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Nematisouldaragh D, Nguyen H, Rabinovich-Nikitin I. Agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists as therapeutic approaches to manipulate retinoic acid-related orphan receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38728749 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2024-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs) serve as transcription factors that play a pivotal role in a myriad of physiological processes within the body. Their involvement extends to critical biological processes that confer protective effects in the heart, immune system, and nervous system, as well as contributing to the mitigation of several aggressive cancer types. These protective functions are attributed to ROR's regulation of key proteins and the management of various cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism, highlighting the emerging need for pharmacological approaches to modulate ROR expression. Thus, the modulation of RORs is a rapidly growing area of research aimed not only at comprehending these receptors, but also at manipulating them to attain the desired physiological response. Despite the presence of natural ROR ligands, the development of synthetic agonists with high selectivity for these receptors holds substantial therapeutic potential. The exploration and advancement of such compounds can effectively target diseases associated with ROR dysregulation, thereby providing avenues for therapeutic interventions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted role of ROR in diverse physiological and pathophysiological conditions, accompanied by an in-depth exploration of a spectrum of ROR agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Nematisouldaragh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Inna Rabinovich-Nikitin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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2
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Banerjee D, Bagchi S, Liu Z, Chou HC, Xu M, Sun M, Aloisi S, Vaksman Z, Diskin SJ, Zimmerman M, Khan J, Gryder B, Thiele CJ. Lineage specific transcription factor waves reprogram neuroblastoma from self-renewal to differentiation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3432. [PMID: 38653778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Temporal regulation of super-enhancer (SE) driven transcription factors (TFs) underlies normal developmental programs. Neuroblastoma (NB) arises from an inability of sympathoadrenal progenitors to exit a self-renewal program and terminally differentiate. To identify SEs driving TF regulators, we use all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce NB growth arrest and differentiation. Time-course H3K27ac ChIP-seq and RNA-seq reveal ATRA coordinated SE waves. SEs that decrease with ATRA link to stem cell development (MYCN, GATA3, SOX11). CRISPR-Cas9 and siRNA verify SOX11 dependency, in vitro and in vivo. Silencing the SOX11 SE using dCAS9-KRAB decreases SOX11 mRNA and inhibits cell growth. Other TFs activate in sequential waves at 2, 4 and 8 days of ATRA treatment that regulate neural development (GATA2 and SOX4). Silencing the gained SOX4 SE using dCAS9-KRAB decreases SOX4 expression and attenuates ATRA-induced differentiation genes. Our study identifies oncogenic lineage drivers of NB self-renewal and TFs critical for implementing a differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Banerjee
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sukriti Bagchi
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hsien-Chao Chou
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Man Xu
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara Aloisi
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | | | - Sharon J Diskin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Berkley Gryder
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Carol J Thiele
- Cell & Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Jiang J, Wang Y, Sun M, Luo X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li S, Hu D, Zhang J, Wu Z, Chen X, Zhang B, Xu X, Wang S, Xu S, Huang W, Xia L. SOX on tumors, a comfort or a constraint? Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:67. [PMID: 38331879 PMCID: PMC10853543 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) family, composed of 20 transcription factors, is a conserved family with a highly homologous HMG domain. Due to their crucial role in determining cell fate, the dysregulation of SOX family members is closely associated with tumorigenesis, including tumor invasion, metastasis, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness and drug resistance. Despite considerable research to investigate the mechanisms and functions of the SOX family, confusion remains regarding aspects such as the role of the SOX family in tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and contradictory impacts the SOX family exerts on tumors. This review summarizes the physiological function of the SOX family and their multiple roles in tumors, with a focus on the relationship between the SOX family and TIME, aiming to propose their potential role in cancer and promising methods for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiangyuan Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zerui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Siwen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiaqian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhangfan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake university school of medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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4
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Bin S, Xinyi F, Huan P, Xiaoqin Z, Jiming W, Yi H, Ziyue L, Xiaochun Z, Zhouqi L, Bangwei Z, Jing J, Shihui L, Jinlai G. SOX4 as a potential therapeutic target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 958:176071. [PMID: 37741429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy can lead to heart failure, making its prevention crucial. SOX4, a SOX transcription factor, regulates tissue growth and development, although its role in pathological cardiac hypertrophy is unclear. We found that the SOX4 expression was elevated in hypertrophic hearts and angiotensin II (Ang II)-treated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs), and knocking down the SOX4 expression in NRCMs and mouse hearts significantly reduced the hypertrophic response. Mechanistically, SOX4 can bind to the SIRT3 promoter, inhibit SIRT3 transcription and expression, and thus affect downstream MnSOD acetylation levels, leading to abnormal increases in ROS and oxidative stress levels and promoting the occurrence of cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, this study identified a new role for SOX4 in regulating cardiac hypertrophy, and decreasing SOX4 expression may be a potential treatment for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Bin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Feng Xinyi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Pan Huan
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Zhang Xiaoqin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Wu Jiming
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - He Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China; Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Li Ziyue
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Zou Xiaochun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Lu Zhouqi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Zhou Bangwei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China.
| | - Liu Shihui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China.
| | - Gao Jinlai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China.
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5
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Insights into Regulators of p53 Acetylation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233825. [PMID: 36497084 PMCID: PMC9737083 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of dozens of target genes and diverse physiological processes. To precisely regulate the p53 network, p53 undergoes various post-translational modifications and alters the selectivity of target genes. Acetylation plays an essential role in cell fate determination through the activation of p53. Although the acetylation of p53 has been examined, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear and, thus, have attracted the interest of researchers. We herein discuss the role of acetylation in the p53 pathway, with a focus on p53 acetyltransferases and deacetylases. We also review recent findings on the regulators of these enzymes to understand the mode of p53 acetylation from a broader perspective.
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6
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Wang Z, Chang Y, Liu Y, Liu B, Zhen J, Li X, Lin J, Yu Q, Lv Z, Wang R. Inhibition of the lncRNA MIAT prevents podocyte injury and mitotic catastrophe in diabetic nephropathy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:136-153. [PMID: 35402074 PMCID: PMC8956887 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte damage is strongly associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Mitotic catastrophe plays an essential role in accelerating podocyte loss and detachment from the glomerular basement membrane. In the current study, we observed that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MIAT was noticeably upregulated in the plasma and kidney tissues of patients with diabetic nephropathy, and this upregulation was accompanied by higher albumin/creatinine ratios and serum creatinine levels. By generating CRISPR-Cas9 Miat-knockout (KO) mice in vivo and employing vectors in vitro, we found that the depletion of Miat expression significantly restored slit-diaphragm integrity, attenuated foot process effacement, prevented dedifferentiation, and suppressed mitotic catastrophe in podocytes during hyperglycemia. The mechanistic investigation revealed that Miat increased Sox4 expression and subsequently regulated p53 ubiquitination and acetylation, thereby inhibiting the downstream factors CyclinB/cdc2 by enhancing p21cip1/waf1 activity, and that Miat interacted with Sox4 by sponging miR-130b-3p. Additionally, the inhibition of miR-130b-3p with an antagomir in vivo effectively enhanced glomerular podocyte injury and mitotic dysfunction, eventually exacerbating proteinuria. Based on these findings, MIAT may represent a therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Jiangong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Qun Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
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7
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Huang P, Deng W, Bao H, Lin Z, Liu M, Wu J, Zhou X, Qiao M, Yang Y, Cai H, Rao F, Chen J, Chen D, Lu J, Wang H, Qin A, Kong S. SOX4 facilitates PGR protein stability and FOXO1 expression conducive for human endometrial decidualization. eLife 2022; 11:72073. [PMID: 35244538 PMCID: PMC8923662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of pregnancy in human necessitates appropriate decidualization of stromal cells, which involves steroids regulated periodic transformation of endometrial stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. However, the potential molecular regulatory mechanism underlying the initiation and maintenance of decidualization in humans is yet to be fully elucidated. In this investigation, we document that SOX4 is a key regulator of human endometrial stromal cells decidualization by directly regulating FOXO1 expression as revealed by whole genomic binding of SOX4 assay and RNA sequencing. Besides, our immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry results unravel that SOX4 modulates progesterone receptor (PGR) stability through repressing E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC4-mediated degradation. More importantly, we provide evidence that dysregulated SOX4–HERC4–PGR axis is a potential cause of defective decidualization and recurrent implantation failure in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) patients. In summary, this study evidences that SOX4 is a new and critical regulator for human endometrial decidualization, and provides insightful information for the pathology of decidualization-related infertility and will pave the way for pregnancy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinxiu Huang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haili Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Liuzhou, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinxiang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Manting Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Han Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Faiza Rao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Aiping Qin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuangbo Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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8
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Zhu L, Wang Y, Lv W, Wu X, Sheng H, He C, Hu J. Schizandrin A can inhibit non‑small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:214. [PMID: 34643254 PMCID: PMC8522958 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizandrin A (SchA) can be extracted from the vine plant Schisandra chinensis and has been reported to confer various biologically active properties. However, its potential biological effects on non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unknown. Therefore, the present study aims to address this issue. NSCLC and normal lung epithelial cell lines were first treated with SchA. Cell viability and proliferation were measured using CellTiter‑Glo Assay and colony formation assays, respectively. PI staining was used to measure cell cycle distribution. Cell cycle‑related proteins p53, p21, cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin E1, cyclin E2, CDK2 and DNA damage‑related protein SOX4 were detected by western blot analysis. Annexin V‑FITC/PI staining, DNA electrophoresis and Hoechst 33342/PI dual staining were used to detect apoptosis. JC‑1 and DCFH‑DA fluorescent dyes were used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species concentrations, respectively. Apoptosis‑related proteins caspase‑3, cleaved caspase‑3, poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP), cleaved PARP, BimEL, BimL, BimS, Bcl2, Bax, caspase‑9 and cleaved caspas‑9 were measured by western blot analysis. Dansylcadaverine was used to detect the presence of the acidic lysosomal vesicles. The expression levels of the autophagy‑related proteins LC3‑I/II, p62/SQSTM and AMPKα activation were measured using western blot analysis. In addition, the autophagy inhibitor 3‑methyladenine was used to inhibit autophagy. SchA treatment was found to reduce NSCLC cell viability whilst inhibiting cell proliferation. Low concentrations of SchA (10‑20 µM) mainly induced G1/S‑phase cell cycle arrest. By contrast, as the concentration of SchA used increases (20‑50 µM), cells underwent apoptosis and G2/M‑phase cell cycle a13rrest. As the treatment concentration of SchA increased from 0 to 50 µM, the expression of p53 and SOX4 protein also concomitantly increased, but the expression of p21 protein was increased by 10 µM SchA and decreased by higher concentrations (20‑50 µM). In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl‑like 11 (Bim)EL, BimL and BimS increased following SchA application. SchA induced the accumulation of acidic vesicles and induced a marked increase in the expression of LC3‑II protein, suggsting that SchA activated the autophagy pathway. However, the expression of the p62 protein was found to be increased by SchA, suggesting that p62 was not degraded during the autophagic flux. The 3‑methyladenine exerted no notable effects on SchA‑induced apoptosis. Taken together, results from the present study suggest that SchA exerted inhibitory effects on NSCLC physiology by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, SchA partially induced autophagy, which did not result in any cytoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Operating Room, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hongxu Sheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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9
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Alternate Roles of Sox Transcription Factors beyond Transcription Initiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115949. [PMID: 34073089 PMCID: PMC8198692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox proteins are known as crucial transcription factors for many developmental processes and for a wide range of common diseases. They were believed to specifically bind and bend DNA with other transcription factors and elicit transcriptional activation or repression activities in the early stage of transcription. However, their functions are not limited to transcription initiation. It has been showed that Sox proteins are involved in the regulation of alternative splicing regulatory networks and translational control. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on how Sox transcription factors such as Sox2, Sry, Sox6, and Sox9 allow the coordination of co-transcriptional splicing and also the mechanism of SOX4-mediated translational control in the context of RNA polymerase III.
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10
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Zhang M, Li H, Han Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Ma S. Clinicopathological significance of SOX4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 48:1167-1175. [PMID: 34001394 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex-determining region-Y-related high-mobility-group box 4 (SOX4) is associated with the metastasis and prognosis of many cancer types. However, studies on the role of SOX4 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are few, and hence the mechanism is unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows neoplastic cells to gain the plasticity and motility required for tumor progression and metastasis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between SOX4 and EMT, and their relationship with clinicopathological factors and related prognosis. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the positive expression of SOX4 protein, EMT-related transcription factor protein, and related marker protein in 127 LSCC tissue samples. At the same time, data on various parameters of clinical pathology and postoperative survival were collected. RESULTS The positive expression rate of SOX4 and Slug in LSCC was related to pathological differentiation, Lymph node metastasis (LNM), and pathological TNM of a tumor. The expression rates of ZEB1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin in LSCC correlated with LNM and pTNM. The expression of SOX4, combined expression of SOX4 and ZEB1, and LNM were independent prognostic factors for the total survival time of patients with LSCC. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SOX4 was vital in the LSCC EMT process, which might be mediated by transcription factor ZEB1. SOX4 and ZEB1 might serve as potential biomarkers of metastasis and prognosis, as well as promising therapeutic targets of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Yuefeng Han
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Shiyin Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.
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11
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Huang JL, Wang XK, Liao XW, Han CY, Yu TD, Huang KT, Yang CK, Liu XG, Yu L, Zhu GZ, Su H, Qin W, Han QF, Liu ZQ, Zhou X, Liu JQ, Ye XP, Peng T. SOX4 as biomarker in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:3486-3500. [PMID: 33995626 PMCID: PMC8120190 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is associated with liver disease, including cancers. In this study, we assessed the power of sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG)-box 4(SOX4) gene to predict the clinical course of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: To evaluate the differential expression of SOX4 and its diagnostic and prognostic potential in HCC, we analyzed the GSE14520 dataset. Stratified analysis and joint-effect analysis were done using SOX4 and clinical factor. We then designed a nomogram for predicting the clinical course of HCC. Differential SOX4 expression and its correlation with tumor stage as well as its diagnostic and prognostic value were analyzed on the oncomine and GEPIA websites. Gene set enrichment analysis was explored as well as candidate gene ontology and metabolic pathways modulated by in SOX4 HCC. Results: Our analysis revealed that the level of SOX4 was significantly upregulated in tumor issue (P <0.001). This observation was validated through oncomine dataset and MERAV analysis (all P <0.05). Diagnostic receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of SOX4 suggested it has diagnostic potential in HCC (GSE14520 dataset: P <0.001, area under curve (AUC) = 0.782; Oncomine: (Wurmbach dataset) P = 0.002, AUC = 0.831 and (Mas dataset) P <0.001, AUC = 0.947). In addition, SOX4 exhibited high correlation with overall survival of HBV-associated HCC (adjusted P = 0.004, hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 2.055 (1.261-3.349) and recurrence-free survival (adjusted P = 0.008, HR (95% CI) = 1.721 (1.151-2.574). These observations which were verified by GEPIA analysis for overall survival (P = 0.007) and recurrence-free survival (P= 0.096). Gene enrichment analysis revealed that affected processes included lymphocyte differentiation, pancreatic endocrine pathways, and insulin signaling pathway. SOX4 prognostic value was evaluated using nomogram analysis for HCC 1, 3, and 5-year, survival. Conclusion: Differential SOX4 expression presents an avenue of diagnosing and predicting clinical course of HCC. In HCC, SOX4 may affect TP53 metabolic processes, lymphocyte differentiation and the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lv Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang-Ye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Dong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Tuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Kun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Fa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Qian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
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12
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Stevanovic M, Drakulic D, Lazic A, Ninkovic DS, Schwirtlich M, Mojsin M. SOX Transcription Factors as Important Regulators of Neuronal and Glial Differentiation During Nervous System Development and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:654031. [PMID: 33867936 PMCID: PMC8044450 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.654031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX proteins belong to the superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that display properties of both classical TFs and architectural components of chromatin. Since the cloning of the Sox/SOX genes, remarkable progress has been made in illuminating their roles as key players in the regulation of multiple developmental and physiological processes. SOX TFs govern diverse cellular processes during development, such as maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, cell proliferation, cell fate decisions/germ layer formation as well as terminal cell differentiation into tissues and organs. However, their roles are not limited to development since SOX proteins influence survival, regeneration, cell death and control homeostasis in adult tissues. This review summarized current knowledge of the roles of SOX proteins in control of central nervous system development. Some SOX TFs suspend neural progenitors in proliferative, stem-like state and prevent their differentiation. SOX proteins function as pioneer factors that occupy silenced target genes and keep them in a poised state for activation at subsequent stages of differentiation. At appropriate stage of development, SOX members that maintain stemness are down-regulated in cells that are competent to differentiate, while other SOX members take over their functions and govern the process of differentiation. Distinct SOX members determine down-stream processes of neuronal and glial differentiation. Thus, sequentially acting SOX TFs orchestrate neural lineage development defining neuronal and glial phenotypes. In line with their crucial roles in the nervous system development, deregulation of specific SOX proteins activities is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The overview of the current knowledge about the link between SOX gene variants and NDDs is presented. We outline the roles of SOX TFs in adult neurogenesis and brain homeostasis and discuss whether impaired adult neurogenesis, detected in neurodegenerative diseases, could be associated with deregulation of SOX proteins activities. We present the current data regarding the interaction between SOX proteins and signaling pathways and microRNAs that play roles in nervous system development. Finally, future research directions that will improve the knowledge about distinct and various roles of SOX TFs in health and diseases are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Lazic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stanisavljevic Ninkovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Zhang M, Li H, Han Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Ma S. Clinicopathological significance of SOX4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25028. [PMID: 33761659 PMCID: PMC9282127 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sex-determining region-Y-related high-mobility-group box 4 (SOX4) is associated with the metastasis and prognosis of many cancer types. However, studies on the role of SOX4 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are few, and hence the mechanism is unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows neoplastic cells to gain the plasticity and motility required for tumor progression and metastasis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between SOX4 and EMT, and their relationship with clinicopathological factors and related prognosis. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the positive expression of SOX4 protein, EMT-related transcription factor protein, and related marker protein in 127 LSCC tissue samples. At the same time, data on various parameters of clinical pathology and postoperative survival were collected. RESULTS The positive expression rate of SOX4 and Slug in LSCC was related to pathological differentiation, lymphatic invasion, and pathological tumor node metastasis (TNM) of a tumor. The expression rates of ZEB1, Twist, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin in LSCC correlated with lymphatic invasion and pathological tumor node metastasis. The expression of SOX4, combined expression of SOX4 and ZEB1, and lymphatic invasion were independent prognostic factors for the total survival time of patients with LSCC. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SOX4 was vital in the LSCC EMT process, which might be mediated by transcription factor ZEB1. SOX4 and ZEB1 might serve as potential biomarkers of metastasis and prognosis, as well as promising therapeutic targets of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuefeng Han
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shiyin Ma
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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14
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Ladurner A, Schwarz PF, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs). Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:757-781. [PMID: 33118578 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1994 to 2020 Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) belong to a subfamily of the nuclear receptor superfamily and possess prominent roles in circadian rhythm, metabolism, inflammation, and cancer. They have been subject of research for over two decades and represent attractive but challenging drug targets. Natural products were among the first identified ligands of RORs and continue to be of interest to this day. This review focuses on ligands and indirect modulators of RORs from natural sources and explores their roles in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Patrik F Schwarz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Hamilton KL, Sheehan SA, Retzbach EP, Timmerman CA, Gianneschi GB, Tempera PJ, Balachandran P, Goldberg GS. Effects of Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) gene expression and transcriptional signaling pathways. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:445-457. [PMID: 33205348 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral cancer causes over 120,000 deaths annually and affects the quality of life for survivors. Over 90% of oral cancers are derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (OSCCs) which are generally resistant to standard cytotoxic chemotherapy agents. OSCC cells often exhibit increased TGFβ and PDPN receptor activity compared to nontransformed oral epithelial cells. Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) can target the PDPN receptor and has been identified as a novel agent that can be used to treat oral cancer. However, mechanisms by which MASL inhibits OSCC progression are not yet clearly defined. METHODS Here, we performed cell migration and cytotoxicity assays to assess the effects of MASL on OSCC motility and viability at physiologically relevant concentrations. We then performed comprehensive transcriptome analysis combined with transcription factor reporter assays to investigate the how MASL affects OSCC gene expression at these concentration. Key data were then confirmed by western blotting to evaluate the effects of MASL on gene expression and kinase signaling activity at the protein level. RESULTS MASL significantly affected the expression of about 27% of approximately 15,000 genes found to be expressed by HSC-2 cells used to model OSCC cells in this study. These genes affected by MASL include members of the TGFβ-SMAD, JAK-STAT, and Wnt-βCTN signaling pathways. In particular, MASL decreased expression of PDPN, SOX2, and SMAD5 at the RNA and protein levels. MASL also inhibited SMAD and MAPK activity, and exhibited potential for combination therapy with doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results from this study indicate that MASL decreases activity of JAK-STAT, TGFβ-SMAD, and Wnt-βCTN signaling pathways to inhibit OSCC growth and motility. These data suggest that further studies should be undertaken to determine how MASL may also be used alone and in combination with other agents to treat oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Hamilton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Stephanie A Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Edward P Retzbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Clinton A Timmerman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Garret B Gianneschi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Patrick J Tempera
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Premalatha Balachandran
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Science Center, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA.
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16
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Xu X, Zhang C, Xu H, Wu L, Hu M, Song L. Autophagic feedback-mediated degradation of IKKα requires CHK1- and p300/CBP-dependent acetylation of p53. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246868. [PMID: 33097607 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous report, we demonstrated that one of the catalytic subunits of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, IKKα (encoded by CHUK), performs an NF-κB-independent cytoprotective role in human hepatoma cells under the treatment of the anti-tumor therapeutic reagent arsenite. IKKα triggers its own degradation, as a feedback loop, by activating p53-dependent autophagy, and therefore contributes substantially to hepatoma cell apoptosis induced by arsenite. Interestingly, IKKα is unable to interact with p53 directly but plays a critical role in mediating p53 phosphorylation (at Ser15) by promoting CHK1 activation and CHK1-p53 complex formation. In the current study, we found that p53 acetylation (at Lys373 and/or Lys382) was also critical for the induction of autophagy and the autophagic degradation of IKKα during the arsenite response. Furthermore, IKKα was involved in p53 acetylation through interaction with the acetyltransferases for p53, p300 (also known as EP300) and CBP (also known as CREBBP) (collectively p300/CBP), inducing CHK1-dependent p300/CBP activation and promoting p300-p53 or CBP-p53 complex formation. Therefore, taken together with the previous report, we conclude that both IKKα- and CHK1-dependent p53 phosphorylation and acetylation contribute to mediating selective autophagy feedback degradation of IKKα during the arsenite-induced proapoptotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuduan Xu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Chongchong Zhang
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Henan University Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huan Xu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Meiru Hu
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Lun Song
- Institute of Military Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
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17
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Ben Othmène Y, Monceaux K, Karoui A, Ben Salem I, Belhadef A, Abid-Essefi S, Lemaire C. Tebuconazole induces ROS-dependent cardiac cell toxicity by activating DNA damage and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111040. [PMID: 32798748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole (TEB) is a common triazole fungicide that is widely used throughout the world in agriculture applications. We previously reported that TEB induces cardiac toxicity in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of the toxicity induced by TEB in cardiac cells. TEB induced dose-dependent cell death in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM). The comet assay and western blot analysis showed a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage and in p53 and p21 protein levels 24 h after TEB treatment. Our findings also showed that TEB triggered the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis as evidenced by a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, an activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, a cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and an increase in the proportion of cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, TEB promoted ROS production in cardiac cells and consequently increased the amounts of MDA, the end product of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine reduced TEB-induced DNA damage and activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. These results indicate that the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of TEB are mediated through a ROS-dependent pathway in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Ben Othmène
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kevin Monceaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ahmed Karoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Intidhar Ben Salem
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; University of Sousse, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, 4000, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Belhadef
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- Université Versailles St-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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18
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Liang S, Ezerskyte M, Wang J, Pelechano V, Dreij K. Transcriptional mutagenesis dramatically alters genome-wide p53 transactivation landscape. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13513. [PMID: 32782319 PMCID: PMC7419513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional error rate can be significantly increased by the presence of DNA lesions that instruct mis-insertion during transcription; a process referred to as transcriptional mutagenesis (TM) that can result in altered protein function. Herein, we determined the effect of O6-methylguanine (O6-meG) on transcription and subsequent transactivation activity of p53 in human lung H1299 cells. Levels of TM and effects on transactivation were determined genome wide by RNA-seq. Results showed that 47% of all p53 transcripts contained an uridine misincorporation opposite the lesion at 6 h post transfection, which was decreased to 18% at 24 h. TM at these levels reduced DNA binding activity of p53 to 21% and 80% compared to wild type p53, respectively. Gene expression data were analysed to identify differentially expressed genes due to TM of p53. We show a temporal repression of transactivation of > 100 high confidence p53 target genes including regulators of the cell cycle, DNA damage response and apoptosis. In addition, TM repressed the transcriptional downregulation by p53 of several negative regulators of proliferation and differentiation. Our work demonstrates that TM, even when restricting its effect to an individual transcription factor, has the potential to alter gene expression programs and diversify cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liang
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ezerskyte
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vicent Pelechano
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Kobayashi Y, Tata A, Konkimalla A, Katsura H, Lee RF, Ou J, Banovich NE, Kropski JA, Tata PR. Persistence of a regeneration-associated, transitional alveolar epithelial cell state in pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:934-946. [PMID: 32661339 PMCID: PMC7461628 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells undergo dynamic changes in response to injury to regenerate lost cells. However, the identity of transitional states and the mechanisms that drive their trajectories remain understudied. Using lung organoids, multiple in vivo repair models, single-cell transcriptomics and lineage tracing, we find that alveolar type-2 epithelial cells undergoing differentiation into type-1 cells acquire pre-alveolar type-1 transitional cell state (PATS) en route to terminal maturation. Transitional cells undergo extensive stretching during differentiation, making them vulnerable to DNA damage. Cells in the PATS show an enrichment of TP53, TGFβ, DNA-damage-response signalling and cellular senescence. Gain and loss of function as well as genomic binding assays revealed a direct transcriptional control of PATS by TP53 signalling. Notably, accumulation of PATS-like cells in human fibrotic lungs was observed, suggesting persistence of the transitional state in fibrosis. Our study thus implicates a transient state associated with senescence in normal epithelial tissue repair and its abnormal persistence in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aleksandra Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Arvind Konkimalla
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hiroaki Katsura
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca F Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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20
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Zhang L, Lv L, Zheng N, Li R, Yang R, Li T, Li Y, Liu Y, Luo H, Li X, Zhou Y, Shan H, Bai B, Liang H. Suppression of Sox4 protects against myocardial ischemic injury by reduction of cardiac apoptosis in mice. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1094-1104. [PMID: 32657438 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sox4 participates in the progression of embryo development and regulation of apoptosis in tumors. However, the effect and mechanism of Sox4 in myocardial infarction (MI) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed at examining the role and molecular mechanism of Sox4 in the process of cardiomyocytes apoptosis during MI. The expression of Sox4 were obviously increased both in MI mice and in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes treated with H2 O2 . Overexpression of Sox4 promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis with or without H2 O2 , whereas knocking down of Sox4 alleviated H2 O2 -induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, silencing Sox4 by AAV-9 carried short hairpin RNA targeting Sox4 (AAV-9-sh-Sox4) markedly decreased cardiac infarct area, imprfoved cardiac dysfunction, and reversed apoptosis in MI mice. Mechanistically, there is a potential Sox4-binding site in the promoter region of Bim, and forced expression of Sox4 significantly promoted Bim expression in cultured cardiomyocytes with or without H2 O2 , whereas knocking down of Sox4 inhibited the expression of Bim. Further studies showed that silencing Bim attenuated Sox4-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, indicating that Sox4 promoted cardiomyocytes apoptosis through regulation of Bim expression, which can be used as a potential therapeutic target for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lifang Lv
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Department of Basic Medicine, The Centre of Functional Experiment Teaching, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruotong Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongli Shan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haihai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Northern Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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21
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Leung RKC, Leung HC, Leung AYH. Diverse pathogenetic roles of SOX genes in acute myeloid leukaemia and their therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:24-29. [PMID: 31698089 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with diverse pathogenetic pathways. When treated uniformly with conventional chemotherapy and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), it showed variable clinical outcome and prognosis. Members of the SOX [Sry-related high-mobility group (HMG) box] gene family are involved in diverse embryonic and oncogenic processes. The roles of SOX genes in AML are not entirely clear but emerging evidence, including that arising from studies in solid-cancers, showed that SOX genes can function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes and may be involved in key pathogenetic pathways in AML involving C/EBPα mutations, activation of β-catenin/Wnt and Hedgehog pathways and aberrant TP53 signals. Recent data based on genomics and proteomics have identified key interactions between SOX genes and partnering proteins of pathogenetic significance. The observations illustrated the principles and feasibilities of developing lead molecules of potential therapeutic values. Studying the diverse pathogenetic roles of SOX genes in AML may shed lights to the heterogeneity of AML and generate information that can be translated into novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K C Leung
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Ching Leung
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Anskar Y H Leung
- Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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22
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Moreno CS. SOX4: The unappreciated oncogene. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:57-64. [PMID: 31445218 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SOX4 is an essential developmental transcription factor that regulates stemness, differentiation, progenitor development, and multiple developmental pathways including PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ signaling. The SOX4 gene is frequently amplified and overexpressed in over 20 types of malignancies, and multiple lines of evidence support that notion that SOX4 is an oncogene. Its overexpression is due to both gene amplification and to activation of PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ pathways that SOX4 regulates. SOX4 interacts with multiple other transcription factors, rendering many of its impacts on gene expression context and tissue-specific. Nevertheless, there are common themes that run through many of the effects of SOX4 hyperactivity, such as the promotion of cell survival, stemness, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migration, and metastasis. Specific targeting of SOX4 remains a challenge for future cancer research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bldg, Rm 105J, 615 Michael St. Atlanta, GA, USA.
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23
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Shibayama H, Yamamoto T, Oshima K, Matsuda T, Nadano D. Transcription Factor Sox4 as a Potential Player in Mammary Gland Involution. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1125-1133. [PMID: 31408364 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland involution is a regressive process for the gland to return to its prepregnancy state after lactation and comprises an initial reversible and second remodeling stage. Although many genes and the multiple expression profiles of their mRNAs have been found in this process, the mechanisms controlling the profiles are largely unknown. In this study, we identified and analyzed transcription factor Sox4 in mammary gland involution. Elevated expression of Sox4 gene in the first stage (48 h after weaning) was observed at the mRNA and protein levels in the mouse mammary gland. Immunohistochemistry of the involuting gland indicated that Sox4 was located in the nuclei of epithelial cells. Nuclear Sox4 was also detected in the second stage, but unlikely to be involved in cell death, one of the characteristic events of involution. To clarify the functional roles of Sox4 in involution, we introduced a model, including a normal mammary epithelial cell line, for finding candidate target genes of this transcription factor and examined its effect on tenascin C mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Shibayama
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenzi Oshima
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daita Nadano
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Ha Thi HT, Kim HY, Kim YM, Hong S. MicroRNA-130a modulates a radiosensitivity of rectal cancer by targeting SOX4. Neoplasia 2019; 21:882-892. [PMID: 31387015 PMCID: PMC6690642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance poses a major challenge in the treatment of advanced rectal cancer. Therefore, understanding the detailed mechanisms of radioresistance may improve patient response to irradiation and the survival rate. To identify the novel targets that modulate the radiosensitivity of rectal cancer, we performed small RNA sequencing with human rectal cancer cell lines. Through bioinformatics analysis, we selected microRNA-310a (miR-130a) as a promising candidate to elucidate radioresistance. miR-130a was dramatically upregulated in radiosensitive rectal cancer cells and overexpression of miR-130a promotes rectal cancer cell radiosensitivity. Mechanically, miR-130a reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype of rectal cancer cells following inhibition of cell invasion upon irradiation. Moreover, miR-130a also inhibited the repair of irradiation-induced DNA damage followed by cell death. We identified that SOX4 was a direct target of miR-130a. Overexpression of SOX4 reversed the promotion activity of miR-130a on radiosensitivity. Together, our findings suggest that miR-130a functions as a radiosensitizer in rectal cancer and reveals a potential therapeutic target and preoperative prognostic marker for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Trang Ha Thi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Moran JD, Kim HH, Li Z, Moreno CS. SOX4 regulates invasion of bladder cancer cells via repression of WNT5a. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:359-370. [PMID: 31268162 PMCID: PMC6615919 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sry-Related HMG-BOX-4 (SOX4) is a developmental transcription factor that is overexpressed in as many as 23% of bladder cancer patients; however, the role of SOX4 in bladder cancer tumorigenesis is not yet well understood. Given the many roles of SOX4 in embryonic development and the context-dependent regulation of gene expression, in this study, we sought to determine the role of SOX4 in bladder cancer and to identify SOX4-regulated genes that may contribute to tumorigenesis. For this purpose, we employed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) method to transcriptionally repress SOX4 expression in T24 bladder cancer cell lines, 'rescued' these cell lines with the lentiviral-mediated expression of SOX4, and performed whole genome expression profiling. The cells in which SOX4 was knocked down (T24-SOX4-KD) exhibited decreased invasive capabilities, but no changes in migration or proliferation, whereas rescue experiments with SOX4 lentiviral vector restored the invasive phenotype. Gene expression profiling revealed 173 high confidence SOX4-regulated genes, including WNT5a as a potential target of repression by SOX4. Treatment of the T24-SOX4-KD cells with a WNT5a antagonist restored the invasive phenotype observed in the T24-scramble control cells and the SOX4 lentiviral-rescued cells. High WNT5a expression was associated with a decreased invasion and WNT5a expression inversely correlated with SOX4 expression, suggesting that SOX4 can negatively regulate WNT5a levels either directly or indirectly and that WNT5a likely plays a protective role against invasion in bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue D Moran
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hannah H Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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26
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Quan X, Li X, Yin Z, Ren Y, Zhou B. p53/miR-30a-5p/ SOX4 feedback loop mediates cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22884-22895. [PMID: 31124131 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many microRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in the tumorigenesis and development of cancers. In this study, we aimed to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs and their specific mechanisms in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Based on data from the GSE56036 database, miR-30a-5p expression was identified to be downregulated in NSCLC. Further investigations showed that overexpression of miR-30a-5p inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC. Increase of miR-30a-5p level could induce the increase of Bax protein level and decrease of Bcl-2 protein level. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that miR-30a-5p expression was induced by binding of p53 to the promoter of MIR30A. Bioinformatics prediction indicated that miR-30a-5p targets SOX4, and western blot analysis indicated that overexpression of the miRNA decreases the SOX4 protein expression level, which in turn regulated the level of p53. Thus, this study provides evidence for the existence of a p53/miR-30a-5p/SOX4 feedback loop, which likely plays a key role in the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and migration in NSCLC, highlighting a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Quan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Department of Education, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Department of Education, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Department of Education, Liaoning, China
| | - Yangwu Ren
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Department of Education, Liaoning, China
| | - Baosen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Department of Education, Liaoning, China
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27
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Youness RA, Assal RA, Abdel Motaal A, Gad MZ. A novel role of sONE/NOS3/NO signaling cascade in mediating hydrogen sulphide bilateral effects on triple negative breast cancer progression. Nitric Oxide 2018; 80:12-23. [PMID: 30081213 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas has been recognized as an intracellular mediator influencing an array of signaling pathways. Yet, the role of H2S in cancer progression has been controversial. This study aims to unravel the role of exogenous H2S in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and to further investigate any possible association of H2S mediated actions with the endogenous production of nitric oxide (NO) gas. A wide concentration range of NaHS (20-2000 μM) and a variable reaction time (2-72 h) were probed. A bell-shaped impact of H2S on TNBC cellular viability, proliferation, migration, invasion and colony forming ability was repeatedly observed in the aggressive TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 but not in hormone receptor positive, MCF-7 cells. This bell-shaped effect was found to be shifted towards the left upon increasing the reaction time within the range of 2-24 h. However, this was totally opposed in case of continuous exposure (72 h) to exogenous H2S. An inverted bell-shaped effect of H2S on TNBC cellular growth, migration, proliferation and colony forming ability was shown. Moreover, this study provided the first evidence of a possible involvement of NO in mediating H2S actions in TNBC. Such intricate cross-talk was found to be orchestrated by the novel lncRNA, sONE and its down-stream target NOS3 building up a novel axis, sONE/NOS3/NO, that was shown to play a pivotal role in plotting the bilateral effect of H2S on TNBC progression. Finally, this study showed that low and continuous exposure of H2S serves as a novel, selective and effective strategy in harnessing TNBC oncogenic profile through cGMP dependent and independent pathways where alterations of cell cycle regulatory proteins such as TP53 and c-Myc was observed. Moreover, NaHS could repress TNBC migration and invasion capacities through repressing the intracellular adhesion molecule, ICAM-1. In conclusion, this study provides an insight about the role of exogenous H2S in TNBC cell lines highlighting a novel crosstalk between H2S and NO orchestrated by sONE/NOS3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Ahmed Youness
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al-Khames, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reem Amr Assal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al-Khames, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira Abdel Motaal
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 61441, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Zakaria Gad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al-Khames, 11835, Cairo, Egypt.
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28
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Miyazaki M, Otomo R, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Suzuki H, Nakajima A, Abe N, Tomiyama A, Ichimura K, Matsuda K, Watanabe T, Ochiya T, Nakagama H, Sakai R, Enari M. The p53 activator overcomes resistance to ALK inhibitors by regulating p53-target selectivity in ALK-driven neuroblastomas. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:56. [PMID: 29760954 PMCID: PMC5945735 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is an oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase that is activated by gene amplification and mutation in neuroblastomas. ALK inhibitors can delay the progression of ALK-driven cancers, but are of limited use owing to ALK inhibitor resistance. Here, we show that resistance to ALK inhibitor in ALK-driven neuroblastomas can be attenuated by combination treatment with a p53 activator. Either ALK inhibition or p53 activator treatment induced cell cycle arrest, whereas combination treatment induced apoptosis, and prevented tumour relapse both in vitro and in vivo. This shift toward apoptosis, and away from cell-cycle arrest, in the presence of an ALK inhibitor and a p53 activator, is mediated by inhibition of the ALK-AKT-FOXO3a axis leading to a specific upregulation of SOX4. SOX4 cooperates with p53 to upregulate the pro-apoptotic protein PUMA. These data therefore suggest a novel combination therapy strategy for treating ALK-driven neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miyazaki
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,2Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan.,3Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Tumour Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan.,4Division of Brain Tumour Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Ryo Otomo
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,11Present Address: Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694 Japan
| | - Yuko Matsushima-Hibiya
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,4Division of Brain Tumour Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Hidenobu Suzuki
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,4Division of Brain Tumour Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,5Department of NCC Cancer Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Ayana Nakajima
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,4Division of Brain Tumour Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,6Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate school of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Naomi Abe
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,4Division of Brain Tumour Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Arata Tomiyama
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,4Division of Brain Tumour Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,7Department of Neurosurgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- 4Division of Brain Tumour Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- 2Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- 3Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Tumour Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- 8Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- 9Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan.,10Division of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374 Japan
| | - Masato Enari
- 1Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 Japan
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Rosa EA, Hurtado-Puerto AM, Falcão DP, Brietzke AP, De Almeida Prado Franceschi LE, Cavalcanti Neto FF, Tiziane V, Carneiro FP, Kogawa EM, Moreno H, Amorim RFB. Oral lichen planus and malignant transformation: The role of p16, Ki-67, Bub-3 and SOX4 in assessing precancerous potential. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4157-4166. [PMID: 29731815 PMCID: PMC5920964 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions with malignant transformation risk has remained a controversial topic and is of clinical importance. Therefore, the present study evaluated the expression levels of p16, Ki-67, budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 (Bub-3) and sex-determining region Y-related high mobility group box 4 (SOX4), and their roles as precancerous biomarkers in OLP. A retrospective study was performed, in which tissue blocks of OLP, oral dysplasia (OD), cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) and oral fibrous hyperplasia (OFH) were used (n=120). A positivity index (PI) for p16, BUB3, Ki-67 and SOX4 expression was calculated in each group. The PI for p16 was 20.65% for OLP, 7.85% for OD, 86.59% for CLP and 11.8% for OFH, and the difference between these groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). PIs of Ki-67 were indicated as 11.6% for OLP, 14.4% for OD, 8.24% for CLP and 5.5% for OFH, and a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (P<0.001). Notably, the expression levels of BUB3 were not statistically different among groups. The highest expression levels of SOX4 were identified in CLP (P<0.001 vs. OLP/CLP; P=0,001 vs. CLP/OD). The determined expression levels of p16 and Ki-67 suggest that specific OLP lesions may have an intermediate malignant potential and should be carefully followed up. The intense SOX4 staining in CLP indicated a different proliferation pattern of epithelium compared with oral mucosa cells. These findings suggest that SOX4 expression may also be associated with the different clinical courses of OLP and CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Augusto Rosa
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Aura Maria Hurtado-Puerto
- Laboratory for Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Denise Pinheiro Falcão
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Patricia Brietzke
- Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdenize Tiziane
- Center for Learning and Research, Brasília Children's Hospital, Brasília 70910-90, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pirani Carneiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Mikaela Kogawa
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Heitor Moreno
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rivadávio Fernandes Batista Amorim
- Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
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Kashima Y, Suzuki A, Liu Y, Hosokawa M, Matsunaga H, Shirai M, Arikawa K, Sugano S, Kohno T, Takeyama H, Tsuchihara K, Suzuki Y. Combinatory use of distinct single-cell RNA-seq analytical platforms reveals the heterogeneous transcriptome response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3482. [PMID: 29472726 PMCID: PMC5823859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-seq is a powerful tool for revealing heterogeneity in cancer cells. However, each of the current single-cell RNA-seq platforms has inherent advantages and disadvantages. Here, we show that combining the different single-cell RNA-seq platforms can be an effective approach to obtaining complete information about expression differences and a sufficient cellular population to understand transcriptional heterogeneity in cancers. We demonstrate that it is possible to estimate missing expression information. We further demonstrate that even in the cases where precise information for an individual gene cannot be inferred, the activity of given transcriptional modules can be analyzed. Interestingly, we found that two distinct transcriptional modules, one associated with the Aurora kinase gene and the other with the DUSP gene, are aberrantly regulated in a minor population of cells and may thus contribute to the possible emergence of dormancy or eventual drug resistance within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Kashima
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Translational Genomics, The Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Masahito Hosokawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsunaga
- Hitachi Ltd., Research & Development Group, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Masataka Shirai
- Hitachi Ltd., Research & Development Group, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Kohji Arikawa
- Hitachi Ltd., Research & Development Group, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Genomics, The Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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Chen D, Hu C, Wen G, Yang Q, Zhang C, Yang H. DownRegulated SOX4 Expression Suppresses Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Induces Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:117-127. [PMID: 29038881 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The SOX4 transcription factor is involved in various cellular processes, such as embryonic development and differentiation. Deregulated expression of Sox4 in several human cancers has been reported to date, but its biological functions in the progression of osteosarcoma remain unclear. In this study, we found that the expression levels of SOX4 protein were significantly higher in high-grade osteosarcoma tissues and metastatic osteosarcoma tissues. Its overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in osteosarcoma. Knockdown of the SOX4 gene in the osteosarcoma cell lines resulted in decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis. After SOX4 gene silencing, the protein expression levels of Bax, Caspase-3, and P53 in osteosarcoma cells were significantly elevated, while the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, MMP2, and MMP9 were obviously decreased. In vivo analysis in nude mice further confirmed that knockdown of SOX4 suppressed tumor growth. In conclusion, SOX4 appears to be an important tumor oncogene in the regulation of osteosarcoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, and it may be a potential target for effective osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chuanzhen Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Institute of Bone Tumor Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qingcheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003, China.
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Pan B, Xue X, Zhang D, Li M, Fu J. SOX4 arrests lung development in rats with hyperoxia‑induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia by controlling EZH2 expression. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1691-1698. [PMID: 29039454 PMCID: PMC5716405 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is currently the most common severe complication in premature infants and is characterized by the arrest of alveolar and vascular growth. Alveolar type II cells play an important role in the pathological foundation of BPD. An association of BPD with epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in type II cells exposed to hyperoxia was previously identified. SOX4, a transcription factor that is indispensable to embryogenesis, including lung development, participates in regulating EMT and cell survival, affecting tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of SOX4 in the occurrence of BPD, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously determined. For this purpose, newborn rats were randomly divided into two treatment groups: The model group was exposed to hyperoxia (80-85% O2), while the control group was kept under normoxic conditions (21% O2). Lung tissues were collected on postnatal days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 and morphological changes in the lungs were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The location of SOX4 in type II cells was detected by double immunofluorescence. The expression of SOX4 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in type II cells and lung tissues were detected by immunochemistry, western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the radial alveolar count decreased rapidly in the model group, accompanied by increased mean alveolar diameter and alveolar septal thickness. SOX4 and EZH2 were highly expressed in type II cells exposed to hyperoxia. However, in total lung tissues, SOX4 and EZH2 expression was profoundly decreased in the early stages and increased in the late stages following exposure to hyperoxia. The expression of the EZH2 protein was positively correlated with that of the SOX4 protein. In conclusion, at the alveolar stage, which is a critical period after birth for lung development, hyperoxia induced dysregulation of SOX4 and EZH2 in rat lungs, indicating that SOX4 may contribute to the disruption of lung development in BPD by regulating EZH2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingting Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Mengyun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Stanisavljevic D, Petrovic I, Vukovic V, Schwirtlich M, Gredic M, Stevanovic M, Popovic J. SOX14 activates the p53 signaling pathway and induces apoptosis in a cervical carcinoma cell line. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184686. [PMID: 28926586 PMCID: PMC5604970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX14 is a member of the SOX family of transcription factors mainly involved in the regulation of neural development. Recently, it became evident that SOX14 is one of four hypermethylated genes in cervical carcinoma, considered as a tumor suppressor candidate in this type of malignancy. In this paper we elucidated the role of SOX14 in the regulation of malignant properties of cervical carcinoma cells in vitro. Functional analysis performed in HeLa cells revealed that SOX14 overexpression decreased viability and promoted apoptosis through altering the expression of apoptosis related genes. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of SOX14 initiated accumulation of p53, demonstrating potential cross-talk between SOX14 and the p53 signaling pathway. Further analysis unambiguously showed that SOX14 triggered posttranslational modification of p53 protein, as detected by the significantly increased level of phospho-p53 (Ser-15) in SOX14-overexpressing HeLa cells. Moreover, the obtained results revealed that SOX14 activated p53 protein, which was confirmed by elevated p21Waf1/Cip1, a well known target gene of p53. This study advances our understanding about the role of SOX14 and might explain the molecular mechanism by which this transcription factor could exert tumor suppressor properties in cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Stanisavljevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Petrovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladanka Vukovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Gredic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Sharma S, Nagpal N, Ghosh PC, Kulshreshtha R. P53-miR-191- SOX4 regulatory loop affects apoptosis in breast cancer. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1237-1246. [PMID: 28450532 PMCID: PMC5513068 DOI: 10.1261/rna.060657.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs have emerged as key participants of p53 signaling pathways because they regulate or are regulated by p53. Here, we provide the first study demonstrating direct regulation of an oncogenic miRNA, miR-191-5p, by p53 and existence of a regulatory feedback loop. Using a combination of qRT-PCR, promoter-luciferase, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays, we show that p53 brings about down-regulation of miR-191-5p in breast cancer. miR-191-5p overexpression brought about inhibition of apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and ZR-75) as demonstrated by reduction in annexin-V stained cells and caspase 3/7 activity, whereas miR-191-5p down-regulation showed the opposite. We further unveiled that SOX4 was a direct target of miR-191-5p. SOX4 overexpression was shown to increase p53 protein levels in MCF7 cells. miR-191-5p overexpression brought about down-regulation of SOX4 and thus p53 levels, suggesting the existence of a regulatory feedback loop. Breast cancer treatment by doxorubicin, an anti-cancer drug, involves induction of apoptosis by p53; we thus wanted to check whether miR-191-5p affects doxorubicin sensitivity. Interestingly, Anti-miR-191 treatment significantly decreased the IC50 of the doxorubicin drug and thus sensitized breast cancer cells to doxorubicin treatment by promoting apoptosis. Overall, this work highlights the importance of the p53-miR-191-SOX4 axis in the regulation of apoptosis and drug resistance in breast cancer and offers a preclinical proof-of-concept for use of an Anti-miR-191 and doxorubicin combination as a rational approach to pursue for better breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Neha Nagpal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Prahlad C Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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Li D, He C, Wang J, Wang Y, Bu J, Kong X, Sun D. MicroRNA-138 Inhibits Cell Growth, Invasion, and EMT of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via SOX4/p53 Feedback Loop. Oncol Res 2017; 26:385-400. [PMID: 28653608 PMCID: PMC7844796 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14973124850905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that downregulation of miR-138 occurs in a variety of cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the precise mechanisms of miR-138 in NSCLC have not been well clarified. In this study, we investigated the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-138 in NSCLC cell lines, discussing whether it could turn out to be a therapeutic biomarker of NSCLC in the future. In our study, we found that miR-138 is downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, the low level of miR-138 was associated with increased expression of SOX4 in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Upregulation of miR-138 significantly inhibited proliferation of NSCLC cells. In addition, invasion and EMT of NSCLC cells were suppressed by overexpression of miR-138. However, downregulation of miR-138 promoted cell growth and metastasis of NSCLC cells. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that SOX4 was a potential target gene of miR-138. Next, luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-138 could directly target SOX4. Consistent with the effect of miR-138, downregulation of SOX4 by siRNA inhibited proliferation, invasion, and EMT of NSCLC cells. Overexpression of SOX4 in NSCLC cells partially reversed the effect of miR-138 mimic. In addition, decreased SOX4 expression could increase the level of miR-138 via upregulation of p53. Introduction of miR-138 dramatically inhibited growth, invasion, and EMT of NSCLC cells through a SOX4/p53 feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Hospital of the Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinP.R. China
| | - Changjun He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinP.R. China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinP.R. China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinP.R. China
| | - Jianlong Bu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinP.R. China
| | - Xianglong Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinP.R. China
| | - Dawei Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinP.R. China
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Ruan H, Yang H, Wei H, Xiao W, Lou N, Qiu B, Xu G, Song Z, Xiao H, Liu L, Zhou Y, Hu W, Chen K, Chen X, Zhang X. Overexpression of SOX4 promotes cell migration and invasion of renal cell carcinoma by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:336-346. [PMID: 28534986 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete understanding remains in the molecular mechanisms underlying progression and metastasis of renal cancer. The transcription factor SOX4 is upregulated in various human malignancies, including renal cancer, indicating it may be involved in renal tumorigenesis. In this study, we explored this hypothesis by loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays of SOX4 in renal cancer cell lines and renal epithelial cell line. We found that specific knockdown of SOX4 in renal cancer cell lines significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of cancer cells; specific overexpression of SOX4 in renal epithelial cell line markedly promoted the migration and invasion of the cell line. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fundamental morphogenesis process, is implicated in renal cancer progression and metastasis. Our results demonstrated that SOX4 positively regulated the expression of mesenchymal cell markers and negatively regulated the expression of epithelial cell marker, and was involved in signal transduction pathway of TGFβ-induced EMT. In addition, SOX4 induced EMT probably through modulating the AKT/p-AKT signaling cascade. Finally, we found that SOX4 was significantly upregulated in clinical renal cancer samples compared with corresponding normal tissues and associated with EMT process in clinical samples. Taken together, our findings confirm a crucial function of SOX4 in the metastasis of renal cancer through orchestrating EMT and establish that the function suppression of SOX4-AKT-EMT axis might be an attractive therapeutic intervention during renal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Ruan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Wei
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Lou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhengshuai Song
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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37
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Tumors arise from the excessive repair of damaged stem cells. Med Hypotheses 2017; 102:112-122. [PMID: 28478815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although many hypotheses for tumorigenesis have been proposed, none can explain the occurrence and development of tumors comprehensively until now. We put forward a new hypothesis: tumors arise from the excessive repair of damaged stem cells. There are stem cells in all tissues and organs, and the stem cells have perfect damage repair mechanisms, including damage repair systems and repair-inhibiting systems. Tumors arise from the excessive repair of damaged stem cells, i.e., carcinogens induce stem cell damage, leading to overexpression of damage repair systems, and simultaneous inactivation of repair-inhibiting systems through genetic or non-genetic mechanisms, finally forming tumors. The outcome (forming clinically significant tumors or death) and development (tumor recurrence, metastasis or spontaneous healing) of the tumor cells depends on whether the injury and the excessive repair persists, whether immune surveillance function is normal and the tumor microenvironment is appropriate. This hypothesis not only addresses the issues of where tumor cells arise from, how tumors form and where they go, but also provides a reasonable explanation for many unresolved issues in tumor occurrence, development, metastasis or healing. In addition, this hypothesis could guide the early diagnosis, reasonable treatment and effective prevention of tumors.
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38
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The insecticide spinosad induces DNA damage and apoptosis in HEK293 and HepG2 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 812:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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39
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Xu YR, Yang WX. SOX-mediated molecular crosstalk during the progression of tumorigenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:23-34. [PMID: 27476113 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
SOX family transcription factor has emerged as a double-edged sword relating to tumorigenesis and metastasis. Multiple studies have revealed different expression patterns and contradictory roles of SOX factors in the tumor initiation and progression. The aberrant expression of SOX factors is regulated by copy number alteration, methylation modulation, microRNAs, transcription factors and post-translational modification. This review summarizes the role of SOX factors in molecular interactions and signaling pathways during different steps of carcinogenesis, such as CSCs stemness maintenance, EMT occurrence, cell invasion, cell proliferation and apoptosis. The Wnt signaling pathway is also shown to provide vital intermediate signaling transduction. We believe that SOX family proteins may be used as prognostic markers for human clinical therapy, and novel therapy strategies targeting SOX factors should be explored in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Xu
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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40
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Liu Y, Cui L, Huang J, Ji EH, Chen W, Messadi D, Hu S. SOX4 Promotes Progression in OLP-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2016; 7:1534-40. [PMID: 27471569 PMCID: PMC4964137 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a multistep process that involves in both genetic alterations and epigenetic modifications. Previous studies suggest SOX4 might function as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in different types of cancers. However, whether SOX4 involves in promoting the progression of oral precancer to cancer is unknown. Methods: Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the proteins that may be differentially expressed between oral lichen planus (OLP) and OLP-associated OSCC (OLP-OSCC) formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting were performed to evaluate SOX4 expression between OLP and OLP-OSCC tissues and among oral cancer cell lines and normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs). SOX4 siRNA was used to knock down the expression of SOX4 in UM1 oral cancer cells. MTT, cell counting, migration and Matrigel invasion assays were utilized to examine the effect of SOX4 down-regulation on proliferation, migration and invasion capacity of UM1 cells. Results: LC-MS/MS analysis showed that 88 proteins including SOX4 were only identified in OLP-OSCC FFPE tissues when compared to OLP FFPE tissues. IHC confirmed that SOX4 expression was significantly higher in OLP-OSCC than OLP and Western blot analysis indicated that SOX4 was over-expressed in UM1/UM2 cells when compared to NHOKs. Knockdown of SOX4 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of UM1 cells (P<0.01). Conclusions: Our study indicated that SOX4 is significantly upregulated in OLP-OSCC versus OLP tissues. In addition, down-regulation of SOX4 led to significantly reduced proliferation, migration and invasion capability of oral cancer cells. These findings suggest that SOX4 might be actively involved in the progression of OLP to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- 1. Department of Oral Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China.; 2. UCLA School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Li Cui
- 2. UCLA School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Junwei Huang
- 2. UCLA School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eoon Hye Ji
- 2. UCLA School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- 2. UCLA School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Diana Messadi
- 2. UCLA School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen Hu
- 2. UCLA School of Dentistry and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Han R, Huang S, Bao Y, Liu X, Peng X, Chen Z, Wang Q, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang T, Zheng D, Yang W. Upregulation of SOX4 antagonizes cellular senescence in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1367-1372. [PMID: 27446439 PMCID: PMC4950821 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence, a terminal cell proliferation arrest that is caused by a variety of cellular stresses such as telomere erosion, DNA damage and oncogenic signaling, is classically considered a tumor defense barrier. However, the mechanism by which cancer cells overcome senescence is undetermined. In this study, the gene expression array data of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was compared with paired normal tissues and showed that a cohort of genes, including proteinases, chemokines and inflammation factors, are upregulated in ESCC, which exhibits the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to demonstrate that gender determining region Y-box 4 (SOX4) is upregulated in ESCC, and that its expression is inversely correlated with senescence markers. In addition, the knockdown of SOX4 expression by short hairpin RNA decreases ESCC cell proliferation and enhances doxorubicin-induced cell senescence. These results reveal the presence of a senescent microenvironment in ESCC, and suggest an important antisenescence role of SOX4 in ESCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfei Han
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Bao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Surgery, Guangde People's Hospital, Xuancheng, Anhui 242200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Duo Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Wancai Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
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Abstract
The SOXC group of transcription factors, composed of SOX4, SOX11, and SOX12, has evolved to fulfill key functions in cell fate determination. Expressed in many types of progenitor/stem cells, including skeletal progenitors, SOXC proteins potentiate pathways critical for cell survival and differentiation. As skeletogenesis unfolds, SOXC proteins ensure cartilage primordia delineation by amplifying canonical WNT signaling and antagonizing the chondrogenic action of SOX9 in perichondrium and presumptive articular joint cells. They then ensure skeletal elongation by inducing growth plate formation via enabling non-canonical WNT signaling. Human studies have associated SOX4 with bone mineral density and fracture risk in osteoporotic patients, and SOX11 with Coffin-Siris, a syndrome that includes skeletal dysmorphism. Meanwhile, in vitro and mouse studies have suggested important cell-autonomous roles for SOXC proteins in osteoblastogenesis. We here review current knowledge and gaps in understanding of SOXC protein functions, with an emphasis on the skeleton and possible links to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Huang H, Yang X, Bao M, Cao H, Miao X, Zhang X, Gan L, Qiu M, Zhang Z. Ablation of the Sox11 Gene Results in Clefting of the Secondary Palate Resembling the Pierre Robin Sequence. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7107-18. [PMID: 26826126 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.690875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse gene inactivation has shown that the transcription factor Sox11 is required for mouse palatogenesis. However, whether Sox11 is primarily involved in the regulation of palatogenesis still remains elusive. In this study, we explored the role ofSox11in palatogenesis by analyzing the developmental mechanism in cleft palate formation in mutants deficient in Sox11. Sox11 is expressed both in the developing palatal shelf and in the surrounding structures, including the mandible. We found that cleft palate occurs only in the mutant in which Sox11is directly deleted. As in the wild type, the palatal shelves in the Sox11 mutant undergo outgrowth in a downward direction and exhibit potential for fusion and elevation. However, mutant palatal shelves encounter clefting, which is associated with a malpositioned tongue that results in physical obstruction of palatal shelf elevation at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5). We found that loss of Sox11led to reduced cell proliferation in the developing mandibular mesenchyme via Cyclin D1, leading to mandibular hypoplasia, which blocks tongue descent. Extensive analyses of gene expression inSox11 deficiency identified FGF9 as a potential candidate target of Sox11 in the modulation of cell proliferation both in the mandible and the palatal shelf between E12.5 and E13.5. Finally we show, using in vitro assays, that Sox11 directly regulates the expression of Fgf9 and that application of FGF9 protein to Sox11-deficient palatal shelves restores the rate of BrdU incorporation. Taken together, the palate defects presented in the Sox11 loss mutant mimic the clefting in the Pierre Robin sequence in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Meiling Bao
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Huanhuan Cao
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Lin Gan
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- From the Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, College of Biological and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang 310036, China
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Zhao G, Yao Q, Jin C, Huang Y, Liu X, Li G. Down-regulated SOX4 expression suppresses cell proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in Xuanwei female lung cancer patients. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1007-18. [PMID: 25565486 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX4 has functional importance in foetal lung maturation and tumorigenesis in a number of cancers. However, its biological functions in the progression of lung tumorigenesis remain unclear. In this study, we found that the expression levels of SOX4 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in Xuanwei female lung cancer tissues than in benign lung lesions. The patients with high expression of the SOX4 protein had a higher pathological grade, lymph node (LN) metastasis, poor tumor differentiation and worse prognosis than those patients with low expression of SOX4. Knockdown of the SOX4 gene in the Xuanwei female lung cancer cell line XWLC-05 resulted in apoptotic morphological changes, decreased cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Furthermore, knockdown of the SOX4 gene resulted in obvious sub-G1 peaks and induction of apoptosis through upregulation of caspase-3 expression, while in cells treated with a caspase-3 inhibitor, apoptosis induced by silencing SOX4 expression was inhibited. In vivo analysis in nude mice further confirmed that knockdown of SOX4 suppressed tumor growth. In conclusion, SOX4 appears to be an important tumor suppressor gene in the regulation of Xuanwei female lung cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastases, and it may be a potential target for effective lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, PR China
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45
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SOX4 contributes to the progression of cervical cancer and the resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug through ABCG2. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1990. [PMID: 26583330 PMCID: PMC4670919 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SOX4, a member of the SOX (sex-determining region Y-related HMG box) transcription factor family, has been reported to be abnormally expressed in a wide variety of cancers, and to exert a pleiotropic function. However, its function in progression of cervical cancer (CC) remains unknown. In this study, we found that SOX4 was highly expressed in CC cells and tissues, and overexpression of SOX4 in CC CaSki cells enhanced tumor clone formation and cell proliferation, and accelerated cell cycle progress. Meanwhile, downregulation of SOX4 by shRNA in CaSki cells inhibited cell proliferation, and slowed cell cycle progress, indicating that SOX4 contributes to the development of CC. In addition, SOX4 overexpression by gene transfer reduced the sensitivity of CaSki cells in response to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin, and SOX4 downregulation by RNA interference increased the sensitivity of CaSki cells in response to cisplatin. Moreover, SOX4 overexpression upregulated multiple drug resistant gene ABCG2, and SOX4 downregulation inhibited ABCG2 expression. Taken together, these results suggested that SOX4 functions to modulate cancer proliferation by regulation of cell cycle, and inhibit cancer cell sensitivity to therapeutic drug via upregulation of ABCG2. Thus, SOX4 may be a target for CC chemotherapy.
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46
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KAT5-mediated SOX4 acetylation orchestrates chromatin remodeling during myoblast differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1857. [PMID: 26291311 PMCID: PMC4558493 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor SOX4 has been implicated in skeletal myoblast differentiation through the regulation of Cald1 gene expression; however, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this process is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that SOX4 acetylation at lysine 95 by KAT5 (also known as Tip60) is essential for Cald1 promoter activity at the onset of C2C12 myoblast differentiation. KAT5 chromodomain was found to facilitate SOX4 recruitment to the Cald1 promoter, which is involved in chromatin remodeling at the promoter. Chromatin occupancy analysis of SOX4, KAT5, and HDAC1 indicated that the expression of putative SOX4 target genes during C2C12 myoblast differentiation is specifically regulated by the molecular switching of the co-activator KAT5 and the co-repressor HDAC1 on SOX4 transcriptional activation.
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47
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Deletion of phospholipase A2 group IVc induces apoptosis in rat mammary tumour cells by the nuclear factor-κB/lipocalin 2 pathway. Biochem J 2015; 469:315-24. [PMID: 26013918 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although some forms of phospholipase A2, the initiator of the arachidonic acid cascade, contribute to carcinogenesis in many organs, the contribution of phospholipase A2 group IVc (Pla2g4c) remains to be clarified and the function of the enzyme in cancer development is unknown. The Hirosaki hairless rat (HHR), a mutant rat strain with autosomal recessive inheritance, derived spontaneously from the Sprague-Dawley rat (SDR). The HHRs showed a lower incidence and much smaller volume of mammary tumours induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and a markedly increased number of TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling)-positive apoptotic cells was detected. Array comparative genomic hybridization and PCR analyses revealed the deletion of 50-kb genomic DNA on 1q21, including Pla2g4c, in HHRs. The Pla2g4c gene was expressed in the ductal carcinoma cells and myoepithelial cells in SDRs, but not in HHRs. The direct involvement of Pla2g4c in the prevention of cell death was demonstrated through the inhibition of its expression in rat mammary tumour RMT-1 cells using siRNA. This treatment also induced expression of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and other NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)-related genes. siRNA-induced apoptosis was inhibited by Lcn2 repression or NF-κB inhibitors. This is the first report on Pla2g4c gene-deficient rats and their low susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis by enhancing NF-κB/Lcn2-induced apoptosis.
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Maeda T, Nakanishi Y, Hirotani Y, Fuchinoue F, Enomoto K, Sakurai K, Amano S, Nemoto N. Immunohistochemical co-expression status of cytokeratin 5/6, androgen receptor, and p53 as prognostic factors of adjuvant chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 49:11-21. [PMID: 26009308 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is immunohistochemically characterised by the lack of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2). TNBC is known for its poor prognosis and high recurrence probability. There is no effective targeted treatment for TNBC, but only adjuvant chemotherapies. There are two TNBC subtypes, basal-like and non-basal-like, which are defined based on positive cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. In particular, CK5/6 expression is reported to correlate with TNBC recurrence. TNBC lacks ER-α expression, but some TNBCs are known to express the androgen receptor (AR). Moreover, although p53 accumulation is detected in various malignant tumors, its influence on adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with TNBC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the combined immunohistochemical expression of CK 5/6, AR, and p53 as a potential prognostic marker of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with TNBC. The expression of CK5/6, AR, and p53 in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) surgical sections from 52 patients with TNBC was analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the co-expression patterns in individual cells were investigated by immunofluorescent (IF) staining. Low AR expression was correlated with high clinical stage (P < 0.05) and low nuclear grade (P < 0.05). The expression of CK5/6 and p53 did not correlate with clinicopathological features. Patients who needed adjuvant chemotherapy presented the worst prognosis. In particular, when the IHC expression pattern was CK5/6 (-), AR (-), and p53 (+), the disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were the worst. On the other hand, patients with AR (+) and p53 (-) TNBC presented a good prognosis. The analysis of the co-expression status of these three markers showed that no cells presented both AR and CK5/6 expression. Furthermore, TP53 mRNA expression was higher in patients with AR-negative TNBC (P < 0.05) and in patients with the worst prognosis (P < 0.05) than in the other patients. These results suggested that, in patients with CK5/6-negative TNBC, AR expression correlated with good prognosis, but p53 accumulation correlated with poor prognosis. The present IHC markers allowed us to predict the post-surgery prognosis of patients with TNBC. In conclusion, TNBCs are heterogeneous. Patients with the CK5/6 (-), AR (-), and p53 (+) TNBC subtype, evaluated by IHC, presented the worst prognosis. These IHC markers will be helpful to follow patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuyo Maeda
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Yukari Hirotani
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Fumi Fuchinoue
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Enomoto
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakurai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadao Amano
- Department of Breast Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nemoto
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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Transcriptional Response to Acute Thermal Exposure in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Determined by RNAseq. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:1335-49. [PMID: 25911227 PMCID: PMC4502368 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.017699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermal exposure is a serious and growing challenge facing fish species worldwide. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) living in the southern portion of their native range are particularly likely to encounter warmer water due to a confluence of factors. River alterations have increased the likelihood that juveniles will be exposed to warm water temperatures during their freshwater life stage, which can negatively impact survival, growth, and development and pose a threat to dwindling salmon populations. To better understand how acute thermal exposure affects the biology of salmon, we performed a transcriptional analysis of gill tissue from Chinook salmon juveniles reared at 12° and exposed acutely to water temperatures ranging from ideal to potentially lethal (12° to 25°). Reverse-transcribed RNA libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform and a de novo reference transcriptome was created. Differentially expressed transcripts were annotated using Blast2GO and relevant gene clusters were identified. In addition to a high degree of downregulation of a wide range of genes, we found upregulation of genes involved in protein folding/rescue, protein degradation, cell death, oxidative stress, metabolism, inflammation/immunity, transcription/translation, ion transport, cell cycle/growth, cell signaling, cellular trafficking, and structure/cytoskeleton. These results demonstrate the complex multi-modal cellular response to thermal stress in juvenile salmon.
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50
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Pillai-Kastoori L, Wen W, Morris AC. Keeping an eye on SOXC proteins. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:367-376. [PMID: 25476579 PMCID: PMC4344926 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a mature, functional eye requires a complex series of cell proliferation, migration, induction among different germinal layers, and cell differentiation. These processes are regulated by extracellular cues such as the Wnt/BMP/Hh/Fgf signaling pathways, as well as cell intrinsic transcription factors that specify cell fate. In this review article, we provide an overview of stages of embryonic eye morphogenesis, extrinsic and intrinsic factors that are required for each stage, and pediatric ocular diseases that are associated with defective eye development. In addition, we focus on recent findings about the roles of the SOXC proteins in regulating vertebrate ocular development and implicating SOXC mutations in human ocular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ann C. Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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