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Colino-Lage H, Guerrero-Gómez D, Gómez-Orte E, González X, Martina JA, Dansen TB, Ayuso C, Askjaer P, Puertollano R, Irazoqui JE, Cabello J, Miranda-Vizuete A. Regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans HLH-30 subcellular localization dynamics: Evidence for a redox-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:369-383. [PMID: 39059513 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors TFEB/TFE3 and HLH-30 are key regulators of autophagy induction and lysosomal biogenesis in mammals and C. elegans, respectively. While much is known about the regulation of TFEB/TFE3, how HLH-30 subcellular dynamics and transactivation are modulated are yet poorly understood. Thus, elucidating the regulation of C. elegans HLH-30 will provide evolutionary insight into the mechanisms governing the function of bHLH transcription factor family. We report here that HLH-30 is retained in the cytoplasm mainly through its conserved Ser201 residue and that HLH-30 physically interacts with the 14-3-3 protein FTT-2 in this location. The FoxO transcription factor DAF-16 is not required for HLH-30 nuclear translocation upon stress, despite that both proteins partner to form a complex that coordinately regulates several organismal responses. Similar as described for DAF-16, the importin IMB-2 assists HLH-30 nuclear translocation, but constitutive HLH-30 nuclear localization is not sufficient to trigger its distinctive transcriptional response. Furthermore, we identify FTT-2 as the target of diethyl maleate (DEM), a GSH depletor that causes a transient nuclear translocation of HLH-30. Together, our work demonstrates that the regulation of TFEB/TFE3 and HLH-30 family members is evolutionarily conserved and that, in addition to a direct redox regulation through its conserved single cysteine residue, HLH-30 can also be indirectly regulated by a redox-dependent mechanism, probably through FTT-2 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Colino-Lage
- Redox Homeostasis Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - David Guerrero-Gómez
- Redox Homeostasis Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Gómez-Orte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Xavier González
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - José A Martina
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tobias B Dansen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Ayuso
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Peter Askjaer
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Juan Cabello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- Redox Homeostasis Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
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2
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Ciccarelli EJ, Wing Z, Bendelstein M, Johal RK, Singh G, Monas A, Savage-Dunn C. TGF-β ligand cross-subfamily interactions in the response of Caenorhabditis elegans to a bacterial pathogen. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011324. [PMID: 38875298 PMCID: PMC11210861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family consists of numerous secreted peptide growth factors that play significant roles in cell function, tissue patterning, and organismal homeostasis, including wound repair and immunity. Typically studied as homodimers, these ligands have the potential to diversify their functions through ligand interactions that may enhance, repress, or generate novel functions. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, there are only five TGF-β ligands, providing an opportunity to dissect ligand interactions in fewer combinations than in vertebrates. As in vertebrates, these ligands can be divided into bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and TGF-β/Activin subfamilies that predominantly signal through discrete signaling pathways. The BMP subfamily ligand DBL-1 has been well studied for its role in the innate immune response in C. elegans. Here we show that all five TGF-β ligands play a role in survival on bacterial pathogens. We also demonstrate that multiple TGF-β ligand pairs act nonredundantly as part of this response. We show that the two BMP-like ligands-DBL-1 and TIG-2-function independently of each other in the immune response, while TIG-2/BMP and the TGF-β/Activin-like ligand TIG-3 function together. Structural modeling supports the potential for TIG-2 and TIG-3 to form heterodimers. Additionally, we identify TIG-2 and TIG-3 as members of a rare subset of TGF-β ligands lacking the conserved cysteine responsible for disulfide linking mature dimers. Finally, we show that canonical DBL-1/BMP receptor and Smad signal transducers function in the response to bacterial pathogens, while components of the DAF-7 TGF-β/Activin signaling pathway do not play a major role in survival. These results demonstrate a novel potential for BMP and TGF-β/Activin subfamily ligands to interact and may provide a mechanism for distinguishing the developmental and homeostatic functions of these ligands from an acute response such as the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jo Ciccarelli
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Zachary Wing
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Moshe Bendelstein
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Ramandeep Kaur Johal
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Gurjot Singh
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Ayelet Monas
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York, United States of America
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3
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Kywe C, Lundquist EA, Ackley BD, Lansdon P. The MAB-5/Hox family transcription factor is important for Caenorhabditis elegans innate immune response to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae054. [PMID: 38478633 PMCID: PMC11075571 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity functions as a rapid defense against broad classes of pathogenic agents. While the mechanisms of innate immunity in response to antigen exposure are well-studied, how pathogen exposure activates the innate immune responses and the role of genetic variation in immune activity is currently being investigated. Previously, we showed significant survival differences between the N2 and the CB4856 Caenorhabditis elegans isolates in response to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. One of those differences was expression of the mab-5 Hox family transcription factor, which was induced in N2, but not CB4856, after infection. In this study, we use survival assays and RNA-sequencing to better understand the role of mab-5 in response to S. epidermidis. We found that mab-5 loss-of-function (LOF) mutants were more susceptible to S. epidermidis infection than N2 or mab-5 gain-of-function (GOF) mutants, but not as susceptible as CB4856 animals. We then conducted transcriptome analysis of infected worms and found considerable differences in gene expression profiles when comparing animals with mab-5 LOF to either N2 or mab-5 GOF. N2 and mab-5 GOF animals showed a significant enrichment in expression of immune genes and C-type lectins, whereas mab-5 LOF mutants did not. Overall, gene expression profiling in mab-5 mutants provided insight into MAB-5 regulation of the transcriptomic response of C. elegans to pathogenic bacteria and helps us to understand mechanisms of innate immune activation and the role that transcriptional regulation plays in organismal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kywe
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Brian D Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Patrick Lansdon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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4
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Pees B, Peters L, Treitz C, Hamerich IK, Kissoyan KAB, Tholey A, Dierking K. The Caenorhabditis elegans proteome response to two protective Pseudomonas symbionts. mBio 2024; 15:e0346323. [PMID: 38411078 PMCID: PMC11005407 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03463-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans natural microbiota isolates Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 and Pseudomonas fluorescens MYb115 protect the host against pathogens through distinct mechanisms. While P. lurida produces an antimicrobial compound and directly inhibits pathogen growth, P. fluorescens MYb115 protects the host without affecting pathogen growth. It is unknown how these two protective microbes affect host biological processes. We used a proteomics approach to elucidate the C. elegans response to MYb11 and MYb115. We found that both Pseudomonas isolates increase vitellogenin protein production in young adults, which confirms previous findings on the effect of microbiota on C. elegans reproductive timing. Moreover, the C. elegans responses to MYb11 and MYb115 exhibit common signatures with the response to other vitamin B12-producing bacteria, emphasizing the importance of vitamin B12 in C. elegans-microbe metabolic interactions. We further analyzed signatures in the C. elegans response specific to MYb11 or MYb115. We provide evidence for distinct modifications in lipid metabolism by both symbiotic microbes. We could identify the activation of host-pathogen defense responses as an MYb11-specific proteome signature and provide evidence that the intermediate filament protein IFB-2 is required for MYb115-mediated protection. These results indicate that MYb11 not only produces an antimicrobial compound but also activates host antimicrobial defenses, which together might increase resistance to infection. In contrast, MYb115 affects host processes such as lipid metabolism and cytoskeleton dynamics, which might increase host tolerance to infection. Overall, this study pinpoints proteins of interest that form the basis for additional exploration into the mechanisms underlying C. elegans microbiota-mediated protection from pathogen infection and other microbiota-mediated traits.IMPORTANCESymbiotic bacteria can defend their host against pathogen infection. While some protective symbionts directly interact with pathogenic bacteria, other protective symbionts elicit a response in the host that improves its own pathogen defenses. To better understand how a host responds to protective symbionts, we examined which host proteins are affected by two protective Pseudomonas bacteria in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that the C. elegans response to its protective symbionts is manifold, which was reflected in changes in proteins that are involved in metabolism, the immune system, and cell structure. This study provides a foundation for exploring the contribution of the host response to symbiont-mediated protection from pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pees
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena Peters
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Treitz
- Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga K. Hamerich
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kohar A. B. Kissoyan
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Dierking
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Ciccarelli EJ, Bendelstein M, Yamamoto KK, Reich H, Savage-Dunn C. BMP signaling to pharyngeal muscle in the C. elegans response to a bacterial pathogen regulates anti-microbial peptide expression and pharyngeal pumping. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar52. [PMID: 38381557 PMCID: PMC11064665 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-05-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Host response to pathogens recruits multiple tissues in part through conserved cell signaling pathways. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) like DBL-1 signaling pathway has a role in the response to infection in addition to other roles in development and postdevelopmental functions. In the regulation of body size, the DBL-1 pathway acts through cell autonomous signal activation in the epidermis (hypodermis). We have now elucidated the tissues that respond to DBL-1 signaling upon exposure to two bacterial pathogens. The receptors and Smad signal transducers for DBL-1 are expressed in pharyngeal muscle, intestine, and epidermis. We demonstrate that expression of receptor-regulated Smad (R-Smad) gene sma-3 in the pharynx is sufficient to improve the impaired survival phenotype of sma-3 mutants and that expression of sma-3 in the intestine has no effect when exposing worms to bacterial infection of the intestine. We also show that two antimicrobial peptide genes - abf-2 and cnc-2 - are regulated by DBL-1 signaling through R-Smad SMA-3 activity in the pharynx. Finally, we show that pharyngeal pumping activity is reduced in sma-3 mutants and that other pharynx-defective mutants also have reduced survival on a bacterial pathogen. Our results identify the pharynx as a tissue that responds to BMP signaling to coordinate a systemic response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jo Ciccarelli
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Katerina K. Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016
| | - Hannah Reich
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367
| | - Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016
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6
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Ciccarelli EJ, Bendelstein M, Yamamoto KK, Reich H, Savage-Dunn C. BMP signaling to pharyngeal muscle in the C. elegans response to a bacterial pathogen regulates anti-microbial peptide expression and pharyngeal pumping. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.06.531324. [PMID: 36945421 PMCID: PMC10028841 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Host response to pathogens recruits multiple tissues in part through conserved cell signaling pathways. In C. elegans, the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) like DBL-1 signaling pathway has a role in the response to infection in addition to other roles in development and post-developmental functions. In the regulation of body size, the DBL-1 pathway acts through cell autonomous signal activation in the epidermis (hypodermis). We have now elucidated the tissues that respond to DBL-1 signaling upon exposure to two bacterial pathogens. The receptors and Smad signal transducers for DBL-1 are expressed in pharyngeal muscle, intestine, and epidermis. We demonstrate that expression of receptor-regulated Smad (R-Smad) gene sma-3 in the pharynx is sufficient to improve the impaired survival phenotype of sma-3 mutants and that expression of sma-3 in the intestine has no effect when exposing worms to bacterial infection of the intestine. We also show that two antimicrobial peptide genes - abf-2 and cnc-2 - are regulated by DBL-1 signaling through R-Smad SMA-3 activity in the pharynx. Finally, we show that pharyngeal pumping activity is reduced in sma-3 mutants and that other pharynx-defective mutants also have reduced survival on a bacterial pathogen. Our results identify the pharynx as a tissue that responds to BMP signaling to coordinate a systemic response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jo Ciccarelli
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing NY
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York NY
| | | | - Katerina K. Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing NY
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York NY
| | - Hannah Reich
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing NY
| | - Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing NY
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York NY
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7
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Liu F, Zhang H, Wang H, Zhu X, Li S, Jiang N, Yu C, Liu Y, Xiao Y. The homeodomain transcription factor CEH-37 regulates PMK-1/p38 MAPK pathway to protect against intestinal infection via the phosphatase VHP-1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:312. [PMID: 37796333 PMCID: PMC11072455 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicate that the expression of defense genes at the right place and the right time are regulated by host-defense transcription factors. However, the precise mechanisms of this regulation are not well understood. Homeodomain transcription factors, encoded by homeobox genes, play crucial role for the development of multicellular eukaryotes. In this study, we demonstrated that homeodomain transcription factor CEH-37 (known as OTX2 in mammals) was a key transcription factor for host defense in Caenorhabditis elegans. Meanwhile, CEH-37 acted in the intestine to protect C. elegans against pathogen infection. We further showed that the homeodomain transcription factor CEH-37 positively regulated PMK-1/ p38 MAPK activity to promote the intestinal immunity via suppression phosphatase VHP-1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this function was conserved, because the human homeodomain transcription factor OTX2 also exhibited protective function in lung epithelial cells during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Thus, our work reveal that CEH-37/OTX2 is a evolutionarily conserved transcription factor for defense against pathogen infection. The finding provides a model in which CEH-37 decreases VHP-1 phosphatase activity, allowing increased stimulation of PMK-1/p38 MAPK phosphorylation cascade in the intestine for pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongjiao Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi , 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Haijuan Wang
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi , 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinting Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Sanhua Li
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi , 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Nian Jiang
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi , 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Changyan Yu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi , 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi , 563000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yi Xiao
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
- College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi , 563000, Guizhou, China.
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8
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Drury F, Grover M, Hintze M, Saunders J, Fasseas MK, Constantinou C, Barkoulas M. A PAX6-regulated receptor tyrosine kinase pairs with a pseudokinase to activate immune defense upon oomycete recognition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300587120. [PMID: 37725647 PMCID: PMC10523662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300587120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes were recently discovered as natural pathogens of Caenorhabditis elegans, and pathogen recognition alone was shown to be sufficient to activate a protective transcriptional program characterized by the expression of multiple chitinase-like (chil) genes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying oomycete recognition in animals remain fully unknown. We performed here a forward genetic screen to uncover regulators of chil gene induction and found several independent loss-of-function alleles of old-1 and flor-1, which encode receptor tyrosine kinases belonging to the C. elegans-specific KIN-16 family. We report that OLD-1 and FLOR-1 are both necessary for mounting the immune response and act in the epidermis. FLOR-1 is a pseudokinase that acts downstream of the active kinase OLD-1 and regulates OLD-1 levels at the plasma membrane. Interestingly, the old-1 locus is adjacent to the chil genes in the C. elegans genome, thereby revealing a genetic cluster important for oomycete resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that old-1 expression at the anterior side of the epidermis is regulated by the VAB-3/PAX6 transcription factor, well known for its role in visual system development in other animals. Taken together, our study reveals both conserved and species-specific factors shaping the activation and spatial characteristics of the immune response to oomycete recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Drury
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Grover
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hintze
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Saunders
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K. Fasseas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Charis Constantinou
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michalis Barkoulas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Hajdú G, Somogyvári M, Csermely P, Sőti C. Lysosome-related organelles promote stress and immune responses in C. elegans. Commun Biol 2023; 6:936. [PMID: 37704756 PMCID: PMC10499889 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) play diverse roles and their dysfunction causes immunodeficiency. However, their primordial functions remain unclear. Here, we report that C. elegans LROs (gut granules) promote organismal defenses against various stresses. We find that toxic benzaldehyde exposure induces LRO autofluorescence, stimulates the expression of LRO-specific genes and enhances LRO transport capacity as well as increases tolerance to benzaldehyde, heat and oxidative stresses, while these responses are impaired in glo-1/Rab32 and pgp-2 ABC transporter LRO biogenesis mutants. Benzaldehyde upregulates glo-1- and pgp-2-dependent expression of heat shock, detoxification and antimicrobial effector genes, which requires daf-16/FOXO and/or pmk-1/p38MAPK. Finally, benzaldehyde preconditioning increases resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 in a glo-1- and pgp-2-dependent manner, and PA14 infection leads to the deposition of fluorescent metabolites in LROs and induction of LRO genes. Our study suggests that LROs may play a role in systemic responses to stresses and in pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Hajdú
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milán Somogyvári
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Csermely
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Ciccarelli EJ, Wing Z, Bendelstein M, Johal RK, Singh G, Monas A, Savage-Dunn C. TGF-β Ligand Cross-Subfamily Interactions in the Response of Caenorhabditis elegans to Bacterial Pathogens. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.05.539606. [PMID: 37215035 PMCID: PMC10197529 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.05.539606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) family consists of numerous secreted peptide growth factors that play significant roles in cell function, tissue patterning, and organismal homeostasis, including wound repair and immunity. Typically studied as homodimers, these ligands have the potential to diversify their functions through ligand interactions that are synergistic, cooperative, additive, and/or antagonistic. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, there are only five TGF-β ligands, providing an opportunity to dissect ligand interactions in fewer combinations than in vertebrates. As in vertebrates, these ligands can be divided into bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and TGF-β/Activin subfamilies that predominantly signal through discrete signaling pathways. The BMP subfamily ligand DBL-1 has been well studied for its role in the innate immune response in C. elegans. Here we show that all five TGF-β ligands play a role in the immune response. We also demonstrate that multiple TGF-β ligands act cooperatively as part of this response. We show that the two BMP-like ligands - DBL-1 and TIG-2 - function independently of each other in the immune response, while TIG-2/BMP and the TGF-β/Activin-like ligand TIG-3 function cooperatively. Structural modeling supports the potential for TIG-2 and TIG-3 to form heterodimers. Finally, we show that canonical DBL-1/BMP receptor and Smad signal transducers function in the response to bacterial pathogens, while components of the DAF-7 TGF-β/Activin signaling pathway do not play a role in survival. These results demonstrate a novel potential for BMP and TGF-β/Activin subfamily ligands to interact, and may provide a mechanism for distinguishing the developmental and homeostatic functions of these ligands from an acute response such as the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jo Ciccarelli
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY
| | - Zachary Wing
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY
| | | | | | - Gurjot Singh
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY
| | - Ayelet Monas
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY
| | - Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY
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11
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang D. Paeoniflorin increases the survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected Caenorhabditis elegans at the immunosuppression stage by activating PMK-1, BAR-1, and EGL-1 signals. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:616-628. [PMID: 37535304 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is the major active compound of total glycoside of paeony in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Although several aspects of beneficial effects of paeoniflorin have been described, whether the paeoniflorin treatment is helpful for inhibiting the pathogen infection-induced immunosuppression remains largely unclear. Using the immunosuppression model in Caenorhabditis elegans induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, we here examined the beneficial effect of paeoniflorin treatment against the immunosuppression induced by bacterial pathogen infection. In this immunosuppression model, we observed that the survival rate of P. aeruginosa infected nematodes at the immunosuppression stage could be significantly increased by 25-100 mg/L paeoniflorin treatment. P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen of nematodes at the immunosuppression stage was reduced by paeoniflorin treatment. Paeoniflorin could activate the expressions of antimicrobial genes (lys-1 and lys-8) in nematodes at the immunosuppression stage. Moreover, at the immunosuppression stage, paeoniflorin treatment increased the expressions of bar-1, pmk-1, and egl-1 required for the control of innate immunity against bacterial infection. Meanwhile, RNAi of bar-1, pmk-1, and egl-1 inhibited the beneficial effect of paeoniflorin treatment in increasing the survival, reducing the P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen, and activating the expressions of antimicrobial genes (lys-1 and lys-8) in nematodes at the immunosuppression stage. Therefore, paeoniflorin treatment could effectively inhibit the immunosuppression induced by bacterial pathogen infection in the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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12
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Tang M, Ding G, Li L, Xiao G, Wang D. Exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles at predicted environmental concentrations enhances toxic effects of Acinetobacter johnsonii AC15 infection on Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115131. [PMID: 37315368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics and microbial pathogens are both widely distributed in the environment; however, their combined toxicity remains largely unclear. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model, we examined the possible effect of exposure to polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP) in Acinetobacter johnsonii AC15 (a bacterial pathogen) infected animals. Exposure to PS-NP at the concentrations of 0.1-10 μg/L significantly enhanced the toxicity of Acinetobacter johnsonii AC15 infection on lifespan and locomotion behaviors. In addition, after exposure to 0.1-10 μg/L PS-NP, the accumulation of Acinetobacter johnsonii AC15 in body of nematodes was also increased. Meanwhile, the innate immune response indicated by the increase of antimicrobial gene expressions in Acinetobacter johnsonii AC15 infected nematodes was suppressed by exposure to 0.1-10 μg/L PS-NP. Moreover, expressions of egl-1, dbl-1, bar-1, daf-16, pmk-1, and elt-2 governing the bacterial infection and immunity in Acinetobacter johnsonii AC15 infected nematodes were further inhibited by exposure to 0.1-10 μg/L PS-NP. Therefore, our data suggested the possible exposure risk of nanoplastic at predicted environmental concentrations in enhancing the toxic effects of bacterial pathogens on environmental organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Tang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Guoying Ding
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Liane Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China; Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Yuan X, Wang D. Treatment with paeoniflorin increases lifespan of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected Caenorhabditis elegans by inhibiting bacterial accumulation in intestinal lumen and biofilm formation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1114219. [PMID: 37050896 PMCID: PMC10083309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is one of the important components in Paeoniaceae plants. In this study, we used Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a bacterial pathogen to investigate the possible role of paeoniflorin treatment against P. aeruginosa infection in the host and the underlying mechanisms. Posttreatment with 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin could significantly increase the lifespan of P. aeruginosa infected nematodes. After the infection, the P. aeruginosa colony-forming unit (CFU) and P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen were also obviously reduced by 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin treatment. The beneficial effects of paeoniflorin treatment in increasing lifespan in P. aeruginosa infected nematodes and in reducing P. aeruginosa accumulation in intestinal lumen could be inhibited by RNAi of pmk-1, egl-1, and bar-1. In addition, paeoniflorin treatment suppressed the inhibition in expressions of pmk-1, egl-1, and bar-1 caused by P. aeruginosa infection in nematodes, suggesting that paeoniflorin could increase lifespan of P. aeruginosa infected nematode by activating PMK-1, EGL-1, and BAR-1. Moreover, although treatment with 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin did not show obvious anti-P. aeruginosa activity, the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and expressions of related virulence genes (pelA, pelB, phzA, lasB, lasR, rhlA, and rhlC) were significantly inhibited by paeoniflorin treatment. Treatment with 1.25–10 mg/L paeoniflorin could further decrease the levels of related virulence factors of pyocyanin, elastase, and rhamnolipid. In addition, 2.5–10 mg/L paeoniflorin treatment could inhibit the swimming, swarming, and twitching motility of P. aeruginosa, and treatment with 2.5–10 mg/L paeoniflorin reduced the cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) level. Therefore, paeoniflorin treatment has the potential to extend lifespan of P. aeruginosa infected hosts by reducing bacterial accumulation in intestinal lumen and inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation.
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14
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Goswamy D, Gonzalez X, Labed SA, Irazoqui JE. C. elegans orphan nuclear receptor NHR-42 represses innate immunity and promotes lipid loss downstream of HLH-30/TFEB. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094145. [PMID: 36860863 PMCID: PMC9968933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, transcription factors of the Microphthalmia-TFE (MiT) family, including TFEB and TFE3 in mammals and HLH-30 in Caenorhabditis elegans, have emerged as important regulators of innate immunity and inflammation in invertebrates and vertebrates. Despite great strides in knowledge, the mechanisms that mediate downstream actions of MiT transcription factors in the context of innate host defense remain poorly understood. Here, we report that HLH-30, which promotes lipid droplet mobilization and host defense, induces the expression of orphan nuclear receptor NHR-42 during infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Remarkably, NHR-42 loss of function promoted host infection resistance, genetically defining NHR-42 as an HLH-30-controlled negative regulator of innate immunity. During infection, NHR-42 was required for lipid droplet loss, suggesting that it is an important effector of HLH-30 in lipid immunometabolism. Moreover, transcriptional profiling of nhr-42 mutants revealed wholesale activation of an antimicrobial signature, of which abf-2, cnc-2, and lec-11 were important for the enhanced survival of infection of nhr-42 mutants. These results advance our knowledge of the mechanisms by which MiT transcription factors promote host defense, and by analogy suggest that TFEB and TFE3 may similarly promote host defense via NHR-42-homologous nuclear receptors in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Javier E. Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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15
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Mangu JCK, Stylianou M, Olsson PE, Jass J. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances enhance Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity and impair host immune response. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120294. [PMID: 36181932 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are major persistent environmental contaminants. Epidemiological studies have linked PFAS exposures to altered immunity and increased occurrence of infections in children. However, the mechanisms leading to immune susceptibility to bacterial infections remains unclear. To elucidate the mechanism, transcriptional alteration in the Caenorhabditis elegans model caused by a PFAS contaminated environmental water and two reconstituted PFAS solutions were evaluated using RNA-sequencing. PFAS affected the expression of several genes involved in C. elegans immune surveillance to Gram-positive bacteria (cpr-2, tag-38, spp-1, spp-5, clec-7, clec-172). The combined exposure to PFAS and Staphylococcus aureus significantly reduced C. elegans survival and increased intestinal membrane permeability. Furthermore, the growth of S. aureus in the presence of PFAS increased the expression of virulence genes, specifically, the virulence gene regulator saeR and α-hemolysin, hla, which resulted in increased hemolytic activity. The present study demonstrated that PFAS exposure not only increased C. elegans susceptibility to pathogens by reducing host immunity and increasing intestinal membrane permeability, but also increased bacteria virulence. This presents a broader implication for humans and other animals, where environmental contaminants simultaneously reduce host resilience, while, increasing microbial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marios Stylianou
- The Life Science Centre-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- The Life Science Centre-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Centre-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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16
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Cao C, Zhu Y, Huang W, Yang Y, Qiu H, Liu S, Wang D. Beneficial effect of Xuebijing against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:949608. [PMID: 36120363 PMCID: PMC9470999 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinical intensive care units (ICU), the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation of Xuebijing has been frequently used for treating sepsis. Nevertheless, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of Xuebijing remain largely unclear. Caenorhabditis elegans is an important experimental host for bacterial infections. Using C. elegans as an animal model, we here examined the potential of Xuebijing treatment against bacterial infection and the underlying mechanisms. Xuebijing treatment could inhibit the reduction tendency of lifespan caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. For the cellular mechanisms of this antibacterial infection property, we found that Xuebijing treatment rescued C. elegans lifespan to be against P. aeruginosa infection by inhibiting Pseudomonas colonization in the intestinal lumen. Meanwhile, the increase in the expression of antimicrobial genes induced by Pseudomonas infection was also suppressed by Xuebijing treatment. Moreover, the beneficial effect of Xuebijing against Pseudomonas infection depended on insulin, p38 MAPK, Wnt, DBL-1/TGF-β, ELT-2, and programmed cell death (PCD)-related signals. Although Xuebijing did not show obvious antibacterial activity, Xuebijing (100%) treatment could inhibit the Pseudomonas biofilm formation and decrease the expression of virulence genes (lasA, lasB, rhlA, rhlC, phzA, phzM, phzH, and phzS) and quorum sensing (QS)-related genes (lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pqsA, and pqsR). Our results support the potential role of Xuebijing treatment against bacterial infection in hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yike Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Songqiao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Songqiao Liu, ; Dayong Wang,
| | - Dayong Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Songqiao Liu, ; Dayong Wang,
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17
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Sang Y, Ren J, Aballay A. The transcription factor HLH-26 controls probiotic-mediated protection against intestinal infection through up-regulation of the Wnt/BAR-1 pathway. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001581. [PMID: 35263319 PMCID: PMC8936500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics play a critical role in the control of host intestinal microbial balance, protecting the host from gastrointestinal pathogens, modulating the host immune response, and decreasing host susceptibility to infection. To understand the mechanism underlying the protective effect of probiotics against infections through immune regulation, we examined protection against Salmonella enterica infection following exposure to nonpathogenic Enterococcus faecium in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that the transcription factor HLH-26, a REF-1 family member of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, was required in the intestine for E. faecium-mediated protection of C. elegans against a lethal S. enterica infection. In addition, we uncovered that defense response genes controlled by the canonical Wnt/BAR-1 pathway were activated upon exposure to E. faecium in an HLH-26-dependent manner. Our findings highlight a role for REF-1/HLH-26 in the control of the Wnt/BAR-1 pathway in probiotic-mediated protection against gut infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Aballay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Xiang C, Liu X, Zhou D, Zhou Y, Wang X, Chen F. Identification of a glioma functional network from gene fitness data using machine learning. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1253-1263. [PMID: 35044082 PMCID: PMC8831986 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain tumours that remains incurable despite recent advances in clinical treatments. Previous studies have focused on sub-categorizing patient samples based on clustering various transcriptomic data. While functional genomics data are rapidly accumulating, there exist opportunities to leverage these data to decipher glioma-associated biomarkers. We sought to implement a systematic approach to integrating data from high throughput CRISPR-Cas9 screening studies with machine learning algorithms to infer a glioma functional network. We demonstrated the network significantly enriched various biological pathways and may play roles in glioma tumorigenesis. From densely connected glioma functional modules, we further predicted 12 potential Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway targeted genes, including AARSD1, HOXB5, ITGA6, LRRC71, MED19, MED24, METTL11B, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, TAF6L, TENT5A and ZNF281. Cox regression modelling with these targets was significantly associated with glioma overall survival prognosis. Additionally, TRIB2 was identified as a glioma neoplastic cell marker in single-cell RNA-seq of GBM samples. This work establishes novel strategies for constructing functional networks to identify glioma biomarkers for the development of diagnosis and treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐xiang Xiang
- Department of PathologyXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang, HubeiChina
| | - Xi‐guo Liu
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryHubei Cancer HospitalWuhan, HubeiChina
| | - Da‐quan Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang, HubeiChina
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang, HubeiChina
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang, HubeiChina
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangyang Central HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and ScienceXiangyang, HubeiChina
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19
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Yun B, Ryu S, Kang M, Lee J, Yoo J, Kim Y, Oh S. Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Increased Longevity and Resistance Against Foodborne Pathogens in Caenorhabditis elegans by Regulating MicroRNA miR-34. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:819328. [PMID: 35127565 PMCID: PMC8807481 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.819328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the relation of probiotic activity of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) and expression of microRNA to immune response and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans host model. First, we evaluated the survival rate of C. elegans due to LGG exposure and bacterial colonization in the intestine. Next, the expression of mRNA and miRNA was analyzed in C. elegans exposure to LGG for 24 h using microarray. After exposure to LGG to C. elegans, colonized LGG was observed in the intestines of C. elegans and induced to extend lifespan. Moreover, persistent LGG in the intestine significantly enhanced the resistance of C. elegans exposed to both pathogenic bacteria and prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. Transcriptome analysis indicated that LGG affected the expression levels of genes related to the innate immune response and upregulated the abundance of genes in multiple pathways of C. elegans, including Wnt signaling, TGF-beta signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that the expression of antibacterial genes was increased by LGG. Moreover, as the expression of microRNA miR-34 and immune-related pathways increased by exposure to LGG, the lifespan of C. elegans increased. However, in the miR-34 mutant C. elegans, the lifespan by LGG did not increase, so it was determined that miR-34 indirectly affects immune-related pathways. There was no significant difference in the expression of PMK-1 for LGG exposure in miR-34 mutants, suggesting that miR-34 may regulate PMK-1. In conclusion, we suggest that exposure of LGG to C. elegans enhances lifespan and resistance to food-borne pathogen infection by stimulating miR-34 and indirectly promoting PMK-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohyun Yun
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minkyoung Kang
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jiseon Yoo
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Younghoon Kim, ; Sangnam Oh,
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Younghoon Kim, ; Sangnam Oh,
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20
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Tang Y, Wang T, Yu Y, Yan Y, Wu C. Upregulation of HOXC9 generates interferon-gamma resistance in gastric cancer by inhibiting the DAPK1/RIG1/STAT1 axis. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3455-3468. [PMID: 34159686 PMCID: PMC8409412 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical reports indicate that gastric cancer (GC) has a high mortality rate, but its pathological mechanism remains poorly understood. This work integrated bioinformatics analysis with experimental verification to explore novel biomarkers of gastric cancer. First, weighted gene coexpression network analysis was applied to screen significant genes correlated with GC development. Gene set enrichment analysis was also used to unearth the most relevant biological functions of significant genes. As a result, we discovered homeobox C9 (HOXC9) as a novel oncogene in GC, primarily through negatively regulating immune response. High expression of HOXC9 predicted a poor prognosis in GC patients, and knocking down HOXC9 efficiently enhanced the interferon‐gamma (IFNγ)‐dependent apoptosis in two GC cell lines as well as organoids from patients. Furthermore, cleaved caspase‐3/7 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (p‐STAT1) were also significantly enhanced in HOXC9 knockdown cells and organoids treated with IFNγ. Mechanistically, we found that HOXC9 inhibited the death‐associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) and its downstream retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐I (RIG1) to generate GC IFNγ resistance. In summary, we identified and confirmed that HOXC9 generates IFNγ resistance in GC by inhibiting the DAPK1/RIG1/p‐STAT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Taifang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Wani KA, Goswamy D, Taubert S, Ratnappan R, Ghazi A, Irazoqui JE. NHR-49/PPAR-α and HLH-30/TFEB cooperate for C. elegans host defense via a flavin-containing monooxygenase. eLife 2021; 10:62775. [PMID: 33978570 PMCID: PMC8139828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans mounts transcriptional defense responses against intestinal bacterial infections that elicit overlapping starvation and infection responses, the regulation of which is not well understood. Direct comparison of C. elegans that were starved or infected with Staphylococcus aureus revealed a large infection-specific transcriptional signature, which was almost completely abrogated by deletion of transcription factor hlh-30/TFEB, except for six genes including a flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) gene, fmo-2/FMO5. Deletion of fmo-2/FMO5 severely compromised infection survival, thus identifying the first FMO with innate immunity functions in animals. Moreover, fmo-2/FMO5 induction required the nuclear hormone receptor, NHR-49/PPAR-α, which controlled host defense cell non-autonomously. These findings reveal an infection-specific host response to S. aureus, identify HLH-30/TFEB as its main regulator, reveal FMOs as important innate immunity effectors in animals, and identify the mechanism of FMO regulation through NHR-49/PPAR-α during S. aureus infection, with implications for host defense and inflammation in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed A Wani
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Debanjan Goswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ramesh Ratnappan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Medical School, Worcester, United States
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22
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SMA-10 Is a Non-Canonical Member of the TGF-β Sma/Mab Pathway and Immunity Regulator via the DAF-2 Insulin Receptor in Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020638. [PMID: 33440633 PMCID: PMC7827673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signalling pathways are highly conserved across metazoa and play essential roles not only during development but also in adult tissue maintenance. Alterations of these pathways usually result in a plethora of pathologies. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the TGF-β Sma/Mab (small/male abnormal) pathway regulates various worm phenotypes such as body size, immune response, ageing, matricide and reproductive span. SMA-10 has been described as a positive modulator of worm body size through the TGF-β Sma/Mab pathway. To better understand if SMA-10 is a core component of the pathway, we use gene epistatic analysis to assess the contribution of SMA-10 to various phenotypes regulated by TGF-β Sma/Mab. We confirm that SMA-10 controls body size and find that it also affects the matricide and reproductive span of the nematodes. However, neither male tail formation (previously reported) nor ageing appeared altered. Lastly, although null sma-10 worms are more susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections than wild-types, this response does not depend on TGF-β Sma/Mab but on the insulin receptor DAF-2. We also show that the expression of sma-10 in either hypodermis or intestine fully rescues the wild-type immune response. Our results contribute to understanding the role of SMA-10 as a context-dependent component of TGF-β Sma/Mab, and reveal a function of SMA-10 in immunity in association to the Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling (IIS) pathway.
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23
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Pai P, Sukumar S. HOX genes and the NF-κB pathway: A convergence of developmental biology, inflammation and cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188450. [PMID: 33049277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of HOX transcription factors as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and the NF-KB pathway in chronic inflammation, both leading to cancer are well-established. HOX transcription factors are members of an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins required for anteroposterior body axis patterning during embryonic development, and are often dysregulated in cancer. The NF-KB pathway aids inflammation and immunity but it is also important during embryonic development. It is frequently activated in both solid and hematological malignancies. NF-KB and HOX proteins can influence each other through mutual transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interactions, and regulation of upstream and downstream interactors. These interactions have important implications both in homeostasis and in disease. In this review, we summarize the role of HOX proteins in regulating inflammation in homeostasis and disease- with a particular emphasis on cancer. We also describe the relationship between HOX genes and the NF-KB pathway, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Pai
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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24
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Natarajan O, Angeloni JT, Bilodeau MF, Russi KE, Dong Y, Cao M. The Immunomodulatory Effects of Royal Jelly on Defending Against Bacterial Infections in the Caenorhabditis elegans Model. J Med Food 2020; 24:358-369. [PMID: 32701017 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that aging is associated with the deterioration of immunity, a term known as immunosenescence, which may lead to a higher incidence of infections in the elderly population. Our previous studies reported that supplementation of royal jelly (RJ) extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a nematode model. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential benefits of RJ supplementation on modulation of the innate immunity in C. elegans. Using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus; ATCC 25923) as the infection model, we showed that RJ supplementation from the egg hatching stage could protect C. elegans against the infection. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that RJ coordinated pathways of IIS/DAF-16, p38 MAPK, and Wnt to modulate the innate immunity. In addition, when RJ was administrated to the aged C. elegans, the worms displayed prolonged survival time to a variety of bacterial infections compared with the nontreatment group. This result indicates the RJ may help delay the innate immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas Natarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph T Angeloni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Maxime F Bilodeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle E Russi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuqing Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA.,Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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25
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Kew C, Huang W, Fischer J, Ganesan R, Robinson N, Antebi A. Evolutionarily conserved regulation of immunity by the splicing factor RNP-6/PUF60. eLife 2020; 9:57591. [PMID: 32538777 PMCID: PMC7332298 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing is a vital cellular process that modulates important aspects of animal physiology, yet roles in regulating innate immunity are relatively unexplored. From genetic screens in C. elegans, we identified splicing factor RNP-6/PUF60 whose activity suppresses immunity, but promotes longevity, suggesting a tradeoff between these processes. Bacterial pathogen exposure affects gene expression and splicing in a rnp-6 dependent manner, and rnp-6 gain and loss-of-function activities reveal an active role in immune regulation. Another longevity promoting splicing factor, SFA-1, similarly exerts an immuno-suppressive effect, working downstream or parallel to RNP-6. RNP-6 acts through TIR-1/PMK-1/MAPK signaling to modulate immunity. The mammalian homolog, PUF60, also displays anti-inflammatory properties, and its levels swiftly decrease after bacterial infection in mammalian cells, implying a role in the host response. Altogether our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved modulation of immunity by specific components of the splicing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kew
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wenming Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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26
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Liu P, Shao H, Kong Y, Wang D. Effect of graphene oxide exposure on intestinal Wnt signaling in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 88:200-208. [PMID: 31862061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), such as graphene oxide (GO), can potentially induce the response of various molecular signaling pathways, which can mediate the protective function or the toxicity induction. Wnt signaling pathway is conserved evolutionarily in organisms. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo assay model, we investigated the effect of GO exposure on intestinal Wnt signaling. In the intestine, GO exposure dysregulated Frizzled receptor MOM-5, Disheveled protein DSH-2, GSK-3 (a component of APC complex), and two β-catenin proteins (BAR-1 and HMP-2), which mediated the induction of GO toxicity. In GO exposed nematodes, a Hox protein EGL-5 acted as a downstream target of BAR-1, and fatty acid transport ACS-22 acted as a downstream target of HMP-2. Functional analysis on HMP-2 and ACS-22 suggested that the dysregulation of these two proteins provides an important basis for the observed deficit in functional state of intestinal barrier. Our results imply the association of dysregulation in physiological and functional states of intestinal barrier with toxicity induction of GO in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huimin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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27
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Abstract
The microscopic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a powerful system to characterize evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of pathogen sensing, innate immune activation, and protective host responses. Experimentally, C. elegans can be infected with a wide variety of human pathogens, as well as with natural pathogens of worms that were isolated from wild-caught nematodes. Here, we focus on an experimental model of bacterial pathogenesis that utilizes the human opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and present an algorithm that can be used to study mechanisms of immune function in nematodes. An initial comparison of the susceptibility of a C. elegans mutant to P. aeruginosa infection with its normal lifespan permits an understanding of a mutant's effect on pathogen susceptibility in the context of potential pleotropic consequences on general worm fitness. Assessing the behavior of nematodes in the presence of P. aeruginosa can also help determine if a gene of interest modulates pathogen susceptibility by affecting the host's ability to avoid a pathogen. In addition, quantification of the pathogen load in the C. elegans intestine during infection, characterization of immune effector transcription that are regulated by host defense pathways and an initial assessment of tissue specificity of immune gene function can refine hypotheses about the mechanism of action of a gene of interest. Together, these protocols offer one approach to characterize novel host defense mechanisms in a simple metazoan host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Foster
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Deborah L McEwan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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28
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Zhao Y, Dong S, Kong Y, Rui Q, Wang D. Molecular basis of intestinal canonical Wnt/β-catenin BAR-1 in response to simulated microgravity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Wani KA, Goswamy D, Irazoqui JE. Nervous system control of intestinal host defense in C. elegans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 62:1-9. [PMID: 31790812 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interplay between the nervous and immune systems is critical for homeostasis, and its dysfunction underlies pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, autism, leukemia, and inflammation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides an opportunity to define evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of regulation of host innate immunity and inflammation in a genetically tractable whole-animal system. In the past few years, the C. elegans nervous system has emerged as an integral part of host defense against pathogens, acting through diverse mechanisms to repress or induce protective transcriptional responses to infection in distal tissues. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms through which the C. elegans nervous system controls the expression of host defense genes in the intestinal epithelium. Although still incomplete, the insights derived from such work have broad implications for neural regulation of epithelial function at mucosal barriers in higher organisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed A Wani
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Debanjan Goswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA.
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30
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Caenorhabditis Elegans and Probiotics Interactions from a Prolongevity Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205020. [PMID: 31658751 PMCID: PMC6834311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics exert beneficial effects on host health through different mechanisms of action, such as production of antimicrobial substances, competition with pathogens, enhancement of host mucosal barrier integrity and immunomodulation. In the context of ageing, which is characterized by several physiological alterations leading to a low grade inflammatory status called inflammageing, evidences suggest a potential prolongevity role of probiotics. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying anti-ageing effects requires the use of simple model systems. To this respect, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans represents a suitable model organism for the study of both host-microbe interactions and for ageing studies, because of conserved signaling pathways and host defense mechanisms involved in the regulation of its lifespan. Therefore, this review analyses the impact of probiotics on C. elegans age-related parameters, with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, immunity, inflammation and protection from pathogen infections. The picture emerging from our analysis highlights that several probiotic strains are able to exert anti-ageing effects in nematodes by acting on common molecular pathways, such as insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IIS) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). In this perspective, C. elegans appears to be advantageous for shedding light on key mechanisms involved in host prolongevity in response to probiotics supplementation.
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31
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Bebane PSA, Hunt BJ, Pegoraro M, Jones ARC, Marshall H, Rosato E, Mallon EB. The effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on gene expression and DNA methylation in the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190718. [PMID: 31213186 PMCID: PMC6599982 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are effective insecticides used on many important arable and horticultural crops. They are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists which disrupt the function of insect neurons and cause paralysis and death. In addition to direct mortality, there are numerous sublethal effects of low doses of neonicotinoids on bees. We hypothesize that some of these large array of effects could be a consequence of epigenetic changes in bees induced by neonicotinoids. We compared whole methylome (BS-seq) and RNA-seq libraries of the brains of buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris workers exposed to field-realistic doses of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid to libraries from control workers. We found numerous genes which show differential expression between neonicotinoid-treated bees and control bees, but no differentially methylated cytosines in any context. We found CpG methylation to be focused mainly in exons and associated with highly expressed genes. We discuss the implications of our results for future legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. S. A. Bebane
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - B. J. Hunt
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, John Moores University Liverpool, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - M. Pegoraro
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - A. R. C Jones
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - H. Marshall
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - E. Rosato
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - E. B. Mallon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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32
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Labed SA, Wani KA, Jagadeesan S, Hakkim A, Najibi M, Irazoqui JE. Intestinal Epithelial Wnt Signaling Mediates Acetylcholine-Triggered Host Defense against Infection. Immunity 2019; 48:963-978.e3. [PMID: 29768179 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulated antimicrobial peptide expression in the intestinal epithelium is key to defense against infection and to microbiota homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate such expression is necessary for understanding immune homeostasis and inflammatory disease and for developing safe and effective therapies. We used Caenorhabditis elegans in a preclinical approach to discover mechanisms of antimicrobial gene expression control in the intestinal epithelium. We found an unexpected role for the cholinergic nervous system. Infection-induced acetylcholine release from neurons stimulated muscarinic signaling in the epithelium, driving downstream induction of Wnt expression in the same tissue. Wnt induction activated the epithelial canonical Wnt pathway, resulting in the expression of C-type lectin and lysozyme genes that enhanced host defense. Furthermore, the muscarinic and Wnt pathways are linked by conserved transcription factors. These results reveal a tight connection between the nervous system and the intestinal epithelium, with important implications for host defense, immune homeostasis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid Ahmed Labed
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Khursheed A Wani
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sakthimala Jagadeesan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Abdul Hakkim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mehran Najibi
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Javier Elbio Irazoqui
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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33
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Gerner RR, Raffatellu M. A Worm's Gut Feelings: Neuronal Muscarinic and Epithelial Canonical Wnt Pathways Promote Antimicrobial Defense. Immunity 2019; 48:839-841. [PMID: 29768168 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms connecting the gut-brain axis to immunity remain elusive. In this issue of Immunity, Labed et al. (2018) demonstrate that two evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanisms, the neuronal muscarinic and the epithelial Wnt pathways, together induce antimicrobial peptide expression that protects Caenorhabditis elegans against intestinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana R Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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34
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Yuen GJ, Ausubel FM. Both live and dead Enterococci activate Caenorhabditis elegans host defense via immune and stress pathways. Virulence 2018; 9:683-699. [PMID: 29436902 PMCID: PMC5955442 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1438025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been extensively studied and a variety of Toll-independent immune response pathways have been identified. Surprisingly little, however, is known about how pathogens activate the C. elegans immune response. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are closely related enterococcal species that exhibit significantly different levels of virulence in C. elegans infection models. Previous work has shown that activation of the C. elegans immune response by Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves P. aeruginosa-mediated host damage. Through ultrastructural imaging, we report that infection with either E. faecalis or E. faecium causes the worm intestine to become distended with proliferating bacteria in the absence of extensive morphological changes and apparent physical damage. Genetic analysis, whole-genome transcriptional profiling, and multiplexed gene expression analysis demonstrate that both enterococcal species, whether live or dead, induce a rapid and similar transcriptional defense response dependent upon previously described immune signaling pathways. The host response to E. faecium shows a stricter dependence upon stress response signaling pathways than the response to E. faecalis. Unexpectedly, we find that E. faecium is a C. elegans pathogen and that an active wild-type host defense response is required to keep an E. faecium infection at bay. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the C. elegans immune response to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J. Yuen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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35
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White CV, Herman MA. Transcriptomic, Functional, and Network Analyses Reveal Novel Genes Involved in the Interaction Between Caenorhabditis elegans and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:266. [PMID: 30177956 PMCID: PMC6109753 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model for the study of innate immune responses to a variety of bacterial pathogens, including the emerging nosocomial bacterial pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The study of this interaction has ecological and medical relevance as S. maltophilia is found in association with C. elegans and other nematodes in the wild and is an emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogen. We identified 393 genes that were differentially expressed when exposed to virulent and avirulent strains of S. maltophilia and an avirulent strain of E. coli. We then used a probabilistic functional gene network model (WormNet) to determine that 118 of the 393 differentially expressed genes formed an interacting network and identified a set of highly connected genes with eight or more predicted interactions. We hypothesized that these highly connected genes might play an important role in the defense against S. maltophila and found that mutations of six of seven highly connected genes have a significant effect on nematode survival in response to these bacteria. Of these genes, C48B4.1, mpk-2, cpr-4, clec-67, and lys-6 are needed for combating the virulent S. maltophilia JCMS strain, while dod-22 was solely involved in response to the avirulent S. maltophilia K279a strain. We further found that dod-22 and clec-67 were up regulated in response to JCMS vs. K279a, while C48B4.1, mpk-2, cpr-4, and lys-6 were down regulated. Only dod-22 had a documented role in innate immunity, which demonstrates the merit of our approach in the identification of novel genes that are involved in combating S. maltophilia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corin V White
- Ecological Genomics Institute, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Michael A Herman
- Ecological Genomics Institute, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Park MR, Ryu S, Maburutse BE, Oh NS, Kim SH, Oh S, Jeong SY, Jeong DY, Oh S, Kim Y. Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216 stimulates the longevity and immune response of Caenorhabditis elegans through a nuclear hormone receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7441. [PMID: 29748542 PMCID: PMC5945636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we examined the functionality of Lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216, a newly isolated probiotic bacterium, using a Caenorhabditis elegans model. We determined bacterial colonization in the intestinal tract of C. elegans by plate counting and transmission electron microscopy and examined the survival of C. elegans using a solid killing assay. In addition, we employed DNA microarray analysis, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting assays to explore health-promoting pathways induced by probiotic bacteria in C. elegans. Initially, we found that the probiotic bacterium L. fermentum strain JDFM216 was not harmful to the C. elegans host. Conditioning with JDFM216 led to its colonization in the nematode intestine and enhanced resistance in nematodes exposed to food-borne pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Interestingly, this probiotic strain significantly prolonged the life span of C. elegans. Whole-transcriptome analysis and transgenic worm assays revealed that the health-promoting effects of JDFM216 were mediated by a nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family and PMK-1 signaling. Taken together, we described a new C. elegans-based system to screen novel probiotic activity and demonstrated that preconditioning with the probiotic L. fermentum strain JDFM216 may positively stimulate the longevity of the C. elegans host via specific pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ri Park
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Brighton E Maburutse
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Nam Su Oh
- R&D Center, Seoul Dairy Cooperative, Ansan, Gyeonggi, 15407, South Korea
| | - Sae Hun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Seong-Yeop Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang, Jeonbuk, 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang, Jeonbuk, 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
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Ngba Essebe C, Visvikis O, Fines-Guyon M, Vergne A, Cattoir V, Lecoustumier A, Lemichez E, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Dunyach-Remy C. Decrease of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence by Helcococcus kunzii in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:77. [PMID: 28361041 PMCID: PMC5352687 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Social bacterial interactions are considered essential in numerous infectious diseases, particularly in wounds. Foot ulcers are a common complication in diabetic patients and these ulcers become frequently infected. This infection is usually polymicrobial promoting cell-to-cell communications. Staphylococcus aureus is the most prevalent pathogen isolated. Its association with Helcococcus kunzii, commensal Gram-positive cocci, is frequently described. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of co-infection on virulence of both H. kunzii and S. aureus strains in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. To study the host response, qRT-PCRs targeting host defense genes were performed. We observed that H. kunzii strains harbored a very low (LT50: 5.7 days ± 0.4) or an absence of virulence (LT50: 6.9 days ± 0.5). In contrast, S. aureus strains (LT50: 2.9 days ± 0.4) were significantly more virulent than all H. kunzii (P < 0.001). When H. kunzii and S. aureus strains were associated, H. kunzii significantly reduced the virulence of the S. aureus strain in nematodes (LT50 between 4.4 and 5.2 days; P < 0.001). To evaluate the impact of these strains on host response, transcriptomic analysis showed that the ingestion of S. aureus led to a strong induction of defense genes (lys-5, sodh-1, and cyp-37B1) while H. kunzii did not. No statistical difference of host response genes expression was observed when C. elegans were infected with either S. aureus alone or with S. aureus + H. kunzii. Moreover, two well-characterized virulence factors (hla and agr) present in S. aureus were down-regulated when S. aureus were co-infected with H. kunzii. This study showed that H. kunzii decreased the virulence of S. aureus without modifying directly the host defense response. Factor(s) produced by this bacterium modulating the staphylococci virulence must be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Ngba Essebe
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, UFR de Médecine, Université de Montpellier Nîmes, France
| | - Orane Visvikis
- Team Microbial Toxins in Host Pathogen Interactions, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1065 Nice, France
| | - Marguerite Fines-Guyon
- Service de Microbiologie, CHU de CaenCaen, France; CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (Laboratoire Associé Entérocoques et Résistances Particulières chez les Bactéries à Gram Positif)Caen, France
| | - Anne Vergne
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CH Cahors Cahors, France
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- Service de Microbiologie, CHU de CaenCaen, France; CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (Laboratoire Associé Entérocoques et Résistances Particulières chez les Bactéries à Gram Positif)Caen, France; Université de Caen NormandieCaen, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Team Microbial Toxins in Host Pathogen Interactions, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1065 Nice, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, UFR de Médecine, Université de MontpellierNîmes, France; Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU CarémeauNîmes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, UFR de Médecine, Université de MontpellierNîmes, France; Service de Microbiologie, CHU CarémeauNîmes, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1047, UFR de Médecine, Université de MontpellierNîmes, France; Service de Microbiologie, CHU CarémeauNîmes, France
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Li M, Lee K, Hsu M, Nau G, Mylonakis E, Ramratnam B. Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles enhance host immune responses against vancomycin-resistant enterococci. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:66. [PMID: 28288575 PMCID: PMC5348868 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotic bacteria are known to modulate host immune responses against various pathogens. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potentially important mediators of host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we explored the role of L. plantarum derived EVs in modulating host responses to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) using both Caenorhabditis elegans and human cells. Results Our previous work has shown that probiotic conditioning C. elegans with L. acidophilus NCFM prolongs the survival of nematodes exposed to VRE. Similarly, L. plantarum WCFS1 derived extracellular vesicles (LDEVs) also significantly protected the worms against VRE infection. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of this EV-induced protection, we found that treatment of C. elegans with LDEVs significantly increased the transcription of host defense genes, cpr-1 and clec-60. Both cpr-1 and clec-60 have been previously reported to have protective roles against bacterial infections. Incubating human colon-derived Caco-2 cells with fluorescent dye-labeled LDEVs confirmed that LDEVs could be transported into the mammalian cells. Furthermore, LDEV uptake was associated with significant upregulation of CTSB, a human homologous gene of cpr-1, and REG3G, a human gene that has similar functions to clec-60. Conclusions We have found that EVs produced from L. plantarum WCFS1 up-regulate the expression of host defense genes and provide protective effects on hosts. Using probiotic-derived EVs instead of probiotic bacteria themselves, this study provides a new direction to treat antimicrobial resistant pathogens, such as VRE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0977-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Min Hsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Gerard Nau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Bharat Ramratnam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,COBRE Center for Cancer Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Clinical Research Center of Lifespan, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Lee JH, Kim YG, Kim M, Kim E, Choi H, Kim Y, Lee J. Indole-associated predator-prey interactions between the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1776-1790. [PMID: 28028877 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Indole is an intercellular and interkingdom signalling molecule found in diverse ecological niches. Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacterivorous nematode that lives in soil and compost environments and a useful model host for studies of host-microbe interactions. Although various bacteria and some plants produce large quantities of extracellular indole, little is known about the effects of indole, its derivatives, or of indole-producing bacteria on the behaviours of C. elegans or other animals. Here, they show that C. elegans senses and moves toward indole and several indole-producing bacteria, but avoids non-indole producing pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, it was found indole-producing and non-indole-producing bacteria exert divergent effects on the egg-laying behaviour of C. elegans, and that various indole derivatives also modulate chemotaxis, egg-laying behaviour and the survival of C. elegans. In contrast, indole at high concentration can kill C. elegans, which in turn, has the ability to detoxify indole by oxidation and glucosylation. Transcriptional analysis showed indole markedly up-regulated the gene expressions of cytochrome P450s, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and glutathione S-transferase, which well explained the modification of indole by C. elegans while indole down-regulated the expressions of collagen and F-box genes. Their findings suggest that indole and its derivatives are important signalling molecules during bacteria-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Guy Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eonmi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
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Gupta A, Singh V. GPCR Signaling in C. elegans and Its Implications in Immune Response. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:203-226. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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McEwan DL, Feinbaum RL, Stroustrup N, Haas W, Conery AL, Anselmo A, Sadreyev R, Ausubel FM. Tribbles ortholog NIPI-3 and bZIP transcription factor CEBP-1 regulate a Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal immune surveillance pathway. BMC Biol 2016; 14:105. [PMID: 27927200 PMCID: PMC5143455 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many pathogens secrete toxins that target key host processes resulting in the activation of immune pathways. The secreted Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin Exotoxin A (ToxA) disrupts intestinal protein synthesis, which triggers the induction of a subset of P. aeruginosa-response genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. RESULTS We show here that one ToxA-induced C. elegans gene, the Tribbles pseudokinase ortholog nipi-3, is essential for host survival following exposure to P. aeruginosa or ToxA. We find that NIPI-3 mediates the post-developmental expression of intestinal immune genes and proteins and primarily functions in parallel to known immune pathways, including p38 MAPK signaling. Through mutagenesis screening, we identify mutants of the bZIP C/EBP transcription factor cebp-1 that suppress the hypersusceptibility defects of nipi-3 mutants. CONCLUSIONS NIPI-3 is a negative regulator of CEBP-1, which in turn negatively regulates protective immune mechanisms. This pathway represents a previously unknown innate immune signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells that is involved in the surveillance of cellular homeostasis. Because NIPI-3 and CEBP-1 are also essential for C. elegans development, NIPI-3 is analogous to other key innate immune signaling molecules such as the Toll receptors in Drosophila that have an independent role during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. McEwan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rhonda L. Feinbaum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Wilhelm Haas
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Annie L. Conery
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Present Address: Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Anthony Anselmo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Sen R, Nayak L, De RK. A review on host-pathogen interactions: classification and prediction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1581-99. [PMID: 27470504 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The research on host-pathogen interactions is an ever-emerging and evolving field. Every other day a new pathogen gets discovered, along with comes the challenge of its prevention and cure. As the intelligent human always vies for prevention, which is better than cure, understanding the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions gets prior importance. There are many mechanisms involved from the pathogen as well as the host sides while an interaction happens. It is a vis-a-vis fight of the counter genes and proteins from both sides. Who wins depends on whether a host gets an infection or not. Moreover, a higher level of complexity arises when the pathogens evolve and become resistant to a host's defense mechanisms. Such pathogens pose serious challenges for treatment. The entire human population is in danger of such long-lasting persistent infections. Some of these infections even increase the rate of mortality. Hence there is an immediate emergency to understand how the pathogens interact with their host for successful invasion. It may lead to discovery of appropriate preventive measures, and the development of rational therapeutic measures and medication against such infections and diseases. This review, a state-of-the-art updated scenario of host-pathogen interaction research, has been done by keeping in mind this urgency. It covers the biological and computational aspects of host-pathogen interactions, classification of the methods by which the pathogens interact with their hosts, different machine learning techniques for prediction of host-pathogen interactions, and future scopes of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sen
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - L Nayak
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - R K De
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
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Najibi M, Labed SA, Visvikis O, Irazoqui JE. An Evolutionarily Conserved PLC-PKD-TFEB Pathway for Host Defense. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1728-42. [PMID: 27184844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that tightly control the transcription of host defense genes have not been fully elucidated. We previously identified TFEB as a transcription factor important for host defense, but the mechanisms that regulate TFEB during infection remained unknown. Here, we used C. elegans to discover a pathway that activates TFEB during infection. Gene dkf-1, which encodes a homolog of protein kinase D (PKD), was required for TFEB activation in nematodes infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Conversely, pharmacological activation of PKD was sufficient to activate TFEB. Furthermore, phospholipase C (PLC) gene plc-1 was also required for TFEB activation, downstream of Gαq homolog egl-30 and upstream of dkf-1. Using reverse and chemical genetics, we discovered a similar PLC-PKD-TFEB axis in Salmonella-infected mouse macrophages. In addition, PKCα was required in macrophages. These observations reveal a previously unknown host defense signaling pathway, which has been conserved across one billion years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Najibi
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sid Ahmed Labed
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Orane Visvikis
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Javier Elbio Irazoqui
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Yu Y, Zhi L, Wu Q, Jing L, Wang D. NPR-9 regulates the innate immune response in Caenorhabditis elegans by antagonizing the activity of AIB interneurons. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 15:27-37. [PMID: 27133473 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
npr-9 encodes a homologue of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and is expressed in AIB interneurons. In this study, we investigated the role of NPR-9 in the neuronal control of innate immunity using the model system Caenorhabditis elegans. After exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14, npr-9(tm1652) mutants showed resistance to infection, decreased PA14 colonization and increased expression of immunity-related genes. Nematodes overexpressing NPR-9 exhibited increased susceptibility to infection, increased PA14 colonization and reduced expression of immunity-related genes. In nematodes, ChR2-mediated AIB interneuron activation strengthened the innate immune response and decreased PA14 colonization. Overexpression of NPR-9 suppressed the innate immune response and increased PA14 colonization in nematodes with the activation of AIB interneurons mediated by ChR2 or by expressing pkc-1(gf) in AIB interneurons. We, therefore, hypothesize that NPR-9 regulates the innate immune response by antagonizing the activity of AIB interneurons. Furthermore, expression of GRPR, the human homologue of NPR-9, could largely mimic NPR-9 function by regulating innate immunity in nematodes. Our results provide insight into the pivotal role of interneurons in controlling innate immunity and the complex biological functions of GRPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lingtong Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lina Jing
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Characterization of innate immunity genes in the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. Symbiosis 2016; 68:145-155. [PMID: 27110057 PMCID: PMC4826884 DOI: 10.1007/s13199-015-0374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The filarial nematode Brugia malayi is one of the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects 120 million people worldwide. The limited effectiveness of available anthelmintics and the absence of a vaccine have prompted extensive research on the interaction between Brugia and its obligate bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia. Recent studies suggest that Wolbachia is able to manipulate its nematode host immunity but relatively little is known about the immune system of filarial nematodes. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the immune system of B. malayi may be useful for understanding how the symbiotic relationship is maintained and help in the identification of new drug targets. In order to characterize the main genetic pathways involved in B. malayi immunity, we exposed adult female worms to two bacterial lysates (Escherichia coli and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), dsRNA and dsDNA. We performed transcriptome sequencing of worms exposed to each immune elicitor at two different timepoints. Gene expression analysis of untreated and immune-challenged worms was performed to characterize gene expression patterns associated with each type of immune stimulation. Our results indicate that different immune elicitors produced distinct expression patterns in B. malayi, with changes in the expression of orthologs of well-characterized C. elegans immune pathways such as insulin, TGF-β, and p38 MAPK pathways, as well as C-type lectins and several stress-response genes.
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Park MR, Oh S, Son SJ, Park DJ, Oh S, Kim SH, Jeong DY, Oh NS, Lee Y, Song M, Kim Y. Bacillus licheniformis Isolated from Traditional Korean Food Resources Enhances the Longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans through Serotonin Signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10227-10233. [PMID: 26541069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated potentially probiotic Bacillus licheniformis strains isolated from traditional Korean food sources for ability to enhance longevity using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a simple in vivo animal model. We first investigated whether B. licheniformis strains were capable of modulating the lifespan of C. elegans. Among the tested strains, preconditioning with four B. licheniformis strains significantly enhanced the longevity of C. elegans. Unexpectedly, plate counting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicated that B. licheniformis strains were not more highly attached to the C. elegans intestine compared with Escherichia coli OP50 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG controls. In addition, qRT-PCR and an aging assay with mutant worms showed that the conditioning of B. licheniformis strain 141 directly influenced genes associated with serotonin signaling in nematodes, including tph-1 (tryptophan hydroxylase), bas-1 (serotonin- and dopamine-synthetic aromatic amino acid decarboxylase), mod-1 (serotonin-gated chloride channel), ser-1, and ser-7 (serotonin receptors) during C. elegans aging. Our findings suggest that B. licheniformis strain 141, which is isolated from traditional Korean foods, is a probiotic generally recognized as safe (GRAS) strain that enhances the lifespan of C. elegans via host serotonin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ri Park
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program, Department of Animal Science and Institute Agricultural Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program, Department of Animal Science and Institute Agricultural Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Seok Jun Son
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program, Department of Animal Science and Institute Agricultural Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Dong-June Park
- Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-746, Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Sae Hun Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University , 136-701 Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Youn Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry , Sunchang, Jeonbuk 595-804, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Su Oh
- R&D Center, Seoul Dairy Cooperative , Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 425-839, South Korea
| | - Youngbok Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University , ERICA Campus, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program, Department of Animal Science and Institute Agricultural Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Xie YK, Ding D, Wang HM, Kang CJ. A homologue gene of β-catenin participates in the development of shrimps and immune response to bacteria and viruses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:147-156. [PMID: 26334791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
β-Catenin is a multifunctional protein that is involved in many physiological processes, including development, cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptosis. However, the function of β-Catenin in crustacean is unknown. In this study, the first shrimp homologous gene of β-catenin in Marsupenaeus japonicus (i.e., Mjβ-catenin) was identified and characterized. The full-length of the complementary DNA of Mjβ-catenin is 3130 bp, including a 2463 bp open reading frame that encodes 821 amino acid. Multiple alignment of β-Catenin proteins suggested that the Armadillo/β-Catenin-like repeat domains were conserved. Phylogenetic analysis showed that β-Catenin from shrimp was clustered into one group with invertebrate β-Catenin. The transcription of β-catenin in various development stages of shrimp was detected and persistently increased as the shrimp matured. In adult shrimp, β-catenin was widely distributed in detected tissues and has the relatively high expression level in gills, hemocytes, testes, and ovaries. The transcripts of β-catenin in tissues of adult shrimp were significantly up-regulated at various time points after infecting with Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio anguillarum, and white-spot syndrome virus. Furthermore, knockdown of β-catenin resulted in impaired bacterial clearance ability and increased virus copy in shrimp in vivo. Therefore, β-Catenin in shrimp participates in the development and immune response of shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kai Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Ding Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Cui-Jie Kang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of the Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology; School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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48
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Bond MR, Ghosh SK, Wang P, Hanover JA. Conserved nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase is integral to C. elegans pathogen-specific immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113231. [PMID: 25474640 PMCID: PMC4256294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Discriminating pathogenic bacteria from bacteria used as a food source is key to Caenorhabidits elegans immunity. Using mutants defective in the enzymes of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) cycling, we examined the role of this nutrient-sensing pathway in the C. elegans innate immune response. Genetic analysis showed that deletion of O-GlcNAc transferase (ogt-1) yielded animals hypersensitive to the human pathogen S. aureus but not to P. aeruginosa. Genetic interaction studies revealed that nutrient-responsive OGT-1 acts through the conserved β-catenin (BAR-1) pathway and in concert with p38 MAPK (PMK-1) to modulate the immune response to S. aureus. Moreover, whole genome transcriptional profiling revealed that O-GlcNAc cycling mutants exhibited deregulation of unique stress- and immune-responsive genes. The participation of nutrient sensor OGT-1 in an immunity module evolutionarily conserved from C. elegans to humans reveals an unexplored nexus between nutrient availability and a pathogen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Bond
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Salil K. Ghosh
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - John A. Hanover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hunt PR, Keltner Z, Gao X, Oldenburg SJ, Bushana P, Olejnik N, Sprando RL. Bioactivity of nanosilver in Caenorhabditis elegans: Effects of size, coat, and shape. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:923-944. [PMID: 28962305 PMCID: PMC5598322 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo toxicity to eukaryotes of nanosilver (AgNP) spheres and plates in two sizes each was assessed using the simple model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. For each shape, smaller AgNP size correlated with higher toxicity, as indicated by reduced larval growth. Smaller size also correlated with significant increases in silver uptake for silver nanospheres. Citrate coated silver spheres of 20 nm diameter induced an innate immune response that increased or held steady over 24 h, while regulation of genes involved in metal metabolism peaked at 4 h and subsequently decreased. For AgNP spheres, coating altered bioactivity, with a toxicity ranking of polyethylene glycol (PEG) > polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ≅ branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) > citrate, but silver uptake ranking of PEG > PVP > citrate > BPEI. Our findings in C. elegans correlate well with findings in rodents for AgNP size vs. uptake and toxicity, as well as for induction of immune effectors, while using methods that are faster and far less expensive, supporting the use of C. elegans as an alternative model for early toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper Reid Hunt
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Zachary Keltner
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Xiugong Gao
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Laurel, MD, United States
| | | | - Priyanka Bushana
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Olejnik
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Laurel, MD, United States
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50
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Sinha A, Rae R. A functional genomic screen for evolutionarily conserved genes required for lifespan and immunity in germline-deficient C. elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101970. [PMID: 25093668 PMCID: PMC4122342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive system regulates lifespan in insects, nematodes and vertebrates. In Caenorhabditis elegans removal of germline increases lifespan by 60% which is dependent upon insulin signaling, nuclear hormone signaling, autophagy and fat metabolism and their microRNA-regulators. Germline-deficient C. elegans are also more resistant to various bacterial pathogens but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Firstly, we demonstrate that previously identified genes that regulate the extended lifespan of germline-deficient C. elegans (daf-2, daf-16, daf-12, tcer-1, mir-7.1 and nhr-80) are also essential for resistance to the pathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. We then use a novel unbiased approach combining laser cell ablation, whole genome microarrays, RNAi screening and exposure to X. nematophila to generate a comprehensive genome-wide catalog of genes potentially required for increased lifespan and innate immunity in germline-deficient C. elegans. We find 3,440 genes to be upregulated in C. elegans germline-deficient animals in a gonad dependent manner, which are significantly enriched for genes involved in insulin signaling, fatty acid desaturation, translation elongation and proteasome complex function. Using RNAi against a subset of 150 candidate genes selected from the microarray results, we show that the upregulated genes such as transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO, the PTEN homolog lipid phosphatase DAF-18 and several components of the proteasome complex (rpn-6.1, rpn-7, rpn-9, rpn-10, rpt-6, pbs-3 and pbs-6) are essential for both lifespan and immunity of germline deficient animals. We also identify a novel role for genes including par-5 and T12G3.6 in both lifespan-extension and increased survival on X. nematophila. From an evolutionary perspective, most of the genes differentially expressed in germline deficient C. elegans also show a conserved expression pattern in germline deficient Pristionchus pacificus, a nematode species that diverged from C. elegans 250-400 MYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sinha
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robbie Rae
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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