su J, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Lin M, Zhang Z. ATG16L1 phosphorylation is oppositely regulated by CSNK2/casein kinase 2 and PPP1/protein phosphatase 1 which determines the fate of cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation. Autophagy 2016; 11:1308-25. [PMID: 26083323 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ULK1 and ATG13 are related to autophagy activity. Although ATG16L1 is absolutely required for autophagy induction by affecting the formation of autophagosomes, the post-translational modification of ATG16L1 remains elusive. Here, we explored the regulatory mechanism and role of ATG16L1 phosphorylation for autophagy induction in cardiomyocytes. We showed that ATG16L1 was a phosphoprotein, because phosphorylation of ATG16L1 was detected in rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). We not only demonstrated that CSNK2 (casein kinase 2) phosphorylated ATG16L1, but also identified the highly conserved Ser139 as the critical phosphorylation residue for CSNK2. We further established that ATG16L1 associated with the ATG12-ATG5 complex in a Ser139 phosphorylation-dependent manner. In agreement with this finding, CSNK2 inhibitor disrupted the ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex. Importantly, phosphorylation of ATG16L1 on Ser139 was responsible for H/R-induced autophagy in cardiomyocytes, which protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. Conversely, we determined that wild-type PPP1 (protein phosphatase 1), but not the inactive mutant, associated with ATG16L1 and antagonized CSNK2-mediated phosphorylation of ATG16L1. Interestingly, one RVxF consensus site for PPP1 binding in the C-terminal tail of ATG16L1 was identified; mutation of this site disrupted its association with ATG16L1. Notably, CSNK2 also associated with PPP1, but ATG16L1 depletion impaired the interaction between CSNK2 and PPP1. Collectively, these data identify ATG16L1 as a bona fide physiological CSNK2 and PPP1 substrate, which reveals a novel molecular link from CSNK2 to activation of the autophagy-specific ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L1 complex and autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Song
- a Department of Cardiology ; Affiliated Baoan Hospital of Southern Medical University ; Shenzhen , China
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27
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Sasaki K, Kakuwa T, Akimoto K, Koga H, Ohno S. Regulation of epithelial cell polarity by PAR-3 depends on Girdin transcription and Girdin-Gαi3 signaling. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2244-58. [PMID: 25977476 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.160879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial apicobasal polarity has fundamental roles in epithelial physiology and morphogenesis. The PAR complex, comprising PAR-3, PAR-6 and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), is involved in determining cell polarity in various biological contexts, including in epithelial cells. However, it is not fully understood how the PAR complex induces apicobasal polarity. In this study, we found that PAR-3 regulates the protein expression of Girdin (also known as GIV or CCDC88A), a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) for heterotrimeric Gαi subunits, at the transcriptional level by cooperating with the AP-2 transcription factor. In addition, we confirmed that PAR-3 physically interacts with Girdin, and show that Girdin, together with the Gαi3 (also known as GNAI3), controls tight junction formation, apical domain development and actin organization downstream of PAR-3. Taken together, our findings suggest that transcriptional upregulation of Girdin expression and Girdin-Gαi3 signaling play crucial roles in regulating epithelial apicobasal polarity through the PAR complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Taku Kakuwa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan Department of Molecular Medical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hisashi Koga
- Department of Human Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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28
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Hubaux R, Thu KL, Vucic EA, Pikor LA, Kung SHY, Martinez VD, Mosslemi M, Becker-Santos DD, Gazdar AF, Lam S, Lam WL. Microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 is associated with DNA damage response and cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2072-82. [PMID: 25907283 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule affinity-regulating kinases (MARKs) are involved in several cellular functions but few studies have correlated MARK kinase expression with cancer, and none have explored their role in lung cancer. In this study, we identified MARK2 as frequently disrupted by DNA hypomethylation and copy gain, resulting in concordant overexpression in independent lung tumor cohorts and we demonstrate a role for MARK2 in lung tumor biology. Manipulation of MARK2 in lung cell lines revealed its involvement in cell viability and anchorage-independent growth. Analyses of both manipulated cell lines and clinical tumor specimens identified a potential role for MARK2 in cell cycle activation and DNA repair. Associations between MARK2 and the E2F, Myc/Max and NF-κB pathways were identified by luciferase assays and in-depth assessment of the NF-κB pathway suggests a negative association between MARK2 expression and NF-κB due to activation of non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Finally, we show that high MARK2 expression levels correlate with resistance to cisplatin, a standard first line chemotherapy for lung cancer. Collectively, our work supports a role for MARK2 in promoting malignant phenotypes of lung cancer and potentially modulating response to the DNA damaging chemotherapeutic, cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Hubaux
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Kelsie L Thu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Emily A Vucic
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Larissa A Pikor
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Mitra Mosslemi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Daiana D Becker-Santos
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center of Therapeutics, University of Texas South Western, Dallas, TX
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z, 1L3
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29
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Guo X, Qin Q, Yan J, Niu Y, Huang B, Guan L, Li Y, Ren D, Li J, Hou S. TYPE-ONE PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE4 regulates pavement cell interdigitation by modulating PIN-FORMED1 polarity and trafficking in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1058-75. [PMID: 25560878 PMCID: PMC4348754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.249904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell morphogenesis is dependent on intercellular auxin accumulation. The polar subcellular localization of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein is crucial for this process. Previous studies have shown that the protein kinase PINOID (PID) and protein phosphatase6-type phosphatase holoenzyme regulate the phosphorylation status of PIN1 in root tips and shoot apices. Here, we show that a type-one protein phosphatase, TOPP4, is essential for the formation of interdigitated pavement cell (PC) pattern in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf. The dominant-negative mutant topp4-1 showed severely inhibited interdigitated PC growth. Expression of topp4-1 gene in wild-type plants recapitulated the PC defects in the mutant. Genetic analyses suggested that TOPP4 and PIN1 likely function in the same pathway to regulate PC morphogenesis. Furthermore, colocalization, in vitro and in vivo protein interaction studies, and dephosphorylation assays revealed that TOPP4 mediated PIN1 polar localization and endocytic trafficking in PCs by acting antagonistically with PID to modulate the phosphorylation status of PIN1. In addition, TOPP4 affects the cytoskeleton pattern through the Rho of Plant GTPase-dependent auxin-signaling pathway. Therefore, we conclude that TOPP4-regulated PIN1 polar targeting through direct dephosphorylation is crucial for PC morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaola Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Qianqian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Jia Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Yali Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Bingyao Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Liping Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Yuan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Dongtao Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
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30
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Chattopadhyay R, Tinnikov A, Dyukova E, Singh NK, Kotla S, Mobley JA, Rao GN. 12/15-Lipoxygenase-dependent ROS production is required for diet-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:562-577. [PMID: 25556764 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms of 15(S)-HETE-induced endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction, we examined the role of xanthine oxidase (XO). 15(S)-HETE induced junction adhesion molecule A (JamA) phosphorylation on Y164, Y218, and Y280 involving XO-mediated reactive oxygen species production and Src and Pyk2 activation, resulting in its dissociation from occludin, thereby causing tight junction (TJ) disruption, increased vascular permeability, and enhanced leukocyte and monocyte transmigration in vitro using EC monolayer and ex vivo using arteries as models. The phosphorylation of JamA on Y164, Y218, and Y280 appears to be critical for its role in 15(S)-HETE-induced EC barrier dysfunction, as mutation of any one of these amino acid residues prevented its dissociation from occludin and restored TJ integrity and barrier function. In response to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, WT, but not 12/15-lipoxygenase (LO)(-/-), mice showed enhanced XO expression and its activity in the artery, which was correlated with increased aortic TJ disruption and barrier permeability with enhanced leukocyte adhesion and these responses were inhibited by allopurinol. These observations provide novel insights on the role of XO in 12/15-LO-induced JamA tyrosine phosphorylation and TJ disruption leading to increased vascular permeability in response to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38138
| | - Alexander Tinnikov
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38138
| | - Elena Dyukova
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38138
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38138
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38138
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35291
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38138.
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31
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Korrodi-Gregório L, Esteves SLC, Fardilha M. Protein phosphatase 1 catalytic isoforms: specificity toward interacting proteins. Transl Res 2014; 164:366-91. [PMID: 25090308 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated and reciprocal action of serine-threonine protein kinases and protein phosphatases produces transitory phosphorylation, a fundamental regulatory mechanism for many biological processes. Phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1), a major serine-threonine phosphatase, in particular, is ubiquitously distributed and regulates a broad range of cellular functions, including glycogen metabolism, cell cycle progression, and muscle relaxation. PPP1 has evolved effective catalytic machinery but in vitro lacks substrate specificity. In vivo, its specificity is achieved not only by the existence of different PPP1 catalytic isoforms, but also by binding of the catalytic moiety to a large number of regulatory or targeting subunits. Here, we will address exhaustively the existence of diverse PPP1 catalytic isoforms and the relevance of their specific partners and consequent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Biologia, Secção Autónoma de Ciências de Saúde, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara L C Esteves
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Biologia, Secção Autónoma de Ciências de Saúde, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratório de Transdução de Sinais, Departamento de Biologia, Secção Autónoma de Ciências de Saúde, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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32
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ASPP2 links the apical lateral polarity complex to the regulation of YAP activity in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111384. [PMID: 25360797 PMCID: PMC4216074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway, by tightly controlling the phosphorylation state and activity of the transcription cofactors YAP and TAZ is essential during development and tissue homeostasis whereas its deregulation may lead to cancer. Recent studies have linked the apicobasal polarity machinery in epithelial cells to components of the Hippo pathway and YAP and TAZ themselves. However the molecular mechanism by which the junctional pool of YAP proteins is released and activated in epithelial cells remains unknown. Here we report that the tumour suppressor ASPP2 forms an apical-lateral polarity complex at the level of tight junctions in polarised epithelial cells, acting as a scaffold for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and junctional YAP via dedicated binding domains. ASPP2 thereby directly induces the dephosphorylation and activation of junctional YAP. Collectively, this study unearths a novel mechanistic paradigm revealing the critical role of the apical-lateral polarity complex in activating this localised pool of YAP in vitro, in epithelial cells, and in vivo, in the murine colonic epithelium. We propose that this mechanism may commonly control YAP functions in epithelial tissues.
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33
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Rodriguez-Boulan E, Macara IG. Organization and execution of the epithelial polarity programme. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:225-42. [PMID: 24651541 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells require apical-basal plasma membrane polarity to carry out crucial vectorial transport functions and cytoplasmic polarity to generate different cell progenies for tissue morphogenesis. The establishment and maintenance of a polarized epithelial cell with apical, basolateral and ciliary surface domains is guided by an epithelial polarity programme (EPP) that is controlled by a network of protein and lipid regulators. The EPP is organized in response to extracellular cues and is executed through the establishment of an apical-basal axis, intercellular junctions, epithelial-specific cytoskeletal rearrangements and a polarized trafficking machinery. Recent studies have provided insight into the interactions of the EPP with the polarized trafficking machinery and how these regulate epithelial polarization and depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, LC-301 New York City, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, U 3209 MRB III, Nashville Tennessee 37232, USA
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34
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Hauri S, Wepf A, van Drogen A, Varjosalo M, Tapon N, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M. Interaction proteome of human Hippo signaling: modular control of the co-activator YAP1. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:713. [PMID: 24366813 PMCID: PMC4019981 DOI: 10.1002/msb.201304750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is controlled by signaling systems that coordinate cell proliferation, cell growth and cell shape upon changes in the cellular environment. Deregulation of these processes is associated with human cancer and can occur at multiple levels of the underlying signaling systems. To gain an integrated view on signaling modules controlling tissue growth, we analyzed the interaction proteome of the human Hippo pathway, an established growth regulatory signaling system. The resulting high-resolution network model of 480 protein-protein interactions among 270 network components suggests participation of Hippo pathway components in three distinct modules that all converge on the transcriptional co-activator YAP1. One of the modules corresponds to the canonical Hippo kinase cassette whereas the other two both contain Hippo components in complexes with cell polarity proteins. Quantitative proteomic data suggests that complex formation with cell polarity proteins is dynamic and depends on the integrity of cell-cell contacts. Collectively, our systematic analysis greatly enhances our insights into the biochemical landscape underlying human Hippo signaling and emphasizes multifaceted roles of cell polarity complexes in Hippo-mediated tissue growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hauri
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nic Tapon
- Cancer Research UKLondon Research InstituteLondonUK
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic DiseasesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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35
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David DJV, Wang Q, Feng JJ, Harris TJC. Bazooka inhibits aPKC to limit antagonism of actomyosin networks during amnioserosa apical constriction. Development 2013; 140:4719-29. [PMID: 24173807 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell shape changes drive tissue morphogenesis during animal development. An important example is the apical cell constriction that initiates tissue internalisation. Apical constriction can occur through a phase of cyclic assembly and disassembly of apicomedial actomyosin networks, followed by stabilisation of these networks. Delayed negative-feedback mechanisms typically underlie cyclic behaviour, but the mechanisms regulating cyclic actomyosin networks remain obscure, as do mechanisms that transform overall network behaviour. Here, we show that a known inhibitor of apicomedial actomyosin networks in Drosophila amnioserosa cells, the Par-6-aPKC complex, is recruited to the apicomedial domain by actomyosin networks during dorsal closure of the embryo. This finding establishes an actomyosin-aPKC negative-feedback loop in the system. Additionally, we find that aPKC recruits Bazooka to the apicomedial domain, and phosphorylates Bazooka for a dynamic interaction. Remarkably, stabilising aPKC-Bazooka interactions can inhibit the antagonism of actomyosin by aPKC, suggesting that Bazooka acts as an aPKC inhibitor, and providing a possible mechanism for delaying the actomyosin-aPKC negative-feedback loop. Our data also implicate an increasing degree of Par-6-aPKC-Bazooka interactions as dorsal closure progresses, potentially explaining a developmental transition in actomyosin behaviour from cyclic to persistent networks. This later impact of aPKC inhibition is supported by mathematical modelling of the system. Overall, this work illustrates how shifting chemical signals can tune actomyosin network behaviour during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl J V David
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
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36
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Korrodi-Gregório L, Margarida Lopes A, Esteves SLC, Afonso S, Lemos de Matos A, Lissovsky AA, da Cruz e Silva OAB, da Cruz e Silva EF, Esteves PJ, Fardilha M. An intriguing shift occurs in the novel protein phosphatase 1 binding partner, TCTEX1D4: evidence of positive selection in a pika model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77236. [PMID: 24130861 PMCID: PMC3795061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-complex testis expressed protein 1 domain containing 4 (TCTEX1D4) contains the canonical phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1) binding motif, composed by the amino acid sequence RVSF. We identified and validated the binding of TCTEX1D4 to PPP1 and demonstrated that indeed this protein is a novel PPP1 interacting protein. Analyses of twenty-one mammalian species available in public databases and seven Lagomorpha sequences obtained in this work showed that the PPP1 binding motif 90RVSF93 is present in all of them and is flanked by a palindromic sequence, PLGS, except in three species of pikas (Ochotona princeps, O. dauurica and O. pusilla). Furthermore, for the Ochotona species an extra glycosylation site, motif 96NLS98, and the loss of the palindromic sequence were observed. Comparison with other lagomorphs suggests that this event happened before the Ochotona radiation. The dN/dS for the sequence region comprising the PPP1 binding motif and the flanking palindrome highly supports the hypothesis that for Ochotona species this region has been evolving under positive selection. In addition, mutational screening shows that the ability of pikas TCTEX1D4 to bind to PPP1 is maintained, although the PPP1 binding motif is disrupted, and the N- and C-terminal surrounding residues are also abrogated. These observations suggest pika as an ideal model to study novel PPP1 complexes regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Lopes
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 892, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sara L. C. Esteves
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Afonso
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Lemos de Matos
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Odete A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Edgar F. da Cruz e Silva
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro José Esteves
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MF); (PJE)
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MF); (PJE)
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McCole DF. Phosphatase regulation of intercellular junctions. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e26713. [PMID: 24868494 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.26713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular junctions represent the key contact points and sites of communication between neighboring cells. Assembly of these junctions is absolutely essential for the structural integrity of cell monolayers, tissues and organs. Disruption of junctions can have severe consequences such as diarrhea, edema and sepsis, and contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Cell junctions are not static structures, but rather they represent highly dynamic micro-domains that respond to signals from the intracellular and extracellular environments to modify their composition and function. This review article will focus on the regulation of tight junctions and adherens junctions by phosphatase enzymes that play an essential role in preserving and modulating the properties of intercellular junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; University of California, Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
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Van Itallie CM, Aponte A, Tietgens AJ, Gucek M, Fredriksson K, Anderson JM. The N and C termini of ZO-1 are surrounded by distinct proteins and functional protein networks. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13775-88. [PMID: 23553632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotin ligase tagging with ZO-1 was applied to identify a more complete tight junction proteome. RESULTS Identical but also different proteins and functional networks were identified near the N and C ends of ZO-1. CONCLUSION The ends of ZO-1 are embedded in different functional subcompartments of the tight junction. SIGNIFICANCE Biotin tagging with ZO-1 expands the tight junction proteome and defines subcompartments of the junction. The proteins and functional protein networks of the tight junction remain incompletely defined. Among the currently known proteins are barrier-forming proteins like occludin and the claudin family; scaffolding proteins like ZO-1; and some cytoskeletal, signaling, and cell polarity proteins. To define a more complete list of proteins and infer their functional implications, we identified the proteins that are within molecular dimensions of ZO-1 by fusing biotin ligase to either its N or C terminus, expressing these fusion proteins in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells, and purifying and identifying the resulting biotinylated proteins by mass spectrometry. Of a predicted proteome of ∼9000, we identified more than 400 proteins tagged by biotin ligase fused to ZO-1, with both identical and distinct proteins near the N- and C-terminal ends. Those proximal to the N terminus were enriched in transmembrane tight junction proteins, and those proximal to the C terminus were enriched in cytoskeletal proteins. We also identified many unexpected but easily rationalized proteins and verified partial colocalization of three of these proteins with ZO-1 as examples. In addition, functional networks of interacting proteins were tagged, such as the basolateral but not apical polarity network. These results provide a rich inventory of proteins and potential novel insights into functions and protein networks that should catalyze further understanding of tight junction biology. Unexpectedly, the technique demonstrates high spatial resolution, which could be generally applied to defining other subcellular protein compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Korrodi-Gregório L, Vieira SI, Esteves SLC, Silva JV, Freitas MJ, Brauns AK, Luers G, Abrantes J, Esteves PJ, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Fardilha M, da Cruz E Silva EF. TCTEX1D4, a novel protein phosphatase 1 interactor: connecting the phosphatase to the microtubule network. Biol Open 2013; 2:453-65. [PMID: 23789093 PMCID: PMC3654263 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20131065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation plays an important role as a mechanism of intracellular control in eukaryotes. PPP1, a major eukaryotic Ser/Thr-protein phosphatase, acquires its specificity by interacting with different protein regulators, also known as PPP1 interacting proteins (PIPs). In the present work we characterized a physiologically relevant PIP in testis. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen with a human testis cDNA library, we identified a novel PIP of PPP1CC2 isoform, the T-complex testis expressed protein 1 domain containing 4 (TCTEX1D4) that has recently been described as a Tctex1 dynein light chain family member. The overlay assays confirm that TCTEX1D4 interacts with the different spliced isoforms of PPP1CC. Also, the binding domain occurs in the N-terminus, where a consensus PPP1 binding motif (PPP1BM) RVSF is present. The distribution of TCTEX1D4 in testis suggests its involvement in distinct functions, such as TGFβ signaling at the blood–testis barrier and acrosome cap formation. Immunofluorescence in human ejaculated sperm shows that TCTEX1D4 is present in the flagellum and in the acrosome region of the head. Moreover, TCTEX1D4 and PPP1 co-localize in the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) and microtubules in cell cultures. Importantly, the TCTEX1D4 PPP1BM seems to be relevant for complex formation, for PPP1 retention in the MTOC and movement along microtubules. These novel results open new avenues to possible roles of this dynein, together with PPP1. In essence TCTEX1D4/PPP1C complex appears to be involved in microtubule dynamics, sperm motility, acrosome reaction and in the regulation of the blood–testis barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Biology Department, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
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Lickert H, Van Campenhout CA. Evolution of the Discs large gene family provides new insights into the establishment of apical epithelial polarity and the etiology of mental retardation. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 5:287-90. [PMID: 22896795 PMCID: PMC3419117 DOI: 10.4161/cib.19792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential to the function of many cell types, such as epithelial cells and neurons. The Discs large (Dlg) scaffolding protein was identified in Drosophila as a major regulator of basolateral epithelial identity. Four Dlg orthologs (Dlg1 through 4) are found in vertebrates, and mutations in the human Dlg3 gene are associated with X-linked mental retardation. We recently found that Dlg3 controls apical epithelial polarity and tight junction formation and contributes to neural induction in mouse development.1 During evolution, Dlg3 acquired specific PPxY motifs, which bind to the WW domains of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, Nedd4 and Nedd4-2. This interaction results in monoubiquitination of Dlg3, leading to directed microtubule-dependent protein trafficking, via the exocyst complex, in different polarized cell types. Directed trafficking of Dlg3 plays an important role, during both mammalian development and in adulthood, in the establishment and maintenance of specialized apical cell junctions, such as tight junctions in epithelial cells and synapses in neurons.
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Zhang Y, Niswander L. Phactr4: a new integrin modulator required for directional migration of enteric neural crest cells. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:419-23. [PMID: 23076051 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is critically important for many intestinal functions such as peristalsis and secretion. Defects in the embryonic formation of the ENS cause Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) or megacolon, a severe birth defect that affects approximately 1 in 5,000 newborns. One of the least understood aspects of ENS development are the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control chain migration of the ENS cells during their migration into and along the embryonic gut. We recently reported a mouse model of HSCR in which mutant embryos carrying a hypomorphic allele of the Phactr4 gene show an embryonic gastrointestinal defect due to loss of enteric neurons in the colon. We found that Phactr4 modulates integrin signaling and cofilin activity to coordinate the forces that drive enteric neural crest cell (ENCC) migration in the mammalian embryo. In this extra view, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on integrin signaling in ENCC migration and introduce the Phactr protein family. Employing the ENS as a model, we shed some light on the mechanisms by which Phactr4 regulates integrin signaling and controls the cell polarity required for directional ENCC migration in the mouse developing gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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42
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Regulation of adherens junction dynamics by phosphorylation switches. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:125295. [PMID: 22848810 PMCID: PMC3403498 DOI: 10.1155/2012/125295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions connect the actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells through transmembrane cadherin receptors and a network of adaptor proteins. The interactions between these adaptors and cadherin as well as the activity of actin regulators localized to adherens junctions are tightly controlled to facilitate cell junction assembly or disassembly in response to changes in external or internal forces and/or signaling. Phosphorylation of tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues acts as a switch on the majority of adherens junction proteins, turning "on" or "off" their interactions with other proteins and/or their enzymatic activity. Here, we provide an overview of the kinases and phosphatases regulating phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and bring examples of phosphorylation events leading to the assembly or disassembly of adherens junctions, highlighting the important role of phosphorylation switches in regulating their dynamics.
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Iden S, Misselwitz S, Peddibhotla SSD, Tuncay H, Rehder D, Gerke V, Robenek H, Suzuki A, Ebnet K. aPKC phosphorylates JAM-A at Ser285 to promote cell contact maturation and tight junction formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:623-39. [PMID: 22371556 PMCID: PMC3307692 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The PAR-3-atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)-PAR-6 complex has been implicated in the development of apicobasal polarity and the formation of tight junctions (TJs) in vertebrate epithelial cells. It is recruited by junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A) to primordial junctions where aPKC is activated by Rho family small guanosine triphosphatases. In this paper, we show that aPKC can interact directly with JAM-A in a PAR-3-independent manner. Upon recruitment to primordial junctions, aPKC phosphorylates JAM-A at S285 to promote the maturation of immature cell-cell contacts. In fully polarized cells, S285-phosphorylated JAM-A is localized exclusively at the TJs, and S285 phosphorylation of JAM-A is required for the development of a functional epithelial barrier. Protein phosphatase 2A dephosphorylates JAM-A at S285, suggesting that it antagonizes the activity of aPKC. Expression of nonphosphorylatable JAM-A/S285A interferes with single lumen specification during cyst development in three-dimensional culture. Our data suggest that aPKC phosphorylates JAM-A at S285 to regulate cell-cell contact maturation, TJ formation, and single lumen specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Iden
- Institute-associated Research Group: Cell adhesion and cell polarity, University Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
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Van Campenhout CA, Eitelhuber A, Gloeckner CJ, Giallonardo P, Gegg M, Oller H, Grant SGN, Krappmann D, Ueffing M, Lickert H. Dlg3 trafficking and apical tight junction formation is regulated by nedd4 and nedd4-2 e3 ubiquitin ligases. Dev Cell 2011; 21:479-91. [PMID: 21920314 PMCID: PMC4452538 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila Discs large (Dlg) scaffolding protein acts as a tumor suppressor regulating basolateral epithelial polarity and proliferation. In mammals, four Dlg homologs have been identified; however, their functions in cell polarity remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the X-linked mental retardation gene product Dlg3 contributes to apical-basal polarity and epithelial junction formation in mouse organizer tissues, as well as to planar cell polarity in the inner ear. We purified complexes associated with Dlg3 in polarized epithelial cells, including proteins regulating directed trafficking and tight junction formation. Remarkably, of the four Dlg family members, Dlg3 exerts a distinct function by recruiting the ubiquitin ligases Nedd4 and Nedd4-2 through its PPxY motifs. We found that these interactions are required for Dlg3 monoubiquitination, apical membrane recruitment, and tight junction consolidation. Our findings reveal an unexpected evolutionary diversification of the vertebrate Dlg family in basolateral epithelium formation.
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Tichy A, Salovska B, Rehulka P, Klimentova J, Vavrova J, Stulik J, Hernychova L. Phosphoproteomics: Searching for a needle in a haystack. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2786-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Puri P, Acker-Palmer A, Stahler R, Chen Y, Kline D, Vijayaraghavan S. Identification of testis 14-3-3 binding proteins by tandem affinity purification. SPERMATOGENESIS 2011; 1:354-365. [PMID: 22332119 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.1.4.18902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family of proteins interacts with various cellular phosphoproteins and regulates multiple cell signaling cascades. Identification of 14-3-3 interactors is important to define 14-3-3 functions in various biological pathways. The binding partners of protein 14-3-3 in testis are not known. The main goal of this study was to identify the 14-3-3 interactome in testis to determine the 14-3-3 regulated cellular processes in testis. We used transgenic mice expressing tandem affinity tagged 14-3-3ζ (TAP-14-3-3ζ) driven by the ubiquitin promoter to isolate 14-3-3 binding proteins. The 14-3-3 complexes in testis were isolated using a two-step tandem affinity purification (TAP) followed by identification with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 135 proteins were found to be associated with 14-3-3 in vivo in testis. Comparison of the testis 14-3-3 proteome with known 14-3-3 binding proteins showed that 71 of the proteins identified in this study are novel 14-3-3 interactors. Eight of these novel 14-3-3 interacting proteins are predominantly expressed in testis. The 14-3-3 interactors predominant in testis are: protein phosphatase1γ2 (PP1γ2), spermatogenesis associated 18 (SPATA18), phosphoglycerate kinase-2 (PGK2), testis specific gene A-2 (TSGA-2), dead box polypeptide 4 (DDX4), piwi homolog 1, protein kinase NYD-SP25 and EAN57. The fact that some of these proteins are indispensable for spermatogenesis suggests that their binding to 14-3-3 may be important for their function in germ cell division and maturation. These findings are discussed in context of the putative functions of 14-3-3 in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Puri
- Department of Biological Sciences; Kent State University; Kent, OH
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Su Y, Ospina JK, Zhang J, Michelson AP, Schoen AM, Zhu AJ. Sequential phosphorylation of smoothened transduces graded hedgehog signaling. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra43. [PMID: 21730325 PMCID: PMC3526344 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The correct interpretation of a gradient of the morphogen Hedgehog (Hh) during development requires phosphorylation of the Hh signaling activator Smoothened (Smo); however, the molecular mechanism by which Smo transduces graded Hh signaling is not well understood. We show that regulation of the phosphorylation status of Smo by distinct phosphatases at specific phosphorylated residues creates differential thresholds of Hh signaling. Phosphorylation of Smo was initiated by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and further enhanced by casein kinase I (CKI). We found that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) directly dephosphorylated PKA-phosphorylated Smo to reduce signaling mediated by intermediate concentrations of Hh, whereas PP2A specifically dephosphorylated PKA-primed, CKI-phosphorylated Smo to restrict signaling by high concentrations of Hh. We also established a functional link between sequentially phosphorylated Smo species and graded Hh activity. Thus, we propose a sequential phosphorylation model in which precise interpretation of morphogen concentration can be achieved upon versatile phosphatase-mediated regulation of the phosphorylation status of an essential activator in developmental signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew P. Michelson
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Adam M. Schoen
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alan Jian Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry reveals the dynamics of signaling through the GRB2 adaptor. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:653-8. [PMID: 21706016 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways are commonly organized through inducible protein-protein interactions, mediated by adaptor proteins that link activated receptors to cytoplasmic effectors. However, we have little quantitative data regarding the kinetics with which such networks assemble and dissolve to generate specific cellular responses. To address this deficiency, we designed a mass spectrometry method, affinity purification-selected reaction monitoring (AP-SRM), which we used to comprehensively and quantitatively investigate changes in protein interactions with GRB2, an adaptor protein that participates in a remarkably diverse set of protein complexes involved in multiple aspects of cellular function. Our data reliably define context-specific and time-dependent networks that form around GRB2 after stimulation, and reveal core and growth factor-selective complexes comprising 90 proteins identified as interacting with GRB2 in HEK293T cells. Capturing a key hub protein and dissecting its interactions by SRM should be equally applicable to quantifying signaling dynamics for a range of hubs in protein interaction networks.
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Kosako H, Nagano K. Quantitative phosphoproteomics strategies for understanding protein kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways. Expert Rev Proteomics 2011; 8:81-94. [PMID: 21329429 DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a central regulatory mechanism of cell signaling pathways. This highly controlled biochemical process is involved in most cellular functions, and defects in protein kinases and phosphatases have been implicated in many diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding phosphorylation-mediated signaling networks. However, phosphorylation is a transient modification, and phosphorylated proteins are often less abundant. Therefore, the large-scale identification and quantification of phosphoproteins and their phosphorylation sites under different conditions are one of the most interesting and challenging tasks in the field of proteomics. Both 2D gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry serve as key phosphoproteomic technologies in combination with prefractionation, such as enrichment of phosphorylated proteins/peptides. Recently, new possibilities for quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis have been offered by technical advances in sample preparation, enrichment, separation, instrumentation, quantification and informatics. In this article, we present an overview of several strategies for quantitative phosphoproteomics and discuss how phosphoproteomic analysis can help to elucidate signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Disease Proteomics, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Chuman Y, Iizuka K, Honda T, Onoue H, Shimohigashi Y, Sakaguchi K. Phosphatase assay for multi-phosphorylated substrates using phosphatase specific-motif antibody. J Biochem 2011; 150:319-25. [PMID: 21558087 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays central roles in a wide variety of signal transduction pathways and most phosphorylated proteins contain multi-phosphorylated sites. PPM1 type Ser/Thr protein phosphatase family is known to show rigid substrate specificity unlike other Ser/Thr phosphatase PPP family including PP1, PP2A and PP2B. PPM1 type phosphatases are reported to play important roles in growth regulation and in cellular stress signalling. In this study, we developed a phosphatase assay of PPM1D using phosphatase motif-specific antibody. PPM1D is a member of PPM1 type Ser/Thr phosphatase and known to dephosphorylate Ser(P)-Gln sequence. The gene amplification and overexpression of PPM1D were reported in many human cancers. We generated the monoclonal antibody specific for the Ser(P)-Gln sequence, named 3G9-H11. The specificity of this method using ELISA enables the convenient measurement of the dephosphorylation level of only PPM1D target residues of substrate peptides with multiple phosphorylated sites in the presence of multiple phosphatases. In addition, the antibody was applicable to immunoblotting assay for PPM1D function analysis. These results suggested that this method should be very useful for the PPM1D phosphatase assay, including high-throughput analysis and screening of specific inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs. The method using phosphatase motif-specific antibody can be applied to other PPM1 phosphatase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Chuman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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