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Luo AC, Wang J, Wang K, Zhu Y, Gong L, Lee U, Li X, Tremmel DM, Lin RZ, Ingber DE, Gorman J, Melero-Martin JM. A streamlined method to generate endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells via transient doxycycline-inducible ETV2 activation. Angiogenesis 2024:10.1007/s10456-024-09937-5. [PMID: 38969874 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-024-09937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of reliable methods for producing functional endothelial cells (ECs) is crucial for progress in vascular biology and regenerative medicine. In this study, we present a streamlined and efficient methodology for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into induced ECs (iECs) that maintain the ability to undergo vasculogenesis in vitro and in vivo using a doxycycline-inducible system for the transient expression of the ETV2 transcription factor. This approach mitigates the limitations of direct transfection methods, such as mRNA-mediated differentiation, by simplifying the protocol and enhancing reproducibility across different stem cell lines. We detail the generation of iPSCs engineered for doxycycline-induced ETV2 expression and their subsequent differentiation into iECs, achieving over 90% efficiency within four days. Through both in vitro and in vivo assays, the functionality and phenotypic stability of the derived iECs were rigorously validated. Notably, these cells exhibit key endothelial markers and capabilities, including the formation of vascular networks in a microphysiological platform in vitro and in a subcutaneous mouse model. Furthermore, our results reveal a close transcriptional and proteomic alignment between the iECs generated via our method and primary ECs, confirming the biological relevance of the differentiated cells. The high efficiency and effectiveness of our induction methodology pave the way for broader application and accessibility of iPSC-derived ECs in scientific research, offering a valuable tool for investigating endothelial biology and for the development of EC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Chilun Luo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jiuhai Wang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yonglin Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Liyan Gong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Umji Lee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel M Tremmel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - James Gorman
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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2
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Chen D, Fan X, Wang K, Gong L, Melero-Martin JM, Pu WT. Pioneer factor ETV2 safeguards endothelial cell specification by recruiting the repressor REST to restrict alternative lineage commitment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.595971. [PMID: 38853821 PMCID: PMC11160620 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.595971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Mechanisms of cell fate specification remain a central question for developmental biology and regenerative medicine. The pioneer factor ETV2 is a master regulator for the endothelial cell (EC) lineage specification. Here, we studied mechanisms of ETV2-driven fate specification using a highly efficient system in which ETV2 directs human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesodermal progenitors to form ECs over two days. By applying CUT&RUN, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) analyses, we characterized the transcriptomic profiles, chromatin landscapes, dynamic cis-regulatory elements (CREs), and molecular features of EC cell differentiation mediated by ETV2. This defined the scope of ETV2 pioneering activity and identified its direct downstream target genes. Induced ETV2 expression both directed specification of endothelial progenitors and suppressed acquisition of alternative fates. Functional screening and candidate validation revealed cofactors essential for efficient EC specification, including the transcriptional activator GABPA. Surprisingly, the transcriptional repressor REST was also necessary for efficient EC specification. ETV2 recruited REST to occupy and repress non-EC lineage genes. Collectively, our study provides an unparalleled molecular analysis of EC specification at single-cell resolution and identifies the important role of pioneer factors to recruit repressors that suppress commitment to alternative lineages.
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3
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Shen M, Wu JC. Empowering Valvular Heart Disease Research With Stem Cell-Derived Valve Cells. Circulation 2024; 149:1457-1460. [PMID: 38683900 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.124.068656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Shen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.S., J.C.W.), Stanford University, CA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S., J.C.W.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (M.S., J.C.W.), Stanford University, CA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Cardiology (M.S., J.C.W.), Stanford University, CA
- Radiology (J.C.W.), Stanford University, CA
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4
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Gurung S, Restrepo NK, Sumanas S. Endocardium gives rise to blood cells in zebrafish embryos. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113736. [PMID: 38308842 PMCID: PMC10993658 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the endocardium contributes to hematopoiesis in murine embryos, although definitive evidence to demonstrate the hematopoietic potential of the endocardium is still missing. Here, we use a zebrafish embryonic model to test the emergence of hematopoietic progenitors from the endocardium. By using a combination of expression analysis, time-lapse imaging, and lineage-tracing approaches, we demonstrate that myeloid cells emerge from the endocardium in zebrafish embryos. Inhibition of Etv2/Etsrp or Scl/Tal1, two known master regulators of hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis, does not affect the emergence of endocardial-derived myeloid cells, while inhibition of Hedgehog signaling results in their reduction. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis followed by experimental validation suggests that the endocardium is the major source of neutrophilic granulocytes. These findings will promote our understanding of alternative mechanisms involved in hematopoiesis, which are likely to be conserved between zebrafish and mammalian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gurung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pathology, Advanced Diagnostics Laboratories, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nicole K Restrepo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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5
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Payne S, Neal A, De Val S. Transcription factors regulating vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:28-58. [PMID: 36795082 PMCID: PMC10952167 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in regulating the dynamic and precise patterns of gene expression required for the initial specification of endothelial cells (ECs), and during endothelial growth and differentiation. While sharing many core features, ECs can be highly heterogeneous. Differential gene expression between ECs is essential to pattern the hierarchical vascular network into arteries, veins and capillaries, to drive angiogenic growth of new vessels, and to direct specialization in response to local signals. Unlike many other cell types, ECs have no single master regulator, instead relying on differing combinations of a necessarily limited repertoire of TFs to achieve tight spatial and temporal activation and repression of gene expression. Here, we will discuss the cohort of TFs known to be involved in directing gene expression during different stages of mammalian vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, with a primary focus on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Payne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alice Neal
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah De Val
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
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6
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Jin H, Zhang W, Liu H, Bao Y. Genome-wide identification and characteristic analysis of ETS gene family in blood clam Tegillarca granosa. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:700. [PMID: 37990147 PMCID: PMC10664356 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETS transcription factors, known as the E26 transformation-specific factors, assume a critical role in the regulation of various vital biological processes in animals, including cell differentiation, the cell cycle, and cell apoptosis. However, their characterization in mollusks is currently lacking. RESULTS The current study focused on a comprehensive analysis of the ETS genes in blood clam Tegillarca granosa and other mollusk genomes. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed the absence of the SPI and ETV subfamilies in mollusks compared to humans. Additionally, several ETS genes in mollusks were found to lack the PNT domain, potentially resulting in a diminished ability of ETS proteins to bind target genes. Interestingly, the bivalve ETS1 genes exhibited significantly high expression levels during the multicellular proliferation stage and in gill tissues. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results showed that Tg-ETS-14 (ETS1) is upregulated in the high total hemocyte counts (THC) population of T. granosa, suggesting it plays a significant role in stimulating hemocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION Our study significantly contributes to the comprehension of the evolutionary aspects concerning the ETS gene family, while also providing valuable insights into its role in fostering hemocyte proliferation across mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Hongxing Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Zhejiang, 315100, China.
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Zhejiang, 315100, China.
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7
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Chiang IKN, Humphrey D, Mills RJ, Kaltzis P, Pachauri S, Graus M, Saha D, Wu Z, Young P, Sim CB, Davidson T, Hernandez‐Garcia A, Shaw CA, Renwick A, Scott DA, Porrello ER, Wong ES, Hudson JE, Red‐Horse K, del Monte‐Nieto G, Francois M. Sox7-positive endothelial progenitors establish coronary arteries and govern ventricular compaction. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55043. [PMID: 37551717 PMCID: PMC10561369 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac endothelium influences ventricular chamber development by coordinating trabeculation and compaction. However, the endothelial-specific molecular mechanisms mediating this coordination are not fully understood. Here, we identify the Sox7 transcription factor as a critical cue instructing cardiac endothelium identity during ventricular chamber development. Endothelial-specific loss of Sox7 function in mice results in cardiac ventricular defects similar to non-compaction cardiomyopathy, with a change in the proportions of trabecular and compact cardiomyocytes in the mutant hearts. This phenotype is paralleled by abnormal coronary artery formation. Loss of Sox7 function disrupts the transcriptional regulation of the Notch pathway and connexins 37 and 40, which govern coronary arterial specification. Upon Sox7 endothelial-specific deletion, single-nuclei transcriptomics analysis identifies the depletion of a subset of Sox9/Gpc3-positive endocardial progenitor cells and an increase in erythro-myeloid cell lineages. Fate mapping analysis reveals that a subset of Sox7-null endothelial cells transdifferentiate into hematopoietic but not cardiomyocyte lineages. Our findings determine that Sox7 maintains cardiac endothelial cell identity, which is crucial to the cellular cross-talk that drives ventricular compaction and coronary artery development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy KN Chiang
- Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - David Humphrey
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - Richard J Mills
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Peter Kaltzis
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Shikha Pachauri
- Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Matthew Graus
- Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Diptarka Saha
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Zhijian Wu
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Paul Young
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - Choon Boon Sim
- The Murdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Tara Davidson
- Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Alexander Renwick
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- The Murdoch Children's Research InstituteRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Regenerative MedicineThe Royal Children's HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Emily S Wong
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurstNSWAustralia
| | - James E Hudson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | | | | | - Mathias Francois
- Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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8
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Cho S, Aakash P, Lee S, Yoon YS. Endothelial cell direct reprogramming: Past, present, and future. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 180:22-32. [PMID: 37080451 PMCID: PMC10330356 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular disease still remains as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite various medical, surgical, and interventional therapy. As such, cell therapy has emerged as an attractive option because it tackles underlying problem of the diseases by inducing neovascularization in ischemic tissue. After overall failure of adult stem or progenitor cells, studies attempted to generate endothelial cells (ECs) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). While endothelial cells (ECs) differentiated from PSCs successfully induced vascular regeneration, differentiating volatility and tumorigenic potential is a concern for their clinical applications. Alternatively, direct reprogramming strategies employ lineage-specific factors to change cell fate without achieving pluripotency. ECs have been successfully reprogrammed via ectopic expression of transcription factors (TFs) from endothelial lineage. The reprogrammed ECs induced neovascularization in vitro and in vivo and thus demonstrated their therapeutic value in animal models of vascular insufficiency. Methods of delivering reprogramming factors include lentiviral or retroviral vectors and more clinically relevant, non-integrative adenoviral and episomal vectors. Most studies made use of fibroblast as a source cell for reprogramming, but reprogrammability of other clinically relevant source cell types has to be evaluated. Specific mechanisms and small molecules that are involved in the aforementioned processes tackles challenges associated with direct reprogramming efficiency and maintenance of reprogrammed EC characteristics. After all, this review provides summary of past and contemporary methods of direct endothelial reprogramming and discusses the future direction to overcome these challenges to acquire clinically applicable reprogrammed ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonggeon Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Aakash
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sangho Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Steimle JD, Kim C, Rowton M, Nadadur RD, Wang Z, Stocker M, Hoffmann AD, Hanson E, Kweon J, Sinha T, Choi K, Black BL, Cunningham JM, Moskowitz IP, Ikegami K. ETV2 primes hematoendothelial gene enhancers prior to hematoendothelial fate commitment. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112665. [PMID: 37330911 PMCID: PMC10592526 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying distinct specification, commitment, and differentiation phases of cell fate determination remain undefined due to difficulties capturing these processes. Here, we interrogate the activity of ETV2, a transcription factor necessary and sufficient for hematoendothelial differentiation, within isolated fate intermediates. We observe transcriptional upregulation of Etv2 and opening of ETV2-binding sites, indicating new ETV2 binding, in a common cardiac-hematoendothelial progenitor population. Accessible ETV2-binding sites are active at the Etv2 locus but not at other hematoendothelial regulator genes. Hematoendothelial commitment coincides with the activation of a small repertoire of previously accessible ETV2-binding sites at hematoendothelial regulators. Hematoendothelial differentiation accompanies activation of a large repertoire of new ETV2-binding sites and upregulation of hematopoietic and endothelial gene regulatory networks. This work distinguishes specification, commitment, and sublineage differentiation phases of ETV2-dependent transcription and suggests that the shift from ETV2 binding to ETV2-bound enhancer activation, not ETV2 binding to target enhancers, drives hematoendothelial fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Steimle
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chul Kim
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Megan Rowton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rangarajan D Nadadur
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhezhen Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Stocker
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Andrew D Hoffmann
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Erika Hanson
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Junghun Kweon
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tanvi Sinha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John M Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ivan P Moskowitz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Kohta Ikegami
- Division of Molecular and Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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10
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Parab S, Setten E, Astanina E, Bussolino F, Doronzo G. The tissue-specific transcriptional landscape underlines the involvement of endothelial cells in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108418. [PMID: 37088448 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) that line vascular and lymphatic vessels are being increasingly recognized as important to organ function in health and disease. ECs participate not only in the trafficking of gases, metabolites, and cells between the bloodstream and tissues but also in the angiocrine-based induction of heterogeneous parenchymal cells, which are unique to their specific tissue functions. The molecular mechanisms regulating EC heterogeneity between and within different tissues are modeled during embryogenesis and become fully established in adults. Any changes in adult tissue homeostasis induced by aging, stress conditions, and various noxae may reshape EC heterogeneity and induce specific transcriptional features that condition a functional phenotype. Heterogeneity is sustained via specific genetic programs organized through the combinatory effects of a discrete number of transcription factors (TFs) that, at the single tissue-level, constitute dynamic networks that are post-transcriptionally and epigenetically regulated. This review is focused on outlining the TF-based networks involved in EC specialization and physiological and pathological stressors thought to modify their architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Parab
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
| | - Elisa Setten
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
| | - Elena Astanina
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Doronzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
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11
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Chuang CK, Chen SF, Su YH, Chen WH, Lin WM, Wang IC, Shyue SK. The Role of SCL Isoforms in Embryonic Hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076427. [PMID: 37047400 PMCID: PMC10094407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three waves of hematopoiesis occur in the mouse embryo. The primitive hematopoiesis appears as blood islands in the extra embryonic yolk sac at E7.5. The extra embryonic pro-definitive hematopoiesis launches in late E8 and the embryonic definitive one turns on at E10.5 indicated by the emergence of hemogenic endothelial cells on the inner wall of the extra embryonic arteries and the embryonic aorta. To study the roles of SCL protein isoforms in murine hematopoiesis, the SCL-large (SCL-L) isoform was selectively destroyed with the remaining SCL-small (SCL-S) isoform intact. It was demonstrated that SCL-S was specifically expressed in the hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) and SCL-L was only detected in the dispersed cells after budding from HECs. The SCLΔ/Δ homozygous mutant embryos only survived to E10.5 with normal extra embryonic vessels and red blood cells. In wild-type mouse embryos, a layer of neatly aligned CD34+ and CD43+ cells appeared on the endothelial wall of the aorta of the E10.5 fetus. However, the cells at the same site expressed CD31 rather than CD34 and/or CD43 in the E10.5 SCLΔ/Δ embryo, indicating that only the endothelial lineage was developed. These results reveal that the SCL-S is sufficient to sustain the primitive hematopoiesis and SCL-L is necessary to launch the definitive hematopoiesis.
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12
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Kim TM, Lee RH, Kim MS, Lewis CA, Park C. ETV2/ER71, the key factor leading the paths to vascular regeneration and angiogenic reprogramming. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:41. [PMID: 36927793 PMCID: PMC10019431 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made to achieve vascular regeneration accompanying tissue repair for treating vascular dysfunction-associated diseases. Recent advancements in stem cell biology and cell reprogramming have opened unforeseen opportunities to promote angiogenesis in vivo and generate autologous endothelial cells (ECs) for clinical use. We have, for the first time, identified a unique endothelial-specific transcription factor, ETV2/ER71, and revealed its essential role in regulating endothelial cell generation and function, along with vascular regeneration and tissue repair. Furthermore, we and other groups have demonstrated its ability to directly reprogram terminally differentiated non-ECs into functional ECs, proposing ETV2/ER71 as an effective therapeutic target for vascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the up-to-date status of studies on ETV2/ER71, spanning from its molecular mechanism to vasculo-angiogenic role and direct cell reprogramming toward ECs. Furthermore, we discuss future directions to deploy the clinical potential of ETV2/ER71 as a novel and potent target for vascular disorders such as cardiovascular disease, neurovascular impairment and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-daero, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ra Ham Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Min Seong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Chloe A Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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13
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Das S, Gupta V, Bjorge J, Shi X, Gong W, Garry MG, Garry DJ. ETV2 and VEZF1 interaction and regulation of the hematoendothelial lineage during embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1109648. [PMID: 36923254 PMCID: PMC10009235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ets variant 2 (Etv2), a member of the Ets factor family, has an essential role in the formation of endothelial and hematopoietic cell lineages during embryonic development. The functional role of ETS transcription factors is, in part, dependent on the interacting proteins. There are relatively few studies exploring the coordinated interplay between ETV2 and its interacting proteins that regulate mesodermal lineage determination. In order to identify novel ETV2 interacting partners, a yeast two-hybrid analysis was performed and the C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor VEZF1 (vascular endothelial zinc finger 1) was identified as a binding factor, which was specifically expressed within the endothelium during vascular development. To confirm this interaction, co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull down assays demonstrated the direct interaction between ETV2 and VEZF1. During embryoid body differentiation, Etv2 achieved its peak expression at day 3.0 followed by rapid downregulation, on the other hand Vezf1 expression increased through day 6 of EB differentiation. We have previously shown that ETV2 potently activated Flt1 gene transcription. Using a Flt1 promoter-luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that VEZF1 co-activated the Flt1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation established VEZF1 binding to the Flt1 promoter. Vezf1 knockout embryonic stem cells had downregulation of hematoendothelial marker genes when undergoing embryoid body mediated mesodermal differentiation whereas overexpression of VEZF1 induced the expression of hematoendothelial genes during differentiation. These current studies provide insight into the co-regulation of the hemato-endothelial lineage development via a co-operative interaction between ETV2 and VEZF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyabrata Das
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vinayak Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Johannes Bjorge
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Xiaozhong Shi
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, JX, China
| | - Wuming Gong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mary G. Garry
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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14
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Cao X, Mircea M, Yakala GK, van den Hil FE, Brescia M, Mei H, Mummery CL, Semrau S, Orlova VV. ETV2 Upregulation Marks the Specification of Early Cardiomyocytes and Endothelial Cells During Co-differentiation. Stem Cells 2022; 41:140-152. [PMID: 36512477 PMCID: PMC9982073 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) efficiently into defined cardiac lineages, such as cardiomyocytes and cardiac endothelial cells, is crucial to study human heart development and model cardiovascular diseases in vitro. The mechanisms underlying the specification of these cell types during human development are not well understood which limits fine-tuning and broader application of cardiac model systems. Here, we used the expression of ETV2, a master regulator of hematoendothelial specification in mice, to identify functionally distinct subpopulations during the co-differentiation of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes from hiPSCs. Targeted analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data revealed differential ETV2 dynamics in the 2 lineages. A newly created fluorescent reporter line allowed us to identify early lineage-predisposed states and show that a transient ETV2-high-state initiates the specification of endothelial cells. We further demonstrated, unexpectedly, that functional cardiomyocytes can originate from progenitors expressing ETV2 at a low level. Our study thus sheds light on the in vitro differentiation dynamics of 2 important cardiac lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Mircea
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gopala Krishna Yakala
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francijna E van den Hil
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcella Brescia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Semrau
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- Corresponding author: Stefan Semrau, Ph.D., Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2333 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. ; or, Valeria V. Orlova, Ph.D., Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Dinh TT, Xiang M, Rajaraman A, Wang Y, Salazar N, Zhu Y, Roper W, Rhee S, Brulois K, O'Hara E, Kiefel H, Dinh TM, Bi Y, Gonzalez D, Bao EP, Red-Horse K, Balogh P, Gábris F, Gaszner B, Berta G, Pan J, Butcher EC. An NKX-COUP-TFII morphogenetic code directs mucosal endothelial addressin expression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7448. [PMID: 36460642 PMCID: PMC9718832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin family and carbohydrate vascular addressins encoded by Madcam1 and St6gal1 control lymphocyte homing into intestinal tissues, regulating immunity and inflammation. The addressins are developmentally programmed to decorate endothelial cells lining gut post-capillary and high endothelial venules (HEV), providing a prototypical example of organ- and segment-specific endothelial specialization. We identify conserved NKX-COUP-TFII composite elements (NCCE) in regulatory regions of Madcam1 and St6gal1 that bind intestinal homeodomain protein NKX2-3 cooperatively with venous nuclear receptor COUP-TFII to activate transcription. The Madcam1 element also integrates repressive signals from arterial/capillary Notch effectors. Pan-endothelial COUP-TFII overexpression induces ectopic addressin expression in NKX2-3+ capillaries, while NKX2-3 deficiency abrogates expression by HEV. Phylogenetically conserved NCCE are enriched in genes involved in neuron migration and morphogenesis of the heart, kidney, pancreas and other organs. Our results define an NKX-COUP-TFII morphogenetic code that targets expression of mucosal vascular addressins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Theresa Dinh
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Menglan Xiang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anusha Rajaraman
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Science Malmo, Section of Surgery, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Nicole Salazar
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Walter Roper
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Siyeon Rhee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Brulois
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ed O'Hara
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Helena Kiefel
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Truc M Dinh
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yuhan Bi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Evan P Bao
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Team, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Fanni Gábris
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Team, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Junliang Pan
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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16
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Sierra-Pagan JE, Garry DJ. The regulatory role of pioneer factors during cardiovascular lineage specification – A mini review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:972591. [PMID: 36082116 PMCID: PMC9445115 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.972591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death worldwide. Ischemic heart disease contributes to heart failure and has considerable morbidity and mortality. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. One class of epigenetic regulators known as pioneer factors has emerged as an important tool for the development of regenerative therapies for the treatment of CVD. Pioneer factors bind closed chromatin and remodel it to drive lineage specification. Here, we review pioneer factors within the cardiovascular lineage, particularly during development and reprogramming and highlight the implications this field of research has for the future development of cardiac specific regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E. Sierra-Pagan
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniel J. Garry
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17
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Abstract
Formation of the vasculature is a critical step within the developing embryo and its disruption causes early embryonic lethality. This complex process is driven by a cascade of signaling events that controls differentiation of mesodermal progenitors into primordial endothelial cells and their further specification into distinct subtypes (arterial, venous, hemogenic) that are needed to generate a blood circulatory network. Hemogenic endothelial cells give rise to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that generate all blood cells in the body during embryogenesis and postnatally. We focus our discussion on the regulation of endothelial cell differentiation, and subsequent hemogenic specification, and highlight many of the signaling pathways involved in these processes, which are conserved across vertebrates. Gaining a better understanding of the regulation of these processes will yield insights needed to optimize the treatment of vascular and hematopoietic disease and generate human stem cell-derived vascular and hematopoietic cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon W Aragon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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18
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Koyano-Nakagawa N, Gong W, Das S, Theisen JWM, Swanholm TB, Van Ly D, Dsouza N, Singh BN, Kawakami H, Young S, Chen KQ, Kawakami Y, Garry DJ. Etv2 regulates enhancer chromatin status to initiate Shh expression in the limb bud. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4221. [PMID: 35864091 PMCID: PMC9304341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for limb development, and the mechanisms that govern the propagation and maintenance of its expression has been well studied; however, the mechanisms that govern the initiation of Shh expression are incomplete. Here we report that ETV2 initiates Shh expression by changing the chromatin status of the developmental limb enhancer, ZRS. Etv2 expression precedes Shh in limb buds, and Etv2 inactivation prevents the opening of limb chromatin, including the ZRS, resulting in an absence of Shh expression. Etv2 overexpression in limb buds causes nucleosomal displacement at the ZRS, ectopic Shh expression, and polydactyly. Areas of nucleosome displacement coincide with ETS binding site clusters. ETV2 also functions as a transcriptional activator of ZRS and is antagonized by ETV4/5 repressors. Known human polydactyl mutations introduce novel ETV2 binding sites in the ZRS, suggesting that ETV2 dosage regulates ZRS activation. These studies identify ETV2 as a pioneer transcription factor (TF) regulating the onset of Shh expression, having both a chromatin regulatory role and a transcriptional activation role. The embryonic limb bud is known to be patterned by a Shh morphogen gradient, though how Shh expression is activated remains less clear. Here the authors show that Etv2 acts as a pioneer transcription factor to mediate accessibility of the ZRS enhancer and initiate Shh expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Hamre, Schumann, Mueller & Larson, P.C., Minneapolis, MN, 55402, USA.,Mitchell Hamline School of Law, St. Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Wuming Gong
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joshua W M Theisen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Tran B Swanholm
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel Van Ly
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nikita Dsouza
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Bhairab N Singh
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Young
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Katherine Q Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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19
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Moya-Jódar M, Coppiello G, Rodríguez-Madoz JR, Abizanda G, Barlabé P, Vilas-Zornoza A, Ullate-Agote A, Luongo C, Rodríguez-Tobón E, Navarro-Serna S, París-Oller E, Oficialdegui M, Carvajal-Vergara X, Ordovás L, Prósper F, García-Vázquez FA, Aranguren XL. One-Step In Vitro Generation of ETV2-Null Pig Embryos. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141829. [PMID: 35883376 PMCID: PMC9311767 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the latest goals in regenerative medicine is to use pluripotent stem cells to generate whole organs in vivo through the blastocyst complementation technique. This method consists of the microinjection of pluripotent stem cells into preimplantation embryos that have been genetically modified to ablate the development of a target organ. By taking advantage of the spatiotemporal clues present in the developing embryo, pluripotent stem cells are able to colonize the empty developmental niche and create the missing organ. Combining human pluripotent stem cells with genetically engineered pig embryos, it would be possible to obtain humanized organs that could be used for transplantation, and, therefore, solve the worldwide issue of insufficient availability of transplantable organs. As endothelial cells play a critical role in xenotransplantation rejection in all organs, in this study, we optimized a protocol to generate a vascular-disabled preimplantation pig embryo using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This protocol could be used to generate avascular embryos for blastocyst complementation experiments and work towards the generation of rejection-free humanized organs in pigs. Abstract Each year, tens of thousands of people worldwide die of end-stage organ failure due to the limited availability of organs for use in transplantation. To meet this clinical demand, one of the last frontiers of regenerative medicine is the generation of humanized organs in pigs from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) via blastocyst complementation. For this, organ-disabled pig models are needed. As endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in xenotransplantation rejection in every organ, we aimed to produce hematoendothelial-disabled pig embryos targeting the master transcription factor ETV2 via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome modification. In this study, we designed five different guide RNAs (gRNAs) against the DNA-binding domain of the porcine ETV2 gene, which were tested on porcine fibroblasts in vitro. Four out of five guides showed cleavage capacity and, subsequently, these four guides were microinjected individually as ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) into one-cell-stage porcine embryos. Next, we combined the two gRNAs that showed the highest targeting efficiency and microinjected them at higher concentrations. Under these conditions, we significantly improved the rate of biallelic mutation. Hence, here, we describe an efficient one-step method for the generation of hematoendothelial-disabled pig embryos via CRISPR-Cas9 microinjection in zygotes. This model could be used in experimentation related to the in vivo generation of humanized organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moya-Jódar
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
| | - Giulia Coppiello
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
| | - Juan Roberto Rodríguez-Madoz
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
| | - Gloria Abizanda
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
| | - Paula Barlabé
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
| | - Amaia Vilas-Zornoza
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory, Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Asier Ullate-Agote
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
- Advanced Genomics Laboratory, Program of Hemato-Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Chiara Luongo
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary School, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.L.); (E.R.-T.); (S.N.-S.); (E.P.-O.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto Rodríguez-Tobón
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary School, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.L.); (E.R.-T.); (S.N.-S.); (E.P.-O.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio Navarro-Serna
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary School, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.L.); (E.R.-T.); (S.N.-S.); (E.P.-O.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Evelyne París-Oller
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary School, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.L.); (E.R.-T.); (S.N.-S.); (E.P.-O.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Xonia Carvajal-Vergara
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
| | - Laura Ordovás
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation (BSICoS), Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza & Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco Alberto García-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary School, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.L.); (E.R.-T.); (S.N.-S.); (E.P.-O.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.A.G.-V.); (X.L.A.)
| | - Xabier L. Aranguren
- Program of Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.M.-J.); (G.C.); (J.R.R.-M.); (G.A.); (P.B.); (A.U.-A.); (X.C.-V.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.G.-V.); (X.L.A.)
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20
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Differential Etv2 threshold requirement for endothelial and erythropoietic development. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110881. [PMID: 35649376 PMCID: PMC9203129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial and erythropoietic lineages arise from a common developmental progenitor. Etv2 is a master transcriptional regulator required for the development of both lineages. However, the mechanisms through which Etv2 initiates the gene-regulatory networks (GRNs) for endothelial and erythropoietic specification and how the two GRNs diverge downstream of Etv2 remain incompletely understood. Here, by analyzing a hypomorphic Etv2 mutant, we demonstrate different threshold requirements for initiation of the downstream GRNs for endothelial and erythropoietic development. We show that Etv2 functions directly in a coherent feedforward transcriptional network for vascular endothelial development, and a low level of Etv2 expression is sufficient to induce and sustain the endothelial GRN. In contrast, Etv2 induces the erythropoietic GRN indirectly via activation of Tal1, which requires a significantly higher threshold of Etv2 to initiate and sustain erythropoietic development. These results provide important mechanistic insight into the divergence of the endothelial and erythropoietic lineages.
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21
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Qu X, Harmelink C, Baldwin HS. Endocardial-Myocardial Interactions During Early Cardiac Differentiation and Trabeculation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:857581. [PMID: 35600483 PMCID: PMC9116504 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.857581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the continuum of heart formation, myocardial growth and differentiation occurs in concert with the development of a specialized population of endothelial cells lining the cardiac lumen, the endocardium. Once the endocardial cells are specified, they are in close juxtaposition to the cardiomyocytes, which facilitates communication between the two cell types that has been proven to be critical for both early cardiac development and later myocardial function. Endocardial cues orchestrate cardiomyocyte proliferation, survival, and organization. Additionally, the endocardium enables oxygenated blood to reach the cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes, in turn, secrete factors that promote endocardial growth and function. As misregulation of this delicate and complex endocardial-myocardial interplay can result in congenital heart defects, further delineation of underlying genetic and molecular factors involved in cardiac paracrine signaling will be vital in the development of therapies to promote cardiac homeostasis and regeneration. Herein, we highlight the latest research that has advanced the elucidation of endocardial-myocardial interactions in early cardiac morphogenesis, including endocardial and myocardial crosstalk necessary for cellular differentiation and tissue remodeling during trabeculation, as well as signaling critical for endocardial growth during trabeculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Qu
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cristina Harmelink
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - H. Scott Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: H. Scott Baldwin
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22
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Capon SJ, Uribe V, Dominado N, Ehrlich O, Smith KA. Endocardial identity is established during early somitogenesis by Bmp signalling acting upstream of npas4l and etv2. Development 2022; 149:275317. [PMID: 35531980 PMCID: PMC9148566 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocardium plays important roles in the development and function of the vertebrate heart; however, few molecular markers of this tissue have been identified and little is known about what regulates its differentiation. Here, we describe the Gt(SAGFF27C); Tg(4xUAS:egfp) line as a marker of endocardial development in zebrafish. Transcriptomic comparison between endocardium and pan-endothelium confirms molecular distinction between these populations and time-course analysis suggests differentiation as early as eight somites. To investigate what regulates endocardial identity, we employed npas4l, etv2 and scl loss-of-function models. Endocardial expression is lost in npas4l mutants, significantly reduced in etv2 mutants and only modestly affected upon scl loss-of-function. Bmp signalling was also examined: overactivation of Bmp signalling increased endocardial expression, whereas Bmp inhibition decreased expression. Finally, epistasis experiments showed that overactivation of Bmp signalling was incapable of restoring endocardial expression in etv2 mutants. By contrast, overexpression of either npas4l or etv2 was sufficient to rescue endocardial expression upon Bmp inhibition. Together, these results describe the differentiation of the endocardium, distinct from vasculature, and place npas4l and etv2 downstream of Bmp signalling in regulating its differentiation. Summary: A zebrafish transgenic reporter of the endocardium is identified, permitting transcriptomic analysis and identification of new endocardial markers. Epistasis experiments demonstrate npas4l and etv2 act downstream of Bmp signalling to regulate endocardial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Capon
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Veronica Uribe
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicole Dominado
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ophelia Ehrlich
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Department of Anatomy & Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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23
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Feulner L, van Vliet PP, Puceat M, Andelfinger G. Endocardial Regulation of Cardiac Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9050122. [PMID: 35621833 PMCID: PMC9144171 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocardium is a specialized form of endothelium that lines the inner side of the heart chambers and plays a crucial role in cardiac development. While comparatively less studied than other cardiac cell types, much progress has been made in understanding the regulation of and by the endocardium over the past two decades. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known regarding endocardial origin and development, the relationship between endocardium and other cardiac cell types, and the various lineages that endocardial cells derive from and contribute to. These processes are driven by key molecular mechanisms such as Notch and BMP signaling. These pathways in particular have been well studied, but other signaling pathways and mechanical cues also play important roles. Finally, we will touch on the contribution of stem cell modeling in combination with single cell sequencing and its potential translational impact for congenital heart defects such as bicuspid aortic valves and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The detailed understanding of cellular and molecular processes in the endocardium will be vital to further develop representative stem cell-derived models for disease modeling and regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Feulner
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Michel Puceat
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory) INSERM, 13885 Marseille, France
- INSERM U-1251, Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille University, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (L.F.); (P.P.v.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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24
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Metikala S, Warkala M, Casie Chetty S, Chestnut B, Rufin Florat D, Plender E, Nester O, Koenig AL, Astrof S, Sumanas S. Integration of vascular progenitors into functional blood vessels represents a distinct mechanism of vascular growth. Dev Cell 2022; 57:767-782.e6. [PMID: 35276066 PMCID: PMC9365108 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the initial vascular network forms by the process of vasculogenesis, or the specification of vascular progenitors de novo. In contrast, the majority of later-forming vessels arise by angiogenesis from the already established vasculature. Here, we show that new vascular progenitors in zebrafish embryos emerge from a distinct site along the yolk extension, or secondary vascular field (SVF), incorporate into the posterior cardinal vein, and contribute to subintestinal vasculature even after blood circulation has been initiated. We further demonstrate that SVF cells participate in vascular recovery after chemical ablation of vascular endothelial cells. Inducible inhibition of the function of vascular progenitor marker etv2/etsrp prevented SVF cell differentiation and resulted in the defective formation of subintestinal vasculature. Similar late-forming etv2+ progenitors were also observed in mouse embryos, suggesting that SVF cells are evolutionarily conserved. Our results characterize a distinct mechanism by which new vascular progenitors incorporate into established vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeva Metikala
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Michael Warkala
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Satish Casie Chetty
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Brendan Chestnut
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diandra Rufin Florat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Plender
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Olivia Nester
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andrew L Koenig
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Sophie Astrof
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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25
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Gifre-Renom L, Daems M, Luttun A, Jones EAV. Organ-Specific Endothelial Cell Differentiation and Impact of Microenvironmental Cues on Endothelial Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031477. [PMID: 35163400 PMCID: PMC8836165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells throughout the body are heterogeneous, and this is tightly linked to the specific functions of organs and tissues. Heterogeneity is already determined from development onwards and ranges from arterial/venous specification to microvascular fate determination in organ-specific differentiation. Acknowledging the different phenotypes of endothelial cells and the implications of this diversity is key for the development of more specialized tissue engineering and vascular repair approaches. However, although novel technologies in transcriptomics and proteomics are facilitating the unraveling of vascular bed-specific endothelial cell signatures, still much research is based on the use of insufficiently specialized endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are not only heterogeneous, but their specialized phenotypes are also dynamic and adapt to changes in their microenvironment. During the last decades, strong collaborations between molecular biology, mechanobiology, and computational disciplines have led to a better understanding of how endothelial cells are modulated by their mechanical and biochemical contexts. Yet, because of the use of insufficiently specialized endothelial cells, there is still a huge lack of knowledge in how tissue-specific biomechanical factors determine organ-specific phenotypes. With this review, we want to put the focus on how organ-specific endothelial cell signatures are determined from development onwards and conditioned by their microenvironments during adulthood. We discuss the latest research performed on endothelial cells, pointing out the important implications of mimicking tissue-specific biomechanical cues in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre-Renom
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Margo Daems
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Elizabeth A. V. Jones
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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26
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Dissecting the Complexity of Early Heart Progenitor Cells. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 9:jcdd9010005. [PMID: 35050215 PMCID: PMC8779398 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early heart development depends on the coordinated participation of heterogeneous cell sources. As pioneer work from Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot demonstrated, characterizing these distinct cell sources helps us to understand congenital heart defects. Despite decades of research on the segregation of lineages that form the primitive heart tube, we are far from understanding its full complexity. Currently, single-cell approaches are providing an unprecedented level of detail on cellular heterogeneity, offering new opportunities to decipher its functional role. In this review, we will focus on three key aspects of early heart morphogenesis: First, the segregation of myocardial and endocardial lineages, which yields an early lineage diversification in cardiac development; second, the signaling cues driving differentiation in these progenitor cells; and third, the transcriptional heterogeneity of cardiomyocyte progenitors of the primitive heart tube. Finally, we discuss how single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics, together with live imaging and functional analyses, will likely transform the way we delve into the complexity of cardiac development and its links with congenital defects.
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27
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Jaconi ME, Puceat M. Cardiac Organoids and Gastruloids to Study Physio-Pathological Heart Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:178. [PMID: 34940533 PMCID: PMC8709242 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8120178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethical issues restrict research on human embryos, therefore calling for in vitro models to study human embryonic development including the formation of the first functional organ, the heart. For the last five years, two major models have been under development, namely the human gastruloids and the cardiac organoids. While the first one mainly recapitulates the gastrulation and is still limited to investigate cardiac development, the second one is becoming more and more helpful to mimic a functional beating heart. The review reports and discusses seminal works in the fields of human gastruloids and cardiac organoids. It further describes technologies which improve the formation of cardiac organoids. Finally, we propose some lines of research towards the building of beating mini-hearts in vitro for more relevant functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E. Jaconi
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Puceat
- Inserm U1251, MMG (Marseille Medical Genetics), Aix Marseille Université, 13885 Marseille, France
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28
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Ferdous A, Singh S, Luo Y, Abedin MJ, Jiang N, Perry CE, Evers BM, Gillette TG, Kyba M, Trojanowska M, Hill JA. Fli1 Promotes Vascular Morphogenesis by Regulating Endothelial Potential of Multipotent Myogenic Progenitors. Circ Res 2021; 129:949-964. [PMID: 34544261 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwarul Ferdous
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Sarvjeet Singh
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Yuxuan Luo
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Md J Abedin
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Nan Jiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Cameron E Perry
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Bret M Evers
- Pathology (B.M.E.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Thomas G Gillette
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Michael Kyba
- Department of Pediatrics (M.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Lillehei Heart Institute (M.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Maria Trojanowska
- Section of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Boston University, MA (M.T.)
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (A.F., S.S., Y.L., M.J.A., N.J., C.E.P., T.G.G., J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Molecular Biology (J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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29
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NKL Homeobox Genes NKX2-3 and NKX2-4 Deregulate Megakaryocytic-Erythroid Cell Differentiation in AML. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111434. [PMID: 34768865 PMCID: PMC8583893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NKL homeobox genes encode transcription factors that impact normal development and hematopoietic malignancies if deregulated. Recently, we established an NKL-code that describes the physiological expression pattern of eleven NKL homeobox genes in the course of hematopoiesis, allowing evaluation of aberrantly activated NKL genes in leukemia/lymphoma. Here, we identify ectopic expression of NKL homeobox gene NKX2-4 in an erythroblastic acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line OCI-M2 and describe investigation of its activating factors and target genes. Comparative expression profiling data of AML cell lines revealed in OCI-M2 an aberrantly activated program for endothelial development including master factor ETV2 and the additional endothelial signature genes HEY1, IRF6, and SOX7. Corresponding siRNA-mediated knockdown experiments showed their role in activating NKX2-4 expression. Furthermore, the ETV2 locus at 19p13 was genomically amplified, possibly underlying its aberrant expression. Target gene analyses of NKX2-4 revealed activated ETV2, HEY1, and SIX5 and suppressed FLI1. Comparative expression profiling analysis of public datasets for AML patients and primary megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cells showed conspicuous similarities to NKX2-4 activating factors and the target genes we identified, supporting the clinical relevance of our findings and developmental disturbance by NKX2-4. Finally, identification and target gene analysis of aberrantly expressed NKX2-3 in AML patients and a megakaryoblastic AML cell line ELF-153 showed activation of FLI1, contrasting with OCI-M2. FLI1 encodes a master factor for myelopoiesis, driving megakaryocytic differentiation and suppressing erythroid differentiation, thus representing a basic developmental target of these homeo-oncogenes. Taken together, we have identified aberrantly activated NKL homeobox genes NKX2-3 and NKX2-4 in AML, deregulating genes involved in megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation processes, and thereby contributing to the formation of specific AML subtypes.
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30
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Garry DJ, Garry MG. Interspecies chimeras as a platform for exogenic organ production and transplantation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1838-1844. [PMID: 34165344 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211024948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are warranted. Here, we provide a brief review outlining the rationale and feasibility for the generation of intraspecies and interspecies chimeras, which one day may serve as a platform for organ transplantation. These strategies are further associated with consideration of scientific and ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, LLC, Eagan, MN 55122, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,NorthStar Genomics, LLC, Eagan, MN 55122, USA
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31
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Hofbauer P, Jahnel SM, Papai N, Giesshammer M, Deyett A, Schmidt C, Penc M, Tavernini K, Grdseloff N, Meledeth C, Ginistrelli LC, Ctortecka C, Šalic Š, Novatchkova M, Mendjan S. Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human cardiogenesis. Cell 2021; 184:3299-3317.e22. [PMID: 34019794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organoids capable of forming tissue-like structures have transformed our ability to model human development and disease. With the notable exception of the human heart, lineage-specific self-organizing organoids have been reported for all major organs. Here, we established self-organizing cardioids from human pluripotent stem cells that intrinsically specify, pattern, and morph into chamber-like structures containing a cavity. Cardioid complexity can be controlled by signaling that instructs the separation of cardiomyocyte and endothelial layers and by directing epicardial spreading, inward migration, and differentiation. We find that cavity morphogenesis is governed by a mesodermal WNT-BMP signaling axis and requires its target HAND1, a transcription factor linked to developmental heart chamber defects. Upon cryoinjury, cardioids initiated a cell-type-dependent accumulation of extracellular matrix, an early hallmark of both regeneration and heart disease. Thus, human cardioids represent a powerful platform to mechanistically dissect self-organization, congenital heart defects and serve as a foundation for future translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hofbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan M Jahnel
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Papai
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Giesshammer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alison Deyett
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clara Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam Penc
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katherina Tavernini
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nastasja Grdseloff
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christy Meledeth
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lavinia Ceci Ginistrelli
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Ctortecka
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Šejla Šalic
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sasha Mendjan
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Marziano C, Genet G, Hirschi KK. Vascular endothelial cell specification in health and disease. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:213-236. [PMID: 33844116 PMCID: PMC8205897 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There are two vascular networks in mammals that coordinately function as the main supply and drainage systems of the body. The blood vasculature carries oxygen, nutrients, circulating cells, and soluble factors to and from every tissue. The lymphatic vasculature maintains interstitial fluid homeostasis, transports hematopoietic cells for immune surveillance, and absorbs fat from the gastrointestinal tract. These vascular systems consist of highly organized networks of specialized vessels including arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatic vessels that exhibit different structures and cellular composition enabling distinct functions. All vessels are composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells that are in direct contact with the circulating fluid; therefore, they are the first responders to circulating factors. However, endothelial cells are not homogenous; rather, they are a heterogenous population of specialized cells perfectly designed for the physiological demands of the vessel they constitute. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the specification of arterial, venous, capillary, and lymphatic endothelial cell identities during vascular development. We also discuss how the dysregulation of these processes can lead to vascular malformations, and therapeutic approaches that have been developed for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Marziano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Gael Genet
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Karen K Hirschi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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33
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Lange L, Morgan M, Schambach A. The hemogenic endothelium: a critical source for the generation of PSC-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4143-4160. [PMID: 33559689 PMCID: PMC8164610 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In vitro generation of hematopoietic cells and especially hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are subject to intensive research in recent decades, as these cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine and autologous cell replacement therapies. Despite many attempts, in vitro, de novo generation of bona fide HSCs remains challenging, and we are still far away from their clinical use, due to insufficient functionality and quantity of the produced HSCs. The challenges of generating PSC-derived HSCs are already apparent in early stages of hemato-endothelial specification with the limitation of recapitulating complex, dynamic processes of embryonic hematopoietic ontogeny in vitro. Further, these current shortcomings imply the incompleteness of our understanding of human ontogenetic processes from embryonic mesoderm over an intermediate, specialized hemogenic endothelium (HE) to their immediate progeny, the HSCs. In this review, we examine the recent investigations of hemato-endothelial ontogeny and recently reported progress for the conversion of PSCs and other promising somatic cell types towards HSCs with the focus on the crucial and inevitable role of the HE to achieve the long-standing goal—to generate therapeutically applicable PSC-derived HSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lange
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH, Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH, Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH, Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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34
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Garry DJ, Caplan AL, Garry MG. Chimeric Humanized Vasculature and Blood: The Intersection of Science and Ethics. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 14:538-540. [PMID: 32294412 PMCID: PMC7160389 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The only curative therapy for diseases such as organ failure is orthotopic organ transplantation. Organ transplantation has been limited due to the shortage of donor organs. The huge disparity between those who need and those who receive transplantation therapy drives the pursuit of alternative treatments. Therefore, novel therapies are warranted. Recent studies support the feasibility of generating human-porcine chimeras that one day would provide humanized vasculature and blood for transplantation and serve as important research models. The ethical issues they raise require open discussion and dialog lest promising lines of inquiry flounder due to unfounded fears or compromised public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) Street SE (CCRB 4-146), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Arthur L Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mary G Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Regenerative Medicine and Sciences Program, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) Street SE (CCRB 4-146), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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35
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Neal A, Nornes S, Louphrasitthiphol P, Sacilotto N, Preston MD, Fleisinger L, Payne S, De Val S. ETS factors are required but not sufficient for specific patterns of enhancer activity in different endothelial subtypes. Dev Biol 2021; 473:1-14. [PMID: 33453264 PMCID: PMC8026812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Correct vascular differentiation requires distinct patterns of gene expression in different subtypes of endothelial cells. Members of the ETS transcription factor family are essential for the transcriptional activation of arterial and angiogenesis-specific gene regulatory elements, leading to the hypothesis that they play lineage-defining roles in arterial and angiogenic differentiation directly downstream of VEGFA signalling. However, an alternative explanation is that ETS binding at enhancers and promoters is a general requirement for activation of many endothelial genes regardless of expression pattern, with subtype-specificity provided by additional factors. Here we use analysis of Ephb4 and Coup-TFII (Nr2f2) vein-specific enhancers to demonstrate that ETS factors are equally essential for vein, arterial and angiogenic-specific enhancer activity patterns. Further, we show that ETS factor binding at these vein-specific enhancers is enriched by VEGFA signalling, similar to that seen at arterial and angiogenic enhancers. However, while arterial and angiogenic enhancers can be activated by VEGFA in vivo, the Ephb4 and Coup-TFII venous enhancers are not, suggesting that the specificity of VEGFA-induced arterial and angiogenic enhancer activity occurs via non-ETS transcription factors. These results support a model in which ETS factors are not the primary regulators of specific patterns of gene expression in different endothelial subtypes. Vein-specific enhancers can contain essential ETS motifs. VEGFA induced an increase in ETS binding at vein, arterial and angiogenic enhancers. VEGFA stimulation cannot induce vein-specific enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Neal
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Svanhild Nornes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sacilotto
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Preston
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucija Fleisinger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Payne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah De Val
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
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36
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Biallelic variants in ETV2 in a family with congenital heart defects, vertebral abnormalities and preaxial polydactyly. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104124. [PMID: 33359164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The combination of congenital heart defects and vertebral anomalies with or without additional abnormalities has been reported in many genetic disorders. We describe a family in which four consecutive pregnancies were characterized by the combination of fetal congenital heart malformations and vertebral anomalies. In addition, preaxial polydactyly was detected in one of the fetuses. Reanalysis of the non-diagnostic clinical exome data revealed compound heterozygous variants c.350del, p.(Gly117AlafsTer90) and c.757G > T, p.(Asp253Tyr) in ETV2 which have previously not been known to be associated with a phenotype in humans. In mice, Etv2 encodes an obligatory transcription factor involved in the generation of hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Its homozygous disruption results in embryonic lethality due to severe blood and vessel defects. The Etv2 promoter may be bound by Nkx2-5, a key transcription factor in heart development. Pathogenic variants in the NKx2-5 homolog in humans (NKX2-5) are related to congenital heart defects. The identification of additional fetuses or live-born individuals with biallelic pathogenic variants in ETV2 will shed further light on this presumably novel gene-phenotype association and on the full phenotypic spectrum.
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37
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Singh BN, Sierra-Pagan JE, Gong W, Das S, Theisen JWM, Skie E, Garry MG, Garry DJ. ETV2 (Ets Variant Transcription Factor 2)- Rhoj Cascade Regulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Migration During Embryogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2875-2890. [PMID: 33115267 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial progenitors migrate early during embryogenesis to form the primary vascular plexus. The regulatory mechanisms that govern their migration are not completely defined. Here, we describe a novel role for ETV2 (Ets variant transcription factor 2) in cell migration and provide evidence for an ETV2-Rhoj network as a mechanism responsible for this process. Approach and Results: Analysis of RNAseq datasets showed robust enrichment of migratory/motility pathways following overexpression of ETV2 during mesodermal differentiation. We then analyzed ETV2 chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq and assay for transposase accessible chromatin-seq datasets, which showed enrichment of chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq peaks with increased chromatin accessibility in migratory genes following overexpression of ETV2. Migratory assays showed that overexpression of ETV2 enhanced cell migration in mouse embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Knockout of Etv2 led to migratory defects of Etv2-EYFP+ angioblasts to their predefined regions of developing embryos relative to wild-type controls at embryonic day (E) 8.5, supporting its role during migration. Mechanistically, we showed that ETV2 binds the promoter region of Rhoj serving as an upstream regulator of cell migration. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of Etv2-EYFP+ sorted cells revealed coexpression of Etv2 and Rhoj in endothelial progenitors at E7.75 and E8.25. Overexpression of ETV2 led to a robust increase in Rhoj in both embryoid bodies and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, whereas, its expression was abolished in the Etv2 knockout embryoid bodies. Finally, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Rhoj resulted in migration defects, which were partially rescued by overexpression of ETV2. CONCLUSIONS These results define an ETV2-Rhoj cascade, which is important for the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairab N Singh
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Javier E Sierra-Pagan
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Wuming Gong
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Satyabrata Das
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Joshua W M Theisen
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Department of Pediatrics (J.W.M.T.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Erik Skie
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Mary G Garry
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Stem Cell Institute (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute (B.N.S., J.E.S.-P., W.G., S.D., J.W.M.T., E.S., M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.,Stem Cell Institute (M.G.G., D.J.G.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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38
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Venkataraman L, Fair SR, McElroy CA, Hester ME, Fu H. Modeling neurodegenerative diseases with cerebral organoids and other three-dimensional culture systems: focus on Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 18:696-717. [PMID: 33180261 PMCID: PMC7658915 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington’s disease, are characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal proteinaceous assemblies in specific cell types and regions of the brain, leading to cellular dysfunction and brain damage. Although animal- and in vitro-based studies of NDs have provided the field with an extensive understanding of some of the mechanisms underlying these diseases, findings from these studies have not yielded substantial progress in identifying treatment options for patient populations. This necessitates the development of complementary model systems that are better suited to recapitulate human-specific features of ND pathogenesis. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, such as cerebral organoids generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells, hold significant potential to model NDs in a complex, tissue-like environment. In this review, we discuss the advantages of 3D culture systems and 3D modeling of NDs, especially AD and FTD. We also provide an overview of the challenges and limitations of the current 3D culture systems. Finally, we propose a few potential future directions in applying state-of-the-art technologies in 3D culture systems to understand the mechanisms of NDs and to accelerate drug discovery. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Venkataraman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 616 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Summer R Fair
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Craig A McElroy
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark E Hester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 616 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 616 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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39
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Mikryukov AA, Mazine A, Wei B, Yang D, Miao Y, Gu M, Keller GM. BMP10 Signaling Promotes the Development of Endocardial Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiovascular Progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 28:96-111.e7. [PMID: 33142114 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic endocardium is essential for early heart development as it functions to induce trabecular myocardium, the first heart tissue to form, and is the source of the cells that make up the valves and a portion of the coronary vasculature. With this potential, human endocardial cells could provide unique therapeutic opportunities that include engineering biological valves and cell-based therapy strategies to replace coronary vasculature in damaged hearts. To access human endocardial cells, we generated a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived endothelial population that displays many characteristics of endocardium, including expression of the cohort of genes that identifies this lineage in vivo, the capacity to induce a trabecular fate in immature cardiomyocytes in vitro, and the ability to undergo an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Analyses of the signaling pathways required for development of the hPSC-derived endocardial cells identified a novel role for BMP10 in the specification of this lineage from cardiovascular mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amine Mazine
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Bei Wei
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Donghe Yang
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Yifei Miao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, CuSTOM, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gordon M Keller
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada.
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40
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Casie Chetty S, Sumanas S. Ets1 functions partially redundantly with Etv2 to promote embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2020; 465:11-22. [PMID: 32628937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ETS transcription factors play an important role in the specification and differentiation of endothelial cells during vascular development. Despite previous studies, the role of the founding member of the ETS family, Ets1, in vascular development in vivo is only partially understood. Here, we generated a zebrafish ets1 mutant by TALEN genome editing and tested functional redundancy between Ets1 and a related ETS factor Etv2/Etsrp/ER71. While zebrafish ets1-/- mutants have a normal functional vascular system, etv2-/-;ets1-/embryos had more severe angiogenic defects and lower expression levels of kdr and kdrl, the two zebrafish homologs of the mammalian Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 VEGFR2/Flk1, than etv2-/-embryos. Expression of constitutively active Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase1 (MAP2K1) within endothelial cells partially rescued this angiogenic defect. Interestingly, ets1-/- embryos displayed extensive apoptosis within the trunk vasculature despite exhibiting normal vascular patterning. Loss of Ets1 combined with a partial knockdown of Etv2 function resulted in a decrease in endothelial cell numbers in the axial vasculature, which argues for a role of Ets1 in promoting vasculogenesis. We also demonstrate that although both Ets1 and Etv2 can induce ectopic vascular marker expression in zebrafish embryos, Ets1 activity is dependent on MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of its Thr30 and Ser33 residues, while Etv2 activity is not. Together, our results identify a novel function of Ets1 in regulating endothelial cell survival during vasculogenesis in vivo. Based on these findings, we propose a revised model of how Ets1 and Etv2 play unique and partially redundant roles to promote vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Casie Chetty
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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41
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Wang K, Lin RZ, Hong X, Ng AH, Lee CN, Neumeyer J, Wang G, Wang X, Ma M, Pu WT, Church GM, Melero-Martin JM. Robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells via temporal modulation of ETV2 with modified mRNA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7606. [PMID: 32832668 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.02.973289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (h-iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (h-iECs) have become a valuable tool in regenerative medicine. However, current differentiation protocols remain inefficient and lack reliability. Here, we describe a method for rapid, consistent, and highly efficient generation of h-iECs. The protocol entails the delivery of modified mRNA encoding the transcription factor ETV2 at the intermediate mesodermal stage of differentiation. This approach reproducibly differentiated 13 diverse h-iPSC lines into h-iECs with exceedingly high efficiency. In contrast, standard differentiation methods that relied on endogenous ETV2 were inefficient and notably inconsistent. Our h-iECs were functionally competent in many respects, including the ability to form perfused vascular networks in vivo. Timely activation of ETV2 was critical, and bypassing the mesodermal stage produced putative h-iECs with reduced expansion potential and inability to form functional vessels. Our protocol has broad applications and could reliably provide an unlimited number of h-iECs for vascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex H Ng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chin Nien Lee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Neumeyer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juan M Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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42
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Wang K, Lin RZ, Hong X, Ng AH, Lee CN, Neumeyer J, Wang G, Wang X, Ma M, Pu WT, Church GM, Melero-Martin JM. Robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells via temporal modulation of ETV2 with modified mRNA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7606. [PMID: 32832668 PMCID: PMC7439318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (h-iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (h-iECs) have become a valuable tool in regenerative medicine. However, current differentiation protocols remain inefficient and lack reliability. Here, we describe a method for rapid, consistent, and highly efficient generation of h-iECs. The protocol entails the delivery of modified mRNA encoding the transcription factor ETV2 at the intermediate mesodermal stage of differentiation. This approach reproducibly differentiated 13 diverse h-iPSC lines into h-iECs with exceedingly high efficiency. In contrast, standard differentiation methods that relied on endogenous ETV2 were inefficient and notably inconsistent. Our h-iECs were functionally competent in many respects, including the ability to form perfused vascular networks in vivo. Timely activation of ETV2 was critical, and bypassing the mesodermal stage produced putative h-iECs with reduced expansion potential and inability to form functional vessels. Our protocol has broad applications and could reliably provide an unlimited number of h-iECs for vascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ruei-Zeng Lin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuechong Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex H. Ng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chin Nien Lee
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Neumeyer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - George M. Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juan M. Melero-Martin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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43
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Yin HM, Yan LF, Liu Q, Peng Z, Zhang CY, Xia Y, Su D, Gu AH, Zhou Y. Activating transcription factor 3 coordinates differentiation of cardiac and hematopoietic progenitors by regulating glucose metabolism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9466. [PMID: 32494702 PMCID: PMC7202888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac and hematopoietic progenitors (CPs and HPs, respectively) in the mesoderm ultimately form a well-organized circulation system, but mechanisms that reconcile their development remain elusive. We found that activating transcription factor 3 (atf3) was highly expressed in the CPs, HPs, and mesoderm, in zebrafish. The atf3 -/- mutants exhibited atrial dilated cardiomyopathy and a high ratio of immature myeloid cells. These manifestations were primarily caused by the blockade of differentiation of both CPs and HPs within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm. Mechanistically, Atf3 targets cebpγ to repress slc2a1a-mediated glucose utilization. The high rate of glucose metabolism in atf3 -/- mutants inhibited the differentiation of progenitors by changing the redox state. Therefore, atf3 could provide CPs and HPs with metabolic adaptive capacity to changes in glucose levels. Our study provides new insights into the role of atf3 in the coordination of differentiation of CPs and HPs by regulating glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Feng Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ai-Hua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Corresponding author. (A.-H.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author. (A.-H.G.); (Y.Z.)
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Borasch K, Richardson K, Plendl J. Cardiogenesis with a focus on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:643-655. [PMID: 32319704 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The initial intraembryonic vasculogenesis occurs in the cardiogenic mesoderm. Here, a cell population of proendocardial cells detaches from the mesoderm that subsequently generates the single endocardial tube by forming vascular plexuses. In the course of embryogenesis, the endocardium retains vasculogenic, angiogenic and haematopoietic potential. The coronary blood vessels that sustain the rapidly expanding myocardium develop in the course of the formation of the cardiac loop by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis from progenitor cells of the proepicardial serosa at the venous pole of the heart as well as from the endocardium and endothelial cells of the sinus venosus. Prospective coronary endothelial cells and progenitor cells of the coronary blood vessel walls (smooth muscle cells, perivascular cells) originate from different cell populations that are in close spatial as well as regulatory connection with each other. Vasculo- and angiogenesis of the coronary blood vessels are for a large part regulated by the epicardium and epicardium-derived cells. Vasculogenic and angiogenic signalling pathways include the vascular endothelial growth factors, the angiopoietins and the fibroblast growth factors and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Borasch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth Richardson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Das S, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Gafni O, Maeng G, Singh BN, Rasmussen T, Pan X, Choi KD, Mickelson D, Gong W, Pota P, Weaver CV, Kren S, Hanna JH, Yannopoulos D, Garry MG, Garry DJ. Generation of human endothelium in pig embryos deficient in ETV2. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:297-302. [DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Park SY, Lee H, Kwon YW, Park MR, Kim JH, Kim JB. Etv2- and Fli1-Induced Vascular Progenitor Cells Enhance Functional Recovery in Ischemic Vascular Disease Model-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e105-e113. [PMID: 32075417 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular progenitor cells (VPCs), which are able to differentiate into both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, have the potential for treatment of ischemic diseases. Generated by pluripotent stem cells, VPCs carry the risk of tumorigenicity in clinical application. This issue could be resolved by direct lineage conversion, the induction of functional cells from another lineage by using only lineage-restricted transcription factors. Here, we show that induced VPCs (iVPCs) can be generated from fibroblasts by ETS (E-twenty six) transcription factors, Etv2 and Fli1. Approach and Results: Mouse fibroblasts were infected with lentivirus encoding Etv2 and Fli1. Cell colonies appeared in Fli1- and Etv2/Fli1-infected groups and were mechanically picked. The identity of cell colonies was confirmed by proliferation assay and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with vascular markers. Etv2/Fli1- infected cell colonies were sorted by CD144 (also known as CDH5, VE-cadherin). We defined that CD144-positive iVPCs maintained its own population and expanded stably at multiple passages. iVPCs could differentiate into functional endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells by a defined medium. The functionalities of iVPC-derived endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were confirmed by analyzing LDL (low-density lipoprotein) uptake, carbachol-induced contraction, and tube formation in vitro. Transplantation of iVPCs into the ischemic hindlimb model enhanced blood flow without tumor formation in vivo. Human iVPCs were generated by human ETS transcription factors ETV2 and FLI1. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that ischemic disease curable iVPCs, which have self-renewal and bipotency, can be generated from mouse fibroblasts by enforced ETS family transcription factors, Etv2 and Fli1 expression. Our simple strategy opens insights into stem cell-based ischemic disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yong Park
- From the Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea (S.Y.P., H.L., M.R.P., J.B.K.)
| | - Hyunah Lee
- From the Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea (S.Y.P., H.L., M.R.P., J.B.K.)
| | - Yang Woo Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea (Y.W.K., J.H.K.)
| | - Myung Rae Park
- From the Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea (S.Y.P., H.L., M.R.P., J.B.K.)
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, South Korea (Y.W.K., J.H.K.)
| | - Jeong Beom Kim
- From the Hans Schöler Stem Cell Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea (S.Y.P., H.L., M.R.P., J.B.K.)
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Nas JB, Dangeros S, Chen PR, Dimapilis R, Gonzales DG, Hamja FA, Ramos C, Villanueva A. Evaluation of anticancer potential of Eleusine indica methanolic leaf extract through Ras- and Wnt-related pathways using transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strains. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL NEGATIVE RESULTS 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jpnr.jpnr_7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Chestnut B, Sumanas S. Zebrafish etv2 knock-in line labels vascular endothelial and blood progenitor cells. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:245-261. [PMID: 31705559 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETS transcription factor Etv2/Etsrp is one of the earliest markers for vascular and hematopoietic progenitors and functions as a key regulator of hematovascular development in multiple vertebrates, including zebrafish. Therefore, transgenic etv2 reporter lines provide a valuable tool to study vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. However, previously generated zebrafish reporter lines do not fully recapitulate the endogenous pattern of etv2 expression. RESULTS Here we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-independent DNA repair approach to knock-in a Gal4 transcriptional activator into the zebrafish etv2 genomic locus, thus generating etv2 ci32Gt gene trap line. etv2 ci32Gt ; UAS:GFP embryos show GFP expression in vascular endothelial, myeloid and red blood cells. Because gal4 insertion interrupts the etv2 locus, homozygous etv2 ci32Gt embryos display defects in vasculogenesis and myelopoiesis, and enable visualizing etv2-deficient hematovascular progenitors in live embryos. Furthermore, we performed differential transcriptome analysis of sorted GFP-positive cells from heterozygous and homozygous etv2 ci32Gt embryos. Approximately 500 downregulated genes were identified in etv2 ci32Gt homozygous embryos, which include multiple genes expressed in vascular endothelial and myeloid cells. CONCLUSIONS The etv2 ci32Gt gene trap line and the data sets of misregulated genes will be valuable resources to study hematopoietic and vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Chestnut
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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49
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Kim JY, Lee DH, Kim JK, Choi HS, Dwivedi B, Rupji M, Kowalski J, Green SJ, Song H, Park WJ, Chang JY, Kim TM, Park C. ETV2/ER71 regulates the generation of FLK1 + cells from mouse embryonic stem cells through miR-126-MAPK signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 31744543 PMCID: PMC6862833 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies including ours have demonstrated a critical function of the transcription factor ETV2 (ets variant 2; also known as ER71) in determining the fate of cardiovascular lineage development. However, the underlying mechanisms of ETV2 function remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the novel function of the miR (micro RNA)-126-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway in ETV2-mediated FLK1 (fetal liver kinase 1; also known as VEGFR2)+ cell generation from the mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). By performing a series of experiments including miRNA sequencing and ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation)-PCR, we found that miR-126 is directly induced by ETV2. Further, we identified that miR-126 can positively regulate the generation of FLK1+ cells by activating the MAPK pathway through targeting SPRED1 (sprouty-related EVH1 domain containing 1). Further, we showed evidence that JUN/FOS activate the enhancer region of FLK1 through AP1 (activator protein 1) binding sequences. Our findings provide insight into the novel molecular mechanisms of ETV2 function in regulating cardiovascular lineage development from mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joo Kyung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong Seo Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bhakti Dwivedi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manali Rupji
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeanne Kowalski
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Present Address: Department of Oncology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stefan J Green
- Sequencing Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heesang Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, IL, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ji Young Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr. Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Children's Heart Research & Outcomes (HeRO) Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Abstract
The function of the mammalian heart depends on the interplay between different cardiac cell types. The deployment of these cells, with precise spatiotemporal regulation, is also important during development to establish the heart structure. In this Review, we discuss the diverse origins of cardiac cell types and the lineage relationships between cells of a given type that contribute to different parts of the heart. The emerging lineage tree shows the progression of cell fate diversification, with patterning cues preceding cell type segregation, as well as points of convergence, with overlapping lineages contributing to a given tissue. Several cell lineage markers have been identified. However, caution is required with genetic-tracing experiments in comparison with clonal analyses. Genetic studies on cell populations provided insights into the mechanisms for lineage decisions. In the past 3 years, results of single-cell transcriptomics are beginning to reveal cell heterogeneity and early developmental trajectories. Equating this information with the in vivo location of cells and their lineage history is a current challenge. Characterization of the progenitor cells that form the heart and of the gene regulatory networks that control their deployment is of major importance for understanding the origin of congenital heart malformations and for producing cardiac tissue for use in regenerative medicine.
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