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Xie L, Fang J, Yu J, Zhang W, He Z, Ye L, Wang H. The role of CD4 + T cells in tumor and chronic viral immune responses. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e390. [PMID: 37829505 PMCID: PMC10565399 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are mainly aimed to promote a CD8+ T cell response rather than a CD4+ T cell response as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can directly kill target cells. Recently, CD4+ T cells have received more attention due to their diverse roles in tumors and chronic viral infections. In antitumor and antichronic viral responses, CD4+ T cells relay help signals through dendritic cells to indirectly regulate CD8+ T cell response, interact with B cells or macrophages to indirectly modulate humoral immunity or macrophage polarization, and inhibit tumor blood vessel formation. Additionally, CD4+ T cells can also exhibit direct cytotoxicity toward target cells. However, regulatory T cells exhibit immunosuppression and CD4+ T cells become exhausted, which promote tumor progression and chronic viral persistence. Finally, we also outline immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, including adoptive cell transfer, vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockade. Overall, this review summarizes diverse roles of CD4+ T cells in the antitumor or protumor and chronic viral responses, and also highlights the immunotherapies based on CD4+ T cells, giving a better understanding of their roles in tumors and chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyingzi Xie
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jingyi Fang
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Juncheng Yu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryXinqiao Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Weinan Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic SurgeryArmy Medical Center of PLAAmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lilin Ye
- The Institute of ImmunologyThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryChongqing General HospitalChongqingChina
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2
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Hwang KS, Seo EU, Choi N, Kim J, Kim HN. 3D engineered tissue models for studying human-specific infectious viral diseases. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:576-594. [PMID: 36204281 PMCID: PMC9519398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause damage to various organ systems by inducing organ-specific symptoms or systemic multi-organ damage. Depending on the infection route and virus type, infectious diseases are classified as respiratory, nervous, immune, digestive, or skin infections. Since these infectious diseases can widely spread in the community and their catastrophic effects are severe, identification of their causative agent and mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis is an urgent necessity. Although infection-associated mechanisms have been studied in two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models and animal models, they have shown limitations in organ-specific or human-associated pathogenesis, and the development of a human-organ-mimetic system is required. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) engineered tissue models, which can present human organ-like physiology in terms of the 3D structure, utilization of human-originated cells, recapitulation of physiological stimuli, and tight cell–cell interactions, were developed. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that these models can recapitulate infection-associated pathologies. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in 3D engineered tissue models that mimic organ-specific viral infections. First, we briefly described the limitations of the current 2D and animal models in recapitulating human-specific viral infection pathology. Next, we provided an overview of recently reported viral infection models, focusing particularly on organ-specific infection pathologies. Finally, a future perspective that must be pursued to reconstitute more human-specific infectious diseases is presented. 3D in vitro models are different from the traditional model in the infection process. Human-specific infection research requires a 3D microenvironment and human cells. 3D in vitro infectious models can be useful for basic research on infectious disease. 3D in vitro infectious models recapitulate the complex cell-virus-immune interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Seob Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun U Seo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Chong AC, Visitsunthorn K, Ong PY. Genetic/Environmental Contributions and Immune Dysregulation in Children with Atopic Dermatitis. J Asthma Allergy 2022; 15:1681-1700. [PMID: 36447957 PMCID: PMC9701514 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s293900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin conditions in humans. AD affects up to 20% of children worldwide and results in morbidity for both patients and their caregivers. The basis of AD is an interplay between genetics and the environment characterized by immune dysregulation. A myriad of mutations that compromise the skin barrier and/or immune function have been linked to AD. Of these, filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations are the most evidenced. Many other mutations have been implicated in isolated studies that are often unreplicated, creating an archive of genes with potential but unconfirmed relevance to AD. Harnessing big data, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may provide a more practical strategy for identifying the genetic signatures of AD. Epigenetics may also play a role. Staphylococcus aureus is the most evidenced microbial contributor to AD. Cutaneous dysbiosis may result in over-colonization by pathogenic strains and aberrant skin immunity and inflammation. Aeroallergens, air pollution, and climate are other key environmental contributors to AD. The right climate and/or commensals may improve AD for some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Chong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peck Y Ong
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Brewer MG, Monticelli SR, Moran MC, Miller BL, Beck LA, Ward BM. Conditions That Simulate the Environment of Atopic Dermatitis Enhance Susceptibility of Human Keratinocytes to Vaccinia Virus. Cells 2022; 11:1337. [PMID: 35456017 PMCID: PMC9025056 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with underlying chronic skin conditions, notably atopic dermatitis (AD), are disproportionately affected by infections from members of the herpesviridae, papovaviridae, and poxviridae families. Many patients with AD experience recurrent, widespread cutaneous viral infections that can lead to viremia, serious organ complications, and even death. Little is known about how the type 2 inflammatory environment observed in the skin of AD patients impacts the susceptibility of epidermal cells (keratinocytes) to viral pathogens. Herein, we studied the susceptibility of keratinocytes to the prototypical poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VV)-the causative agent of eczema vaccinatum-under conditions that simulate the epidermal environment observed in AD. Treatment of keratinocytes with type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and -13) to simulate the inflammatory environment or a tight junction disrupting peptide to mirror the barrier disruption observed in AD patients, resulted in a differentiation-dependent increase in susceptibility to VV. Furthermore, pan JAK inhibition was able to diminish the VV susceptibility occurring in keratinocytes exposed to type 2 cytokines. We propose that in AD, the increased viral susceptibility of keratinocytes leads to enhanced virus production in the skin, which contributes to the rampant dissemination and pathology seen within patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (B.L.M.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Stephanie R. Monticelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (S.R.M.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Mary C. Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (S.R.M.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Benjamin L. Miller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (B.L.M.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (B.L.M.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Brian M. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (S.R.M.); (M.C.M.)
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5
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Hu X, Deng Y, Chen X, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wu H, Yang S, Chen F, Zhou Z, Wang M, Qiu Z, Liao Y. Immune Response of A Novel ATR-AP205-001 Conjugate Anti-hypertensive Vaccine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12580. [PMID: 28974760 PMCID: PMC5626684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a virus-like particle (VLP)-based therapeutic vaccine against angiotensin II receptor type 1, ATR-AP205-001, which could significantly reduce the blood pressure and protect target organs of hypertensive animals. In this study, we focused on the immunological effect and safety of the VLP-based vaccine. By comparing to the depolymerized dimeric vaccine ATR-Dimer-001, we found that ATR-AP205-001 reached subcapsular sinus of lymph node shortly after administration, followed by accumulation on follicle dendritic cells via follicle B cell transportation, while ATR-Dimer-001 vaccine showed no association with FDCs. ATR-AP205-001 vaccine strongly activated dendritic cells, which promoted T cells differentiation to follicular helper T cells. ATR-AP205-001 vaccine induced powerful germinal center reaction, which was translated to a boost of specific antibody production and long-lasting B cell memory, far superior to ATR-Dimer-001 vaccine. Moreover, neither cytotoxic T cells, nor Th1/Th17 cell-mediated inflammation was observed in ATR-AP205-001 vaccine, similar to ATR-Dimer-001 vaccine. We concluded that ATR-AP205-001 vaccine quickly induced potent humoral immunity through collaboration of B cells, follicular dendritic cells and follicular helper T cells, providing an effective and safe intervention for hypertension in the future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiajun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yihuan Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanzhao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hailang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shijun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zihua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Key Lab of Molecular Biological Targeted Therapies of the Ministry of Education, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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6
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Tian T, Jin MQ, Dubin K, King SL, Hoetzenecker W, Murphy GF, Chen CA, Kupper TS, Fuhlbrigge RC. IL-1R Type 1-Deficient Mice Demonstrate an Impaired Host Immune Response against Cutaneous Vaccinia Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4341-4351. [PMID: 28468973 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The IL-1 superfamily of cytokines and receptors has been studied extensively. However, the specific roles of IL-1 elements in host immunity to cutaneous viral infection remain elusive. In this study, we applied vaccinia virus (VACV) by scarification to IL-1R1 knockout mice (IL-1R1-/-) and found that these mice developed markedly larger lesions with higher viral genome copies in skin than did wild-type mice. The phenotype of infected IL-1R1-/- mice was similar to eczema vaccinatum, a severe side effect of VACV vaccination that may develop in humans with atopic dermatitis. Interestingly, the impaired cutaneous response of IL-1R1-/- mice did not reflect a systemic immune deficiency, because immunized IL-1R1-/- mice survived subsequent lethal VACV intranasal challenge, or defects of T cell activation or T cell homing to the site of inoculation. Histologic evaluation revealed that VACV infection and replication after scarification were limited to the epidermal layer of wild-type mice, whereas lack of IL-1R1 permitted extension of VACV infection into dermal layers of the skin. We explored the etiology of this discrepancy and determined that IL-1R1-/- mice contained significantly more macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in the dermis after VACV scarification. These cells were vulnerable to VACV infection and may augment the transmission of virus to adjacent skin, thus leading to larger skin lesions and satellite lesions in IL-1R1-/- mice. These results suggest new therapeutic strategies for treatment of eczema vaccinatum and inform assessment of risks in patients receiving IL-1 blocking Abs for treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | | | - Krista Dubin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sandra L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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7
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Dos Santos Pereira Andrade AC, Lima MT, Oliveira GP, Calixto RS, de Sales E Souza ÉL, da Glória de Souza D, de Almeida Leite CM, Ferreira JMS, Kroon EG, de Oliveira DB, Dos Santos Martins F, Abrahão JS. Daily ingestion of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 decreases Vaccinia virus dissemination and lethality in a mouse model. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:73-80. [PMID: 27873547 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is an important pathogen. Although studies have shown relationships between probiotics and viruses, the effect of probiotics on VACV infection is unknown. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the probiotics effects on VACV infection. Mice were divided into four groups, two non-infected groups, one receiving the probiotic, the other one not receiving it, and two groups infected intranasally with VACV Western Reserve (VACV-WR) receiving or not receiving the probiotic. Viral titres in organs and cytokine production in the lungs were analysed. Lung samples were also subjected to histological analysis. The intake of probiotic results in reduction in viral spread with a significant decrease of VACV titer on lung, liver and brain of treated group. In addition,treatment with the probiotic results in attenuated mice lung inflammation showing fewer lesions on histological findings and decreased lethality in mice infected with VACV. The ingestion of Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 (LPST11) after VACV infection resulted in 2/9 animal lethality compared with 4/9 in the VACV group. This is the first study on probiotics and VACV interactions, providing not only information about this interaction, but also proposing a model for future studies involving probiotics and other poxvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Dos Santos Pereira Andrade
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M Teixeira Lima
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - G Pereira Oliveira
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - R Silva Calixto
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - É Lorenna de Sales E Souza
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D da Glória de Souza
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - C M de Almeida Leite
- 2 Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J M Siqueira Ferreira
- 3 Laboratório de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296 Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - E G Kroon
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - D Bretas de Oliveira
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F Dos Santos Martins
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - J S Abrahão
- 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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8
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Ong PY, Leung DYM. Bacterial and Viral Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 51:329-337. [PMID: 27377298 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common allergic skin disease in the general population. It is a chronic inflammatory skin disease complicated by recurrent bacterial and viral infections that, when left untreated, can lead to significant complications. The current article will review immunologic and molecular mechanisms underlying the propensity of AD patients to microbial infections. These infections include Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) skin infections, eczema herpeticum, eczema vaccinatum, and eczema coxsackium. Previous studies have shown that skin barrier defects, a decrease in antimicrobial peptides, increased skin pH, or Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 are potential contributing factors for the increased risk of skin infections in AD. In addition, bacterial virulence such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) produces significantly higher number of superantigens that increase their potential in causing infection and more severe cutaneous inflammation in AD patients. More recent studies suggest that skin microbiome including Staphylococcus epidermidis or other coagulase-negative staphylococci may play an important role in controlling S. aureus skin infections in AD. Other studies also suggest that genetic variants in the innate immune response may predispose AD patients to increased risk of viral skin infections. These genetic variants include thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), type I interferon (α, ß, ω), type II interferon (γ), and molecular pathways that lead to the production of interferons (interferon regulatory factor 2). A common staphylococcal toxin, α-toxin, may also play a role in enhancing herpes simplex virus skin infections in AD. Further understanding of these disease processes may have important clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of skin infections in this common skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street (Room K926i), Denver, 80206, CO, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA.
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9
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Findlay F, Proudfoot L, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Cationic host defense peptides; novel antimicrobial therapeutics against Category A pathogens and emerging infections. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:137-47. [PMID: 27315342 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1195036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic Host Defense Peptides (HDP, also known as antimicrobial peptides) are crucial components of the innate immune system and possess broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory activities. They can contribute to the rapid clearance of biological agents through direct killing of the organisms, inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators such as lipopolysaccharide, and by modulating the inflammatory response to infection. Category A biological agents and materials, as classified by the United States National Institutes for Health, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the US Department of Homeland Security, carry the most severe threat in terms of human health, transmissibility, and preparedness. As such, there is a pressing need for novel frontline approaches for prevention and treatment of diseases caused by these organisms, and exploiting the broad antimicrobial activity exhibited by cationic host defense peptides represents an exciting priority area for clinical research. This review will summarize what is known about the antimicrobial and antiviral effects of the two main families of cationic host defense peptides, cathelicidins, and defensins in the context of Category A biological agents which include, but are not limited to; anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), plague (Yersinia pestis), smallpox (Variola major), tularemia (Francisella tularensis). In addition, we highlight priority areas, particularly emerging viral infections, where more extensive research is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Findlay
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
| | - Lorna Proudfoot
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
| | - Craig Stevens
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
| | - Peter G Barlow
- a School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh Napier University , Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN , UK
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10
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Oyoshi MK, Venturelli N, Geha RS. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33 promote skin inflammation and vaccinia virus replication in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:283-286. [PMID: 26830114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Nicholas Venturelli
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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11
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Nan YM, Zhang YG, Zheng HW, An CM, Li YS, Zhang Y, Sun DX, Li CY, Li Q, Tong LX, Kong LB, Zhao SX, Wang RQ, Meng P, Su SS, He H, Niu XM. Individualized treatment strategies and predictors of virological response for chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter prospective study from China. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:14871-14884. [PMID: 26628969 PMCID: PMC4658858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapy comprising pegylated interferon-alpha (PegIFNα) and ribavirin (RBV) has been the standard of care for the chronic hepatitis C patients for more than a decade. Recently, direct antiviral agents show better efficacy, tolerance, and shorter treatment duration. However, the prohibitive costs of the regimens limit their use in developing countries where most of the HCV infection exists. Optimizing the treatment and understanding the host- and virus-factors associated with viral clearance were necessary for individualizing therapy to maximize sustained virologic response. To explore individualized antiviral strategies with PegIFNα-2a/IFNα-2b plus ribavirin for CHC patients, and to clarify predictive factors for virological response. A cohort of 314 patients were included in this open-label, prospective clinical trial, which received individualized doses of PegIFNα-2a or IFNα-2b combined with RBV according to body weight, disease status and complications, with the duration of 44 weeks after HCV RNA undetectable. All the IL-28B (rs8099917), IL-17A (rs8193036), IL-17B (rs2275913) and PD-1.1 SNPs were genotyped using the TaqMan system. The sustained virological response (SVR) in PegIFNα-2a group was significantly higher than that in IFNα-2b (85.8% vs 75.0%, P = 0.034), especially in HCV genotype 1 (84.0% vs 64.3%, P = 0.022). However, no significant differences were found in rapid virological response (RVR), complete early virological response (cEVR) and SVR between PegIFNα-2a and IFNα-2b according to different doses, respectively. The genotype frequency of IL-28B TT in patients with cEVR, SVR was higher than that in non-responsed patients (93.8% vs 78.1%, χ(2) = 7.827, P = 0.005; 95.9% vs 80.4%, χ(2) = 9.394, P = 0.002). No significant correlation between the genotype distribution of IL-17A, IL-17B and PD-1.1 with virological response. Individualized regimens of PegIFNα-2a/RBV and IFNα-2b/RBV could achieve satisfied virological response in Chinese HCV patients. The IL-28B (rs8099917) TT genotype is a clinical usefully marker for cEVR and SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Min Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zhang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan-Wei Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang CityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Chun-Mian An
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, People’s Hospital of Xingtai CityXingtai, China
| | - You-Sheng Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Handan CityHandan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Cangzhou CityCangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Xing Sun
- Department of Liver Disease, Bethune International Peace HospitalShijiazhuang, China
| | - Cang-You Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Cangzhou CityCangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Liver Disease, Infectious Diseases Hospital of Handan CityHandan, China
| | - Li-Xin Tong
- Department of Liver Disease, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling-Bo Kong
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Su-Xian Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong-Qi Wang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Su
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Min Niu
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuang, China
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12
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Simon WL, Salk HM, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Cytokine production associated with smallpox vaccine responses. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1097-112. [PMID: 25428648 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated 34 years ago due to the success of the smallpox vaccine; yet, the vaccine continues to be studied because of its importance in responding to potential biological warfare and the adverse events associated with current smallpox vaccines. Interindividual variations in vaccine response are observed and are, in part, due to genetic variation. In some cases, these varying responses lead to adverse events, which occur at a relatively high rate for the smallpox vaccine compared with other vaccines. Here, we aim to summarize the cytokine responses associated with smallpox vaccine response to date. Along with a description of each of these cytokines, we describe the genetic and adverse event data associated with cytokine responses to smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L Simon
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Oyoshi MK, Beaupré J, Venturelli N, Lewis CN, Iwakura Y, Geha RS. Filaggrin deficiency promotes the dissemination of cutaneously inoculated vaccinia virus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1511-8.e6. [PMID: 25649082 PMCID: PMC4461532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema vaccinatum is a life-threatening complication of smallpox vaccination in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) characterized by dissemination of vaccinia virus (VV) in the skin and internal organs. Mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene, the most common genetic risk factor for AD, confer a greater risk for eczema herpeticum in patients with AD, suggesting that it impairs the response to cutaneous viral infections. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effects of FLG deficiency on the response of mice to cutaneous VV inoculation. METHODS VV was inoculated by means of scarification of unsensitized skin or skin topically sensitized with ovalbumin in FLG-deficient flaky tail (ft/ft) mice or wild-type (WT) control mice. The sizes of primary and satellite skin lesions were measured, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. VV genome copy numbers and cytokine mRNA levels were measured by using quantitative PCR. RESULTS VV inoculation in unsensitized skin of ft/ft mice, independent of the matted hair mutation, resulted in larger primary lesions, more abundant satellite lesions, heavier viral loads in internal organs, greater epidermal thickness, dermal cellular infiltration, and higher local Il17a, Il4, Il13, and Ifng mRNA levels than in WT control mice. VV inoculation at sites of topical ovalbumin application amplified all of these features in ft/ft mice but had no detectable effect in WT control mice. The number of satellite lesions and the viral loads in internal organs after cutaneous VV inoculation were significantly reduced in both unsensitized and topically sensitized ft/ftxIl17a(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION FLG deficiency predisposes to eczema vaccinatum. This is mediated primarily through production of IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Jacqueline Beaupré
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Nicholas Venturelli
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Christopher N Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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14
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Knitlova J, Hajkova V, Voska L, Elsterova J, Obrova B, Melkova Z. Development of eczema vaccinatum in atopic mouse models and efficacy of MVA vaccination against lethal poxviral infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114374. [PMID: 25486419 PMCID: PMC4259321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox vaccine based on live, replicating vaccinia virus (VACV) is associated with several potentially serious and deadly complications. Consequently, a new generation of vaccine based on non-replicating Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has been under clinical development. MVA seems to induce good immune responses in blood tests, but it is impossible to test its efficacy in vivo in human. One of the serious complications of the replicating vaccine is eczema vaccinatum (EV) occurring in individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD), thus excluding them from all preventive vaccination schemes. In this study, we first characterized and compared development of eczema vaccinatum in different mouse strains. Nc/Nga, Balb/c and C57Bl/6J mice were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) or saline control to induce signs of atopic dermatitis and subsequently trans-dermally (t.d.) immunized with VACV strain Western Reserve (WR). Large primary lesions occurred in both mock- and OVA-sensitized Nc/Nga mice, while they remained small in Balb/c and C57Bl/6J mice. Satellite lesions developed in both mock- and OVA-sensitized Nc/Nga and in OVA-sensitized Balb/c mice with the rate 40–50%. Presence of mastocytes and eosinophils was the highest in Nc/Nga mice. Consequently, we have chosen Nc/Nga mice as a model of AD/EV and tested efficacy of MVA and Dryvax vaccinations against a lethal intra-nasal (i.n.) challenge with WR, the surrogate of smallpox. Inoculation of MVA intra-muscularly (i.m.) or t.d. resulted in no lesions, while inoculation of Dryvax t.d. yielded large primary and many satellite lesions similar to WR. Eighty three and 92% of mice vaccinated with a single dose of MVA i.m. or t.d., respectively, survived a lethal i.n. challenge with WR without any serious illness, while all Dryvax-vaccinated animals survived. This is the first formal prove of protective immunity against a lethal poxvirus challenge induced by vaccination with MVA in an atopic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Knitlova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Hajkova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Voska
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Pathology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 9, 140 21, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Elsterova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Obrova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zora Melkova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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15
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Mathias RA, Weinberg A, Boguniewicz M, Zaccaro DJ, Armstrong B, Schneider LC, Hata TR, Hanifin JM, Beck LA, Barnes KC, Leung DYM. Atopic dermatitis complicated by eczema herpeticum is associated with HLA B7 and reduced interferon-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. Br J Dermatol 2014; 169:700-3. [PMID: 23600999 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased susceptibility of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) to disseminated viral skin infections such as eczema herpeticum (ADEH+) is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The primary goal of the current study was to determine whether ADEH+ subjects have identifiable defects in cell-mediated immunity that reduce their ability to control viral infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we evaluated cytokine expression by various subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ADEH+ (n = 24) compared with AD without a history of viral infections (ADEH-) (n = 20) before and after treatment with herpes simplex virus (HSV). RESULTS We found that interferon (IFN)-γ expression after HSV treatment was lower in the CD8+ T cells and monocytes from patients with ADEH+ compared with patients who are ADEH- or nonatopic. Given the induction of CD8+ T cells as the result of antigen presentation by human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I, consistent with the findings described above we also found that the HLA B7 allele was significantly associated with risk of the ADEH+ phenotype (odds ratio = 1·91, P = 0·02, 125 ADEH+ and 161 ADEH- subjects). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that defects in viral-induced IFN-γ from CD8+ T cells contribute to the ADEH+ phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Mathias
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, U.S.A
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16
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Rothhammer V, Muschaweckh A, Gasteiger G, Petermann F, Heink S, Busch DH, Heikenwälder M, Hemmer B, Drexler I, Korn T. α4-integrins control viral meningoencephalitis through differential recruitment of T helper cell subsets. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:27. [PMID: 24606807 PMCID: PMC4029267 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Natalizumab blocks α4-integrins and is a prototypic agent for a series of anti-inflammatory drugs that impair trafficking of immune cells into the CNS. However, modulation of the access of immune cells to the CNS is associated with impaired immune surveillance and detrimental viral infections of the CNS. Here, we explored the potency of cellular immune responses within the CNS to protect against viral encephalitis in mice with T cell conditional disruption of VLA-4 integrin (α4β1) expression. Results While VLA-4 expression in virus specific Th1 cells is non-redundant for their ability to access the CNS, α4-integrin deficient Th17 cells enter the CNS compartment and generate an inflammatory milieu upon intrathecal vaccinia virus (VV) infection. However, in contrast to Th1 cells that can adopt direct cytotoxic properties, Th17 cells fail to clear the virus due to insufficient Eomes induced perforin-1 expression. Conclusion The quality of the intrathecal cellular antiviral response under conditions of impaired VLA-4 function jeopardizes host protection. Our functional in vivo data extend our mechanistic understanding of anti-viral immunity in the CNS and help to estimate the risk potential of upcoming therapeutic agents that target the trafficking of immune cells into distinct anatomical compartments.
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17
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Kara EE, Comerford I, Fenix KA, Bastow CR, Gregor CE, McKenzie DR, McColl SR. Tailored immune responses: novel effector helper T cell subsets in protective immunity. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003905. [PMID: 24586147 PMCID: PMC3930558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ cells into functionally distinct effector helper T cell subsets, characterised by distinct "cytokine signatures," is a cardinal strategy employed by the mammalian immune system to efficiently deal with the rapidly evolving array of pathogenic microorganisms encountered by the host. Since the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm was first described by Mosmann and Coffman, research in the field of helper T cell biology has grown exponentially with seven functionally unique subsets having now been described. In this review, recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern differentiation and function of effector helper T cell subsets will be discussed in the context of microbial infections, with a focus on how these different helper T cell subsets orchestrate immune responses tailored to combat the nature of the pathogenic threat encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin E. Kara
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin A. Fenix
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cameron R. Bastow
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carly E. Gregor
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Duncan R. McKenzie
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun R. McColl
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Darling AR, Freyschmidt EJ, Burton OT, Koleoglou KJ, Oyoshi MK, Oettgen HC. IL-10 suppresses IL-17-mediated dermal inflammation and reduces the systemic burden of Vaccinia virus in a mouse model of eczema vaccinatum. Clin Immunol 2013; 150:153-60. [PMID: 24412909 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) are susceptible to a severe, potentially fatal, systemic infection and inflammatory response following exposure to Vaccinia virus (VV). IL-10 acts both as an inducer of Th2 responses and as a regulator of T cell activation. It has been shown to limit skin inflammation elicited by contact sensitizers. AD exacerbations have been associated with decreased IL-10 function. We used IL-10(-/-) mice to test the role of the cytokine in VV immunity. They exhibited larger primary lesions and increased cutaneous neutrophil infiltration compared to wild-type (WT) counterparts. This was associated with enhanced production of IL-17A, IL-17F and CXCL2. Paradoxically, despite intact adaptive immune responses, tissue viral burdens were increased in IL-10(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that IL-10 is important in limiting skin inflammation induced by VV and that abnormal IL-17-driven neutrophil recruitment at the primary infection site in the skin results in increased systemic viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna R Darling
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Oliver T Burton
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kyle J Koleoglou
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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19
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He J, Lang G, Ding S, Li L. Pathological role of interleukin-17 in poly I:C-induced hepatitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73909. [PMID: 24069246 PMCID: PMC3777971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated responses were the main causes of liver damage during viral hepatitis, and recently viral RNA mimetic Poly I:C was used to induce a NK cell-dominated acute hepatitis. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), the cytokine tightly associated with various autoimmune diseases, was known to play protective or pathological roles in LPS and ConA-induced hepatitis. However, its role in NK cell-mediated acute hepatitis remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that Poly I:C treatment triggered IL-17A production from hepatic γδT cells. Neutralizing IL-17A by monoclonal antibodies reduced Poly I:C-induced intrahepatic inflammatory responses and the liver injury through decreased accumulation, activation and cytolytic activity of NK cells in the liver. Furthermore, Poly I:C didn't trigger IL-17A secretion from γδT cells directly, and Kuppfer cells were demonstrated to be the accessory cell that can secrete IL-23. Finally, our findings demonstrated a pathological role of IL-17A and γδT cells in Poly I:C-induced acute hepatitis, which provides novel insights into viral infection-induced hepatitis and may serve as potential target in clinic immunotherapy against these disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Female
- Hepatitis, Animal/chemically induced
- Hepatitis, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Animal/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Mice
- Poly I-C/adverse effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin He
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guanjing Lang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiping Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kumar L, Lu B, Gerard C, Geha RS. C3a receptor promotes viral containment in mice inoculated with vaccinia virus at sites of allergic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:746-748.e3. [PMID: 23684067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Bao Lu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Craig Gerard
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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21
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Hirahara K, Poholek A, Vahedi G, Laurence A, Kanno Y, Milner JD, O’Shea JJ. Mechanisms underlying helper T-cell plasticity: implications for immune-mediated disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1276-87. [PMID: 23622118 PMCID: PMC3677748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4 helper T cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host defense but are also major contributors to immune and inflammatory disease. Arising from a simple biphasic model of differentiation (ie, TH1 and TH2 cells). A bewildering number of fates seem possible for helper T cells. To what extent different helper cell subsets maintain their characteristic gene expression profiles or exhibit functional plasticity is a hotly debated topic. In this review we will discuss how the expression of "signature cytokines" and "master regulator" transcription factors do not neatly conform to a simple helper T-cell paradigm. Although this might seem confusing, the good news is that the newly recognized complexity fits better with our understanding of immunopathogenesis. Finally, we will discuss factors, including epigenetic regulation and metabolic alterations, that contribute to helper cell specificity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
| | - Amanda Poholek
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
| | - Arian Laurence
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
| | - Joshua D. Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J. O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
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22
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Abstract
Eczema vaccinatum (EV) is a complication of smallpox vaccination that can occur in persons with eczema/atopic dermatitis (AD), in which vaccinia virus disseminates to cause an extensive rash and systemic illness. Because persons with eczema are deferred from vaccination, only a single, accidentally transmitted case of EV has been described in the medical literature since military vaccination was resumed in the United States in 2002. To enhance understanding of EV, we review its history during the era of universal vaccination and discuss its relationship to complications in persons with other diseases or injuries of the skin. We then discuss current concepts of the pathophysiology of AD, noting how defective skin barrier function, epidermal hyperplasia, and abnormal immune responses favor the spread of poxviral infection, and identify a number of unanswered questions about EV. We conclude by considering how its occurrence might be minimized in the event of a return to universal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Reed
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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Domenico J, Lucas JJ, Fujita M, Gelfand EW. Susceptibility to vaccinia virus infection and spread in mice is determined by age at infection, allergen sensitization and mast cell status. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158:196-205. [PMID: 22286752 PMCID: PMC3291886 DOI: 10.1159/000330647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients, especially young children, with atopic dermatitis are at an increased risk of developing eczema vaccinatum, a severe reaction to the smallpox vaccine, either through direct vaccination or indirect contact with a person recently vaccinated. METHODS Using a mouse model of infection, the severity of vaccinia-induced lesions was assessed from their appearance and viral DNA content. The response to vaccinia inoculation was assessed in young and adult mice, allergen-sensitized mice, and in mast cell-deficient mice. RESULTS Young age, sensitization to an allergen prior to infection, and a mast cell deficit, accomplished by using mast cell-deficient mice, resulted in more severe viral lesions at the site of inoculation, according to lesion appearance and viral DNA content. All three factors combined demonstrated maximal susceptibility, characterized by the severity of primary lesions and the development of secondary (satellite) lesions, as occurs in eczema vaccinatum in humans. Resistance to the appearance of satellite lesions could be restored by adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived mast cells from either wild-type or cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide-deficient mice. Primary lesions were more severe following the latter transfer, indicating that cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide does contribute to the protective activity of mast cells against infection. CONCLUSIONS The combination of young age, allergen sensitization and a mast cell deficit resulted in the most severe lesions, including satellite lesions. Understanding the factors determining the relative resistance/sensitivity to vaccinia virus will aid in the development of strategies for preventing and treating adverse reactions which can occur after smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Domenico
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo., USA
| | - Joseph J. Lucas
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo., USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colo., USA
| | - Erwin W. Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo., USA
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Swain SL, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM. Expanding roles for CD4⁺ T cells in immunity to viruses. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:136-48. [PMID: 22266691 PMCID: PMC3764486 DOI: 10.1038/nri3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are orchestrators, regulators and direct effectors of antiviral immunity. Neutralizing antibodies provide protection against many viral pathogens, and CD4+ T cells can help B cells to generate stronger and longer-lived antibody responses. CD4+ T cells help antiviral CD8+ T cells in two main ways: they maximize CD8+ T cell population expansion during a primary immune response and also facilitate the generation of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cell populations. In addition to their helper functions, CD4+ T cells contribute directly to viral clearance. They secrete cytokines with antiviral activities and, in some circumstances, can eliminate infected cells through cytotoxic killing. Memory CD4+ T cells provide superior protection during re-infection with a virus. Compared with new effector CD4+ T cells, memory CD4+ T cells have enhanced helper and effector functions and can rapidly trigger innate immune defence mechanisms early in the infection.
Immunity to viruses is typically associated with the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. However, CD4+ T cells are also important for protection during viral infection. Here, the authors describe the various ways in which different CD4+T cell subsets can contribute to the antiviral immune response. Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have uncovered additional roles for CD4+ T cells, some of which are independent of other lymphocytes, and have described previously unappreciated functions for memory CD4+ T cells in immunity to viruses. Here, we review the full range of antiviral functions of CD4+ T cells, discussing the activities of these cells in helping other lymphocytes and in inducing innate immune responses, as well as their direct antiviral roles. We suggest that all of these functions of CD4+ T cells are integrated to provide highly effective immune protection against viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Oyoshi MK, Ramesh N, Geha RS. Vaccinia Ig ameliorates eczema vaccinatum in a murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:1299-301. [PMID: 22189790 PMCID: PMC3583535 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wang Z, Lai Y, Bernard JJ, Macleod DT, Cogen AL, Moss B, Di Nardo A. Skin mast cells protect mice against vaccinia virus by triggering mast cell receptor S1PR2 and releasing antimicrobial peptides. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:345-57. [PMID: 22140255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are well-known effectors of allergic reactions and are considered sentinels in the skin and mucosa. In addition, through their production of cathelicidin, MCs have the capacity to oppose invading pathogens. We therefore hypothesized that MCs could act as sentinels in the skin against viral infections using antimicrobial peptides. In this study, we demonstrate that MCs react to vaccinia virus (VV) and degranulate using a membrane-activated pathway that leads to antimicrobial peptide discharge and virus inactivation. This finding was supported using a mouse model of viral infection. MC-deficient (Kit(wsh-/-)) mice were more susceptible to skin VV infection than the wild type animals, whereas Kit(wsh-/-) mice reconstituted with MCs in the skin showed a normal response to VV. Using MCs derived from mice deficient in cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, we showed that antimicrobial peptides are one important antiviral granule component in in vivo skin infections. In conclusion, we demonstrate that MC presence protects mice from VV skin infection, MC degranulation is required for protecting mice from VV, neutralizing Ab to the L1 fusion entry protein of VV inhibits degranulation apparently by preventing S1PR2 activation by viral membrane lipids, and antimicrobial peptide release from MC granules is necessary to inactivate VV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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27
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Zou Q, Yao X, Feng J, Yin Z, Flavell R, Hu Y, Zheng G, Jin J, Kang Y, Wu B, Liang X, Feng C, Liu H, Li W, Wang X, Wen Y, Wang B. Praziquantel facilitates IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells (Tc1) and IL-17-producing CD8+ T cells (Tc17) responses to DNA vaccination in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25525. [PMID: 21998665 PMCID: PMC3187796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected cells. DNA vaccination, a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic virus infection, has been shown to induce CTL responses. However, accumulated data have shown that CTLs could not be effectively induced by HBV DNA vaccination. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report that praziquantel (PZQ), an anti-schistoma drug, could act as an adjuvant to overcome the lack of potent CTL responses by HBV DNA vaccination in mice. PZQ in combination with HBV DNA vaccination augmented the induction of CD8+ T cell-dependent and HBV-specific delayed hypersensitivity responses (DTH) in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the induced CD8+ T cells consisted of both Tc1 and Tc17 subtypes. By using IFN-γ knockout (KO) mice and IL-17 KO mice, both cytokines were found to be involved in the DTH. The relevance of these findings to HBV immunization was established in HBsAg transgenic mice, in which PZQ also augmented the induction of HBV-specific Tc1 and Tc17 cells and resulted in reduction of HBsAg positive hepatocytes. Adoptive transfer experiments further showed that PZQ-primed CD8+ T cells from wild type mice, but not the counterpart from IFN-γ KO or IL-17 KO mice, resulted in elimination of HBsAg positive hepatocytes. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that PZQ is an effective adjuvant to facilitate Tc1 and Tc17 responses to HBV DNA vaccination, inducing broad CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapy that breaks tolerance to HBsAg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Feng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conneticut, United States of America
| | - Yanxin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youmin Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Oyoshi MK, Wang JYT, Geha RS. Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara prevents eczema vaccinatum in a murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:890-892.e3. [PMID: 21820712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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The cellular orchestra in skin allergy; are differences to lung and nose relevant? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 10:443-51. [PMID: 20736733 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32833d7d48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has been a long lasting question that although a similar peripheral allergen-specific immune response has been observed, why some patients show only atopic dermatitis, rhinitis and asthma alone or their combinations. The answer resides in the propensity of resident tissue cells and local antigen-presenting cells and T cells for developing an allergic inflammatory immune response. Antigen-presenting cells introduce processed allergens to T helper lymphocytes, where a decision of developing different types of T cell immunity is given under the influence of several cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory signals and regulatory T cells. RECENT FINDINGS We focused in this review article on effector T cell subsets, which have been recently described such as Th9, Th17 cells and Th22 cells, which are characterized by their IL-9 and IL-10, IL-17 (or IL-17A) and IL-22 expression, respectively together with other proinflammatory cytokines, which coordinate local tissue inflammation. Both naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and inducible populations of allergen-specific, IL-10-secreting Treg type 1 cells inhibit allergen-specific effector cells and have been shown to play a central role in the maintenance of peripheral homeostasis and the establishment of controlled immune responses in allergic inflammatory tissues. SUMMARY Better understanding and characterization of newly described effector cell subsets and their interaction between antigen presenting cells and resident tissue cells will enlighten our knowledge on the mechanisms of allergic diseases.
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Rehm KE, Roper RL. Deletion of the A35 gene from Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara increases immunogenicity and isotype switching. Vaccine 2011; 29:3276-83. [PMID: 21352940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We show here that the immunogenicity of the Modified Vaccinia Ankara MVA vaccine strain can be improved by deletion of the A35 gene, without diminishing the ability of the virus to replicate. Deletion of the A35 gene resulted in increased virus-specific immunoglobulin production, class switching to IgG isotypes, and virus-specific IFNγ-secreting splenocytes. The MVA35 deletion virus provided excellent protective efficacy against virulent virus challenge. These results suggest that A35 deletion mutant strains will have superior vaccine performance for poxvirus vaccines as well as platform vaccines for other infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Rehm
- East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, 600 Moye Blvd, 5E106A, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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Fathy A, Ahmed AS, Metwally L, Hassan A. T helper type 1/T helper type 17-related cytokines in chronic hepatitis C patients before and after interferon and ribavirin therapy. Med Princ Pract 2011; 20:345-9. [PMID: 21576995 DOI: 10.1159/000323770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the T helper (Th) 1/Th17-related cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 in the serum of biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C patients before and after IFN and ribavirin therapy to address whether or not viral clearance is related to Th1/Th17 cytokines. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 were assayed by ELISA on 26 patients with chronic hepatitic C virus (HCV) infection before the start and 3 months after treatment with pegylated IFN-α plus ribavirin and compared with sera from 15 normal control subjects. RESULTS IFN-γ and IL-17 levels are higher in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis than in normal controls and these elevated levels were not directly correlated (r = -0.01, p = 0.96 for IFN-γ and r = -0.08, p = 0.66 for IL-17) to the viremic state of the HCV infection. In contrast to IL-17, IFN-γ showed significant reduction after 12 weeks of treatment with pegylated IFN plus ribavirin. However, IFN-γ and IL-17 serum levels were not significantly (p = 0.19 and = 0.70, respectively) different among responders and nonresponders for pegylated IFN plus ribavirin therapy. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the combined treatment with pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin downmodulates the secretion of key cytokine IFN-γ as early as 12 weeks after treatment in infected patients. These findings could encourage new exciting possibilities for immune-based interventions with the aim of restoring functional antiviral T cell responses combined with improved viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Fathy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Matsushima Y, Kikkawa Y, Takada T, Matsuoka K, Seki Y, Yoshida H, Minegishi Y, Karasuyama H, Yonekawa H. An atopic dermatitis-like skin disease with hyper-IgE-emia develops in mice carrying a spontaneous recessive point mutation in the Traf3ip2 (Act1/CIKS) gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2340-9. [PMID: 20660351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous mutant mice that showed high levels of serum IgE and an atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin disease were found in a colony of the KOR inbred strain that was derived from Japanese wild mice. No segregation was observed between hyper-IgE-emia and dermatitis in (BALB/c x KOR mutant) N(2) mice, suggesting that the mutation can be attributed to a single recessive locus, which we designated adjm (atopic dermatitis from Japanese mice). All four adjm congenic strains in different genetic backgrounds showed both hyper-IgE-emia and dermatitis, although the disease severity varied among strains. Linkage analysis using (BALB/c x KOR-adjm/adjm) N(2) mice restricted the potential adjm locus to the 940 kb between D10Stm216 and D10Stm238 on chromosome 10. Sequence analysis of genes located in this region revealed that the gene AI429613, which encodes the mouse homologue of the human TNFR-associated factor 3-interacting protein 2 (TRAF3IP2) protein (formerly known as NF-kappaB activator 1/connection to IkappaB kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/Jun kinase), carried a single point mutation leading to the substitution of a stop codon for glutamine at amino acid position 214. TRAF3IP2 has been shown to function as an adaptor protein in signaling pathways mediated by the TNFR superfamily members CD40 and B cell-activating factor in epithelial cells and B cells as well as in the IL-17-mediated signaling pathway. Our results suggest that malfunction of the TRAF3IP2 protein causes hyper-IgE-emia through the CD40- and B cell-activating factor-mediated pathway in B cells and causes skin inflammation through the IL-17-mediated pathway. This study demonstrates that the TRAF3IP2 protein plays an important role in AD and suggests the protein as a therapeutic target to treat AD.
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Yeh N, Glosson NL, Wang N, Guindon L, McKinley C, Hamada H, Li Q, Dutton RW, Shrikant P, Zhou B, Brutkiewicz RR, Blum JS, Kaplan MH. Tc17 cells are capable of mediating immunity to vaccinia virus by acquisition of a cytotoxic phenotype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2089-98. [PMID: 20624947 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells can acquire cytokine-secreting phenotypes paralleling cytokine production from Th cells. IL-17-secreting CD8 T cells, termed Tc17 cells, were shown to promote inflammation and mediate immunity to influenza. However, most reports observed a lack of cytotoxic activity by Tc17 cells. In this study, we explored the anti-viral activity of Tc17 cells using a vaccinia virus (VV) infection model. Tc17 cells expanded during VV infection, and TCR transgenic Tc17 cells were capable of clearing recombinant VV infection. In vivo, adoptively transferred Tc17 cells lost the IL-17-secreting phenotype, even in the absence of stimulation, but they did not acquire IFN-gamma-secreting potential unless stimulated with a virus-encoded Ag. However, examination of cells following infection demonstrated that these cells acquired cytotoxic potential in vivo, even in the absence of IFN-gamma. Cytotoxic potential correlated with Fasl expression, and the cytotoxic activity of postinfection Tc17 cells was partially blocked by the addition of anti-FasL. Thus, Tc17 cells mediate VV clearance through expression of specific molecules associated with cytotoxicity but independent of an acquired Tc1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is characterized by Staphylococcus aureus colonization and recurrent skin infections. In addition to an increased risk of invasive infections by herpes simplex or vaccinia viruses, there is ample evidence that microbial pathogens, particularly S aureus and fungi, contribute to the cutaneous inflammation of atopic dermatitis. The authors describe recent developments in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in relation to the role of microbial pathogens. Understanding how microbial pathogens interact or evade the cutaneous immunity of atopic dermatitis may be crucial in preventing infections or cutaneous inflammation in this disease.
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Freyschmidt EJ, Mathias CB, Diaz N, MacArthur DH, Laouar A, Manjunath N, Hofer MD, Wurbel MA, Campbell JJ, Chatila TA, Oettgen HC. Skin inflammation arising from cutaneous regulatory T cell deficiency leads to impaired viral immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1295-302. [PMID: 20548030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with atopic dermatitis immunized with the small pox vaccine, vaccinia virus (VV), are susceptible to eczema vaccinatum (EV), a potentially fatal disseminated infection. Dysfunction of Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)-positive regulatory T cells (Treg) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. To test whether Treg deficiency predisposes to EV, we percutaneously VV infected FoxP3-deficient (FoxP3(KO)) mice, which completely lack FoxP3(+) Treg. These animals generated both fewer VV-specific CD8(+) effector T cells and IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells than controls, had higher viral loads, and exhibited abnormal Th2-polarized responses to the virus. To focus on the consequences of Treg deficiency confined to the skin, we generated mixed CCR4(KO) FoxP3(KO) bone marrow (CCR4/FoxP3) chimeras in which skin, but not other tissues or central lymphoid organs, lack Treg. Like FoxP3(KO) mice, the chimeras had impaired VV-specific effector T cell responses and higher viral loads. Skin cytokine expression was significantly altered in infected chimeras compared with controls. Levels of the antiviral cytokines, type I and II IFNs and IL-12, were reduced, whereas expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-beta, and IL-23, was increased. Importantly, infection of CCR4/FoxP3 chimeras by a noncutaneous route (i.p.) induced immune responses comparable to controls. Our findings implicate allergic skin inflammation resulting from local Treg deficiency in the pathogenesis of EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Jasmin Freyschmidt
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Van De Veerdonk FL, Gresnigt MS, Kullberg BJ, Van Der Meer JW, Joosten LA, Netea MG. Th17 responses and host defense against microorganisms: an overview. BMB Rep 2009; 42:776-87. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.12.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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