1
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Kenakin T. Know your molecule: pharmacological characterization of drug candidates to enhance efficacy and reduce late-stage attrition. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024:10.1038/s41573-024-00958-9. [PMID: 38890494 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in chemical, computational and biological sciences, the rate of attrition of drug candidates in clinical development is still high. A key point in the small-molecule discovery process that could provide opportunities to help address this challenge is the pharmacological characterization of hit and lead compounds, culminating in the selection of a drug candidate. Deeper characterization is increasingly important, because the 'quality' of drug efficacy, at least for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is now understood to be much more than activation of commonly evaluated pathways such as cAMP signalling, with many more 'efficacies' of ligands that could be harnessed therapeutically. Such characterization is being enabled by novel assays to characterize the complex behaviour of GPCRs, such as biased signalling and allosteric modulation, as well as advances in structural biology, such as cryo-electron microscopy. This article discusses key factors in the assessments of the pharmacology of hit and lead compounds in the context of GPCRs as a target class, highlighting opportunities to identify drug candidates with the potential to address limitations of current therapies and to improve the probability of them succeeding in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Tóth AD, Soltész-Katona E, Kis K, Guti V, Gilzer S, Prokop S, Boros R, Misák Á, Balla A, Várnai P, Turiák L, Ács A, Drahos L, Inoue A, Hunyady L, Turu G. ArreSTick motif controls β-arrestin-binding stability and extends phosphorylation-dependent β-arrestin interactions to non-receptor proteins. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114241. [PMID: 38758647 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding and function of β-arrestins are regulated by specific phosphorylation motifs present in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, the exact arrangement of phosphorylated amino acids responsible for establishing a stable interaction remains unclear. We employ a 1D sequence convolution model trained on GPCRs with established β-arrestin-binding properties. With this approach, amino acid motifs characteristic of GPCRs that form stable interactions with β-arrestins can be identified, a pattern that we name "arreSTick." Intriguingly, the arreSTick pattern is also present in numerous non-receptor proteins. Using proximity biotinylation assay and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that the arreSTick motif controls the interaction between many non-receptor proteins and β-arrestin2. The HIV-1 Tat-specific factor 1 (HTSF1 or HTATSF1), a nuclear transcription factor, contains the arreSTick pattern, and its subcellular localization is influenced by β-arrestin2. Our findings unveil a broader role for β-arrestins in phosphorylation-dependent interactions, extending beyond GPCRs to encompass non-receptor proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Dávid Tóth
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi street 46, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Soltész-Katona
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kis
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Guti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sharon Gilzer
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanne Prokop
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roxána Boros
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Misák
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN SE Hungarian Research Network Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN SE Hungarian Research Network Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Ács
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - László Hunyady
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Turu
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok krt. 2., 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó street 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Kenakin T. Bias translation: The final frontier? Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1345-1360. [PMID: 38424747 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Biased signalling is a natural result of GPCR allosteric function and should be expected from any and all synthetic and natural agonists. Therefore, it may be encountered in all agonist discovery projects and must be considered as a beneficial (or possible detrimental) feature of new candidate molecules. While bias is detected easily, the synoptic nature of GPCR signalling makes translation of simple in vitro bias to complex in vivo systems problematic. The practical outcome of this is a difficulty in predicting the therapeutic value of biased signalling due to the failure of translation of identified biased signalling to in vivo agonism. This is discussed in this review as well as some new ways forward to improve this translation process and better exploit this powerful pharmacologic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Kenakin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Luscombe VB, Wang P, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. Biased agonists of GPR84 and insights into biological control. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1509-1523. [PMID: 38148720 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 was first identified as an open reading frame encoding an orphan Class A G protein coupled receptor in 2001. Gpr84 mRNA is expressed in a limited number of cell types with the highest levels of expression being in innate immune cells, M1 polarised macrophages and neutrophils. The first reported ligands for this receptor were medium chain fatty acids with chain lengths between 9 and 12 carbons. Subsequently, a series of synthetic agonists that signal via the GPR84 receptor were identified. Radioligand binding assays and molecular modelling with site-directed mutagenesis suggest the presence of three ligand binding sites on the receptor, but the physiological agonist(s) of the receptor remain unidentified. Here, we review the effects of GPR84 agonists on innate immune cells following a series of chemical discoveries since 2001. The development of highly biased agonists has helped to probe receptor function in vitro, and the remaining challenge is to follow the effects of biased signalling to the physiological functions of innate immune cell types. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Vanalken N, Boon K, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Schols D, Van Loy T. Systematic Assessment of Human CCR7 Signalling Using NanoBRET Biosensors Points towards the Importance of the Cellular Context. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:142. [PMID: 38534251 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The human CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is activated by two natural ligands, CC chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) and 21 (CCL21). The CCL19-CCL21-CCR7 axis has been extensively studied in vitro, but there is still debate over whether CCL21 is an overall weaker agonist or if the axis displays biased signalling. In this study, we performed a systematic analysis at the transducer level using NanoBRET-based methodologies in three commonly used cellular backgrounds to evaluate pathway and ligand preferences, as well as ligand bias and the influence of the cellular system thereon. We found that both CCL19 and CCL21 activated all cognate G proteins and some non-cognate couplings in a cell-type-dependent manner. Both ligands recruited β-arrestin1 and 2, but the potency was strongly dependent on the cellular system. Overall, CCL19 and CCL21 showed largely conserved pathway preferences, but small differences were detected. However, these differences only consolidated in a weak ligand bias. Together, these data suggest that CCL19 and CCL21 share mostly overlapping, weakly biased, transducer profiles, which can be influenced by the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Vanalken
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Boon
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Loy
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Gardner J, Eiger DS, Hicks C, Choi I, Pham U, Chundi A, Namjoshi O, Rajagopal S. GPCR kinases differentially modulate biased signaling downstream of CXCR3 depending on their subcellular localization. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadd9139. [PMID: 38349966 PMCID: PMC10927030 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add9139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) demonstrate biased signaling such that ligands of the same receptor exclusively or preferentially activate certain downstream signaling pathways over others. This phenomenon may result from ligand-specific receptor phosphorylation by GPCR kinases (GRKs). GPCR signaling can also exhibit location bias because GPCRs traffic to and signal from subcellular compartments in addition to the plasma membrane. Here, we investigated whether GRKs contributed to location bias in GPCR signaling. GRKs translocated to endosomes after stimulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 or other GPCRs in cultured cells. GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6 showed distinct patterns of recruitment to the plasma membrane and to endosomes depending on the identity of the biased ligand used to activate CXCR3. Analysis of engineered forms of GRKs that localized to either the plasma membrane or endosomes demonstrated that biased CXCR3 ligands elicited different signaling profiles that depended on the subcellular location of the GRK. Each GRK exerted a distinct effect on the regulation of CXCR3 engagement of β-arrestin, internalization, and activation of the downstream effector kinase ERK. Our work highlights a role for GRKs in location-biased GPCR signaling and demonstrates the complex interactions between ligands, GRKs, and cellular location that contribute to biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gardner
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Chloe Hicks
- Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anand Chundi
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ojas Namjoshi
- Center for Drug Discovery RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- Present address: Engine Biosciences, 733 Industrial Rd., San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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7
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Graßl F, Bock L, Huete-Huerta González Á, Schiller M, Gmeiner P, König J, Fromm MF, Hübner H, Heinrich MR. Exploring Structural Determinants of Bias among D4 Subtype-Selective Dopamine Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37450764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The high affinity dopamine D4 receptor ligand APH199 and derivatives thereof exhibit bias toward the Gi signaling pathway over β-arrestin recruitment compared to quinpirole. Based on APH199, two novel groups of D4 subtype selective ligands were designed and evaluated, in which the original benzyl phenylsemicarbazide substructure was replaced by either a biphenylmethyl urea or a biphenyl urea moiety. Functional assays revealed a range of different bias profiles among the newly synthesized compounds, namely, with regard to efficacy, potency, and GRK2 dependency, in which bias factors range from 1 to over 300 and activation from 15% to over 98% compared to quinpirole. These observations demonstrate that within bias, an even more precise tuning toward a particular profile is possible, which─in a general sense─could become an important aspect in future drug development. Docking studies enabled further insight into the role of the ECL2 and the EPB in the emergence of bias, thereby taking advantage of the diversity of functionally selective D4 agonists now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Graßl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonard Bock
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Álvaro Huete-Huerta González
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 Regulation in Inflammation and Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415880. [PMID: 36555521 PMCID: PMC9784940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 is associated with inflammation and pathological pain. Impairment of GRK6 expression was described in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and this was shown to be accompanied by an imbalance of downstream signaling pathways. Here, we discuss novel aspects of GRK6 interaction and its impact upon hyperalgesia and inflammatory processes. In this review, we compile important findings concerning GRK6 regulation for a better pathophysiological understanding of the intracellular interaction in the context of inflammation and show clinical implications-for example, the identification of possible therapy goals in the treatment of chronic inflammatory hyperalgesia.
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Glaser KM, Tarrant TK, Lämmermann T. Combinatorial depletions of G-protein coupled receptor kinases in immune cells identify pleiotropic and cell type-specific functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039803. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) participate in the regulation of chemokine receptors by mediating receptor desensitization. They can be recruited to agonist-activated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and phosphorylate their intracellular parts, which eventually blocks signal propagation and often induces receptor internalization. However, there is growing evidence that GRKs can also control cellular functions beyond GPCR regulation. Immune cells commonly express two to four members of the GRK family (GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, GRK6) simultaneously, but we have very limited knowledge about their interplay in primary immune cells. In particular, we are missing comprehensive studies comparing the role of this GRK interplay for (a) multiple GPCRs within one leukocyte type, and (b) one specific GPCR between several immune cell subsets. To address this issue, we generated mouse models of single, combinatorial and complete GRK knockouts in four primary immune cell types (neutrophils, T cells, B cells and dendritic cells) and systematically addressed the functional consequences on GPCR-controlled cell migration and tissue localization. Our study shows that combinatorial depletions of GRKs have pleiotropic and cell-type specific effects in leukocytes, many of which could not be predicted. Neutrophils lacking all four GRK family members show increased chemotactic migration responses to a wide range of GPCR ligands, whereas combinatorial GRK depletions in other immune cell types lead to pro- and anti-migratory responses. Combined depletion of GRK2 and GRK6 in T cells and B cells shows distinct functional outcomes for (a) one GPCR type in different cell types, and (b) different GPCRs in one cell type. These GPCR-type and cell-type specific effects reflect in altered lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro and localization in vivo. Lastly, we provide evidence that complete GRK deficiency impairs dendritic cell homeostasis, which unexpectedly results from defective dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings demonstrate the complexity of GRK functions in immune cells, which go beyond GPCR desensitization in specific leukocyte types. Furthermore, they highlight the need for studying GRK functions in primary immune cells to address their specific roles in each leukocyte subset.
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Cellular Electrical Impedance as a Method to Decipher CCR7 Signalling and Biased Agonism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168903. [PMID: 36012168 PMCID: PMC9408853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) has two endogenous ligands, C-C chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) and CCL21, displaying biased agonism reflected by a pronounced difference in the level of β-arrestin recruitment. Detecting this preferential activation generally requires the use of separate, pathway-specific label-based assays. In this study, we evaluated an alternative methodology to study CCR7 signalling. Cellular electrical impedance (CEI) is a label-free technology which yields a readout that reflects an integrated cellular response to ligand stimulation. CCR7-expressing HEK293 cells were stimulated with CCL19 or CCL21, which induced distinct impedance profiles with an apparent bias during the desensitisation phase of the response. This discrepancy was mainly modulated by differential β-arrestin recruitment, which shaped the impedance profile but did not seem to contribute to it directly. Pathway deconvolution revealed that Gαi-mediated signalling contributed most to the impedance profile, but Gαq- and Gα12/13-mediated pathways were also involved. To corroborate these results, label-based pathway-specific assays were performed. While CCL19 more potently induced β-arrestin2 recruitment and receptor internalisation than CCL21, both chemokines showed a similar level of Gαi protein activation. Altogether, these findings indicate that CEI is a powerful method to analyse receptor signalling and biased agonism.
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11
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Alrumaihi F. The Multi-Functional Roles of CCR7 in Human Immunology and as a Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer Therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:834149. [PMID: 35874608 PMCID: PMC9298655 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.834149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important hallmark of the human immune system is to provide adaptive immunity against pathogens but tolerance toward self-antigens. The CC-chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) provides a significant contribution in guiding cells to and within lymphoid organs and is important for acquiring immunity and tolerance. The CCR7 holds great importance in establishing thymic architecture and function and naïve and regulatory T-cell homing in the lymph nodes. Similarly, the receptor is a key regulator in cancer cell migration and the movement of dendritic cells. This makes the CCR7 an important receptor as a drug and prognostic marker. In this review, we discussed several biological roles of the CCR7 and its importance as a drug and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Recent advances in function and structure of two leukotriene B 4 receptors: BLT1 and BLT2. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115178. [PMID: 35850310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is generated by the enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid, which is then released from the cell membrane and acts as a potent activator of leukocytes and other inflammatory cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the physiological and pathophysiological significance of this lipid in various diseases. LTB4 exerts its activities by binding to its specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): BLT1 and BLT2. In mouse disease models, treatment with BLT1 antagonists or BLT1 gene ablation attenuated various diseases, including bronchial asthma, arthritis, and psoriasis, whereas BLT2 deficiency exacerbated several diseases in the skin, cornea, and small intestine. Therefore, BLT1 inhibitors and BLT2 activators could be beneficial for the treatment of several inflammatory and immune disorders. As a result, attractive compounds targeting LTB4 receptors have been developed by several pharmaceutical companies. This review aims to understand the potential of BLT1 and BLT2 as therapeutic targets for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. In addition, recent topics are discussed with major focuses on the structure and post-translational modifications of BLT1 and BLT2. Collectively, current evidence on modulating LTB4 receptor functions provides new strategies for the treatment of various diseases.
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13
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Mösslein N, Pohle LMG, Fuss A, Bünemann M, Krasel C. Residency time of agonists does not affect the stability of GPCR-arrestin complexes. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4107-4116. [PMID: 35352338 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The interaction of arrestins with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) desensitizes agonist-dependent receptor responses and often leads to receptor internalization. GPCRs that internalize without arrestin have been classified as "class A" GPCRs whereas "class B" GPCRs co-internalize with arrestin into endosomes. The interaction of arrestins with GPCRs requires both agonist activation and receptor phosphorylation. Here we ask the question whether agonists with very slow off-rate can cause the formation of particularly stable receptor-arrestin complexes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The stability of GPCR-arrestin-3 complexes at two class A GPCRs, the β2 -adrenergic receptor and the μ-opioid receptor, was assessed using two different techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) employing several ligands with very different off-rates. Arrestin trafficking was determined by confocal microscopy. KEY RESULTS Upon agonist washout, GPCR-arrestin-3 complexes showed markedly different dissociation rates in single-cell FRET experiments. In FRAP experiments, however, all full agonists led to the formation of receptor-arrestin complexes of identical stability whereas the complex between the μ-opioid receptor and arrestin-3 induced by the partial agonist morphine was less stable. Agonists with very slow off-rates could not mediate the co-internalization of arrestin-3 with class A GPCRs into endosomes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Agonist off-rates do not affect the stability of GPCR-arrestin complexes but phosphorylation patterns do. Our results imply that orthosteric agonists will not be able to pharmacologically convert class A into class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mösslein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Geertje Pohle
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,current address: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anneke Fuss
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Krasel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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14
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Zheng K, Smith JS, Eiger DS, Warman A, Choi I, Honeycutt CC, Boldizsar N, Gundry JN, Pack TF, Inoue A, Caron MG, Rajagopal S. Biased agonists of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 differentially signal through Gα i:β-arrestin complexes. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabg5203. [PMID: 35316095 PMCID: PMC9890572 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg5203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and signal through the proximal effectors, G proteins and β-arrestins, to influence nearly every biological process. The G protein and β-arrestin signaling pathways have largely been considered separable; however, direct interactions between Gα proteins and β-arrestins have been described that appear to be part of a distinct GPCR signaling pathway. Within these complexes, Gαi/o, but not other Gα protein subtypes, directly interacts with β-arrestin, regardless of the canonical Gα protein that is coupled to the GPCR. Here, we report that the endogenous biased chemokine agonists of CXCR3 (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), together with two small-molecule biased agonists, differentially formed Gαi:β-arrestin complexes. Formation of the Gαi:β-arrestin complexes did not correlate well with either G protein activation or β-arrestin recruitment. β-arrestin biosensors demonstrated that ligands that promoted Gαi:β-arrestin complex formation generated similar β-arrestin conformations. We also found that Gαi:β-arrestin complexes did not couple to the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK, as is observed with other receptors such as the V2 vasopressin receptor, but did couple with the clathrin adaptor protein AP-2, which suggests context-dependent signaling by these complexes. These findings reinforce the notion that Gαi:β-arrestin complex formation is a distinct GPCR signaling pathway and enhance our understanding of the spectrum of biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dermatology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dylan S. Eiger
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anmol Warman
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Issac Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jaimee N. Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas F. Pack
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27110, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Corresponding author.
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15
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BRET-Based Biosensors to Measure Agonist Efficacies in Histamine H 1 Receptor-Mediated G Protein Activation, Signaling and Interactions with GRKs and β-Arrestins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063184. [PMID: 35328605 PMCID: PMC8953162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The histamine H1 receptor (H1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and plays a key role in allergic reactions upon activation by histamine which is locally released from mast cells and basophils. Consequently, H1R is a well-established therapeutic target for antihistamines that relieve allergy symptoms. H1R signals via heterotrimeric Gq proteins and is phosphorylated by GPCR kinase (GRK) subtypes 2, 5, and 6, consequently facilitating the subsequent recruitment of β-arrestin1 and/or 2. Stimulation of a GPCR with structurally different agonists can result in preferential engagement of one or more of these intracellular signaling molecules. To evaluate this so-called biased agonism for H1R, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensors were applied to measure H1R signaling through heterotrimeric Gq proteins, second messengers (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and Ca2+), and receptor-protein interactions (GRKs and β-arrestins) in response to histamine, 2-phenylhistamines, and histaprodifens in a similar cellular background. Although differences in efficacy were observed for these agonists between some functional readouts as compared to reference agonist histamine, subsequent data analysis using an operational model of agonism revealed only signaling bias of the agonist Br-phHA-HA in recruiting β-arrestin2 to H1R over Gq biosensor activation.
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16
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Reiter E. [β-arrestins, their mechanisms of action and multiple roles in the biology of G protein-coupled receptors]. Biol Aujourdhui 2022; 215:107-118. [PMID: 35275055 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) induces biological responses to a wide range of extracellular cues. The heterotrimeric G proteins, which are recruited to the active conformation of GPCRs, lead to the generation of various diffusible second messengers. Only two other families of proteins exhibit the remarkable characteristic of recognizing and binding to the active conformation of most GPCRs: GPCR kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins. These two families of proteins were initially identified as key players in the desensitization of G protein activation by GPCRs. Over the years, β-arrestins have been implicated in an increasing number of interactions with non-receptor proteins, expanding the range of cellular functions in which they are involved. It is now well established that β-arrestins, by scaffolding and recruiting protein complexes in an agonist-dependent manner, directly regulate the trafficking and signaling of GPCRs. Remarkable advances have been made in recent years which have made it possible i) to identify biased ligands capable, by stabilizing particular conformations of a growing number of GPCRs, of activating or blocking the action of β-arrestins independently of that of G proteins, some of these ligands holding great therapeutic interest; ii) to demonstrate β-arrestins' role in the compartmentalization of GPCR signaling within the cell, and iii) to understand the molecular details of their interaction with GPCRs and of their activation through structural and biophysical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reiter
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, 37380 Nouzilly, France - Inria, Centre de recherche Inria Saclay-Île-de-France, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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17
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Hong W, Yang B, He Q, Wang J, Weng Q. New Insights of CCR7 Signaling in Dendritic Cell Migration and Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:841687. [PMID: 35281921 PMCID: PMC8914285 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.841687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR7, collaborated with its ligands CCL19 and CCL21, controls extensive migratory events in the immune system. CCR7-bearing dendritic cells can swarm into T-cell zones in lymph nodes, initiating the antigen presentation and T-cell response. Abnormal expression of CCR7 in dendritic cells will cause a series of inflammatory diseases due to the chaotic dendritic cell trafficking. In this review, we take an in-depth look at the structural–functional domains of CCR7 and CCR7-bearing dendritic cell trajectory to lymph nodes. Then, we summarize the regulatory network of CCR7, including transcriptional regulation, translational and posttranslational regulation, internalization, desensitization, and recycling. Furthermore, the potential strategies of targeting the CCR7 network to regulate dendritic cell migration and to deal with inflammatory diseases are integrated, which not only emphasizes the possibility of CCR7 to be a potential target of immunotherapy but also has an implication on the homing of dendritic cells to benefit inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Hong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinjie Weng, ; Jiajia Wang,
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinjie Weng, ; Jiajia Wang,
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18
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Lino CA, Barreto-Chaves ML. Beta-arrestins in the context of cardiovascular diseases: Focusing on type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1R). Cell Signal 2022; 92:110253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Patel M, Matti C, Grimsey NL, Legler DF, Javitch JA, Finlay DB, Glass M. Delineating the interactions between the cannabinoid CB 2 receptor and its regulatory effectors; β-arrestins and G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2223-2239. [PMID: 34811740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2 ) is a promising therapeutic target for modulating inflammation. However, little is known surrounding the mechanisms underpinning CB2 desensitisation and regulation, particularly the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Here, we evaluated the role of six GRK isoforms in β-arrestin recruitment to CB2 . Mutagenesis of several distal C-terminal aspartic acid residues was also performed in an attempt to delineate additional structural elements involved in the regulation of CB2 . EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In CB2 -expressing HEK 293 cells, β-arrestin translocation was measured using real-time BRET assays. G protein dissociation BRET assays were performed to assess the activation and desensitisation of CB2 in the presence of β-arrestin 2. KEY RESULTS Overexpression of GRK isoforms 1-6 failed to considerably improve translocation of either β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 to CB2 . Consistent with this, inhibition of endogenous GRK2/3 did not substantially reduce β-arrestin 2 translocation. Mutagenesis of C-terminal aspartic acid residues resulted in attenuation of β-arrestin 2 translocation, which translated to a reduction in desensitisation of G protein activation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that CB2 does not adhere to the classical GPCR regulatory paradigm, entailing GRK- and β-arrestin-mediated desensitisation. Instead, C-terminal aspartic acid residues may act as phospho-mimics to induce β-arrestin activation. This study provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of CB2 , which may aid in our understanding of drug tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christoph Matti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - David B Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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Dendritic cell migration in inflammation and immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2461-2471. [PMID: 34302064 PMCID: PMC8298985 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key link between innate immunity and adaptive immunity and play crucial roles in both the promotion of immune defense and the maintenance of immune tolerance. The trafficking of distinct DC subsets across lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues is essential for DC-dependent activation and regulation of inflammation and immunity. DC chemotaxis and migration are triggered by interactions between chemokines and their receptors and regulated by multiple intracellular mechanisms, such as protein modification, epigenetic reprogramming, metabolic remodeling, and cytoskeletal rearrangement, in a tissue-specific manner. Dysregulation of DC migration may lead to abnormal positioning or activation of DCs, resulting in an imbalance of immune responses and even immune pathologies, including autoimmune responses, infectious diseases, allergic diseases and tumors. New strategies targeting the migration of distinct DC subsets are being explored for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases and the development of novel DC-based vaccines. In this review, we will discuss the migratory routes and immunological consequences of distinct DC subsets, the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms of migratory signaling in DCs, and the association of DC migration with the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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21
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Fowell DJ, Kim M. The spatio-temporal control of effector T cell migration. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:582-596. [PMID: 33627851 PMCID: PMC9380693 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effector T cells leave the lymph nodes armed with specialized functional attributes. Their antigenic targets may be located anywhere in the body, posing the ultimate challenge: how to efficiently identify the target tissue, navigate through a complex tissue matrix and, ultimately, locate the immunological insult. Recent advances in real-time in situ imaging of effector T cell migratory behaviour have revealed a great degree of mechanistic plasticity that enables effector T cells to push and squeeze their way through inflamed tissues. This process is shaped by an array of 'stop' and 'go' guidance signals including target antigens, chemokines, integrin ligands and the mechanical cues of the inflamed microenvironment. Effector T cells must sense and interpret these competing signals to correctly position themselves to mediate their effector functions for complete and durable responses in infectious disease and malignancy. Tuning T cell migration therapeutically will require a new understanding of this complex decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Minsoo Kim
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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22
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, Maura G, Agnati LF. Receptor-Receptor Interactions and Glial Cell Functions with a Special Focus on G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8656. [PMID: 34445362 PMCID: PMC8395429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that receptors from all families can establish allosteric receptor-receptor interactions and variably associate to form receptor complexes operating as integrative input units endowed with a high functional and structural plasticity has expanded our understanding of intercellular communication. Regarding the nervous system, most research in the field has focused on neuronal populations and has led to the identification of many receptor complexes representing an important mechanism to fine-tune synaptic efficiency. Receptor-receptor interactions, however, also modulate glia-neuron and glia-glia intercellular communication, with significant consequences on synaptic activity and brain network plasticity. The research on this topic is probably still at the beginning and, here, available evidence will be reviewed and discussed. It may also be of potential interest from a pharmacological standpoint, opening the possibility to explore, inter alia, glia-based neuroprotective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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23
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Brandum EP, Jørgensen AS, Rosenkilde MM, Hjortø GM. Dendritic Cells and CCR7 Expression: An Important Factor for Autoimmune Diseases, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158340. [PMID: 34361107 PMCID: PMC8348795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic cytokines-chemokines-control immune cell migration in the process of initiation and resolution of inflammatory conditions as part of the body's defense system. Many chemokines also participate in pathological processes leading up to and exacerbating the inflammatory state characterizing chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and the central chemokine receptor CCR7 in the initiation and sustainment of selected chronic inflammatory diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. We revisit the binary role that CCR7 plays in combatting and progressing cancer, and we discuss how CCR7 and DCs can be harnessed for the treatment of cancer. To provide the necessary background, we review the differential roles of the natural ligands of CCR7, CCL19, and CCL21 and how they direct the mobilization of activated DCs to lymphoid organs and control the formation of associated lymphoid tissues (ALTs). We provide an overview of DC subsets and, briefly, elaborate on the different T-cell effector types generated upon DC-T cell priming. In the conclusion, we promote CCR7 as a possible target of future drugs with an antagonistic effect to reduce inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases and an agonistic effect for boosting the reactivation of the immune system against cancer in cell-based and/or immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based anti-cancer therapy.
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24
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Matsumura F, Polz R, Singh S, Matsumura A, Scheller J, Yamashiro S. Investigation of Fascin1, a Marker of Mature Dendritic Cells, Reveals a New Role for IL-6 Signaling in CCR7-Mediated Chemotaxis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:938-949. [PMID: 34301846 PMCID: PMC8360331 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Migration of mature dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes is critical for the initiation of adaptive immunity. CCR7, a G-protein-coupled receptor for CCL19/21 chemokines, is known to be essential for chemotaxis of mature DCs, but the molecular mechanism linking inflammation to chemotaxis remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that fascin1, an actin-bundling protein, increases chemotaxis of mature mouse DCs. In this article, we demonstrated that fascin1 enhanced IL-6 secretion and signaling of mature mouse DCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IL-6 signaling is required for chemotaxis. Blockage of IL-6 signaling in wild-type DCs with an anti-IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα) Ab inhibited chemotaxis toward CCL19. Likewise, knockout of IL-6Rα inhibited chemotaxis of bone marrow-derived DCs. The addition of soluble IL-6Rα and IL-6 rescued chemotaxis of IL-6Rα knockout bone marrow-derived DCs, underscoring the role of IL-6 signaling in chemotaxis. We found that IL-6 signaling is required for internalization of CCR7, the initial step of CCR7 recycling. CCR7 recycling is essential for CCR7-mediated chemotaxis, explaining why IL-6 signaling is required for chemotaxis of mature DCs. Our results have identified IL-6 signaling as a new regulatory pathway for CCR7/CCL19-mediated chemotaxis and suggest that rapid migration of mature DCs to lymph nodes depends on inflammation-associated IL-6 signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Receptors, Odorant/genetics
- Receptors, Odorant/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Matsumura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ;
| | - Robin Polz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Aya Matsumura
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Shigeko Yamashiro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ;
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25
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Uehling DE, Joseph B, Chung KC, Zhang AX, Ler S, Prakesch MA, Poda G, Grouleff J, Aman A, Kiyota T, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Konda JD, Marcellus R, Griffin C, Subramaniam R, Abibi A, Strathdee CA, Isaac MB, Al-Awar R, Tiedemann RE. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of 4-Aminoquinazolines as Potent Inhibitors of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 (GRK6) for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11129-11147. [PMID: 34291633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both previous and additional genetic knockdown studies reported herein implicate G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) as a critical kinase required for the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Therefore, we sought to develop a small molecule GRK6 inhibitor as an MM therapeutic. From a focused library of known kinase inhibitors, we identified two hits with moderate biochemical potencies against GRK6. From these hits, we developed potent (IC50 < 10 nM) analogues with selectivity against off-target kinases. Further optimization led to the discovery of an analogue (18) with an IC50 value of 6 nM against GRK6 and selectivity against a panel of 85 kinases. Compound 18 has potent cellular target engagement and antiproliferative activity against MM cells and is synergistic with bortezomib. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting GRK6 with small molecule inhibitors represents a promising approach for MM and identify 18 as a novel, potent, and selective GRK6 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Babu Joseph
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Kim Chan Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Spencer Ler
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Michael A Prakesch
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Julie Grouleff
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Taira Kiyota
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Chungyee Leung-Hagesteijn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - John David Konda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Carly Griffin
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ratheesh Subramaniam
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ayome Abibi
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Craig A Strathdee
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Methvin B Isaac
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rodger E Tiedemann
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Room 12-306, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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26
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Beta-Arrestins in the Treatment of Heart Failure Related to Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060838
expr 929824082 + 956151497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complicated clinical syndrome that is considered an increasingly frequent reason for hospitalization, characterized by a complex therapeutic regimen, reduced quality of life, and high morbidity. Long-standing hypertension ultimately paves the way for HF. Recently, there have been improvements in the treatment of hypertension and overall management not limited to only conventional medications, but several novel pathways and their pharmacological alteration are also conducive to the treatment of hypertension. Beta-arrestin (β-arrestin), a protein responsible for beta-adrenergic receptors’ (β-AR) functioning and trafficking, has recently been discovered as a potential regulator in hypertension. β-arrestin isoforms, namely β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, mainly regulate cardiac function. However, there have been some controversies regarding the function of the two β-arrestins in hypertension regarding HF. In the present review, we try to figure out the paradox between the roles of two isoforms of β-arrestin in the treatment of HF.
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27
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Rakib A, Eva TA, Sami SA, Mitra S, Nafiz IH, Das A, Tareq AM, Nainu F, Dhama K, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Beta-Arrestins in the Treatment of Heart Failure Related to Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060838. [PMID: 34198801 PMCID: PMC8228839 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complicated clinical syndrome that is considered an increasingly frequent reason for hospitalization, characterized by a complex therapeutic regimen, reduced quality of life, and high morbidity. Long-standing hypertension ultimately paves the way for HF. Recently, there have been improvements in the treatment of hypertension and overall management not limited to only conventional medications, but several novel pathways and their pharmacological alteration are also conducive to the treatment of hypertension. Beta-arrestin (β-arrestin), a protein responsible for beta-adrenergic receptors’ (β-AR) functioning and trafficking, has recently been discovered as a potential regulator in hypertension. β-arrestin isoforms, namely β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, mainly regulate cardiac function. However, there have been some controversies regarding the function of the two β-arrestins in hypertension regarding HF. In the present review, we try to figure out the paradox between the roles of two isoforms of β-arrestin in the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (T.A.E.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Taslima Akter Eva
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (T.A.E.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (T.A.E.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (I.H.N.); (A.D.)
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh; (I.H.N.); (A.D.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Kota Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245, Indonesia;
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387-000 (J.S.G.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.B.E.); (J.S.-G.); Tel.: +880-1819-942214 (T.B.E.); +34-988-387-000 (J.S.G.)
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28
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Latest update on chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1385-1395. [PMID: 34060588 PMCID: PMC8286821 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine system plays a fundamental role in a diverse range of physiological processes, such as homeostasis and immune responses. Dysregulation in the chemokine system has been linked to inflammatory diseases and cancer, which renders chemokine receptors to be considered as therapeutic targets. In the past two decades, around 45 drugs targeting chemokine receptors have been developed, yet only three are clinically approved. The challenging factors include the limited understanding of aberrant chemokine signalling in malignant diseases, high redundancy of the chemokine system, differences between cell types and non-specific binding of the chemokine receptor antagonists due to the broad ligand-binding pockets. In recent years, emerging studies attempt to characterise the chemokine ligand–receptor interactions and the downstream signalling protein–protein interactions, aiming to fine tuning to the promiscuous interplay of the chemokine system for the development of precision medicine. This review will outline the updates on the mechanistic insights in the chemokine system and propose some potential strategies in the future development of targeted therapy.
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29
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Wolf P, Gavins G, Beck‐Sickinger AG, Seitz O. Strategies for Site-Specific Labeling of Receptor Proteins on the Surfaces of Living Cells by Using Genetically Encoded Peptide Tags. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1717-1732. [PMID: 33428317 PMCID: PMC8248378 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy imaging enables receptor proteins to be investigated within their biological context. A key challenge is to site-specifically incorporate reporter moieties into proteins without interfering with biological functions or cellular networks. Small peptide tags offer the opportunity to combine inducible labeling with small tag sizes that avoid receptor perturbation. Herein, we review the current state of live-cell labeling of peptide-tagged cell-surface proteins. Considering their importance as targets in medicinal chemistry, we focus on membrane receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We discuss peptide tags that i) are subject to enzyme-mediated modification reactions, ii) guide the complementation of reporter proteins, iii) form coiled-coil complexes, and iv) interact with metal complexes. Given our own contributions in the field, we place emphasis on peptide-templated labeling chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Georgina Gavins
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Annette G. Beck‐Sickinger
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
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30
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Systematic Assessment of Chemokine Signaling at Chemokine Receptors CCR4, CCR7 and CCR10. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084232. [PMID: 33921794 PMCID: PMC8073111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines interact with chemokine receptors in a promiscuous network, such that each receptor can be activated by multiple chemokines. Moreover, different chemokines have been reported to preferentially activate different signalling pathways via the same receptor, a phenomenon known as biased agonism. The human CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) CCR4, CCR7 and CCR10 play important roles in T cell trafficking and have been reported to display biased agonism. To systematically characterize these effects, we analysed G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signal transduction resulting from stimulation of these receptors by each of their cognate chemokine ligands within the same cellular background. Although the chemokines did not elicit ligand-biased agonism, the three receptors exhibited different arrays of signaling outcomes. Stimulation of CCR4 by either CC chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17) or CCL22 induced β-arrestin recruitment but not G protein-mediated signaling, suggesting that CCR4 has the potential to act as a scavenger receptor. At CCR7, both CCL19 and CCL21 stimulated G protein signaling and β-arrestin recruitment, with CCL19 consistently displaying higher potency. At CCR10, CCL27 and CCL28(4-108) stimulated both G protein signaling and β-arrestin recruitment, whereas CCL28(1-108) was inactive, suggesting that CCL28(4-108) is the biologically relevant form of this chemokine. These comparisons emphasize the intrinsic abilities of different receptors to couple with different downstream signaling pathways. Comparison of these results with previous studies indicates that differential agonism at these receptors may be highly dependent on the cellular context.
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31
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A Versatile Toolkit for Semi-Automated Production of Fluorescent Chemokines to Study CCR7 Expression and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084158. [PMID: 33923834 PMCID: PMC8072677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines guide leukocyte migration in different contexts, including homeostasis, immune surveillance and immunity. The chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 control lymphocyte and dendritic cell migration and homing to lymphoid organs. Thereby they orchestrate adaptive immunity in a chemokine receptor CCR7-dependent manner. Likewise, cancer cells that upregulate CCR7 expression are attracted by these chemokines and metastasize to lymphoid organs. In-depth investigation of CCR7 expression and chemokine-mediated signaling is pivotal to understand their role in health and disease. Appropriate fluorescent probes to track these events are increasingly in demand. Here, we present an approach to cost-effectively produce and fluorescently label CCL19 and CCL21 in a semi-automated process. We established a versatile protocol for the production of recombinant chemokines harboring a small C-terminal S6-tag for efficient and site-specific enzymatic labelling with an inorganic fluorescent dye of choice. We demonstrate that the fluorescently labeled chemokines CCL19-S6Dy649P1 and CCL21-S6Dy649P1 retain their full biological function as assessed by their abilities to mobilize intracellular calcium, to recruit β-arrestin to engaged receptors and to attract CCR7-expressing leukocytes. Moreover, we show that CCL19-S6Dy649P1 serves as powerful reagent to monitor CCR7 internalization by time-lapse confocal video microscopy and to stain CCR7-positive primary human and mouse T cell sub-populations.
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32
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Che T, Dwivedi-Agnihotri H, Shukla AK, Roth BL. Biased ligands at opioid receptors: Current status and future directions. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/677/eaav0320. [PMID: 33824179 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The opioid crisis represents a major worldwide public health crisis that has accelerated the search for safer and more effective opioids. Over the past few years, the identification of biased opioid ligands capable of eliciting selective functional responses has provided an alternative avenue to develop novel therapeutics without the side effects of current opioid medications. However, whether biased agonism or other pharmacological properties, such as partial agonism (or low efficacy), account for the therapeutic benefits remains questionable. Here, we provide a summary of the current status of biased opioid ligands that target the μ- and κ-opioid receptors and highlight advances in preclinical and clinical trials of some of these ligands. We also discuss an example of structure-based biased ligand discovery at the μ-opioid receptor, an approach that could revolutionize drug discovery at opioid and other receptors. Last, we briefly discuss caveats and future directions for this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Che
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Hemlata Dwivedi-Agnihotri
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. .,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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33
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McGovern KE, Nance JP, David CN, Harrison RES, Noor S, Worth D, Landrith TA, Obenaus A, Carson MJ, Morikis D, Wilson EH. SPARC coordinates extracellular matrix remodeling and efficient recruitment to and migration of antigen-specific T cells in the brain following infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4549. [PMID: 33633185 PMCID: PMC7907143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury and infection can result in profound tissue remodeling in the brain, the mechanism and purpose of which is poorly understood. Infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes chronic infection and inflammation in the brain parenchyma. Control of parasite replication requires the continuous presence of IFNγ-producing T cells to keep T. gondii in its slowly replicating cyst form. During infection, a network of extracellular matrix fibers, revealed using multiphoton microscopy, forms in the brain. The origin and composition of these structures are unknown but the fibers have been observed to act as a substrate for migrating T cells. In this study, we show a critical regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, Secreted Protein, Acidic, Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), is upregulated in the brain during the early phases of infection in the frontal cortex. In the absence of SPARC, a reduced and disordered fibrous network, increased parasite burden, and reduced antigen-specific T cell entry into the brain points to a role for SPARC in T cell recruitment to and migration within the brain. We also report SPARC can directly bind to CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 but not CXCL10, and enhance migration toward a chemokine gradient. Measurement of T cell behavior points to tissue remodeling being important for access of immune cells to the brain and facilitating cellular locomotion. Together, these data identify SPARC as an important regulatory component of immune cell trafficking and access to the inflamed CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E McGovern
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - J Philip Nance
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Clément N David
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Nanostring Technologies, Inc, 530 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Reed E S Harrison
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521-0129, USA
- UCSD Bioengineering and the Institute for Engineering in Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shahani Noor
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- School of Medicine, MSC08, University of New Mexico, Albequerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Danielle Worth
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tyler A Landrith
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Ambrey Genetics, Aliso Viejo, CA, 92656, USA
| | - Andre Obenaus
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521-0129, USA
| | - Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases (GRKs) in Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Immune Cell Migration: From Molecular Cues to Physiopathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010075. [PMID: 33466410 PMCID: PMC7824814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) have long been known to regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, their more recently characterized functions as scaffolds and signalling adapters underscore that this small family of proteins governs a larger array of physiological functions than originally suspected. This review explores how GRKs contribute to the complex signalling networks involved in the migration of immune cells along chemokine gradients sensed by cell surface GPCRs. We outline emerging evidence indicating that the coordinated docking of several GRKs on an active chemokine receptor determines a specific receptor phosphorylation barcode that will translate into distinct signalling and migration outcomes. The guidance cues for neutrophil migration are emphasized based on several alterations affecting GRKs or GPCRs reported to be involved in pathological conditions.
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35
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Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GRKs as Modulators of Neurotransmitter Receptors. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010052. [PMID: 33396400 PMCID: PMC7823573 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many receptors for neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides, belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A general model posits that GPCRs undergo two-step homologous desensitization: the active receptor is phosphorylated by kinases of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, whereupon arrestin proteins specifically bind active phosphorylated receptors, shutting down G protein-mediated signaling, facilitating receptor internalization, and initiating distinct signaling pathways via arrestin-based scaffolding. Here, we review the mechanisms of GRK-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter receptors, focusing on the diverse modes of GRK-mediated phosphorylation of receptor subtypes. The immediate signaling consequences of GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, such as arrestin recruitment, desensitization, and internalization/resensitization, are equally diverse, depending not only on the receptor subtype but also on phosphorylation by GRKs of select receptor residues. We discuss the signaling outcome as well as the biological and behavioral consequences of the GRK-dependent phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors where known.
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36
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Salem A, Alotaibi M, Mroueh R, Basheer HA, Afarinkia K. CCR7 as a therapeutic target in Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188499. [PMID: 33385485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CCR7 chemokine axis is comprised of chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) acting on chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7). This axis plays two important but apparently opposing roles in cancer. On the one hand, this axis is significantly engaged in the trafficking of a number of effecter cells involved in mounting an immune response to a growing tumour. This suggests therapeutic strategies which involve potentiation of this axis can be used to combat the spread of cancer. On the other hand, the CCR7 axis plays a significant role in controlling the migration of tumour cells towards the lymphatic system and metastasis and can thus contribute to the expansion of cancer. This implies that therapeutic strategies which involve decreasing signaling through the CCR7 axis would have a beneficial effect in preventing dissemination of cancer. This dichotomy has partly been the reason why this axis has not yet been exploited, as other chemokine axes have, as a therapeutic target in cancer. Recent report of a crystal structure for CCR7 provides opportunities to exploit this axis in developing new cancer therapies. However, it remains unclear which of these two strategies, potentiation or antagonism of the CCR7 axis, is more appropriate for cancer therapy. This review brings together the evidence supporting both roles of the CCR7 axis in cancer and examines the future potential of each of the two different therapeutic approaches involving the CCR7 axis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Salem
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Mashael Alotaibi
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Rima Mroueh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Haneen A Basheer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, PO Box 132222, Zarqa 13132, Jordan
| | - Kamyar Afarinkia
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
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37
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Calebiro D, Koszegi Z, Lanoiselée Y, Miljus T, O'Brien S. G protein-coupled receptor-G protein interactions: a single-molecule perspective. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:857-906. [PMID: 33331229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many cellular and physiological processes, responding to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli including hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, and light. Decades of biochemical and pharmacological studies have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms of GPCR signaling. Thanks to recent advances in structural biology, we now possess an atomistic understanding of receptor activation and G protein coupling. However, how GPCRs and G proteins interact in living cells to confer signaling efficiency and specificity remains insufficiently understood. The development of advanced optical methods, including single-molecule microscopy, has provided the means to study receptors and G proteins in living cells with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. The results of these studies reveal an unexpected level of complexity, whereby GPCRs undergo transient interactions among themselves as well as with G proteins and structural elements of the plasma membrane to form short-lived signaling nanodomains that likely confer both rapidity and specificity to GPCR signaling. These findings may provide new strategies to pharmaceutically modulate GPCR function, which might eventually pave the way to innovative drugs for common diseases such as diabetes or heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Lanoiselée
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Miljus
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon O'Brien
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Nottingham and Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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38
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Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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39
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Groover MK, Richmond JM. Potential therapeutic manipulations of the CXCR3 chemokine axis for the treatment of inflammatory fibrosing diseases. F1000Res 2020; 9:1197. [PMID: 33145014 PMCID: PMC7590900 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26728.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play important roles in homeostasis and inflammatory processes. While their roles in leukocyte recruitment are well-appreciated, chemokines play additional roles in the body, including mediating or regulating angiogenesis, tumor metastasis and wound healing. In this opinion article, we focus on the role of CXCR3 and its ligands in fibrotic processes. We emphasize differences of the effects of each ligand, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, on fibroblasts in different tissues of the body. We include discussions of differences in signaling pathways that may account for protective or pro-fibrotic effects of each ligand in different experimental models and ex vivo analysis of human tissues. Our goal is to highlight potential reasons why there are disparate findings in different models, and to suggest ways in which this chemokine axis could be manipulated for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K. Groover
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachussetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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40
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Babwah AV. The wonderful and masterful G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR): A focus on signaling mechanisms and the neuroendocrine control of fertility. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110886. [PMID: 32574585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human GnRH deficiency, both clinically and genetically, is a heterogeneous disorder comprising of congenital GnRH deficiency with anosmia (Kallmann syndrome), or with normal olfaction [normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)], and adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying GnRH secretion and GnRH signaling continues to increase at a rapid rate and strikingly, the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to emerge as essential players in these processes. GPCRs were once viewed as binary on-off switches, where in the "on" state they are bound to their Gα protein, but now we understand that view is overly simplistic and does not adequately characterize GPCRs. Instead, GPCRs have emerged as masterful signaling molecules exploiting different physical conformational states of itself to elicit an array of downstream signaling events via their G proteins and the β-arrestins. The "one receptor-multiple signaling conformations" model is likely an evolved strategy that can be used to our advantage as researchers have shown that targeting specific receptor conformations via biased ligands is proving to be a powerful tool in the effective treatment of human diseases. Can biased ligands be used to selectively modulate signaling by GPCR regulators of the neuroendocrine axis in the treatment of IHH? As discussed in this review, the grand possibility exists. However, while we are still very far from developing these treatments, this exciting likelihood can happen through a much greater mechanistic understanding of how GPCRs signal within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy V Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
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41
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Wingler LM, Lefkowitz RJ. Conformational Basis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Versatility. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:736-747. [PMID: 32622699 PMCID: PMC7483927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are privileged structural scaffolds in biology that have the versatility to regulate diverse physiological processes. Interestingly, many GPCR ligands exhibit significant 'bias' - the ability to preferentially activate subsets of the many cellular pathways downstream of these receptors. Recently, complementary information from structural and spectroscopic approaches has made significant inroads into understanding the mechanisms of these biased ligands. The consistently emerging theme is that GPCRs are highly dynamic proteins, and ligands with varying pharmacological properties differentially modulate the equilibrium among multiple conformations. Biased signaling and other recently appreciated complexities of GPCR signaling thus appear to be a natural consequence of the conformational heterogeneity of GPCRs and GPCR-transducer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Moussouras NA, Hjortø GM, Peterson FC, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, Rosenkilde MM, Volkman BF, Dwinell MB. Structural Features of an Extended C-Terminal Tail Modulate the Function of the Chemokine CCL21. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1338-1350. [PMID: 32182428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines CCL21 and CCL19, through binding of their cognate receptor CCR7, orchestrate lymph node homing of dendritic cells and naïve T cells. CCL21 differs from CCL19 via an unstructured 32 residue C-terminal domain. Previously described roles for the CCL21 C-terminus include GAG-binding, spatial localization to lymphatic vessels, and autoinhibitory modulation of CCR7-mediated chemotaxis. While truncation of the C-terminal tail induced chemical shift changes in the folded chemokine domain, the structural basis for its influence on CCL21 function remains largely unexplored. CCL21 concentration-dependent NMR chemical shifts revealed weak, nonphysiological self-association that mimics the truncation of the C-terminal tail. We generated a series of C-terminal truncation variants to dissect the C-terminus influence on CCL21 structure and receptor activation. Using NMR spectroscopy, we found that CCL21 residues 80-90 mediate contacts with the chemokine domain. In cell-based assays for CCR7 and ACKR4 activation, we also found that residues 92-100 reduced CCL21 potency in calcium flux, cAMP inhibition, and β-arrestin recruitment. Taken together, these structure-function studies support a model wherein intramolecular interactions with specific residues of the flexible C-terminus stabilize a less active monomer conformation of the CCL21. We speculate that the autoinhibitory intramolecular contacts between the C-terminal tail and chemokine body are disrupted by GAG binding and/or interactions with the CCR7 receptor to ensure optimal functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Moussouras
- From the Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- From the Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
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43
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Biased GPCR signaling: Possible mechanisms and inherent limitations. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107540. [PMID: 32201315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targeted by about a third of clinically used drugs. Many GPCRs couple to more than one type of heterotrimeric G proteins, become phosphorylated by any of several different GRKs, and then bind one or more types of arrestin. Thus, classical therapeutically active drugs simultaneously initiate several branches of signaling, some of which are beneficial, whereas others result in unwanted on-target side effects. The development of novel compounds to selectively channel the signaling into the desired direction has the potential to become a breakthrough in health care. However, there are natural and technological hurdles that must be overcome. The fact that most GPCRs are subject to homologous desensitization, where the active receptor couples to G proteins, is phosphorylated by GRKs, and then binds arrestins, suggest that in most cases the GPCR conformations that facilitate their interactions with these three classes of binding partners significantly overlap. Thus, while partner-specific conformations might exist, they are likely low-probability states. GPCRs are inherently flexible, which suggests that complete bias is highly unlikely to be feasible: in the conformational ensemble induced by any ligand, there would be some conformations facilitating receptor coupling to unwanted partners. Things are further complicated by the fact that virtually every cell expresses numerous G proteins, several GRK subtypes, and two non-visual arrestins with distinct signaling capabilities. Finally, novel screening methods for measuring ligand bias must be devised, as the existing methods are not specific for one particular branch of signaling.
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Oishi A, Dam J, Jockers R. β-Arrestin-2 BRET Biosensors Detect Different β-Arrestin-2 Conformations in Interaction with GPCRs. ACS Sens 2020; 5:57-64. [PMID: 31849219 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are critical regulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that desensitize G protein signaling, promote receptor internalization, and initiate signaling on their own. Recent structural findings indicate that β-arrestins adopt different conformations upon interaction with agonist-activated GPCRs. Here, we established a β-arrestin-2 conformational bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) sensor composed of the bright Nanoluc BRET donor and the red-shifted CyOFP1 BRET acceptor. The sensor monitors early intramolecular conformational changes of β-arrestin-2 in complex with a wide panel of different class A and class B GPCRs upon agonist activation and with orphan GPCRs known to spontaneously recruit β-arrestin-2. The introduction of the R170E mutant in the β-arrestin-2 sensor allowed the detection of a partially active β-arrestin-2 conformation, which is not dependent on receptor phosphorylation, while the deletion of the β-arrestin-2 finger-loop region detected the "tail-conformation" corresponding to the interaction of β-arrestin with the carboxyl-terminal domain of GPCRs. The new sensors combine the advantages of the BRET technique in terms of sensitivity, robustness, and suitability for real-time measurements with a high responsiveness toward early conformational changes to help to elucidate the different conformational states of β-arrestins associated with GPCR activation in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Oishi
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Julie Dam
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, F-75014 Paris, France
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Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W. Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:205-231. [PMID: 30977203 PMCID: PMC6487968 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian tissues, most leukocyte types express more than one GPCR on their surface and sense a wide range of chemokines and chemoattractants, leading to basic forms of leukocyte movement (chemokinesis, haptokinesis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and chemorepulsion). How leukocytes integrate multiple GPCR signals and make directional decisions in lymphoid and inflamed tissues is still subject of intense research. Many of our concepts on GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation in the presence of multiple GPCR signals derive from in vitro chemotaxis studies and lower vertebrates. In this review, we refer to these concepts and critically contemplate their relevance for the directional movement of several leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T cells, and dendritic cells) in the complexity of mouse tissues. We discuss how leukocyte navigation can be regulated at the level of only a single GPCR (surface expression, competitive antagonism, oligomerization, homologous desensitization, and receptor internalization) or multiple GPCRs (synergy, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical competition, sequential signaling, heterologous desensitization, and agonist scavenging). In particular, we will highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation by intravital microscopy of immune cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Samarasimhareddy M, Mayer G, Hurevich M, Friedler A. Multiphosphorylated peptides: importance, synthetic strategies, and applications for studying biological mechanisms. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3405-3422. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the synthesis of multiphosphorylated peptides and peptide libraries: tools for studying the effects of phosphorylation patterns on protein function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamidi Samarasimhareddy
- The Institute of Chemistry
- Edmond J. Safra Campus
- Givat Ram
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem
| | - Guy Mayer
- The Institute of Chemistry
- Edmond J. Safra Campus
- Givat Ram
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- The Institute of Chemistry
- Edmond J. Safra Campus
- Givat Ram
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem
| | - Assaf Friedler
- The Institute of Chemistry
- Edmond J. Safra Campus
- Givat Ram
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem
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47
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Chemokine receptor trafficking coordinates neutrophil clustering and dispersal at wounds in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5166. [PMID: 31727891 PMCID: PMC6856356 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells congregate at specific loci to fight infections during inflammatory responses, a process that must be transient and self-resolving. Cell dispersal promotes resolution, but it remains unclear how transition from clustering to dispersal is regulated. Here we show, using quantitative live imaging in zebrafish, that differential ligand-induced trafficking of chemokine receptors such as Cxcr1 and Cxcr2 orchestrates the state of neutrophil congregation at sites of tissue damage. Through receptor mutagenesis and biosensors, we show that Cxcr1 promotes clustering at wound sites, but is promptly desensitized and internalized, which prevents excess congregation. By contrast, Cxcr2 promotes bidirectional motility and is sustained at the plasma membrane. Persistent plasma membrane residence of Cxcr2 prolongs downstream signaling and is required for sustained exploratory motion conducive to dispersal. Thus, differential trafficking of two chemokine receptors allows coordination of antagonistic cell behaviors, promoting a self-resolving migratory response. Inflammatory responses must be induced and resolved timely to serve protection from pathogens without inducing excessive tissue damage. Here the authors use live imaging in zebrafish to show that the intracellular trafficking of two chemokine receptors, Cxcr1 and Cxcr2, is differentially regulated on activated neutrophils to control their clustering and dispersal, respectively.
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48
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CCR5: Established paradigms and new frontiers for a 'celebrity' chemokine receptor. Cytokine 2019; 109:81-93. [PMID: 29903576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of the level of attention it received due to its role as the principal HIV coreceptor, CCR5 has been described as a 'celebrity' chemokine receptor. Here we describe the development of CCR5 inhibitory strategies that have been developed for HIV therapy and which are now additionally being considered for use in HIV prevention and cure. The wealth of CCR5-related tools that have been developed during the intensive investigation of CCR5 as an HIV drug target can now be turned towards the study of CCR5 as a model chemokine receptor. We also summarize what is currently known about the cell biology and pharmacology of CCR5, providing an update on new areas of investigation that have emerged in recent research. Finally, we discuss the potential of CCR5 as a drug target for diseases other than HIV, discussing the evidence linking CCR5 and its natural chemokine ligands with inflammatory diseases, particularly neuroinflammation, and certain cancers. These pathologies may provide new uses for the strategies for CCR5 blockade originally developed to combat HIV/AIDS.
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49
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Bhusal RP, Foster SR, Stone MJ. Structural basis of chemokine and receptor interactions: Key regulators of leukocyte recruitment in inflammatory responses. Protein Sci 2019; 29:420-432. [PMID: 31605402 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection or injury, the body mounts an inflammatory immune response in order to neutralize pathogens and promote tissue repair. The key effector cells for these responses are the leukocytes (white blood cells), which are specifically recruited to the site of injury. However, dysregulation of the inflammatory response, characterized by the excessive migration of leukocytes to the affected tissues, can also lead to chronic inflammatory diseases. Leukocyte recruitment is regulated by inflammatory mediators, including an important family of small secreted chemokines and their corresponding G protein-coupled receptors expressed in leukocytes. Unsurprisingly, due to their central role in the leukocyte inflammatory response, chemokines and their receptors have been intensely investigated and represent attractive drug targets. Nonetheless, the full therapeutic potential of chemokine receptors has not been realized, largely due to the complexities in the chemokine system. The determination of chemokine-receptor structures in recent years has dramatically shaped our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin chemokine signaling. In this review, we summarize the contemporary structural view of chemokine-receptor recognition, and describe the various binding modes of peptide and small-molecule ligands to chemokine receptors. We also provide some perspectives on the implications of these data for future research and therapeutic development. IMPORTANCE STATEMENT: Given their central role in the leukocyte inflammatory response, chemokines and their receptors are considered as important regulators of physiology and viable therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide a summary of the current understanding of chemokine: chemokine-receptor interactions that have been gained from structural studies, as well as their implications for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad Bhusal
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon R Foster
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Shen A, Chen D, Kaur M, Bartels P, Xu B, Shi Q, Martinez JM, Man KNM, Nieves-Cintron M, Hell JW, Navedo MF, Yu XY, Xiang YK. β-blockers augment L-type Ca 2+ channel activity by targeting spatially restricted β 2AR signaling in neurons. eLife 2019; 8:49464. [PMID: 31609201 PMCID: PMC6813027 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce pleiotropic intracellular signals in mammalian cells. Here, we report neuronal excitability of β-blockers carvedilol and alprenolol at clinically relevant nanomolar concentrations. Carvedilol and alprenolol activate β2AR, which promote G protein signaling and cAMP/PKA activities without action of G protein receptor kinases (GRKs). The cAMP/PKA activities are restricted within the immediate vicinity of activated β2AR, leading to selectively enhance PKA-dependent phosphorylation and stimulation of endogenous L-type calcium channel (LTCC) but not AMPA receptor in rat hippocampal neurons. Moreover, we have engineered a mutant β2AR that lacks the catecholamine binding pocket. This mutant is preferentially activated by carvedilol but not the orthosteric agonist isoproterenol. Carvedilol activates the mutant β2AR in mouse hippocampal neurons augmenting LTCC activity through cAMP/PKA signaling. Together, our study identifies a mechanism by which β-blocker-dependent activation of GPCRs promotes spatially restricted cAMP/PKA signaling to selectively target membrane downstream effectors such as LTCC in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Dana Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Peter Bartels
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, United States
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Joseph M Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Kwun-Nok Mimi Man
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | | | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, United States
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