1
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Blankers T, Shaw KL. The biogeographic and evolutionary processes shaping population divergence in Laupala. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17444. [PMID: 38984705 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Speciation generates biodiversity and the mechanisms involved are thought to vary across the tree of life and across environments. For example, well-studied adaptive radiations are thought to be fuelled by divergent ecological selection, but additionally are influenced heavily by biogeographic, genomic and demographic factors. Mechanisms of non-adaptive radiations, producing ecologically cryptic taxa, have been less well-studied but should likewise be influenced by these latter factors. Comparing among contexts can help pinpoint universal mechanisms and outcomes, especially if we integrate biogeographic, ecological and evolutionary processes. We investigate population divergence in the swordtail cricket Laupala cerasina, a wide-spread endemic on Hawai'i Island and one of 38 ecologically cryptic Laupala species. The nine sampled populations show striking population genetic structure at small spatio-temporal scales. The rapid differentiation among populations and species of Laupala shows that neither a specific geographical context nor ecological opportunity are pre-requisites for rapid divergence. Spatio-temporal patterns in population divergence, population size change, and gene flow are aligned with the chronosequence of the four volcanoes on which L. cerasina occurs and reveal the composite effects of geological dynamics and Quaternary climate change on population dynamics. Spatio-temporal patterns in genetic variation along the genome reveal the interplay of genetic and genomic architecture in shaping population divergence. In early phases of divergence, we find elevated differentiation in genomic regions harbouring mating song loci. In later stages of divergence, we find a signature of linked selection that interacts with recombination rate variation. Comparing our findings with recent work on complementary systems supports the conclusion that mostly universal factors influence the speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Zhang R, Rayner JG, Bailey NW. Rapid sexual signal diversification is facilitated by permissive females. Curr Biol 2024; 34:403-409.e3. [PMID: 38141618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The initial process by which novel sexual signals evolve remains unclear, because rare new variants are susceptible to loss by drift or counterselection imposed by prevailing female preferences.1,2,3,4 We describe the diversification of an acoustic male courtship signal in Hawaiian populations of the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus, which was brought about by the evolution of a brachypterous wing morph ("small-wing") only 6 years ago.5 Small-wing has a genetic basis and causes silence or reduced-amplitude signaling by miniaturizing male forewings, conferring protection against an eavesdropping parasitoid, Ormia ochracea.5 We found that wing reduction notably increases the fundamental frequency of courtship song from an average of 5.1 kHz to 6.4 kHz. It also de-canalizes male song, broadening the range of peak signal frequencies well outside normal song character space. As courtship song prompts female mounting and is sexually selected,6,7,8,9 we evaluated two scenarios to test the fate of these new signal values. Females might show reduced acceptance of small-wing males, imposing counterselection via prevailing preferences. Alternatively, females might accept small-wing males as readily as long-wing males if their window of preference is sufficiently wide. Our results support the latter. Females preferred males who produced some signal over none, but they mounted sound-producing small-wing males as often as sound-producing long-wing males. Indiscriminate mating can facilitate the persistence of rare, novel signal values. If female permissiveness is a general characteristic of the earliest stages of sexual signal evolution, then taxa with low female mate acceptance thresholds should be more prone to diversification via sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Zhang
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK.
| | - Jack G Rayner
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20741, USA
| | - Nathan W Bailey
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK.
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3
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Yukilevich R, LaGraff JT. Divergence of a speciation trait through artificial selection: Insights into constraints, by-product effects and sexual isolation. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:355-367. [PMID: 36576691 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Speciation and sexual isolation often occur when divergent female mating preferences target male secondary sexual traits. Despite the importance of such male signals, little is known about their evolvability and genetic linkage to other traits during speciation. To answer these questions, we imposed divergent artificial selection for 10 non-overlapping generations on the Inter-Pulse-Interval (IPI) of male courtship songs; which has been previously shown to be a major species recognition trait for females in the Drosophila athabasca species complex. Focusing on one of the species, Drosophila mahican (previously known as EA race), we examined IPI's: (1) rate of divergence, (2) response to selection in different directions, (3) genetic architecture of divergence and (4) by-product effects on other traits that have diverged in the species complex. We found rapid and consistent response for higher IPI but less response to lower IPI; implying asymmetrical constraints. Genetic divergence in IPI differed from natural species in X versus autosome contribution and in dominance, suggesting that evolution may take different paths. Finally, selection on IPI did not alter other components of male songs, or other ecological traits, and did not cause divergence in female preferences, as evidenced by lack of sexual isolation. This suggests that divergence of male courtship song IPI is unconstrained by genetic linkage with other traits in this system. This lack of linkage between male signals and other traits implies that female preferences or ecological selection can co-opt and mould specific male signals for species recognition free of genetic constraints from other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Yukilevich
- Department of Biology, Union College, Schenectady, New York, USA
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4
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Vernier CL, Leitner N, Zelle KM, Foltz M, Dutton S, Liang X, Halloran S, Millar JG, Ben-Shahar Y. A pleiotropic chemoreceptor facilitates the production and perception of mating pheromones. iScience 2022; 26:105882. [PMID: 36691619 PMCID: PMC9860498 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal mating decisions depend on the robust coupling of signal production and perception because independent changes in either could carry a fitness cost. However, since the perception and production of mating signals are often mediated by different tissues and cell types, the mechanisms that drive and maintain their coupling remain unknown for most animal species. Here, we show that in Drosophila, behavioral responses to, and the production of, a putative inhibitory mating pheromone are co-regulated by Gr8a, a member of the Gustatory receptor gene family. Specifically, through behavioral and pheromonal data, we found that Gr8a independently regulates the behavioral responses of males and females to a putative inhibitory pheromone, as well as its production in the fat body and oenocytes of males. Overall, these findings provide a relatively simple molecular explanation for how pleiotropic receptors maintain robust mating signaling systems at the population and species levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra L. Vernier
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Nicole Leitner
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Zelle
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Merrin Foltz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sophia Dutton
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Xitong Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sean Halloran
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yehuda Ben-Shahar
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA,Corresponding author
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5
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Anderson SAS, López-Fernández H, Weir JT. Ecology and the origin of non-ephemeral species. Am Nat 2022; 201:619-638. [PMID: 37130236 DOI: 10.1086/723763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch over the past three decades has shown that ecology-based extrinsic reproductive barriers can rapidly arise to generate incipient species-but such barriers can also rapidly dissolve when environments change, resulting in incipient species collapse. Understanding the evolution of unconditional, "intrinsic" reproductive barriers is therefore important for understanding the longer-term buildup of biodiversity. In this article, we consider ecology's role in the evolution of intrinsic reproductive isolation. We suggest that this topic has fallen into a gap between disciplines: while evolutionary ecologists have traditionally focused on the rapid evolution of extrinsic isolation between co-occurring ecotypes, speciation geneticists studying intrinsic isolation in other taxa have devoted little attention to the ecological context in which it evolves. We argue that for evolutionary ecology to close this gap, the field will have to expand its focus beyond rapid adaptation and its traditional model systems. Synthesizing data from several subfields, we present circumstantial evidence for and against different forms of ecological adaptation as promoters of intrinsic isolation and discuss alternative forces that may be significant. We conclude by outlining complementary approaches that can better address the role of ecology in the evolution of nonephemeral reproductive barriers and, by extension, less ephemeral species.
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6
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High-Density Genetic Linkage Map of the Southern Blue-ringed Octopus (Octopodidae: Hapalochlaena maculosa). DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic linkage maps provide a useful resource for non-model genomes and can aid in genome reassembly to form more contiguous pseudo-chromosomes. We present the first linkage map of any cephalopod, H. maculosa, composed of 47 linkage groups (LG). A total of 2166 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 2455 presence–absence variant loci were utilised by Lep-Map3 in linkage map construction. The map length spans 2016.62 cM with an average marker distance of 0.85 cM. Integration of the recent H. maculosa genome allowed 1151 scaffolds comprising 34% of the total genomic sequence to be orientated and/or placed using 1278 markers across all 47 LG. The linkage map generated provides a new perspective on HOX gene distribution in octopods. In the H. maculosa linkage map three (SCR, LOX4 and POST1) of six identified HOX genes (HOX1/LAB, SCR, LOX2, LOX4, LOX5, POST1) were located within the same LG (LG 9). The generation of a linkage map for H. maculosa has provided a valuable resource for understanding the evolution of cephalopod genomes and will provide a base for future work.
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7
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Nakamura T, Ylla G, Extavour CG. Genomics and genome editing techniques of crickets, an emerging model insect for biology and food science. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100881. [PMID: 35123119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most tools available for manipulating gene function in insects have been developed for holometabolous species. In contrast, functional genetics tools for the Hemimetabola are highly underdeveloped. This is a barrier both to understanding ancestral insect biology, and to optimizing contemporary study and manipulation of particular large hemimetabolous orders of crucial economic and agricultural importance like the Orthoptera. For orthopteran insects, including crickets, the rapid spread of next-generation sequencing technology has made transcriptome data available for a wide variety of species over the past decade. Furthermore, whole genome sequences of orthopteran insects with relatively large genome sizes are now available. With these new genome assemblies and the development of genome editing technologies such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, it has become possible to create gene knock-out and knock-in strains in orthopteran insects. As a result, orthopteran species should become increasingly feasible for laboratory study not only in research fields that have traditionally used insects, but also in agricultural fields that use them as food and feed. In this review, we summarize these recent advances and their relevance to such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Nakamura
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Guillem Ylla
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA; Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Genome Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
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8
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Speciation by sexual selection: 20 years of progress. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:1153-1163. [PMID: 34607719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, a seminal paper summarized the role of sexual selection in speciation as the coordinated evolution of (male) courtship signals and (female) preferences leading to prezygotic (behavioral) isolation between divergent lineages. Here, we discuss areas of progress that inspire an updated perspective. First, research has identified multiple mechanisms of sexual selection, in addition to female mate choice, that drive the origin and maintenance of species. Second, reviews and empirical data now conclude that sexual selection alone will rarely lead to reproductive isolation without ecological divergence, and we discuss the assumptions and possible exceptions underlying that conclusion. Finally, we consider the variable ways in which sexual selection contributes to divergence according to the spatial, temporal, social, ecological, and genomic context of speciation.
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9
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Hernández DG, Rivera C, Cande J, Zhou B, Stern DL, Berman GJ. A framework for studying behavioral evolution by reconstructing ancestral repertoires. eLife 2021; 10:e61806. [PMID: 34473052 PMCID: PMC8445618 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different animal species often exhibit extensive variation in many behaviors, typically scientists examine one or a small number of behaviors in any single study. Here, we propose a new framework to simultaneously study the evolution of many behaviors. We measured the behavioral repertoire of individuals from six species of fruit flies using unsupervised techniques and identified all stereotyped movements exhibited by each species. We then fit a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to estimate the intra- and inter-species behavioral covariances, and, by using the known phylogenetic relationships among species, we estimated the (unobserved) behaviors exhibited by ancestral species. We found that much of intra-specific behavioral variation has a similar covariance structure to previously described long-time scale variation in an individual's behavior, suggesting that much of the measured variation between individuals of a single species in our assay reflects differences in the status of neural networks, rather than genetic or developmental differences between individuals. We then propose a method to identify groups of behaviors that appear to have evolved in a correlated manner, illustrating how sets of behaviors, rather than individual behaviors, likely evolved. Our approach provides a new framework for identifying co-evolving behaviors and may provide new opportunities to study the mechanistic basis of behavioral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián G Hernández
- Department of Physics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Medical Physics, Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto BalseiroBarilocheArgentina
| | | | - Jessica Cande
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Baohua Zhou
- Department of Physics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - David L Stern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Gordon J Berman
- Department of Physics, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Department of Biology, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
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10
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Insights into the genomic evolution of insects from cricket genomes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:733. [PMID: 34127782 PMCID: PMC8203789 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of our knowledge of insect genomes comes from Holometabolous species, which undergo complete metamorphosis and have genomes typically under 2 Gb with little signs of DNA methylation. In contrast, Hemimetabolous insects undergo the presumed ancestral process of incomplete metamorphosis, and have larger genomes with high levels of DNA methylation. Hemimetabolous species from the Orthopteran order (grasshoppers and crickets) have some of the largest known insect genomes. What drives the evolution of these unusual insect genome sizes, remains unknown. Here we report the sequencing, assembly and annotation of the 1.66-Gb genome of the Mediterranean field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, and the annotation of the 1.60-Gb genome of the Hawaiian cricket Laupala kohalensis. We compare these two cricket genomes with those of 14 additional insects and find evidence that hemimetabolous genomes expanded due to transposable element activity. Based on the ratio of observed to expected CpG sites, we find higher conservation and stronger purifying selection of methylated genes than non-methylated genes. Finally, our analysis suggests an expansion of the pickpocket class V gene family in crickets, which we speculate might play a role in the evolution of cricket courtship, including their characteristic chirping. Ylla, Extavour et al. use genomic data from crickets to investigate the evolution of large genome sizes and DNA methylation events in insects. Their findings indicate that transposable element activity drove genome expansion in hemimetabolous insects, such as crickets and grasshoppers, and that DNA methylation is predominant in conserved genes.
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11
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Xu M, Shaw KL. Extensive Linkage and Genetic Coupling of Song and Preference Loci Underlying Rapid Speciation in Laupala Crickets. J Hered 2021; 112:204-213. [PMID: 33438016 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, closely related species commonly display divergent mating behaviors, suggesting a central role for such traits in the origin of species. Elucidating the genetic basis of divergence in these traits is necessary to understand the evolutionary process leading to reproductive barriers and speciation. The rapidly speciating Hawaiian crickets of the genus Laupala provides an ideal system for dissecting the genetic basis of mating behavior divergence. In Laupala, closely related species differ markedly in male song pulse rate and female preference for pulse rate. These behaviors play an important role in determining mating patterns. Previous studies identified a genetic architecture consisting of numerous small to moderate effect loci causing interspecific differences in pulse rate and preference, including colocalizing pulse rate and preference QTL on linkage group one (LG1). To further interrogate these QTL, we conduct a fine mapping study using high-density SNP linkage maps. With improved statistical power and map resolution, we provide robust evidence for genetic coupling between song and preference, along with two additional pulse rate QTL on LG1, revealing a more resolved picture of the genetic architecture underlying mating behavior divergence. Our sequence-based genetic map, along with dramatically narrowed QTL confidence intervals, allowed us to annotate genes within the QTL regions and identify several exciting candidate genes underlying variation in pulse rate and preference divergence. Such knowledge suggests potential molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of behavioral barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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12
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Broder ED, Elias DO, Rodríguez RL, Rosenthal GG, Seymoure BM, Tinghitella RM. Evolutionary novelty in communication between the sexes. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200733. [PMID: 33529546 PMCID: PMC8086948 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of signalling traits within and across taxa is vast and striking, prompting us to consider how novelty evolves in the context of animal communication. Sexual selection contributes to diversification, and here we endeavour to understand the initial conditions that facilitate the maintenance or elimination of new sexual signals and receiver features. New sender and receiver variants can occur through mutation, plasticity, hybridization and cultural innovation, and the initial conditions of the sender, the receiver and the environment then dictate whether a novel cue becomes a signal. New features may arise in the sender, the receiver or both simultaneously. We contend that it may be easier than assumed to evolve new sexual signals because sexual signals may be arbitrary, sexual conflict is common and receivers are capable of perceiving much more of the world than just existing sexual signals. Additionally, changes in the signalling environment can approximate both signal and receiver changes through a change in transmission characteristics of a given environment or the use of new environments. The Anthropocene has led to wide-scale disruption of the environment and may thus generate opportunity to directly observe the evolution of new signals to address questions that are beyond the reach of phylogenetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Dale Broder
- Department of Biology, St Ambrose University, Davenport, IA 52803, USA
| | - Damian O. Elias
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rafael L. Rodríguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Gil G. Rosenthal
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Brett M. Seymoure
- Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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13
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Different diets can affect attractiveness of Drosophila melanogaster males via changes in wing morphology. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Miller SE, Sheehan MJ, Reeve HK. Coevolution of cognitive abilities and identity signals in individual recognition systems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190467. [PMID: 32420843 PMCID: PMC7331018 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactions are mediated by recognition systems, meaning that the cognitive abilities or phenotypic diversity that facilitate recognition may be common targets of social selection. Recognition occurs when a receiver compares the phenotypes produced by a sender with a template. Coevolution between sender and receiver traits has been empirically reported in multiple species and sensory modalities, though the dynamics and relative exaggeration of traits from senders versus receivers have received little attention. Here, we present a coevolutionary dynamic model that examines the conditions under which senders and receivers should invest effort in facilitating individual recognition. The model predicts coevolution of sender and receiver traits, with the equilibrium investment dependent on the relative costs of signal production versus cognition. In order for recognition to evolve, initial sender and receiver trait values must be above a threshold, suggesting that recognition requires some degree of pre-existing diversity and cognitive abilities. The analysis of selection gradients demonstrates that the strength of selection on sender signals and receiver cognition is strongest when the trait values are furthest from the optima. The model provides new insights into the expected strength and dynamics of selection during the origin and elaboration of individual recognition, an important feature of social cognition in many taxa. This article is part of the theme issue 'Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Sheehan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - H. Kern Reeve
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Veller C, Muralidhar P, Haig D. On the logic of Fisherian sexual selection. Evolution 2020; 74:1234-1245. [PMID: 32128812 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In Fisher's model of sexual selection, a female preference for a male trait spreads together with the trait because their genetic bases become correlated. This can be interpreted as a "greenbeard" system: a preference gene, by inducing a female to mate with a trait-bearing male, favors itself because the male is disproportionately likely also to carry the preference gene. Here, we use this logic to argue that Fisherian sexual selection in diploids proceeds via two channels: (i) trait-bearing males are disproportionately the product of matings between preference-bearing mothers and trait-bearing fathers, and thus trait and preference genes are correlated "in trans"; (ii) trait and preference genes come into gametic phase disequilibrium, and thus are correlated "in cis." Gametic phase disequilibrium is generated by three distinct mechanisms that we identify. The trans channel does not operate when sexual selection is restricted to the haploid phase, and therefore represents a fundamental difference between haploid and diploid models of sexual selection. We show that the cis and trans channels contribute equally to the spread of the preference when recombination between the preference and trait loci is free, but that the trans channel is substantially more important when linkage is tight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Veller
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138.,Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Pavitra Muralidhar
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138.,Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - David Haig
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
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16
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Brand P, Hinojosa-Díaz IA, Ayala R, Daigle M, Yurrita Obiols CL, Eltz T, Ramírez SR. The evolution of sexual signaling is linked to odorant receptor tuning in perfume-collecting orchid bees. Nat Commun 2020; 11:244. [PMID: 31932598 PMCID: PMC6957680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual signaling is an important reproductive barrier known to evolve early during the formation of new species, but the genetic mechanisms that facilitate the divergence of sexual signals remain elusive. Here we isolate a gene linked to the rapid evolution of a signaling trait in a pair of nascent neotropical orchid bee lineages, Euglossa dilemma and E. viridissima. Male orchid bees acquire chemical compounds from their environment to concoct species-specific perfumes to later expose during courtship. We find that the two lineages acquire chemically distinct perfumes and are reproductively isolated despite low levels of genome-wide differentiation. Remarkably, variation in perfume chemistry coincides with rapid divergence in few odorant receptor (OR) genes. Using functional assays, we demonstrate that the derived variant of Or41 in E. dilemma is specific towards its species-specific major perfume compound, whereas the ancestral variant in E. viridissima is broadly tuned to multiple odorants. Our results show that OR evolution likely played a role in the divergence of sexual communication in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Brand
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA.
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, 10065, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Ismael A Hinojosa-Díaz
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n Ciudad Universitaria Delegación Coyoacán, Apartado Postal 70-153, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Ayala
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio, Jalisco, 48980, Mexico
| | - Michael Daigle
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carmen L Yurrita Obiols
- Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Avenida La Reforma, 0-63, Guatemala, 01000, Guatemala
| | - Thomas Eltz
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Santiago R Ramírez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA.
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17
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Losilla M, Luecke DM, Gallant JR. The transcriptional correlates of divergent electric organ discharges in Paramormyrops electric fish. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:6. [PMID: 31918666 PMCID: PMC6953315 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the genomic basis of phenotypic diversity can be greatly facilitated by examining adaptive radiations with hypervariable traits. In this study, we focus on a rapidly diverged species group of mormyrid electric fish in the genus Paramormyrops, which are characterized by extensive phenotypic variation in electric organ discharges (EODs). The main components of EOD diversity are waveform duration, complexity and polarity. Using an RNA-sequencing based approach, we sought to identify gene expression correlates for each of these EOD waveform features by comparing 11 specimens of Paramormyrops that exhibit variation in these features. Results Patterns of gene expression among Paramormyrops are highly correlated, and 3274 genes (16%) were differentially expressed. Using our most restrictive criteria, we detected 145–183 differentially expressed genes correlated with each EOD feature, with little overlap between them. The predicted functions of several of these genes are related to extracellular matrix, cation homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and cytoskeletal and sarcomeric proteins. These genes are of significant interest given the known morphological differences between electric organs that underlie differences in the EOD waveform features studied. Conclusions In this study, we identified plausible candidate genes that may contribute to phenotypic differences in EOD waveforms among a rapidly diverged group of mormyrid electric fish. These genes may be important targets of selection in the evolution of species-specific differences in mate-recognition signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Losilla
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David Michael Luecke
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jason R Gallant
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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18
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Xu M, Shaw KL. Genetic coupling of signal and preference facilitates sexual isolation during rapid speciation. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191607. [PMID: 31640515 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The divergence of sexual signals is ultimately a coevolutionary process: while signals and preferences diverge between lineages, they must remain coordinated within lineages for matings to occur. Divergence in sexual signals makes a major contribution to evolving species barriers. Therefore, the genetic architecture underlying signal-preference coevolution is essential to understanding speciation but remains largely unknown. In Laupala crickets where male song pulse rate and female pulse rate preferences have coevolved repeatedly and rapidly, we tested two contrasting hypotheses for the genetic architecture underlying signal-preference coevolution: linkage disequilibrium between unlinked loci and genetic coupling (linkage disequilibrium resulting from pleiotropy of a shared locus or tight physical linkage). Through selective introgression and quantitative trait locus (QTL) fine mapping, we estimated the location of QTL underlying interspecific variation in both female preference and male pulse rate from the same mapping populations. Remarkably, map estimates of the pulse rate and preference loci are as close as 0.06 cM apart, the strongest evidence to date for genetic coupling between signal and preference loci. As the second pair of colocalizing signal and preference loci in the Laupala genome, our finding supports an intriguing pattern, pointing to a major role for genetic coupling in the quantitative evolution of a reproductive barrier and rapid speciation in Laupala. Owing to its effect on suppressing recombination, a coupled, quantitative genetic architecture offers a powerful and parsimonious genetic mechanism for signal-preference coevolution and the establishment of positive genetic covariance on which the Fisherian runaway process of sexual selection relies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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19
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Blankers T, Oh KP, Shaw KL. Parallel genomic architecture underlies repeated sexual signal divergence in Hawaiian Laupala crickets. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191479. [PMID: 31594503 PMCID: PMC6790767 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When the same phenotype evolves repeatedly, we can explore the predictability of genetic changes underlying phenotypic evolution. Theory suggests that genetic parallelism is less likely when phenotypic changes are governed by many small-effect loci compared to few of major effect, because different combinations of genetic changes can result in the same quantitative outcome. However, some genetic trajectories might be favoured over others, making a shared genetic basis to repeated polygenic evolution more likely. To examine this, we studied the genetics of parallel male mating song evolution in the Hawaiian cricket Laupala. We compared quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying song divergence in three species pairs varying in phenotypic distance. We tested whether replicated song divergence between species involves the same QTL and whether the likelihood of QTL sharing is related to QTL effect size. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we find substantial parallelism in polygenic genetic architectures underlying repeated song divergence. QTL overlapped more frequently than expected based on simulated QTL analyses. Interestingly, QTL effect size did not predict QTL sharing, but did correlate with magnitude of phenotypic divergence. We highlight potential mechanisms driving these constraints on cricket song evolution and discuss a scenario that consolidates empirical quantitative genetic observations with micro-mutational theory.
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20
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Martin CH, McGirr JA, Richards EJ, St. John ME. How to Investigate the Origins of Novelty: Insights Gained from Genetic, Behavioral, and Fitness Perspectives. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz018. [PMID: 33791533 PMCID: PMC7671130 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologists are drawn to the most extraordinary adaptations in the natural world, often referred to as evolutionary novelties, yet rarely do we understand the microevolutionary context underlying the origins of novel traits, behaviors, or ecological niches. Here we discuss insights gained into the origins of novelty from a research program spanning biological levels of organization from genotype to fitness in Caribbean pupfishes. We focus on a case study of the origins of novel trophic specialists on San Salvador Island, Bahamas and place this radiation in the context of other rapid radiations. We highlight questions that can be addressed about the origins of novelty at different biological levels, such as measuring the isolation of novel phenotypes on the fitness landscape, locating the spatial and temporal origins of adaptive variation contributing to novelty, detecting dysfunctional gene regulation due to adaptive divergence, and connecting behaviors with novel traits. Evolutionary novelties are rare, almost by definition, and we conclude that integrative case studies can provide insights into this rarity relative to the dynamics of adaptation to more common ecological niches and repeated parallel speciation, such as the relative isolation of novel phenotypes on fitness landscapes and the transient availability of ecological, genetic, and behavioral opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J A McGirr
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - E J Richards
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M E St. John
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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21
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Fujisawa T, Sasabe M, Nagata N, Takami Y, Sota T. Genetic basis of species-specific genitalia reveals role in species diversification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav9939. [PMID: 31249868 PMCID: PMC6594765 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav9939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of genital morphology among closely related animals with internal fertilization is well known, but the genetic backgrounds are unclear. Here, we show that, in Carabus (Ohomopterus) beetles showing correlated evolution of male and female genital parts, only a few major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determine differences in genital dimensions between sister species, and sequence divergence is pronounced in the genomic regions containing genital QTLs. The major QTLs for male and female genital dimensions reside in different locations within the same linkage group, implying that coevolution between the sexes is only loosely constrained and can respond to sexually antagonistic selection. The same genomic regions containing the major QTLs show elevated divergence between three pairs of parapatric species with marked differences in genital parts. Our study demonstrates that species diversification can follow coevolution of genitalia between the sexes, even without tight linkage of loci affecting male and female genital dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomochika Fujisawa
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masataka Sasabe
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nagata
- Division of Collections Conservation, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan
| | - Yasuoki Takami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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22
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Seppey M, Ioannidis P, Emerson BC, Pitteloud C, Robinson-Rechavi M, Roux J, Escalona HE, McKenna DD, Misof B, Shin S, Zhou X, Waterhouse RM, Alvarez N. Genomic signatures accompanying the dietary shift to phytophagy in polyphagan beetles. Genome Biol 2019; 20:98. [PMID: 31101123 PMCID: PMC6525341 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diversity and evolutionary success of beetles (Coleoptera) are proposed to be related to the diversity of plants on which they feed. Indeed, the largest beetle suborder, Polyphaga, mostly includes plant eaters among its approximately 315,000 species. In particular, plants defend themselves with a diversity of specialized toxic chemicals. These may impose selective pressures that drive genomic diversification and speciation in phytophagous beetles. However, evidence of changes in beetle gene repertoires driven by such interactions remains largely anecdotal and without explicit hypothesis testing. RESULTS We explore the genomic consequences of beetle-plant trophic interactions by performing comparative gene family analyses across 18 species representative of the two most species-rich beetle suborders. We contrast the gene contents of species from the mostly plant-eating suborder Polyphaga with those of the mainly predatory Adephaga. We find gene repertoire evolution to be more dynamic, with significantly more adaptive lineage-specific expansions, in the more speciose Polyphaga. Testing the specific hypothesis of adaptation to plant feeding, we identify families of enzymes putatively involved in beetle-plant interactions that underwent adaptive expansions in Polyphaga. There is notable support for the selection hypothesis on large gene families for glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase detoxification enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Our explicit modeling of the evolution of gene repertoires across 18 species identifies putative adaptive lineage-specific gene family expansions that accompany the dietary shift towards plants in beetles. These genomic signatures support the popular hypothesis of a key role for interactions with plant chemical defenses, and for plant feeding in general, in driving beetle diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Seppey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Present address: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Camille Pitteloud
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETHZ, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hermes E. Escalona
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Duane D. McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38111 USA
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Seunggwan Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38111 USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert M. Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Geneva Natural History Museum, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Blankers T, Berdan EL, Hennig RM, Mayer F. Physical linkage and mate preference generate linkage disequilibrium for behavioral isolation in two parapatric crickets. Evolution 2019; 73:777-791. [PMID: 30820950 PMCID: PMC6593781 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral isolation is a potent barrier to gene flow and a source of striking diversity in the animal kingdom. However, it remains unclear if the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between sex‐specific traits required for behavioral isolation results mostly from physical linkage between signal and preference loci or from directional mate preferences. Here, we test this in the field crickets Gryllus rubens and G. texensis. These closely related species diverged with gene flow and have strongly differentiated songs and preference functions for the mate calling song rhythm. We map quantitative trait loci for signal and preference traits (pQTL) as well as for gene expression associated with these traits (eQTL). We find strong, positive genetic covariance between song traits and between song and preference. Our results show that this is in part explained by incomplete physical linkage: although both linked pQTL and eQTL couple male and female traits, major effect loci for different traits were never on the same chromosome. We suggest that the finely tuned, highly divergent preference functions are likely an additional source of LD between male and female traits in this system. Furthermore, pleiotropy of gene expression presents an underappreciated mechanism to link sexually dimorphic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma L Berdan
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Matthias Hennig
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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24
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Groot AT, van Wijk M, Villacis-Perez E, Kuperus P, Schöfl G, van Veldhuizen D, Heckel DG. Within-population variability in a moth sex pheromone blend, part 2: selection towards fixation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:182050. [PMID: 31032049 PMCID: PMC6458377 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.182050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand how variation in sexual communication systems evolves, the genetic architecture underlying sexual signals and responses needs to be identified. Especially in animals where mating signals are important for mate recognition, and signals and responses are governed by independently assorting genes, it is difficult to envision how signals and preferences can (co)evolve. Moths are a prime example of such animals. In the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens, we found within-population variation in the female pheromone. In previous selection experiments followed by quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and expression analysis of candidate desaturase genes, we developed a model involving a trans-acting repressor of the delta-11-desaturase. In our current study with new selection lines, we fixed the most extreme phenotype and found a single underlying mutation: a premature stop codon in the first coding exon of delta-11-desaturase, which we could trace back to its origin in the laboratory. Interestingly, we found no pleiotropic effects of this knock-out mutation on the male physiological or behavioural response, or on growth or fertility. This finding is in contrast to Drosophila melanogaster, where a single desaturase gene affects both female pheromone production and male behavioural response, but similar to other Lepidoptera where these traits are under independent genetic control. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a single point mutation has been identified that underlies the phenotypic variation in the pheromone signal of a moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid T. Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michiel van Wijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Villacis-Perez
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kuperus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Schöfl
- Department Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Dennis van Veldhuizen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David G. Heckel
- Department Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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25
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Merrill RM, Rastas P, Martin SH, Melo MC, Barker S, Davey J, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD. Genetic dissection of assortative mating behavior. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2005902. [PMID: 30730873 PMCID: PMC6366751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of new species is made easier when traits under divergent ecological selection are also mating cues. Such ecological mating cues are now considered more common than previously thought, but we still know little about the genetic changes underlying their evolution or more generally about the genetic basis for assortative mating behaviors. Both tight physical linkage and the existence of large-effect preference loci will strengthen genetic associations between behavioral and ecological barriers, promoting the evolution of assortative mating. The warning patterns of Heliconius melpomene and H. cydno are under disruptive selection due to increased predation of nonmimetic hybrids and are used during mate recognition. We carried out a genome-wide quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of preference behaviors between these species and showed that divergent male preference has a simple genetic basis. We identify three QTLs that together explain a large proportion (approximately 60%) of the difference in preference behavior observed between the parental species. One of these QTLs is just 1.2 (0-4.8) centiMorgans (cM) from the major color pattern gene optix, and, individually, all three have a large effect on the preference phenotype. Genomic divergence between H. cydno and H. melpomene is high but broadly heterogenous, and admixture is reduced at the preference-optix color pattern locus but not the other preference QTLs. The simple genetic architecture we reveal will facilitate the evolution and maintenance of new species despite ongoing gene flow by coupling behavioral and ecological aspects of reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Merrill
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H. Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C. Melo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- IST Austria, Klosterburg, Austria
| | - Sarah Barker
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Davey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Ronacher B. Innate releasing mechanisms and fixed action patterns: basic ethological concepts as drivers for neuroethological studies on acoustic communication in Orthoptera. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:33-50. [PMID: 30617601 PMCID: PMC6394777 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-01311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the history of neuroethological studies on acoustic communication in insects. One objective is to reveal how basic ethological concepts developed in the 1930s, such as innate releasing mechanisms and fixed action patterns, have influenced the experimental and theoretical approaches to studying acoustic communication systems in Orthopteran insects. The idea of innateness of behaviors has directly fostered the search for central pattern generators that govern the stridulation patterns of crickets, katydids or grasshoppers. A central question pervading 50 years of research is how the essential match between signal features and receiver characteristics has evolved and is maintained during evolution. As in other disciplines, the tight interplay between technological developments and experimental and theoretical advances becomes evident throughout this review. While early neuroethological studies focused primarily on proximate questions such as the implementation of feature detectors or central pattern generators, later the interest shifted more towards ultimate questions. Orthoptera offer the advantage that both proximate and ultimate questions can be tackled in the same system. An important advance was the transition from laboratory studies under well-defined acoustic conditions to field studies that allowed to measure costs and benefits of acoustic signaling as well as constraints on song evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Ronacher
- Behavioural Physiology Group, Department of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Haus 18, 10099, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Tinghitella RM, Broder ED, Gurule-Small GA, Hallagan CJ, Wilson JD. Purring Crickets: The Evolution of a Novel Sexual Signal. Am Nat 2018; 192:773-782. [PMID: 30444653 DOI: 10.1086/700116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Opportunities to observe contemporary signal change are incredibly rare but critical for understanding how diversity is created and maintained. We discovered a population of the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) with a newly evolved song (purring), different from any known cricket. Male crickets use song to attract females from afar and to court females once near. Teleogryllus oceanicus is well known for sexual signal evolution, as exemplified by a recent signal loss. In this study, we characterized the new purring sound and investigated the role of the purr in long-distance and short-distance communication. The purring sound differed from typical ancestral calls in peak frequency, amplitude, and bandwidth. Further, the long-distance purring song facilitated mate location, though the role of courtship purring song is less clear. Our discovery of purring male crickets is an unprecedented opportunity to watch the emergence of a newly evolved sexual signal unfold in real time and has potential to illuminate the mechanisms by which evolutionary novelties arise and coevolve between the sexes.
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28
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Palacios-Gimenez OM, Bardella VB, Lemos B, Cabral-de-Mello DC. Satellite DNAs are conserved and differentially transcribed among Gryllus cricket species. DNA Res 2018; 25:137-147. [PMID: 29096008 PMCID: PMC5909420 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite DNA (satDNA) is an abundant class of non-coding repetitive DNA that is preferentially found as tandemly repeated arrays in gene-poor heterochromatin but is also present in gene-rich euchromatin. Here, we used DNA- and RNA-seq from Gryllus assimilis to address the content and transcriptional patterns of satDNAs. We also mapped RNA-seq libraries for other Gryllus species against the satDNAs found in G. assimilis and G. bimaculatus genomes to investigate their evolutionary conservation and transcriptional profiles in Gryllus. Through DNA-seq read clustering analysis using RepeatExplorer, dotplots analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping, we found that ∼4% of the G. assimilis genome is represented by 11 well-defined A + T-rich satDNA families. These are mainly located in heterochromatic areas, with some repeats able to form high-order repeat structures. By in silico transcriptional analysis we identified satDNAs that are conserved in Gryllus but differentially transcribed. The data regarding satDNA presence in G. assimilis genome were discussed in an evolutionary context, with transcriptional data enabling comparisons between sexes and across tissues when possible. We discuss hypotheses for the conservation and transcription of satDNAs in Gryllus, which might result from their role in sexual differentiation at the chromatin level, heterochromatin formation and centromeric function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Manuel Palacios-Gimenez
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.,Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa Bellini Bardella
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências/IB, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Blankers T, Oh KP, Bombarely A, Shaw KL. The Genomic Architecture of a Rapid Island Radiation: Recombination Rate Variation, Chromosome Structure, and Genome Assembly of the Hawaiian Cricket Laupala. Genetics 2018; 209:1329-1344. [PMID: 29875253 PMCID: PMC6063224 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic evolution and speciation depend on recombination in many ways. Within populations, recombination can promote adaptation by bringing together favorable mutations and decoupling beneficial and deleterious alleles. As populations diverge, crossing over can give rise to maladapted recombinants and impede or reverse diversification. Suppressed recombination due to genomic rearrangements, modifier alleles, and intrinsic chromosomal properties may offer a shield against maladaptive gene flow eroding coadapted gene complexes. Both theoretical and empirical results support this relationship. However, little is known about this relationship in the context of behavioral isolation, where coevolving signals and preferences are the major hybridization barrier. Here we examine the genomic architecture of recently diverged, sexually isolated Hawaiian swordtail crickets (Laupala). We assemble a de novo genome and generate three dense linkage maps from interspecies crosses. In line with expectations based on the species' recent divergence and successful interbreeding in the laboratory, the linkage maps are highly collinear and show no evidence for large-scale chromosomal rearrangements. Next, the maps were used to anchor the assembly to pseudomolecules and estimate recombination rates across the genome to test the hypothesis that loci involved in behavioral isolation (song and preference divergence) are in regions of low interspecific recombination. Contrary to our expectations, the genomic region where a male song and female preference QTL colocalize is not associated with particularly low recombination rates. This study provides important novel genomic resources for an emerging evolutionary genetics model system and suggests that trait-preference coevolution is not necessarily facilitated by locally suppressed recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blankers
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Kevin P Oh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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The Genetics of a Behavioral Speciation Phenotype in an Island System. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070346. [PMID: 29996514 PMCID: PMC6070818 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating behavior divergence can make significant contributions to reproductive isolation and speciation in various biogeographic contexts. However, whether the genetic architecture underlying mating behavior divergence is related to the biogeographic history and the tempo and mode of speciation remains poorly understood. Here, we use quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to infer the number, distribution, and effect size of mating song rhythm variations in the crickets Laupala eukolea and Laupala cerasina, which occur on different islands (Maui and Hawaii). We then compare these results with a similar study of an independently evolving species pair that diverged within the same island. Finally, we annotate the L. cerasina transcriptome and test whether the QTL fall in functionally enriched genomic regions. We document a polygenic architecture behind the song rhythm divergence in the inter-island species pair that is remarkably similar to that previously found for an intra-island species pair in the same genus. Importantly, the QTL regions were significantly enriched for potential homologs of the genes involved in pathways that may be modulating the cricket song rhythm. These clusters of loci could constrain the spatial genomic distribution of the genetic variation underlying the cricket song variation and harbor several candidate genes that merit further study.
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31
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Lefebvre PC, Seifert M, Stumpner A. Auditory DUM neurons in a bush-cricket: A filter bank for carrier frequency. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1166-1182. [PMID: 29380378 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In bush-crickets the first stage of central auditory processing occurs in the prothoracic ganglion. About 15 to 50 different auditory dorsal unpaired median neurons (DUM neurons) exist but they have not been studied in any detail. These DUM neurons may be classified into seven different morphological types, although, there is only limited correlation between morphology and physiological responses. Ninety seven percent of the stained neurons were local, 3% were intersegmental. About 90% project nearly exclusively into the auditory neuropile, and 45% into restricted areas therein. Lateral extensions overlap with the axons of primary auditory sensory neurons close to their branching point. DUM neurons are typically tuned to frequencies covering the range between 2 and 50 kHz and thereby may establish a filter bank for carrier frequency. Less than 10% of DUM neurons have their branches in adjacent and more posterior regions of the auditory neuropile and are mostly tuned to low frequencies, less sensitive than the other types and respond to vibration. Thirty five percent of DUM show indications of inhibition, either through reduced responses at higher intensities, or by hyperpolarizing responses to sound. Most DUM neurons produce phasic spike responses preferably at higher intensities. Spikes may be elicited by intracellular current injection. Preliminary data suggest that auditory DUM neurons have GABA as transmitter and therefore may inhibit other auditory interneurons. From all known local auditory neurons, only DUM neurons have frequency specific responses which appear suited for local processing relevant for acoustic communication in bush crickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paule Chloé Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, University of Göttingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marvin Seifert
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, University of Göttingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stumpner
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, University of Göttingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
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32
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Genomic tools for behavioural ecologists to understand repeatable individual differences in behaviour. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:944-955. [PMID: 29434349 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Behaviour is a key interface between an animal's genome and its environment. Repeatable individual differences in behaviour have been extensively documented in animals, but the molecular underpinnings of behavioural variation among individuals within natural populations remain largely unknown. Here, we offer a critical review of when molecular techniques may yield new insights, and we provide specific guidance on how and whether the latest tools available are appropriate given different resources, system and organismal constraints, and experimental designs. Integrating molecular genetic techniques with other strategies to study the proximal causes of behaviour provides opportunities to expand rapidly into new avenues of exploration. Such endeavours will enable us to better understand how repeatable individual differences in behaviour have evolved, how they are expressed and how they can be maintained within natural populations of animals.
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Abstract
Behaviors are among the most complex phenotypes, making the genetic dissection of behavioral differences extremely challenging. A careful dissection of ontogenetic differences in burrowing behavior between mouse species highlights the importance of integrative approaches to the study of behavioral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sheehan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Caitlin H Miller
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Caleb C Vogt
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Russell A Ligon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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34
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Kopp M, Servedio MR, Mendelson TC, Safran RJ, Rodríguez RL, Hauber ME, Scordato EC, Symes LB, Balakrishnan CN, Zonana DM, van Doorn GS. Mechanisms of Assortative Mating in Speciation with Gene Flow: Connecting Theory and Empirical Research. Am Nat 2018; 191:1-20. [DOI: 10.1086/694889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Bay RA, Arnegard ME, Conte GL, Best J, Bedford NL, McCann SR, Dubin ME, Chan YF, Jones FC, Kingsley DM, Schluter D, Peichel CL. Genetic Coupling of Female Mate Choice with Polygenic Ecological Divergence Facilitates Stickleback Speciation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3344-3349.e4. [PMID: 29056455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecological speciation with gene flow is widespread in nature [1], but it presents a conundrum: how are associations between traits under divergent natural selection and traits that contribute to assortative mating maintained? Theoretical models suggest that genetic mechanisms inhibiting free recombination between loci underlying these two types of traits (hereafter, "genetic coupling") can facilitate speciation [2-4]. Here, we perform a direct test for genetic coupling by mapping both divergent traits and female mate choice in a classic model of ecological speciation: sympatric benthic and limnetic threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). By measuring mate choice in F2 hybrid females, we allowed for recombination between loci underlying assortative mating and those under divergent ecological selection. In semi-natural mating arenas in which females had access to both benthic and limnetic males, we found that F2 females mated with males similar to themselves in body size and shape. In addition, we found two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with female mate choice that also predicted female morphology along the benthic-limnetic trait axis. Furthermore, a polygenic genetic model that explains adaptation to contrasting benthic and limnetic feeding niches [5] also predicted F2 female mate choice. Together, these results provide empirical evidence that genetic coupling of assortative mating with traits under divergent ecological selection helps maintain species in the face of gene flow, despite a polygenic basis for adaptation to divergent environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Bay
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Drive #300, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Matthew E Arnegard
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gina L Conte
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jacob Best
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicole L Bedford
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shaugnessy R McCann
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew E Dubin
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yingguang Frank Chan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Felicity C Jones
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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36
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Lemmon EM, Juenger TE. Geographic variation in hybridization across a reinforcement contact zone of chorus frogs ( Pseudacris). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9485-9502. [PMID: 29187984 PMCID: PMC5696400 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement contact zones, which are secondary contact zones where species are diverging in reproductive behaviors due to selection against hybridization, represent natural laboratories for studying speciation‐in‐action. Here, we examined replicate localities across the entire reinforcement contact zone between North American chorus frogs Pseudacris feriarum and P. nigrita to investigate geographic variation in hybridization frequencies and to assess whether reinforcement may have contributed to increased genetic divergence within species. Previous work indicated these species have undergone reproductive character displacement (RCD) in male acoustic signals and female preferences due to reinforcement. We also examined acoustic signal variation across the contact zone to assess whether signal characteristics reliably predict hybrid index and to elucidate whether the degree of RCD predicts hybridization rate. Using microsatellites, mitochondrial sequences, and acoustic signal information from >1,000 individuals across >50 localities and ten sympatric focal regions, we demonstrate: (1) hybridization occurs and (2) varies substantially across the geographic range of the contact zone, (3) hybridization is asymmetric and in the direction predicted from observed patterns of asymmetric RCD, (4) in one species, genetic distance is higher between conspecific localities where one or both have been reinforced than between nonreinforced localities, after controlling for geographic distance, (5) acoustic signal characters strongly predict hybrid index, and (6) the degree of RCD does not strongly predict admixture levels. By showing that hybridization occurs in all sympatric localities, this study provides the fifth and final line of evidence that reproductive character displacement is due to reinforcement in the chorus frog contact zone. Furthermore, this work suggests that the dual action of cascade reinforcement and partial geographic isolation is promoting genetic diversification within one of the reinforced species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas, Austin Austin TX USA
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37
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Schultzhaus JN, Nixon JJ, Duran JA, Carney GE. Diet alters Drosophila melanogaster mate preference and attractiveness. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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38
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Jacob PF, Hedwig B. Acoustic signalling for mate attraction in crickets: Abdominal ganglia control the timing of the calling song pattern. Behav Brain Res 2016; 309:51-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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39
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40
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Schöneich S, Kostarakos K, Hedwig B. An auditory feature detection circuit for sound pattern recognition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500325. [PMID: 26601259 PMCID: PMC4643773 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
From human language to birdsong and the chirps of insects, acoustic communication is based on amplitude and frequency modulation of sound signals. Whereas frequency processing starts at the level of the hearing organs, temporal features of the sound amplitude such as rhythms or pulse rates require processing by central auditory neurons. Besides several theoretical concepts, brain circuits that detect temporal features of a sound signal are poorly understood. We focused on acoustically communicating field crickets and show how five neurons in the brain of females form an auditory feature detector circuit for the pulse pattern of the male calling song. The processing is based on a coincidence detector mechanism that selectively responds when a direct neural response and an intrinsically delayed response to the sound pulses coincide. This circuit provides the basis for auditory mate recognition in field crickets and reveals a principal mechanism of sensory processing underlying the perception of temporal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Berthold Hedwig
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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41
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Fowler-Finn KD, Kilmer JT, Hallett AC, Rodríguez RL. Variation in signal-preference genetic correlations in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2774-86. [PMID: 26306166 PMCID: PMC4541985 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisherian selection is a within-population process that promotes signal–preference coevolution and speciation due to signal–preference genetic correlations. The importance of the contribution of Fisherian selection to speciation depends in part on the answer to two outstanding questions: What explains differences in the strength of signal–preference genetic correlations? And, how does the magnitude of within-species signal–preference covariation compare to species differences in signals and preferences? To address these questions, we tested for signal–preference genetic correlations in two members of the Enchenopa binotata complex, a clade of plant-feeding insects wherein speciation involves the colonization of novel host plants and signal–preference divergence. We used a full-sibling, split-family rearing experiment to estimate genetic correlations and to analyze the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences. Genetic correlations were weak or zero, but exploration of the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences revealed some full-sib families that varied by as much as 50% of the distance between similar species in the E. binotata complex. This result was stronger in the species that showed greater amounts of genetic variation in signals and preferences. We argue that some forms of weak signal–preference genetic correlation may have important evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey D Fowler-Finn
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; Department of Biology, Saint Louis University Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph T Kilmer
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allysa C Hallett
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rafael L Rodríguez
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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42
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Steiger S, Capodeanu-Nägler A, Gershman SN, Weddle CB, Rapkin J, Sakaluk SK, Hunt J. Female choice for male cuticular hydrocarbon profile in decorated crickets is not based on similarity to their own profile. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2175-86. [PMID: 26301596 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indirect genetic benefits derived from female mate choice comprise additive (good genes) and nonadditive genetic benefits (genetic compatibility). Although good genes can be revealed by condition-dependent display traits, the mechanism by which compatibility alleles are detected is unclear because evaluation of the genetic similarity of a prospective mate requires the female to assess the genotype of the male and compare it to her own. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), lipids coating the exoskeleton of most insects, influence female mate choice in a number of species and offer a way for females to assess genetic similarity of prospective mates. Here, we determine whether female mate choice in decorated crickets is based on male CHCs and whether it is influenced by females' own CHC profiles. We used multivariate selection analysis to estimate the strength and form of selection acting on male CHCs through female mate choice, and employed different measures of multivariate dissimilarity to determine whether a female's preference for male CHCs is based on similarity to her own CHC profile. Female mating preferences were significantly influenced by CHC profiles of males. Male CHC attractiveness was not, however, contingent on the CHC profile of the choosing female, as certain male CHC phenotypes were equally attractive to most females, evidenced by significant linear and stabilizing selection gradients. These results suggest that additive genetic benefits, rather than nonadditive genetic benefits, accrue to female mate choice, in support of earlier work showing that CHC expression of males, but not females, is condition dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steiger
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Capodeanu-Nägler
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - S N Gershman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Marion, Marion, OH, USA
| | - C B Weddle
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - J Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - S K Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - J Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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43
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Blankers T, Lübke AK, Hennig RM. Phenotypic variation and covariation indicate high evolvability of acoustic communication in crickets. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1656-69. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Blankers
- Behavioural Physiology; Department of Biology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science; Berlin Germany
| | - A. K. Lübke
- Behavioural Physiology; Department of Biology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - R. M. Hennig
- Behavioural Physiology; Department of Biology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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44
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Bailey RI, Tesaker MR, Trier CN, Saetre GP. Strong selection on male plumage in a hybrid zone between a hybrid bird species and one of its parents. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1257-69. [PMID: 25940369 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS) requires reproductive barriers between hybrid and parent species, despite incomplete reproductive isolation (RI) between the parents. Novel secondary sexual trait values in hybrids may cause prezygotic isolation from both parents, whereas signals inherited by the hybrid from one parent species may cause prezygotic isolation with the other. Here we investigate whether differences in male plumage function as a premating barrier between the hybrid Italian sparrow and one of its parent species, the house sparrow, in a narrow Alpine hybrid zone. Italian sparrow male plumage is a composite mosaic of the parental traits, with its head plumage most similar to its other parent, the Spanish sparrow. We use geographical cline analysis to examine selection on three plumage traits, 75 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and hybrid indices based on these SNPs. Several SNPs showed evidence of restricted introgression in the Alps, supporting earlier findings. Crown colour exhibited the narrowest plumage cline, representing a 37% (range 4-65%) drop in fitness. The cline was too narrow to be due to neutral introgression. Only crown colour was significantly bimodal in the hybrid zone. Bimodality may be due to RI or a major QTL, although fitness estimates suggest that selection contributes to the pattern. We discuss the implications with respect to HHS and the species status of the Italian sparrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Bailey
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M R Tesaker
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C N Trier
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G-P Saetre
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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45
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Soulebeau A, Aubriot X, Gaudeul M, Rouhan G, Hennequin S, Haevermans T, Dubuisson JY, Jabbour F. The hypothesis of adaptive radiation in evolutionary biology: hard facts about a hazy concept. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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46
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Fowler-Finn KD, Rodríguez RL. The causes of variation in the presence of genetic covariance between sexual traits and preferences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:498-510. [PMID: 25808899 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mating traits and mate preferences often show patterns of tight correspondence across populations and species. These patterns of apparent coevolution may result from a genetic association between traits and preferences (i.e. trait-preference genetic covariance). We review the literature on trait-preference covariance to determine its prevalence and potential biological relevance. Of the 43 studies we identified, a surprising 63% detected covariance. We test multiple hypotheses for factors that may influence the likelihood of detecting this covariance. The main predictor was the presence of genetic variation in mate preferences, which is one of the three main conditions required for the establishment of covariance. In fact, 89% of the nine studies where heritability of preference was high detected covariance. Variables pertaining to the experimental methods and type of traits involved in different studies did not greatly influence the detection of trait-preference covariance. Trait-preference genetic covariance appears to be widespread and therefore represents an important and currently underappreciated factor in the coevolution of traits and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey D Fowler-Finn
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Macelwane Hall, 3507 Laclede Ave., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2010, U.S.A
| | - Rafael L Rodríguez
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Lapham Hall, 3209 N. Maryland Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A
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47
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Ding B, Daugherty DW, Husemann M, Chen M, Howe AE, Danley PD. Quantitative Genetic Analyses of Male Color Pattern and Female Mate Choice in a Pair of Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114798. [PMID: 25494046 PMCID: PMC4262453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The traits involved in sexual selection, such as male secondary sexual characteristics and female mate choice, often co-evolve which can promote population differentiation. However, the genetic architecture of these phenotypes can influence their evolvability and thereby affect the divergence of species. The extraordinary diversity of East African cichlid fishes is often attributed to strong sexual selection and thus this system provides an excellent model to test predictions regarding the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits that contribute to reproductive isolation. In particular, theory predicts that rapid speciation is facilitated when male sexual traits and female mating preferences are controlled by a limited number of linked genes. However, few studies have examined the genetic basis of male secondary sexual traits and female mating preferences in cichlids and none have investigated the genetic architecture of both jointly. In this study, we artificially hybridized a pair of behaviorally isolated cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi and quantified both melanistic color pattern and female mate choice. We investigated the genetic architecture of both phenotypes using quantitative genetic analyses. Our results suggest that 1) many non-additively acting genetic factors influence melanistic color patterns, 2) female mate choice may be controlled by a minimum of 1-2 non-additive genetic factors, and 3) F2 female mate choice is not influenced by male courting effort. Furthermore, a joint analysis of color pattern and female mate choice indicates that the genes underlying these two traits are unlikely to be physically linked. These results suggest that reproductive isolation may evolve rapidly owing to the few genetic factors underlying female mate choice. Hence, female mate choice likely played an important role in the unparalleled speciation of East African cichlid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Ding
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Daugherty
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Martin Husemann
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Ming Chen
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Aimee E. Howe
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
| | - Patrick D. Danley
- Biology Department, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, Texas, 76798, United States of America
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48
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Culumber ZW, Bautista-Hernández CE, Monks S, Arias-Rodriguez L, Tobler M. Variation in Melanism and Female Preference in Proximate but Ecologically Distinct Environments. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W. Culumber
- Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”; Calnali Hidalgo Mexico
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Christian E. Bautista-Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”; Calnali Hidalgo Mexico
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Scott Monks
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Lenin Arias-Rodriguez
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT); Villahermosa Tabasco Mexico
| | - Michael Tobler
- Department of Zoology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
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49
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Symes LB. Community composition affects the shape of mate response functions. Evolution 2014; 68:2005-13. [PMID: 24689891 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of mate preferences can be critical for the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation. Heterospecific interference may carry substantial fitness costs and result in preferences where females are most responsive to the mean conspecific trait with low response to traits that differ from this value. However, when male traits are unbounded by heterospecifics, there may not be selection against females that respond to extreme trait values in the unbounded direction. To test how heterospecifics affected the shape of female response functions, I presented female Oecanthus tree crickets with synthetic calls representing a range of male calls, then measured female phonotaxis to construct response functions. The species with the fastest pulse rates in the community consistently responded to pulse rates faster than those produced by their males, whereas in the intermediate and slowest pulse rate species there was no significant difference between the male trait and the female response. This work suggests that species with the most extreme signal in the community respond to a greater range of signals, potentially resulting in a higher probability of hybridization during secondary contact, and revealing interactions between mate recognition and other aspects of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B Symes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755.
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50
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Seehausen O, Butlin RK, Keller I, Wagner CE, Boughman JW, Hohenlohe PA, Peichel CL, Saetre GP, Bank C, Brännström A, Brelsford A, Clarkson CS, Eroukhmanoff F, Feder JL, Fischer MC, Foote AD, Franchini P, Jiggins CD, Jones FC, Lindholm AK, Lucek K, Maan ME, Marques DA, Martin SH, Matthews B, Meier JI, Möst M, Nachman MW, Nonaka E, Rennison DJ, Schwarzer J, Watson ET, Westram AM, Widmer A. Genomics and the origin of species. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:176-92. [PMID: 24535286 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Speciation is a fundamental evolutionary process, the knowledge of which is crucial for understanding the origins of biodiversity. Genomic approaches are an increasingly important aspect of this research field. We review current understanding of genome-wide effects of accumulating reproductive isolation and of genomic properties that influence the process of speciation. Building on this work, we identify emergent trends and gaps in our understanding, propose new approaches to more fully integrate genomics into speciation research, translate speciation theory into hypotheses that are testable using genomic tools and provide an integrative definition of the field of speciation genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; and the Sven Lovén Centre - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, S-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Irene Keller
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; and the Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, ETH Zentrum CHN, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Wagner
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janette W Boughman
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and the Department of Zoology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior Program; BEACON Center, Michigan State University, 203 Natural Sciences, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Paul A Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3051, USA
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Glenn-Peter Saetre
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO BOX 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Bank
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ake Brännström
- Integrated Science Laboratory and the Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabrice Eroukhmanoff
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, PO BOX 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369 USA
| | - Martin C Fischer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, ETH Zentrum CHN, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D Foote
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Present address: the Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolo Franchini
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Felicity C Jones
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna K Lindholm
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; and the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martine E Maan
- Behavioural Biology Group, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, PO BOX 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David A Marques
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, and the Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Joana I Meier
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, and the Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Möst
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; and the Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael W Nachman
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3160, USA
| | - Etsuko Nonaka
- Integrated Science Laboratory and Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Diana J Rennison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julia Schwarzer
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; the Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; and Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eric T Watson
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, 76010-0498 Texas, USA
| | - Anja M Westram
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, ETH Zentrum CHN, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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