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Fryncel A, Madetko-Alster N, Krępa Z, Kuch M, Alster P. The Possible Associations between Tauopathies and Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemias, Metabolic Syndrome and Niemann-Pick Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1831. [PMID: 39202319 PMCID: PMC11354139 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14161831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical evaluation and treatment of tauopathic syndromes remain a challenge. There is a growing interest in theories concerning their possible associations with metabolic diseases. The possible connection between those diseases might be linked with cerebrovascular dysfunction. The endothelial cell damage and impairment of the blood-brain barrier observed in atherosclerosis or diabetes may play a role in contributing to tauopathic syndrome development. Additionally, the inflammation evoked by pathological metabolic changes may also be involved in this process. Multiple cases indicate the coexistence of metabolic disorders and tauopathic syndromes. These findings suggest that modifying the evolution of metabolic and cerebrovascular diseases may impact the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Obtained data could indicate the possible benefits of introducing routine carotid artery sonography, revascularization operation or antihypertensive medications among patients at high risk for tauopathies. This review has identified this understudied area, which is currently associated with several diseases for which there is no treatment. Due to the pathomechanisms linking metabolic diseases and tauopathies, further investigation of this area of research, including cohort studies, is recommended and may provide new pharmacological perspectives for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Fryncel
- Students’ Scientific Circle, Department of Neurology, Mazovian Brodno Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Ludwika Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Madetko-Alster
- Department of Neurology, Mazovian Brodno Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Ludwika Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-A.); (P.A.)
| | - Zuzanna Krępa
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Disease, Mazovian Brodno Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Ludwika Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Marek Kuch
- Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Disease, Mazovian Brodno Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Ludwika Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Piotr Alster
- Department of Neurology, Mazovian Brodno Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Ludwika Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-A.); (P.A.)
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He M, Liu Z, Lian T, Guo P, Zhang W, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Liu G, Zhang W, Li J, Guan H, Zhang W, Luo D, Qi J, Yue H, Wang X, Zhang W. Role of nerve growth factor on cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease carrying apolipoprotein E ε4. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14560. [PMID: 38112032 PMCID: PMC11163191 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the roles of neurotrophic factors on cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) carrying Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4. METHODS Totals of 173 patients with AD were divided into APOE ε4 carrier and non-carrier groups, and their demographics, cognition, and neurotrophic factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were compared. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess correlations among APOE ε4, neurotrophic factors and cognition. Mediation analyses were conducted to assess the sequential associations among APOE ε4, nerve growth factor (NGF), and cognition. RESULTS Global cognition and multiple domains were impaired in the APOE ε4 carrier group (all p < 0.05). NGF level in the APOE ε4 carrier group was lower than that in the non-carrier group (p = 0.016). NGF level showed significant correlations with both global and multiple domains cognitions. Specifically, NGF mediated the association between APOE ε4 and Animal Fluency Test score (β, -0.45; 95% CI [-0.96, -0.07]; p < 0.001) and Trail Making Test-A (time) (β, 0.15; 95% CI [0.01, 0.33]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION APOE ε4 is associated with cognitive impairment, and those carrying APOE ε4 have decreased NGF level in CSF. Declined NGF level is correlated with compromised cognition. NGF mediates APOE ε4-associated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue He
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tenghong Lian
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peng Guo
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & HealthUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Blood TransfusionBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Gaifen Liu
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weijiao Zhang
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinghui Li
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huiying Guan
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dongmei Luo
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao Yue
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of PhysiologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of NeurologyBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Parkinson's DiseaseBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson DiseaseBeijingChina
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He M, Lian T, Guo P, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Liu G, Guan H, Li J, Luo D, Zhang W, Zhang W, Qi J, Yue H, Wang X, Zhang W. The roles of apolipoprotein E ε4 on neuropathology and neuroinflammation in patients with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14440. [PMID: 37697966 PMCID: PMC10916449 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To explore the roles of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 on the neuropathology and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS AD patients were divided into the APOE ε4 carrier and the APOE ε4 non-carrier groups according to APOE genotype. Demographic information, cognitive function, the levels of neuropathological proteins and neuroinflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were compared between the two groups, and their correlations were subsequently analyzed. RESULTS β amyloid protein (Aβ)1-42 level from the APOE ε4 carrier group was significantly lower than that from the non-carrier group (p = 0.023), which was associated with worse cognitive function. The nitric oxide (NO) level was significantly elevated in the APOE ε4 carrier group compared to the non-carrier group (p = 0.016), which was significantly and positively correlated with the Trail Making Test (TMT)-A-time (r = 0.21, p = 0.026) and TMT-B-time (r = 0.38, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION APOE ε4 is associated with poorer cognition, particularly the early symptoms of memory, language, and attention. APOE ε4 is associated with lower Aβ1-42 level, and the more numbers of APOE ε4 are carried, the lower level of Aβ1-42 is measured. APOE ε4 is associated with elevated NO level, which is linked to the impaired attention and executive function.
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Grants
- Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China (2015-JL-PT-X04, 10-JL-49, 14-JL-15)
- Beijing Healthcare Research Project, China (JING-15-2)
- Capital Clinical Characteristic Application Research (Z121107001012161)
- Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH) (2022-2-2048)
- Excellent Personnel Training Project of Beijing, China (20071D0300400076)
- High Level Technical Personnel Training Project of Beijing Health System, China (2009-3-26)
- Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (4161004)
- Key Technology R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission (kz201610025030)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1306300, 2016YFC1306000)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970992, 81571229, 81071015, 30770745, 82201639)
- Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (7082032)
- Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (PYZ2018077)
- Project of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders (BIBD-PXM2013_014226_07_000084)
- Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges Under Beijing Municipality (IDHT20140514)
- Project of Scientific and Technological Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing (JJ2018-48)
- The National Key R&D Program of China-European Commission Horizon 2020 (2017YFE0118800-779238)
- Youth Research Funding, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (2015-YQN-14, 2015-YQN-15, 2015-YQN-17)
- Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH) (2022‐2‐2048)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1306300, 2016YFC1306000)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970992, 81571229, 81071015, 30770745, 82201639)
- Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (7082032)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tenghong Lian
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weijiao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & HealthUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Gaifen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huiying Guan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dongmei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao Yue
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of PhysiologyCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Parkinson's DiseaseBeijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson DiseaseBeijingChina
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Cichońska D, Mazuś M, Kusiak A. Recent Aspects of Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2612. [PMID: 38473858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth. Periodontal conditions may increase the susceptibility of individuals to various systemic illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a gradual onset and progressive deterioration, making it the primary cause of dementia, although the exact cause of the disease remains elusive. Both Alzheimer's disease and periodontitis share risk factors and clinical studies comparing the associations and occurrence of periodontitis among individuals with Alzheimer's disease have suggested a potential correlation between these conditions. Brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease have substantiated the existence of microorganisms related to periodontitis, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, which produces neurotoxic gingipains and may present the capability to breach the blood-brain barrier. Treponema denticola may induce tau hyperphosphorylation and lead to neuronal apoptosis. Lipopolysaccharides-components of bacterial cell membranes and mediators of inflammation-also have an impact on brain function. Further research could unveil therapeutic approaches targeting periodontal pathogens to potentially alleviate AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Cichońska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Mazuś
- Student Research Group of the Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aida Kusiak
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Orzeszkowej 18 St. 18, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland
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Litvinchuk A, Suh JH, Guo JL, Lin K, Davis SS, Bien-Ly N, Tycksen E, Tabor GT, Remolina Serrano J, Manis M, Bao X, Lee C, Bosch M, Perez EJ, Yuede CM, Cashikar AG, Ulrich JD, Di Paolo G, Holtzman DM. Amelioration of Tau and ApoE4-linked glial lipid accumulation and neurodegeneration with an LXR agonist. Neuron 2024; 112:384-403.e8. [PMID: 37995685 PMCID: PMC10922706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a strong genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). APOE4 increases and APOE2 decreases risk relative to APOE3. In the P301S mouse model of tauopathy, ApoE4 increases tau pathology and neurodegeneration when compared with ApoE3 or the absence of ApoE. However, the role of ApoE isoforms and lipid metabolism in contributing to tau-mediated degeneration is unknown. We demonstrate that in P301S tau mice, ApoE4 strongly promotes glial lipid accumulation and perturbations in cholesterol metabolism and lysosomal function. Increasing lipid efflux in glia via an LXR agonist or Abca1 overexpression strongly attenuates tau pathology and neurodegeneration in P301S/ApoE4 mice. We also demonstrate reductions in reactive astrocytes and microglia, as well as changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism in glia of tauopathy mice in response to LXR activation. These data suggest that promoting efflux of glial lipids may serve as a therapeutic approach to ameliorate tau and ApoE4-linked neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Litvinchuk
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing L Guo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Karin Lin
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sonnet S Davis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nga Bien-Ly
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - G Travis Tabor
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Choonghee Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Megan Bosch
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Enmanuel J Perez
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Anil G Cashikar
- Department of Psychiatry, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | | | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Johansson L, Guo X, Sacuiu S, Fässberg MM, Kern S, Zettergren A, Skoog I. Longstanding smoking associated with frontal brain lobe atrophy: a 32-year follow-up study in women. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072803. [PMID: 37802622 PMCID: PMC10565256 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between midlife tobacco smoking and late-life brain atrophy and white matter lesions. METHODS The study includes 369 women from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Cigarette smoking was reported at baseline 1968 (mean age=44 years) and at follow-up in 1974-1975 and 1980-1981. CT of the brain was conducted 32 years after baseline examination (mean age=76 years) to evaluate cortical atrophy and white matter lesions. Multiple logistic regressions estimated associations between midlife smoking and late-life brain lesions. The final analyses were adjusted for alcohol consumption and several other covariates. RESULTS Smoking in 1968-1969 (adjusted OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.04), in 1974-1975 (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.39 to 4.04) and in 1980-1981 (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.41 to 4.33) were associated with late-life frontal lobe atrophy (2000-2001). The strongest association was observed in women who reported smoking at all three midlife examinations (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.44 to 4.78) and in those with more frequent alcohol consumption (OR 6.02; 95% CI 1.74 to 20.84). Smoking in 1980-1981 was also associated with late-life parietal lobe atrophy (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.10 to 3.58). There were no associations between smoking and atrophy in the temporal or occipital lobe, or with white matter lesions. CONCLUSION Longstanding tobacco smoking was mainly associated with atrophy in the frontal lobe cortex. A long-term stimulation of nicotine receptors in the frontal neural pathway might be harmful for targeted brain cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Johansson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Goteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Simona Sacuiu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Mellqvist Fässberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Silke Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
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Santamaría-García H, Ogonowsky N, Baez S, Palacio N, Reyes P, Schulte M, López A, Matallana D, Ibanez A. Neurocognitive patterns across genetic levels in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a multiple single cases study. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:454. [PMID: 36474176 PMCID: PMC9724347 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) has been related to different genetic factors. Identifying multimodal phenotypic heterogeneity triggered by various genetic influences is critical for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments. However, the specific impact of different genetic levels (mutations vs. risk variants vs. sporadic presentations) on clinical and neurocognitive phenotypes is not entirely understood, specially in patites from underrepresented regions such as Colombia. METHODS Here, in a multiple single cases study, we provide systematic comparisons regarding cognitive, neuropsychiatric, brain atrophy, and gene expression-atrophy overlap in a novel cohort of FTD patients (n = 42) from Colombia with different genetic levels, including patients with known genetic influences (G-FTD) such as those with genetic mutations (GR1) in particular genes (MAPT, TARDBP, and TREM2); patients with risk variants (GR2) in genes associated with FTD (tau Haplotypes H1 and H2 and APOE variants including ε2, ε3, ε4); and sporadic FTD patients (S-FTD (GR3)). RESULTS We found that patients from GR1 and GR2 exhibited earlier disease onset, pervasive cognitive impairments (cognitive screening, executive functioning, ToM), and increased brain atrophy (prefrontal areas, cingulated cortices, basal ganglia, and inferior temporal gyrus) than S-FTD patients (GR3). No differences in disease duration were observed across groups. Additionally, significant neuropsychiatric symptoms were observed in the GR1. The GR1 also presented more clinical and neurocognitive compromise than GR2 patients; these groups, however, did not display differences in disease onset or duration. APOE and tau patients showed more neuropsychiatric symptoms and primary atrophy in parietal and temporal cortices than GR1 patients. The gene-atrophy overlap analysis revealed atrophy in regions with specific genetic overexpression in all G-FTD patients. A differential family presentation did not explain the results. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the existence of genetic levels affecting the clinical, neurocognitive, and, to a lesser extent, neuropsychiatric presentation of bvFTD in the present underrepresented sample. These results support tailored assessments characterization based on the parallels of genetic levels and neurocognitive profiles in bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Santamaría-García
- PhD program in Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Memory and cognition Center, Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Department of Neurology, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Natalia Ogonowsky
- CONICET & Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Baez
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicole Palacio
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pablo Reyes
- PhD program in Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Michael Schulte
- CONICET & Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea López
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Agustín Ibanez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, & National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Trinity Collegue of Dublin, Dublin, Irland.
- Global Brain Health Insititute, Universidad California San Francisco-Trinity College of Dublin, San Francisco, USA.
- Global Brain Health Insititute, Universidad California San Francisco-Trinity College of Dublin, Dublin, Irland.
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Ng CAS, Biran LP, Galvano E, Mandelblatt J, Vicini S, Rebeck GW. Chemotherapy promotes astrocytic response to Aβ deposition, but not Aβ levels, in a mouse model of amyloid and APOE. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105915. [PMID: 36336241 PMCID: PMC9794416 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer survivors experience cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), which is characterized by problems of attention, working memory, and executive function following chemotherapy and/or hormonal treatment. APOE4, the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), is also a risk factor for CRCI, especially among survivors exposed to chemotherapy. We explored whether the effects of APOE genotype to chemotherapy were associated with an increase in AD pathological processes, using a mouse model of amyloid (5XFAD) along with the E3 or E4 alleles of human APOE (E3FAD and E4FAD). Six-month-old female E3FAD mice (control n = 5, treated n = 5) and E4FAD (control n = 6, treated n = 6) were treated with two doses of doxorubicin (total 10 mg/kg) or DMSO vehicle. After six weeks, mice were euthanized and brains were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and biochemical assays. Doxorubicin-treated mice had the same level of Aβ in the brain as control mice, as measured by 6E10 immunohistochemistry, Aβ40 and Aβ42 ELISAs, and plaque morphologies. Doxorubicin significantly increased the level of the astrocytic response to Aβ deposits, which was independent of APOE genotype; no effects of doxorubicin were observed on the microglial responses. These data are consistent with a model in which the effects of doxorubicin on risk of CRCI are unrelated amyloid accumulation, but possibly related to glial responses to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi Anne S. Ng
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Lucas P. Biran
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Elena Galvano
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Mandelblatt
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Georgetown Lombardi Institute for Cancer and Aging Research, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - G. William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America,Corresponding author at: 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007, United States of America. (G.W. Rebeck)
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9
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Raulin AC, Doss SV, Trottier ZA, Ikezu TC, Bu G, Liu CC. ApoE in Alzheimer’s disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:72. [PMID: 36348357 PMCID: PMC9644639 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing due to extended lifespans. Among the increasing number of genetic risk factors identified, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene remains the strongest and most prevalent, impacting more than half of all AD cases. While the ε4 allele of the APOE gene significantly increases AD risk, the ε2 allele is protective relative to the common ε3 allele. These gene alleles encode three apoE protein isoforms that differ at two amino acid positions. The primary physiological function of apoE is to mediate lipid transport in the brain and periphery; however, additional functions of apoE in diverse biological functions have been recognized. Pathogenically, apoE seeds amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain with apoE4 driving earlier and more abundant amyloids. ApoE isoforms also have differential effects on multiple Aβ-related or Aβ-independent pathways. The complexity of apoE biology and pathobiology presents challenges to designing effective apoE-targeted therapeutic strategies. This review examines the key pathobiological pathways of apoE and related targeting strategies with a specific focus on the latest technological advances and tools.
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10
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Pedrini S, Doecke JD, Hone E, Wang P, Thota R, Bush AI, Rowe CC, Dore V, Villemagne VL, Ames D, Rainey‐Smith S, Verdile G, Sohrabi HR, Raida MR, Taddei K, Gandy S, Masters CL, Chatterjee P, Martins R. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cargo is altered in Alzheimer's disease and is associated with regional brain volume. J Neurochem 2022; 163:53-67. [PMID: 36000528 PMCID: PMC9804612 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol levels have been repeatedly linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), suggesting that high levels could be detrimental, but this effect is likely attributed to Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. On the other hand, High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol levels have been associated with reduced brain amyloidosis and improved cognitive function. However, recent findings have suggested that HDL-functionality, which depends upon the HDL-cargo proteins associated with HDL, rather than HDL levels, appears to be the key factor, suggesting a quality over quantity status. In this report, we have assessed the HDL-cargo (Cholesterol, ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoC-I, ApoC-III, ApoD, ApoE, ApoH, ApoJ, CRP, and SAA) in stable healthy control (HC), healthy controls who will convert to MCI/AD (HC-Conv) and AD patients (AD). Compared to HC we observed an increased cholesterol/ApoA-I ratio in AD and HC-Conv, as well as an increased ApoD/ApoA-I ratio and a decreased ApoA-II/ApoA-I ratio in AD. Higher cholesterol/ApoA-I ratio was also associated with lower cortical grey matter volume and higher ventricular volume, while higher ApoA-II/ApoA-I and ApoJ/ApoA-I ratios were associated with greater cortical grey matter volume (and for ApoA-II also with greater hippocampal volume) and smaller ventricular volume. Additionally, in a clinical status-independent manner, the ApoE/ApoA-I ratio was significantly lower in APOE ε4 carriers and lowest in APOE ε4 homozygous. Together, these data indicate that in AD patients the composition of HDL is altered, which may affect HDL functionality, and such changes are associated with altered regional brain volumetric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - James D. Doecke
- Australian E‐Health Research CentreCSIROBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Eugene Hone
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Penghao Wang
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and EducationMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rohith Thota
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,The Florey Institute, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PETAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | - Vincent Dore
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PETAustin HealthHeidelbergVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,University of Melbourne Academic unit for Psychiatry of Old AgeSt George's HospitalKewVictoriaAustralia
| | - Stephanie Rainey‐Smith
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia,Curtin Health Innovation Research InstituteCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Manfred R. Raida
- Life Science Institute, Singapore Lipidomics IncubatorNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- School of Medical SciencesEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupWestern AustraliaAustralia,CRC for Mental HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Psychiatry and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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11
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Saroja SR, Gorbachev K, TCW J, Goate AM, Pereira AC. Astrocyte-secreted glypican-4 drives APOE4-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2108870119. [PMID: 35969759 PMCID: PMC9407658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108870119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau protein aggregates are a major driver of neurodegeneration and behavioral impairments in tauopathies, including in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the highest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, has been shown to exacerbate tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse models. However, the exact mechanisms through which APOE4 induces tau hyperphosphorylation remains unknown. Here, we report that the astrocyte-secreted protein glypican-4 (GPC-4), which we identify as a binding partner of APOE4, drives tau hyperphosphorylation. We discovered that first, GPC-4 preferentially interacts with APOE4 in comparison to APOE2, considered to be a protective allele to AD, and second, that postmortem APOE4-carrying AD brains highly express GPC-4 in neurotoxic astrocytes. Furthermore, the astrocyte-secreted GPC-4 induced both tau accumulation and propagation in vitro. CRISPR/dCas9-mediated activation of GPC-4 in a tauopathy mouse model robustly induced tau hyperphosphorylation. In the absence of GPC4, APOE4-induced tau hyperphosphorylation was largely diminished using in vitro tau fluorescence resonance energy transfer-biosensor cells, in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes and in an in vivo mouse model. We further show that APOE4-mediated surface trafficking of APOE receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 through GPC-4 can be a gateway to tau spreading. Collectively, these data support that APOE4-induced tau hyperphosphorylation is directly mediated by GPC-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakasam R. Saroja
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kirill Gorbachev
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Julia TCW
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ana C. Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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12
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Kang DW, Wang SM, Um YH, Kim NY, Lee CU, Lim HK. Associations Between Sub-Threshold Amyloid-β Deposition, Cortical Volume, and Cognitive Function Modulated by APOE ɛ4 Carrier Status in Cognitively Normal Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:1003-1016. [PMID: 35964194 PMCID: PMC9535581 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: There has been renewed interest in the deteriorating effects of sub-threshold amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite evidence suggesting a synergistic interaction between the APOE ɛ4 allele and Aβ deposition in neurodegeneration, few studies have investigated the modulatory role of this allele in sub-threshold Aβ deposition during the preclinical phase. Objective: We aimed to explore the differential effect of the APOE ɛ4 carrier status on the association between sub-threshold Aβ deposition, cortical volume, and cognitive performance in cognitively normal older adults (CN). Methods: A total of 112 CN with sub-threshold Aβ deposition was included in the study. Participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, [18F] flutemetamol PET-CT, and a neuropsychological battery. Potential interactions between APOE ɛ4 carrier status, Aβ accumulation, and cognitive function for cortical volume were assessed with whole-brain voxel-wise analysis. Results: We found that greater cortical volume was observed with higher regional Aβ deposition in the APOE ɛ4 carriers, which could be attributed to an interaction between the APOE ɛ4 carrier status and regional Aβ deposition in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. Finally, the APOE ɛ4 carrier status-neuropsychological test score interaction demonstrated a significant effect on the gray matter volume of the left middle occipital gyrus. Conclusion: There might be a compensatory response to initiating Aβ in APOE ɛ4 carriers during the earliest AD stage. Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insight into recent interests concerning probabilistic AD modeling, focusing on the modulating role of the APOE ɛ4 carrier status during the preclinical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng-Min Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Um
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Keyo Hospital, Uiwang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Uk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Ahmed S, Pande AH, Sharma SS. Therapeutic potential of ApoE-mimetic peptides in CNS disorders: Current perspective. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Troutwine BR, Hamid L, Lysaker CR, Strope TA, Wilkins HM. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:496-510. [PMID: 35256931 PMCID: PMC8897057 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in apolipoprotein E (APOE) influences Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. APOE ε4 alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset sporadic AD. The AD risk is dose dependent, as those carrying one APOE ε4 allele have a 2-3-fold increased risk, while those carrying two ε4 alleles have a 10-15-fold increased risk. Individuals carrying APOE ε2 alleles have lower AD risk and those carrying APOE ε3 alleles have neutral risk. APOE is a lipoprotein which functions in lipid transport, metabolism, and inflammatory modulation. Isoform specific effects of APOE within the brain include alterations to Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, and metabolism. Here we review the association of APOE with AD, the APOE isoform specific effects within brain and periphery, and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Troutwine
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Laylan Hamid
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Colton R. Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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15
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Staurenghi E, Giannelli S, Testa G, Sottero B, Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P. Cholesterol Dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's Disease: A Starring Role for Astrocytes? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121890. [PMID: 34943002 PMCID: PMC8750262 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the impairment of cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been intensively investigated, and it has been recognized to affect amyloid β (Aβ) production and clearance, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and degeneration. In particular, the key role of cholesterol oxidation products, named oxysterols, has emerged. Brain cholesterol metabolism is independent from that of peripheral tissues and it must be preserved in order to guarantee cerebral functions. Among the cells that help maintain brain cholesterol homeostasis, astrocytes play a starring role since they deliver de novo synthesized cholesterol to neurons. In addition, other physiological roles of astrocytes are to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity and support neurons providing energy. In the AD brain, astrocytes undergo significant morphological and functional changes that contribute to AD onset and development. However, the extent of this contribution and the role played by oxysterols are still unclear. Here we review the current understanding of the physiological role exerted by astrocytes in the brain and their contribution to AD pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on the impact of cholesterol dysmetabolism on astrocyte functions suggesting new potential approaches to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting AD development.
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16
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Zhang Y, Fu S, Ding D, Lutz MW, Zeng Y, Yao Y. Leisure Activities, APOE ε4, and Cognitive Decline: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:736201. [PMID: 34616288 PMCID: PMC8488387 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.736201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Both leisure activities and the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4) have been shown to affect cognitive health. We aimed to determine whether engagement in leisure activities protects against APOE ε4-related cognitive decline. Methods: We used the cohort data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. A total of 3,017 participants (mean age of 77.0 years, SD = 9.0; 49.3% female) from 23 provinces of China were recruited in 2008 and were reinterviewed in 2014. We assessed cognitive function using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We calculated cognitive decline using subtraction of the MMSE score of each participant in 2008 and 2014. We genotyped a number of APOE ε4 alleles for each participant at baseline and determined the Index of Leisure Activities (ILAs) by summing up the frequency of nine types of typical activities in productive, social, and physical domains. We used ordinal logistic regression models to estimate the effects of leisure activities, APOE ε4, and their interaction on cognitive decline, statistically adjusted for a range of potential confounders. Results: There were significant associations between APOE ε4 and faster cognitive decline, independent of potential confounders, and between leisure activities and mitigated cognitive decline. The odds ratios were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.53) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.97), respectively. We found significant interactions of APOE ε4 with leisure activities with a P-value of 0.018. We also observed interactive effects of subtypes of leisure activities: participants who regularly engaged in productive activities were more likely to reduce the risk of APOE ε4-related cognitive decline. Conclusion: Our findings provide support for the indication that participating in leisure activities reduces the risk of APOE ε4-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihui Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies at National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yao Yao
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies at National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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17
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Saeed U, Desmarais P, Masellis M. The APOE ε4 variant and hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia: a systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies and therapeutic relevance. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:851-870. [PMID: 34311631 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1956904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The apolipoprotein E ɛ4-allele (APOE-ɛ4) increases the risk not only for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but also for Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (collectively, Lewy body dementia [LBD]). Hippocampal volume is an important neuroimaging biomarker for AD and LBD, although its association with APOE-ɛ4 is inconsistently reported. We investigated the association of APOE-ε4 with hippocampal atrophy quantified using magnetic resonance imaging in AD and LBD.Areas covered: Databases were searched for volumetric and voxel-based morphometric studies published up until December 31st, 2020. Thirty-nine studies (25 cross-sectional, 14 longitudinal) were included. We observed that (1) APOE-ε4 was associated with greater rate of hippocampal atrophy in longitudinal studies in AD and in those who progressed from mild cognitive impairment to AD, (2) association of APOE-ε4 with hippocampal atrophy in cross-sectional studies was inconsistent, (3) APOE-ɛ4 may influence hippocampal atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies, although longitudinal investigations are needed. We comprehensively discussed methodological aspects, APOE-based therapeutic approaches, and the association of APOE-ε4 with hippocampal sub-regions and cognitive performance.Expert opinion: The role of APOE-ɛ4 in modulating hippocampal phenotypes may be further clarified through more homogenous, well-powered, and pathology-proven, longitudinal investigations. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will facilitate the development of prevention strategies targeting APOE-ɛ4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Saeed
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philippe Desmarais
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Cognitive and Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Hartnell IJ, Blum D, Nicoll JAR, Dorothee G, Boche D. Glial cells and adaptive immunity in frontotemporal dementia with tau pathology. Brain 2021; 144:724-745. [PMID: 33527991 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the aetiology of many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and motor neuron disease. Whether neuroinflammation also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia is less well known. Frontotemporal dementia is a heterogeneous classification that covers many subtypes, with the main pathology known as frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The disease can be categorized with respect to the identity of the protein that causes the frontotemporal lobar degeneration in the brain. The most common subgroup describes diseases caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with tau aggregation, also known as primary tauopathies. Evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may play a role in primary tauopathies with genome-wide association studies finding enrichment of genetic variants associated with specific inflammation-related gene loci. These loci are related to both the innate immune system, including brain resident microglia, and the adaptive immune system through possible peripheral T-cell involvement. This review discusses the genetic evidence and relates it to findings in animal models expressing pathogenic tau as well as to post-mortem and PET studies in human disease. Across experimental paradigms, there seems to be a consensus regarding the involvement of innate immunity in primary tauopathies, with increased microglia and astrocyte density and/or activation, as well as increases in pro-inflammatory markers. Whilst it is less clear as to whether inflammation precedes tau aggregation or vice versa; there is strong evidence to support a microglial contribution to the propagation of hyperphosphorylated in tau frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with tau aggregation. Experimental evidence-albeit limited-also corroborates genetic data pointing to the involvement of cellular adaptive immunity in primary tauopathies. However, it is still unclear whether brain recruitment of peripheral immune cells is an aberrant result of pathological changes or a physiological aspect of the neuroinflammatory response to the tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Hartnell
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU-Lille, UMR-S 1172-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, France
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Guillaume Dorothee
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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19
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Chen XR, Shao Y, Sadowski MJ. Segmented Linear Mixed Model Analysis Reveals Association of the APOEɛ4 Allele with Faster Rate of Alzheimer's Disease Dementia Progression. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:921-937. [PMID: 34120907 PMCID: PMC8461709 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: APOEɛ4 allele carriers present with an increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), show cognitive symptoms at an earlier age, and are more likely to transition from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia but despite this, it remains unclear whether or not the ɛ4 allele controls the rate of disease progression. Objective: To determine the effects of the ɛ4 allele on rates of cognitive decline and brain atrophy during MCI and dementia stages of AD. Methods: A segmented linear mixed model was chosen for longitudinal modeling of cognitive and brain volumetric data of 73 ɛ3/ɛ3, 99 ɛ3/ɛ4, and 39 ɛ4/ɛ4 Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants who transitioned during the study from MCI to AD dementia. Results: ɛ4 carriers showed faster decline on MMSE, ADAS-11, CDR-SB, and MoCA scales, with the last two measures showing significant ɛ4 allele-dose effects after dementia transition but not during MCI. The ɛ4 effect was more prevalent in younger participants and in females. ɛ4 carriers also demonstrated faster rates of atrophy of the whole brain, the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex, the middle temporal gyrus, and expansion of the ventricles after transitioning to dementia but not during MCI. Conclusion: Possession of the ɛ4 allele is associated with a faster progression of dementia due to AD. Our observations support the notion that APOE genotype not only controls AD risk but also differentially regulates mechanisms of neurodegeneration underlying disease advancement. Furthermore, our findings carry significance for AD clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Richard Chen
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Luo Y, Tan L, Therriault J, Zhang H, Gao Y. The Role of Apolipoprotein E ε4 in Early and Late Mild Cognitive Impairment. Eur Neurol 2021; 84:472-480. [PMID: 34340229 DOI: 10.1159/000516774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is highly associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the specific influence of APOE ε4 status on tau pathology and cognitive decline in early MCI (EMCI) and late MCI (LMCI) is poorly understood. Our goal was to evaluate the association of APOE ε4 with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau levels and cognition in EMCI and LMCI patients in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, and whether this association was mediated by amyloid-β (Aβ). METHODS Participants were 269 cognitively normal (CN), 262 EMCI, and 344 LMCI patients. They underwent CSF Aβ42 and tau detection, APOE ε4 genotyping, Mini-Mental State Examination, (MMSE), and Alzheimer's disease assessment scale (ADAS)-cog assessments. Linear regressions were used to examine the relation of APOE ε4 and CSF tau levels and cognitive scores in persons with and without Aβ deposition (Aβ+ and Aβ-). RESULTS The prevalence of APOE ε4 is higher in EMCI and LMCI than in CN (p < 0.001 for both), and in LMCI than in EMCI (p = 0.001). APOE ε4 allele was significantly higher in Aβ+ subjects than in Aβ- subjects (p < 0.001). Subjects who had a lower CSF Aβ42 level and were APOE ε4-positive experienced higher levels of CSF tau and cognitive scores in EMCI and/or LMCI. CONCLUSIONS An APOE ε4 allele is associated with increased CSF tau and worse cognition in both EMCI and LMCI, and this association may be mediated by Aβ. We conclude that APOE ε4 may be an important mediator of tau pathology and cognition in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Luo
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tan
- General Medical Wards, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Joseph Therriault
- The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- General Medical Wards, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Liang X, Wu H, Colt M, Guo X, Pluimer B, Zeng J, Dong S, Zhao Z. Microglia and its Genetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:676-688. [PMID: 34749609 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211105140732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia across the world. While its discovery and pathological manifestations are centered on protein aggregations of amyloid- beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, neuroinflammation has emerged in the last decade as a main component of the disease in terms of both pathogenesis and progression. As the main innate immune cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia play a very important role in regulating neuroinflammation, which occurs commonly in neurodegenerative conditions, including AD. Under inflammatory response, microglia undergo morphological changes and status transition from homeostatic to activated forms. Different microglia subtypes displaying distinct genetic profiles have been identified in AD, and these signatures often link to AD risk genes identified from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS), such as APOE and TREM2. Furthermore, many AD risk genes are highly enriched in microglia and specifically influence the functions of microglia in pathogenesis, e.g. releasing inflammatory cytokines and clearing Aβ. Therefore, building up a landscape of these risk genes in microglia, based on current preclinical studies and in the context of their pathogenic or protective effects, would largely help us to understand the complex etiology of AD and provide new insight into the unmet need for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Liang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Haijian Wu
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Mark Colt
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Xinying Guo
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Brock Pluimer
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Shupeng Dong
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033,United States
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22
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Piersson AD, Mohamad M, Suppiah S, Rajab NF. Topographical patterns of whole-brain structural alterations in association with genetic risk, cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, and neuropsychological measures. Clin Transl Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-021-00440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Kang SS, Ahn EH, Liu X, Bryson M, Miller GW, Weinshenker D, Ye K. ApoE4 inhibition of VMAT2 in the locus coeruleus exacerbates Tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:139-158. [PMID: 33895869 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
ApoE4 enhances Tau neurotoxicity and promotes the early onset of AD. Pretangle Tau in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) is the earliest detectable AD-like pathology in the human brain. However, a direct relationship between ApoE4 and Tau in the LC has not been identified. Here we show that ApoE4 selectively binds to the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and inhibits neurotransmitter uptake. The exclusion of norepinephrine (NE) from synaptic vesicles leads to its oxidation into the toxic metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl glycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL), which subsequently activates cleavage of Tau at N368 by asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) and triggers LC neurodegeneration. Our data reveal that ApoE4 boosts Tau neurotoxicity via VMAT2 inhibition, reduces hippocampal volume, and induces cognitive dysfunction in an AEP- and Tau N368-dependent manner, while conversely ApoE3 binds Tau and protects it from cleavage. Thus, ApoE4 exacerbates Tau neurotoxicity by increasing VMAT2 vesicle leakage and facilitating AEP-mediated Tau proteolytic cleavage in the LC via DOPEGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Bryson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St. Whitehead BLDG Room #141, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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24
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Butt OH, Long JM, Henson RL, Herries E, Sutphen CL, Fagan AM, Cruchaga C, Ladenson JH, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Ances BM, Schindler SE. Cognitively normal APOE ε4 carriers have specific elevation of CSF SNAP-25. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 102:64-72. [PMID: 33765432 PMCID: PMC8793109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and neurogranin (Ng) are recently described biomarkers for pre- and postsynaptic integrity known to be elevated in symptomatic Alzheimer disease (AD). Their relationship with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carrier status, the major genetic risk factor for AD, remains unclear. In this study, CSF SNAP-25 and Ng were compared in cognitively normal APOE ε4 carriers and noncarriers (n = 274, mean age 65 ± 9.0 years, 39% APOE ε4 carriers, 58% female). CSF SNAP-25, not CSF Ng, was specifically elevated in APOE ε4 carriers versus noncarriers (5.95 ± 1.72 pg/mL, 4.44 ± 1.40 pg/mL, p < 0.0001), even after adjusting for age, sex, years of education, and amyloid status (p < 0.0001). CSF total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated-tau-181 (ptau181), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) also did not vary by APOE ε4 status. Our findings suggest APOE ε4 carriers have amyloid-related and amyloid-independent presynaptic disruption as reflected by elevated CSF SNAP-25 levels. In contrast, postsynaptic disruption as reflected by elevations in CSF neurogranin is related to amyloid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Butt
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin M Long
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel L Henson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Herries
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney L Sutphen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jack H Ladenson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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25
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Litvinchuk A, Huynh TPV, Shi Y, Jackson RJ, Finn MB, Manis M, Francis CM, Tran A, Sullivan PM, Ulrich JD, Hyman BT, Cole T, Holtzman DM. Apolipoprotein E4 Reduction with Antisense Oligonucleotides Decreases Neurodegeneration in a Tauopathy Model. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:952-966. [PMID: 33550655 PMCID: PMC8260038 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with the ε4 allele increasing risk in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition to ApoE4 playing a crucial role in amyloid-β deposition, recent evidence suggests that it also plays an important role in tau pathology and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. It is not known, however, whether therapeutic reduction of ApoE4 would exert protective effects on tau-mediated neurodegeneration. METHODS Herein, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against human APOE to reduce ApoE4 levels in the P301S/ApoE4 mouse model of tauopathy. We treated P301S/ApoE4 mice with ApoE or control ASOs via intracerebroventricular injection at 6 and 7.5 months of age and performed brain pathological assessments at 9 months of age. RESULTS Our results indicate that treatment with ApoE ASOs reduced ApoE4 protein levels by ~50%, significantly protected against tau pathology and associated neurodegeneration, decreased neuroinflammation, and preserved synaptic density. These data were also corroborated by a significant reduction in levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein in plasma of ASO-treated mice. INTERPRETATION We conclude that reducing ApoE4 levels should be explored further as a therapeutic approach for APOE4 carriers with tauopathy including Alzheimer's disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:952-966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Litvinchuk
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tien-Phat V. Huynh
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mary Beth Finn
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Caroline M. Francis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ainsley Tran
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Health Administration Medical Center’s Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tracy Cole
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Ct. Carlsbad, CA 92024, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Lead Contact
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26
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Li T, Wang B, Gao Y, Wang X, Yan T, Xiang J, Niu Y, Liu T, Chen D, Fang B, Xie Y, Funahashi S, Yan T. APOE ε4 and cognitive reserve effects on the functional network in the Alzheimer's disease spectrum. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:758-771. [PMID: 32314201 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, whereas educational attainments have protective effects against cognitive decline in aging and patients with Alzheimer's disease. We examined the possible effects of years of education and APOE genotype on the topological properties of the functional network in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The years of education showed a significant, negative association with the local efficiency, clustering coefficient and small-worldness of functional networks in APOE ε4 noncarriers but not in ε4 carriers. These associations were mainly observed in normal aging and were reduced in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, regions of the inferior frontal gyrus, temporal pole, and cuneus also showed correlations between education and nodal degree. Our findings demonstrated that the protective effects of education persist in APOE ε4 noncarriers but diminish in ε4 carriers. In addition, the protective effects of education were attenuated or reduced in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Niu
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Duanduan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Boyan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shintaro Funahashi
- Advanced research institute of multidisciplinary science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Yan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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27
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Loeffler DA. Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Clinical Factors Associated with Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1-27. [PMID: 33459643 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an extensive literature relating to factors associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but less is known about factors which may contribute to its progression. This review examined the literature with regard to 15 factors which were suggested by PubMed search to be positively associated with the cognitive and/or neuropathological progression of AD. The factors were grouped as potentially modifiable (vascular risk factors, comorbidities, malnutrition, educational level, inflammation, and oxidative stress), non-modifiable (age at clinical onset, family history of dementia, gender, Apolipoprotein E ɛ4, genetic variants, and altered gene regulation), and clinical (baseline cognitive level, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and extrapyramidal signs). Although conflicting results were found for the majority of factors, a positive association was found in nearly all studies which investigated the relationship of six factors to AD progression: malnutrition, genetic variants, altered gene regulation, baseline cognitive level, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and extrapyramidal signs. Whether these or other factors which have been suggested to be associated with AD progression actually influence the rate of decline of AD patients is unclear. Therapeutic approaches which include addressing of modifiable factors associated with AD progression should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Beaumont Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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28
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Veldsman M, Nobis L, Alfaro-Almagro F, Manohar S, Husain M. The human hippocampus and its subfield volumes across age, sex and APOE e4 status. Brain Commun 2020; 3:fcaa219. [PMID: 33615215 PMCID: PMC7884607 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Female sex, age and carriage of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele are the greatest risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The hippocampus has a selective vulnerability to atrophy in ageing that may be accelerated in Alzheimer's disease, including in those with increased genetic risk of the disease, years before onset. Within the hippocampal complex, subfields represent cytoarchitectonic and connectivity based divisions. Variation in global hippocampal and subfield volume associated with sex, age and apolipoprotein E e4 status has the potential to provide a sensitive biomarker of future vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease. Here, we examined non-linear age, sex and apolipoprotein E effects, and their interactions, on hippocampal and subfield volumes across several decades spanning mid-life to old age in 36 653 healthy ageing individuals. FMRIB Software Library derived estimates of total hippocampal volume and Freesurfer derived estimates hippocampal subfield volume were estimated. A model-free, sliding-window approach was implemented that does not assume a linear relationship between age and subfield volume. The annualized percentage of subfield volume change was calculated to investigate associations with age, sex and apolipoprotein E e4 homozygosity. Hippocampal volume showed a marked reduction in apolipoprotein E e4/e4 female carriers after age 65. Volume was lower in homozygous e4 individuals in specific subfields including the presubiculum, subiculum head, cornu ammonis 1 body, cornu ammonis 3 head and cornu ammonis 4. Nearby brain structures in medial temporal and subcortical regions did not show the same age, sex and apolipoprotein E interactions, suggesting selective vulnerability of the hippocampus and its subfields. The findings demonstrate that in healthy ageing, two factors-female sex and apolipoprotein E e4 status-confer selective vulnerability of specific hippocampal subfields to volume loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Veldsman
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Nobis
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sanjay Manohar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
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29
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Structural imaging outcomes in subjective cognitive decline: Community vs. clinical-based samples. Exp Gerontol 2020; 145:111216. [PMID: 33340685 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been proposed as a preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroimaging studies have suggested early AD-like structural brain alterations in SCD subjects compared to healthy controls. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the results, which might depend on whether SCD samples were drawn from the community or from memory clinics. Here we reviewed brain atrophy, assessed through structural magnetic resonance imaging, separately for SCD-community and clinic-based samples. SCD-community samples show a more consistent pattern of atrophy, involving the hippocampus and temporal and parietal cortices. Similarly, in SCD-clinic samples the temporo-parietal cortex showed early vulnerability, however these studies reported a more heterogeneous atrophy pattern. Overall, these studies suggest both commonalities and differences in brain atrophy patterns between SCD clinical and community samples. In SCD-community, the temporal cortex is involved, while SCD-clinical exhibited a more complex pattern of atrophy, which may be related to a more heterogeneous sample reporting neuropsychiatric symptoms along with preclinical AD.
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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31
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Salvadores N, Gerónimo-Olvera C, Court FA. Axonal Degeneration in AD: The Contribution of Aβ and Tau. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:581767. [PMID: 33192476 PMCID: PMC7593241 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.581767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder, affecting around 35 million people worldwide. Despite enormous efforts dedicated to AD research over decades, there is still no cure for the disease. Misfolding and accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins in the brain constitute a defining signature of AD neuropathology, and mounting evidence has documented a link between aggregation of these proteins and neuronal dysfunction. In this context, progressive axonal degeneration has been associated with early stages of AD and linked to Aβ and tau accumulation. As the axonal degeneration mechanism has been starting to be unveiled, it constitutes a promising target for neuroprotection in AD. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of axonal destruction in neurodegenerative conditions is therefore critical for the development of new therapies aimed to prevent axonal loss before irreversible neuronal death occurs in AD. Here, we review current evidence of the involvement of Aβ and tau pathologies in the activation of signaling cascades that can promote axonal demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Salvadores
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Gerónimo-Olvera
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
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32
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Zhu Y, Gong L, He C, Wang Q, Ren Q, Xie C. Default Mode Network Connectivity Moderates the Relationship Between the APOE Genotype and Cognition and Individualizes Identification Across the Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:843-860. [PMID: 31282419 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have investigated the effects of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 genotype on the default mode network (DMN) in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum, it is still unclear how the APOE genotype regulates the DMN and subsequently affects cognitive decline in the AD spectrum. One hundred sixty-nine subjects with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and neuropsychological test scores were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The main effects and interaction of the APOE genotype and disease status on the DMN were explored. A moderation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship among the APOE genotype, DMN connectivity, and cognition. Additionally, the pair-wised DMN connectivity was used to classify AD spectrum, and the classification accuracy was validated. Compared to APOEɛ4 non-carriers, APOEɛ4 carriers showed the opposite trajectory of DMN connectivity across the AD spectrum. Specifically, the strengths in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) connecting with the right precuneus, insular, and fusiform area (FFA) were positively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in APOEɛ4 non-carriers but not in APOEɛ4 carriers. Furthermore, PCC-right FFA connectivity could moderate the effects of the APOE genotype on MMSE scores across the disease groups. More importantly, using a receiver operating characteristic analysis, these altered connectivities yielded strong classification powers in a pathological stage-dependent manner in the AD spectrum. These findings first identified the intrinsic DMN connectivity moderating the effect of the APOE genotype on cognition and provided a pathological stage-dependent neuroimaging biomarker for early differentiation of the AD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cancan He
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingguo Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunming Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Jiang S, Zhang CY, Tang L, Zhao LX, Chen HZ, Qiu Y. Integrated Genomic Analysis Revealed Associated Genes for Alzheimer's Disease in APOE4 Non-Carriers. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:753-763. [PMID: 31441725 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190823124724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). LOAD patients carrying or not carrying APOE4 manifest distinct clinico-pathological characteristics. APOE4 has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD by affecting various aspects of pathological processes. However, the pathogenesis involved in LOAD not-carrying APOE4 remains elusive. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the associated genes involved in LOAD not-carrying APOE4. METHODS An integrated genomic analysis of datasets of genome-wide association study, genome-wide expression profiling and genome-wide linkage scan and protein-protein interaction network construction were applied to identify associated gene clusters in APOE4 non-carriers. The role of one of hub gene of an APOE4 non-carrier-associated gene cluster in tau phosphorylation was studied by knockdown and western blot. RESULTS We identified 12 gene clusters associated with AD APOE4 non-carriers. The hub genes associated with AD in these clusters were MAPK8, POU2F1, XRCC1, PRKCG, EXOC6, VAMP4, SIRT1, MME, NOS1, ABCA1 and LDLR. The associated genes for APOE4 non-carriers were enriched in hereditary disorder, neurological disease and psychological disorders. Moreover, knockdown of PRKCG to reduce the expression of protein kinase Cγ isoform enhanced tau phosphorylation at Thr181 and Thr231 and the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in the presence of APOE3 but not APOE4. CONCLUSION The study provides new insight into the mechanism of distinct pathogenesis of LOAD not carrying APOE4 and prompts the functional exploration of identified genes based on APOE genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Chun-Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lan-Xue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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34
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Superior short-term memory in APOE ε2 carriers across the age range. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112918. [PMID: 32961217 PMCID: PMC7732594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε2 allele is known to be protective against Alzheimer’s disease. We tested the effect of this allele on cognitive performance, as measured by a sensitive short-term memory task. A large cohort of genotyped participants performed this task remotely. ε2 carriers demonstrated superior memory performance in young, middle-aged, and older participants.
The Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) gene is now known to be associated with individual differences in cognitive health in ageing. However, while the APOE ε4 allele confers significantly increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the APOE ε2 allele is hypothesized to be protective against the development of AD. This is in line with neuroimaging and pathological findings associated with ε2 APOE allele, which go in the opposite direction to those observed in AD-related pathology. However, the precise impact of this allele on cognition remains inconclusive, with some small-cohort studies raising the possibility of an advantageous memory performance in these individuals. Here, we tested short-term memory (STM) performance in a large cohort of individuals, 300 of which were ε2/ε3 carriers. Their performance was compared to 554 ε3/ε3 carriers. We included participants from a wide age range spanning young, middle-aged and elderly adults. All of them performed a STM task that has previously been shown to be sensitive to subtle changes in memory in various patient and at-risk cohorts. Individuals carrying the APOE-ε2 allele exhibited a significant memory advantage, regardless of STM task difficulty and across all ages. The observed memory advantage was present across the age range, suggestive of a phenotypical effect of this allele on cognition, possibly independent of any effects of this genetic allele that occur later life in these individuals.
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35
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ApoE Lipidation as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176336. [PMID: 32882843 PMCID: PMC7503657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the major cholesterol carrier in the brain, affecting various normal cellular processes including neuronal growth, repair and remodeling of membranes, synaptogenesis, clearance and degradation of amyloid β (Aβ) and neuroinflammation. In humans, the APOE gene has three common allelic variants, termed E2, E3, and E4. APOE4 is considered the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), whereas APOE2 is neuroprotective. To perform its normal functions, apoE must be secreted and properly lipidated, a process influenced by the structural differences associated with apoE isoforms. Here we highlight the importance of lipidated apoE as well as the APOE-lipidation targeted therapeutic approaches that have the potential to correct or prevent neurodegeneration. Many of these approaches have been validated using diverse cellular and animal models. Overall, there is great potential to improve the lipidated state of apoE with the goal of ameliorating APOE-associated central nervous system impairments.
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36
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Gamache J, Yun Y, Chiba-Falek O. Sex-dependent effect of APOE on Alzheimer's disease and other age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045211. [PMID: 32859588 PMCID: PMC7473656 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of apolipoprotein E (APOE) in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) has been firmly established, but the mechanisms through which it exerts its pathogenic effects remain elusive. In addition, the sex-dependent effects of APOE on LOAD risk and endophenotypes have yet to be explained. In this Review, we revisit the different aspects of APOE involvement in neurodegeneration and neurological diseases, with particular attention to sex differences in the contribution of APOE to LOAD susceptibility. We discuss the role of APOE in a broader range of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and summarize the biological factors linking APOE to sex hormones, drawing on supportive findings from rodent models to identify major mechanistic themes underlying the exacerbation of LOAD-associated neurodegeneration and pathology in the female brain. Additionally, we list sex-by-genotype interactions identified across neurodegenerative diseases, proposing APOE variants as a shared etiology for sex differences in the manifestation of these diseases. Finally, we present recent advancements in 'omics' technologies, which provide a new platform for more in-depth investigations of how dysregulation of this gene affects the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Collectively, the evidence summarized in this Review highlights the interplay between APOE and sex as a key factor in the etiology of LOAD and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases. We emphasize the importance of careful examination of sex as a contributing factor in studying the underpinning genetics of neurodegenerative diseases in general, but particularly for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gamache
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Young Yun
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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37
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Yan S, Zheng C, Paranjpe MD, Li J, Benzinger TL, Lu J, Zhou Y. Association of sex and APOE ε4 with brain tau deposition and atrophy in older adults with Alzheimer's disease. Theranostics 2020; 10:10563-10572. [PMID: 32929366 PMCID: PMC7482805 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the association of sex and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele with brain tau deposition and atrophy in older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using quantitative 18F-AV-1451 positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Preprocessed 18F-AV-1451 tau PET, raw T1-weighted structural MR images, demographic information, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) measurements from 57 elderly individuals with AD were downloaded from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. An iteratively reblurred Van Cittert partial volume correction (PVC) method was applied to all preprocessed PET images. MRI images were used for PET spatial normalization and gray matter volume calculation. 18F-AV-1451 PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) was calculated relative to the cerebellum gray matter. The effect of sex and APOE ε4 status on SUVR and gray matter volume were assessed at both region of interest (ROI) and voxelwise levels. Results: Female APOE ε4 carriers (FACs) had significant higher 18F-AV-1451 SUVRs in the lateral temporal, parietal, posterior cingulate, medial temporal, inferior temporal, entorhinal cortex, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus regions, and exhibited smaller gray matter volumes in the posterior cingulate, medial temporal, inferior temporal and amygdala regions, as compared to the non-FACs (NFACs) comprised of female APOE ε4 non-carriers, male APOE ε4 carriers and male APOE ε4 non-carriers. Voxelwise analysis revealed forebrain and limbic clusters with greater 18F-AV-1451 SUVRs and lower gray matter volume between FACs compared to the NFACs. Negative correlations between ROI 18F-AV-1451 SUVRs and gray matter volumes were significant after adjusting for age and years of education. Conclusions: Among elderly individuals with AD, sex modified the effects of the APOE ε4 allele on region-specific tau deposition and gray matter volume. FACs had elevated brain region-specific tau PET SUVR and decreased gray matter volume in comparison to NFACs. The study provides a basis for the use of precision medicine in the diagnosis of AD and evaluation of therapeutics using 18F-AV-1451 PET and structural MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhen Yan
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chaojie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manish D Paranjpe
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L.S. Benzinger
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington in St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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38
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Townley RA, Polsinelli AJ, Fields JA, Machulda MM, Jones DT, Graff-Radford J, Kantarci KM, Lowe VJ, Rademakers RV, Baker MC, Kumar N, Boeve BF. Longitudinal clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging characterization of a kindred with a 12-octapeptide repeat insertion in PRNP: the next generation. Neurocase 2020; 26:211-219. [PMID: 32602775 PMCID: PMC7426006 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2020.1787458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly penetrant inherited mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) offer a window to study the pathobiology of prion disorders. METHOD Clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging characterization of a kindred. RESULTS Three of four mutation carriers have progressed to a frontotemporal dementia phenotype. Declines in neuropsychological function coincided with changes in FDG-PET at the identified onset of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Gene silencing treatments are on the horizon and when they become available, early detection will be crucial. Longitudinal studies involving familial mutation kindreds can offer important insights into the initial neuropsychological and neuroimaging changes necessary for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Townley
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | | | - Julie A. Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | - Mary M. Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | - David T. Jones
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA 46202
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | | | - Kejal M. Kantarci
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55902
| | | | - Matt C. Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA 32224
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA 46202
| | - Bradley F. Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA 46202
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Liccardo D, Marzano F, Carraturo F, Guida M, Femminella GD, Bencivenga L, Agrimi J, Addonizio A, Melino I, Valletta A, Rengo C, Ferrara N, Rengo G, Cannavo A. Potential Bidirectional Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:683. [PMID: 32719612 PMCID: PMC7348667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly population, representing a global public health priority. Despite a large improvement in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, the etiology of this disorder remains still unclear, and no current treatment is able to prevent, slow, or stop its progression. Thus, there is a keen interest in the identification and modification of the risk factors and novel molecular mechanisms associated with the development and progression of AD. In this context, it is worth noting that several findings support the existence of a direct link between neuronal and non-neuronal inflammation/infection and AD progression. Importantly, recent studies are now supporting the existence of a direct relationship between periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory oral disease, and AD. The mechanisms underlying the association remain to be fully elucidated, however, it is generally accepted, although not confirmed, that oral pathogens can penetrate the bloodstream, inducing a low-grade systemic inflammation that negatively affects brain function. Indeed, a recent report demonstrated that oral pathogens and their toxic proteins infect the brain of AD patients. For instance, when AD progresses from the early to the more advanced stages, patients could no longer be able to adequately adhere to proper oral hygiene practices, thus leading to oral dysbiosis that, in turn, fuels infection, such as periodontitis. Therefore, in this review, we will provide an update on the emerging (preclinical and clinical) evidence that supports the relationship existing between periodontitis and AD. More in detail, we will discuss data attesting that periodontitis and AD share common risk factors and a similar hyper-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Liccardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Federica Marzano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Armida Addonizio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Imma Melino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valletta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Rengo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, School of Dental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS Maugeri - S.p.A.-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Scientifico di Telese Terme, Telese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS Maugeri - S.p.A.-Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Scientifico di Telese Terme, Telese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cannavo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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40
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Zokaei N, Grogan J, Fallon SJ, Slavkova E, Hadida J, Manohar S, Nobre AC, Husain M. Short-term memory advantage for brief durations in human APOE ε4 carriers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9503. [PMID: 32528115 PMCID: PMC7289888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 gene allele, the highest known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, has paradoxically been well preserved in the human population. One possible explanation offered by evolutionary biology for survival of deleterious genes is antagonistic pleiotropy. This theory proposes that such genetic variants might confer an advantage, even earlier in life when humans are also reproductively fit. The results of some small-cohort studies have raised the possibility of such a pleiotropic effect for the ε4 allele in short-term memory (STM) but the findings have been inconsistent. Here, we tested STM performance in a large cohort of individuals (N = 1277); nine hundred and fifty-nine of which included carrier and non-carriers of the APOE ε4 gene, those at highest risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. We first confirm that this task is sensitive to subtle deterioration in memory performance across ageing. Importantly, individuals carrying the APOE ε4 gene actually exhibited a significant memory advantage across all ages, specifically for brief retention periods but crucially not for longer durations. Together, these findings present the strongest evidence to date for a gene having an antagonistic pleiotropy effect on human cognitive function across a wide age range, and hence provide an explanation for the survival of the APOE ε4 allele in the gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Zokaei
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK.
| | - John Grogan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sean James Fallon
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Oxford, UK
| | - Ellie Slavkova
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Jonathan Hadida
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Sanjay Manohar
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anna Christina Nobre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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41
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Larramona-Arcas R, González-Arias C, Perea G, Gutiérrez A, Vitorica J, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL, Pascua-Maestro R, Ganfornina MD, Kara E, Hudry E, Martinez-Vicente M, Vila M, Galea E, Masgrau R. Sex-dependent calcium hyperactivity due to lysosomal-related dysfunction in astrocytes from APOE4 versus APOE3 gene targeted replacement mice. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:35. [PMID: 32517777 PMCID: PMC7285605 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene exists in three isoforms in humans: APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4. APOE4 causes structural and functional alterations in normal brains, and is the strongest genetic risk factor of the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Research on APOE4 has mainly focused on the neuronal damage caused by defective cholesterol transport and exacerbated amyloid-β and Tau pathology. The impact of APOE4 on non-neuronal cell functions has been overlooked. Astrocytes, the main producers of ApoE in the healthy brain, are building blocks of neural circuits, and Ca2+ signaling is the basis of their excitability. Because APOE4 modifies membrane-lipid composition, and lipids regulate Ca2+ channels, we determined whether APOE4 dysregulates Ca2+signaling in astrocytes. METHODS Ca2+ signals were recorded in astrocytes in hippocampal slices from APOE3 and APOE4 gene targeted replacement male and female mice using Ca2+ imaging. Mechanistic analyses were performed in immortalized astrocytes. Ca2+ fluxes were examined with pharmacological tools and Ca2+ probes. APOE3 and APOE4 expression was manipulated with GFP-APOE vectors and APOE siRNA. Lipidomics of lysosomal and whole-membranes were also performed. RESULTS We found potentiation of ATP-elicited Ca2+responses in APOE4 versus APOE3 astrocytes in male, but not female, mice. The immortalized astrocytes modeled the male response, and showed that Ca2+ hyperactivity associated with APOE4 is caused by dysregulation of Ca2+ handling in lysosomal-enriched acidic stores, and is reversed by the expression of APOE3, but not of APOE4, pointing to loss of function due to APOE4 malfunction. Moreover, immortalized APOE4 astrocytes are refractory to control of Ca2+ fluxes by extracellular lipids, and present distinct lipid composition in lysosomal and plasma membranes. CONCLUSIONS Immortalized APOE4 versus APOE3 astrocytes present: increased Ca2+ excitability due to lysosome dysregulation, altered membrane lipidomes and intracellular cholesterol distribution, and impaired modulation of Ca2+ responses upon changes in extracellular lipids. Ca2+ hyperactivity associated with APOE4 is found in astrocytes from male, but not female, targeted replacement mice. The study suggests that, independently of Aβ and Tau pathologies, altered astrocyte excitability might contribute to neural-circuit hyperactivity depending on APOE allele, sex and lipids, and supports lysosome-targeted therapies to rescue APOE4 phenotypes in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Larramona-Arcas
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Candela González-Arias
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de El Carmen, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - José Luis Gómez-Ariza
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de El Carmen, Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Raquel Pascua-Maestro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, 43007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ganfornina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, 43007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eleanna Kara
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
- Present Address: Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Elena Galea
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, and, Institut de Neurociències (INc), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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Moore EE, Gifford KA, Khan OA, Liu D, Pechman KR, Acosta LMY, Bell SP, Turchan M, Landman BA, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Hohman TJ, Jefferson AL. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and axonal injury relate to atrophy in structural brain regions specific to Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:883-895. [PMID: 32378327 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patterns of atrophy can distinguish normal cognition from Alzheimer's disease (AD), but neuropathological drivers of this pattern are unknown. This study examined associations between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of AD pathology, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroaxonal injury with two AD imaging signatures. METHODS Signatures were calculated using published guidelines. Linear regressions related each biomarker to both signatures, adjusting for demographic factors. Bootstrapped analyses tested if associations were stronger with one signature versus the other. RESULTS Increased phosphorylated tau (p-tau), total tau, and neurofilament light (P-values <.045) related to smaller signatures (indicating greater atrophy). Diagnosis and sex modified associations between p-tau and neurogranin (P-values<.05) and signatures, such that associations were stronger among participants with mild cognitive impairment and female participants. The strength of associations did not differ between signatures. DISCUSSION Increased evidence of neurodegeneration, axonopathy, and tau phosphorylation relate to greater AD-related atrophy. Tau phosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction may be more prominent in AD-affected regions in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Moore
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Katherine A Gifford
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omair A Khan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kimberly R Pechman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lealani Mae Y Acosta
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Susan P Bell
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maxim Turchan
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bennett A Landman
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Kloske CM, Wilcock DM. The Important Interface Between Apolipoprotein E and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:754. [PMID: 32425941 PMCID: PMC7203730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of neurodegenerative disease, currently affecting over 5 million Americans with projections expected to rise as the population ages. The hallmark pathologies of AD are Aβ plaques composed of aggregated beta-amyloid (Aβ), and tau tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated, aggregated tau. These pathologies are typically accompanied by an increase in neuroinflammation as an attempt to ameliorate the pathology. This idea has pushed the field toward focusing on mechanisms and the influence neuroinflammation has on disease progression. The vast majority of AD cases are sporadic and therefore, researchers investigate genetic risk factors that could lead to AD. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the largest genetic risk factor for developing AD. ApoE has 3 isoforms-ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4. ApoE4 constitutes an increased risk of AD, with one copy increasing the risk about 4-fold and two copies increasing the risk about 15-fold compared to those with the ApoE3 allele. ApoE4 has been shown to play a role in Aβ deposition, tau tangle formation, neuroinflammation and many subsequent pathways. However, while we know that ApoE4 plays a role in these pathways and virtually all aspects of AD, the exact mechanism of how ApoE4 impacts AD progression is murky at best and therefore the role ApoE4 plays in these pathways needs to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the current literature regarding the pathways and mechanisms of ApoE4 in AD progression with a focus on its role in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Kloske
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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44
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Zhang C, Kong M, Wei H, Zhang H, Ma G, Ba M. The effect of ApoE ε 4 on clinical and structural MRI markers in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:464-474. [PMID: 32190571 PMCID: PMC7063277 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2020.01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε 4 has been identified as the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the importance of ApoE ε 4 on clinical and biological heterogeneity of AD is still to be determined, particularly at the prodromal stage. Here, we evaluate the association of ApoE ε 4 with clinical cognition and neuroimaging regions in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants based on the AT (N) system, which is increasingly essential for developing a precise assessment of AD. METHODS We stratified 178 A+T+MCI participants (prodromal AD) into ApoE ε 4 (+) and ApoE ε 4 (-) according to ApoE genotype from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). We determined Aβ-positivity (A+) by the standardized uptake values ratios (SUVR) means of florbetapir-PET-AV45 (the cut-off value of 1.1) and fibrillar tau-positivity (T+) by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated-tau at threonine 181 position (p-Tau) (cut-off value of 23 pg/mL). We evaluated the effect of ApoE ε 4 status on cognitive conditions and brain atrophy from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the differences of cognitive scores and brain atrophy from structural MRI regions of interest (ROIs) between both groups. Furthermore, we performed a linear regression model to assess the correlation between signature ROIs of structural MRI and cognitive scores in the prodromal AD participants. RESULTS ApoE ε 4 (+) prodromal AD participants had lower levels of CSF Aβ 1-42, higher levels of t-Tau, more memory and global cognitive impairment, and faster decline of global cognition, compared to ApoE ε 4 (-) prodromal AD. ApoE ε 4 (+) prodromal AD participants had a thinner cortical thickness of bilateral entorhinal, smaller subcortical volume of the left amygdala, bilateral hippocampus, and left ventral diencephalon (DC) relative to ApoE ε 4 (-) prodromal AD. Furthermore, the cortical thickness average of bilateral entorhinal was highly correlated with memory and global cognition. CONCLUSIONS ApoE ε 4 status in prodromal AD participants has an important effect on clinical cognitive domains. After ascertaining the ApoE ε 4 status, specific MRI regions can be correlated to the cognitive domain and will be helpful for precise assessment in prodromal AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Min Kong
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Hongchun Wei
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guozhao Ma
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Maowen Ba
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, China
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
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45
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Koller EJ, Gonzalez De La Cruz E, Weinrich M, Williams T, Cruz PE, Ryu D, Golde TE, Sullivan PM, Lewis J, Borchelt DR, Chakrabarty P. Intracerebral Expression of AAV-APOE4 Is Not Sufficient to Alter Tau Burden in Two Distinct Models of Tauopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:1986-2001. [PMID: 31903524 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. Though the role of APOE4 in Aβ pathogenesis has been mechanistically defined in rodent models, much less is known regarding the relationship of APOE4 to tau pathogenesis. Recent studies have indicated a possible correlation between APOE isoform-dependent alterations in tau pathology and neurodegeneration. To explore whether neuronal expression of APOE4 triggers tauopathy, here we delivered adeno-associated viruses (AAV) expressing human APOE4 in two different models of tauopathy-rTg4510 and PS19 lines. Intracerebroventricular delivery of AAV-APOE4 in neonatal rTg4510 and PS19 mice resulted in increased APOE4 protein in neurons but did not result in altered phosphorylated tau burden, pretangle tau pathology, or silver-positive tangle pathology. Biochemical analysis of synaptic proteins did not reveal substantial alterations. Our results indicate that over-expression of APOE4 in neurons, using an AAV-mediated approache, is not sufficient to accelerate or otherwise alter the inherent tau pathology that occurs in mice overexpressing mutant human tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Koller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Elsa Gonzalez De La Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mary Weinrich
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Tosha Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Daniel Ryu
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jada Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Feis RA, Bouts MJRJ, Dopper EGP, Filippini N, Heise V, Trachtenberg AJ, van Swieten JC, van Buchem MA, van der Grond J, Mackay CE, Rombouts SARB. Multimodal MRI of grey matter, white matter, and functional connectivity in cognitively healthy mutation carriers at risk for frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:343. [PMID: 31881858 PMCID: PMC6933911 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with divergent differences in grey matter volume, white matter diffusion, and functional connectivity. However, it is unknown at what disease stage these differences emerge. Here, we investigate whether divergent differences in grey matter volume, white matter diffusion, and functional connectivity are already apparent between cognitively healthy carriers of pathogenic FTD mutations, and cognitively healthy carriers at increased AD risk. METHODS We acquired multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans in cognitively healthy subjects with (n=39) and without (n=36) microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) or progranulin (GRN) mutations, and with (n=37) and without (n=38) apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele. We evaluated grey matter volume using voxel-based morphometry, white matter diffusion using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and region-to-network functional connectivity using dual regression in the default mode network and salience network. We tested for differences between the respective carriers and controls, as well as for divergence of those differences. For the divergence contrast, we additionally performed region-of-interest TBSS analyses in known areas of white matter diffusion differences between FTD and AD (i.e., uncinate fasciculus, forceps minor, and anterior thalamic radiation). RESULTS MAPT/GRN carriers did not differ from controls in any modality. APOE4 carriers had lower fractional anisotropy than controls in the callosal splenium and right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, but did not show grey matter volume or functional connectivity differences. We found no divergent differences between both carrier-control contrasts in any modality, even in region-of-interest analyses. CONCLUSIONS Concluding, we could not find differences suggestive of divergent pathways of underlying FTD and AD pathology in asymptomatic risk mutation carriers. Future studies should focus on asymptomatic mutation carriers that are closer to symptom onset to capture the first specific signs that may differentiate between FTD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier A. Feis
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- FMRIB, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- LIBC, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. R. J. Bouts
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- LIBC, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elise G. P. Dopper
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Filippini
- FMRIB, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Verena Heise
- FMRIB, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aaron J. Trachtenberg
- FMRIB, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark A. van Buchem
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- LIBC, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clare E. Mackay
- FMRIB, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Serge A. R. B. Rombouts
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- LIBC, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Radiogenomics, defined as the integrated analysis of radiologic imaging and genetic data, is a well-established tool shown to augment neuroimaging in the clinical diagnosis, prognostication, and scientific study of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). Early work using candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified genetic variation in APOE, BIN1, CLU, and CR1 as key modifiers of brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). More recently, polygenic risk scores used in conjunction with MRI and positron emission tomography have shown great promise as a risk-stratification tool for clinical trials and care-management decisions. In addition, recent work using multimodal MRI and positron emission tomography as proxies of LOAD progression has identified novel risk variants that are enhancing our understanding of LOAD pathophysiology and progression. Herein, we highlight key studies and trends in the radiogenomics of LOAD over the past two decades and their implications for clinical practice and scientific research.
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Wennberg AM, Tosakulwong N, Lesnick TG, Murray ME, Whitwell JL, Liesinger AM, Petrucelli L, Boeve BF, Parisi JE, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Dickson DW, Josephs KA. Association of Apolipoprotein E ε4 With Transactive Response DNA-Binding Protein 43. JAMA Neurol 2019; 75:1347-1354. [PMID: 30422173 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Importance Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), progressive hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive decline. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is strongly associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and risk of AD, but its association with TDP-43 is unknown. Objective To determine whether the APOE ε4 allele is a risk factor for TDP-43. Design, Setting, Participants This cross-sectional, genetic-histologic study analyzed APOE genotype, TDP-43 status (positive vs negative), Aβ status (positive vs negative), and tau neurofibrillary tangle stage (B0, Braak stage 0; B1, Braak stages I-II; B2, Braak stages III-IV; B3, Braak stage ≥ V). We fit structural equation models to map the association between APOE and TDP-43, Aβ, and tau, accounting for age and hippocampal sclerosis. We identified 751 participants with an AD pathological spectrum diagnosis and completed Aβ, tau, and TDP-43 data who were enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Mayo Clinic Alzheimer Disease Patient Registry, or the population based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and died between May 12, 1999, and December 31, 2015. However, 13 were excluded from the analyses because of missing APOE data, leaving a total of 738 participants. Main Outcomes and Measures Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 was the main outcome of interest. We hypothesized that the APOE ε4 allele would be significantly directly and indirectly associated with TDP-43. Results The 751 study participants were older (median age [interquartile range], 87 years [51-105 years]), 395 (54%) were women, and 324 (44%) were APOE ε4 carriers. The patients died between May 12, 1999, and December 31, 2015. Accounting for age, Aβ, and tau, APOE ε4 had a direct association with TDP-43 (estimate [SE], 0.31 (0.11); P = .01). The association was present among individuals with an intermediate to high likelihood of having AD (neurofibrillary tangle stage B2/B3; n = 604 [81.8%]; estimate [SE], 0.51 [0.11]; P < .001), with a similar trend for those with a low likelihood of having AD (B1; n = 134 [18.2%]; estimate [SE], 0.54 [0.32]; P = .10). We also found an indirect association of APOE ε4 with TDP-43 via Aβ and tau (estimate [SE], 0.34 [0.06]; P < .001), which was similar in magnitude to the direct association and an indirect association of APOE ε4 with hippocampal sclerosis via TDP-43 (estimate [SE], 0.65 [0.26]; P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance The study's findings, which mapped a system of risk factors and outcomes, showed that the APOE ε4 allele appears to be a risk factor for TDP-43 independently of Aβ in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy G Lesnick
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota
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Genetic Variation in the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative. Can J Neurol Sci 2019; 46:491-498. [DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2019.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:Background/Objective:Apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 is the main genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Due to the consistent association, there is interest as to whether E4 influences the risk of other neurodegenerative diseases. Further, there is a constant search for other genetic biomarkers contributing to these phenotypes, such as microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) haplotypes. Here, participants from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative were genotyped to investigate whether the APOE E4 allele or MAPT H1 haplotype are associated with five neurodegenerative diseases: (1) AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), (2) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, (3) frontotemporal dementia (FTD), (4) Parkinson’s disease, and (5) vascular cognitive impairment.Methods:Genotypes were defined for their respective APOE allele and MAPT haplotype calls for each participant, and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the associations with the presentations of neurodegenerative diseases.Results:Our work confirmed the association of the E4 allele with a dose-dependent increased presentation of AD, and an association between the E4 allele alone and MCI; however, the other four diseases were not associated with E4. Further, the APOE E2 allele was associated with decreased presentation of both AD and MCI. No associations were identified between MAPT haplotype and the neurodegenerative disease cohorts; but following subtyping of the FTD cohort, the H1 haplotype was significantly associated with progressive supranuclear palsy.Conclusion:This is the first study to concurrently analyze the association of APOE isoforms and MAPT haplotypes with five neurodegenerative diseases using consistent enrollment criteria and broad phenotypic analysis.
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Shi Y, Holtzman DM. Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:759-772. [PMID: 30140051 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is more than a pure proteopathy. Chronic neuroinflammation stands out during the pathogenesis of the disease and in turn modulates disease progression. The central nervous system (CNS) is separated from the blood circulation by the blood-brain barrier. In Alzheimer disease, neuroinflammation heavily relies on innate immune responses that are primarily mediated by CNS-resident microglia. APOE (which encodes apolipoprotein E) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease, and APOE was recently shown to affect the disease in part through its immunomodulatory function. This function of APOE is likely linked to triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which is expressed by microglia in the CNS. Here, we review the rapidly growing literature on the role of disease-associated microglia, TREM2 and APOE in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and present an integrated view of innate immune function in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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