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Cloutier M, Variya B, Akbari SA, Rexhepi F, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Profibrogenic role of IL-15 through IL-15 receptor alpha-mediated trans-presentation in the carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404891. [PMID: 38919611 PMCID: PMC11196400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory cytokines play key pathogenic roles in liver fibrosis. IL-15 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by myeloid cells. IL-15 promotes pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. However, increased liver fibrosis has been reported in mice lacking IL-15 receptor alpha chain (IL-15Rα), suggesting an anti-fibrogenic role for IL-15. As myeloid cells are key players in liver fibrosis and IL-15 signaling can occur independently of IL-15Rα, we investigated the requirement of IL-15 and IL-15Rα in liver fibrosis. Methods We induced liver fibrosis in Il15-/- , Il15ra-/- and wildtype C57BL/6 mice by the administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver fibrosis was evaluated by Sirius red and Mason's trichrome staining and α-smooth muscle acting immunostaining of myofibroblasts. Gene expression of collagens, matrix modifying enzymes, cytokines and chemokines was quantified by RT-qPCR. The phenotype and the numbers of intrahepatic lymphoid and myeloid cell subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Both Il15-/- and Il15ra-/- mice developed markedly reduced liver fibrosis compared to wildtype control mice, as revealed by reduced collagen deposition and myofibroblast content. Il15ra-/- mice showed further reduction in collagen deposition compared to Il15-/- mice. However, Col1a1 and Col1a3 genes were similarly induced in the fibrotic livers of wildtype, Il15-/- and Il15ra-/- mice, although notable variations were observed in the expression of matrix remodeling enzymes and chemokines. As expected, Il15-/- and Il15ra-/- mice showed markedly reduced numbers of NK cells compared to wildtype mice. They also showed markedly less staining of CD45+ immune cells and CD68+ macrophages, and significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration into the liver, with fewer pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory monocyte subsets compared to wildtype mice. Conclusion Our findings indicate that IL-15 exerts its profibrogenic role in the liver by promoting macrophage activation and that this requires trans-presentation of IL-15 by IL-15Rα.
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Abadie V, Han AS, Jabri B, Sollid LM. New Insights on Genes, Gluten, and Immunopathogenesis of Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:4-22. [PMID: 38670280 PMCID: PMC11283582 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a gluten-induced enteropathy that develops in genetically susceptible individuals upon consumption of cereal gluten proteins. It is a unique and complex immune disorder to study as the driving antigen is known and the tissue targeted by the immune reaction can be interrogated. This review integrates findings gained from genetic, biochemical, and immunologic studies, which together have revealed mechanisms of gluten peptide modification and HLA binding, thereby enabling a maladapted anti-gluten immune response. Observations in human samples combined with experimental mouse models have revealed that the gluten-induced immune response involves CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and B cells; their cross-talks are critical for the tissue-damaging response. The emergence of high-throughput technologies is increasing our understanding of the phenotype, location, and presumably function of the gluten-specific cells, which are all required to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies for CeD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Arnold S Han
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Norwegian Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Skariah N, James OJ, Swamy M. Signalling mechanisms driving homeostatic and inflammatory effects of interleukin-15 on tissue lymphocytes. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 3:kyae002. [PMID: 38405398 PMCID: PMC10883678 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
There is an intriguing dichotomy in the function of cytokine interleukin-15-at low levels, it is required for the homeostasis of the immune system, yet when it is upregulated in response to pathogenic infections or in autoimmunity, IL-15 drives inflammation. IL-15 associates with the IL-15Rα within both myeloid and non-haematopoietic cells, where IL-15Rα trans-presents IL-15 in a membrane-bound form to neighboring cells. Alongside homeostatic maintenance of select lymphocyte populations such as NK cells and tissue-resident T cells, when upregulated, IL-15 also promotes inflammatory outcomes by driving effector function and cytotoxicity in NK cells and T cells. As chronic over-expression of IL-15 can lead to autoimmunity, IL-15 expression is tightly regulated. Thus, blocking dysregulated IL-15 and its downstream signalling pathways are avenues for immunotherapy. In this review we discuss the molecular pathways involved in IL-15 signalling and how these pathways contribute to both homeostatic and inflammatory functions in IL-15-dependent mature lymphoid populations, focusing on innate, and innate-like lymphocytes in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Skariah
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Olivia J James
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mahima Swamy
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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4
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Kimura T, Ohta S, Murayama H. Establishment of anti-asialo-GM1 rabbit monoclonal antibodies capable of reducing natural killer cell activity in mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292514. [PMID: 37812617 PMCID: PMC10561865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit anti-asialo-GM1 (ASGM1) serum or polyclonal antibodies can eliminate mouse splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitro and in vivo. We developed rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against ASGM1 using a single-cell analysis and isolation system. Five mAbs (GA109, GA115, GA116, GA131, and GA134) that were reactive to ASGM1 were isolated from the spleen lymphocytes of rabbits immunized with ASGM1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thin-layer chromatography immunostaining results showed that the mAbs strongly reacted with ASGM1. Two mAbs (GA116 and GA134) reacted exclusively with ASGM1, whereas three mAbs (GA109, GA115, and GA131) showed slight or considerable cross-reactivity with GM1. The administration of the mAbs (4-20 μg) to BALB/c mice completely abolished NK cell activity in vivo. The anti-ASGM1 rabbit mAbs obtained in this study may provide a useful and reproducible tool for various future studies, such as depleting NK cell activity to enhance xenograft engraftment in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji Kimura
- Diagnostic Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohta
- Diagnostic Division, Yamasa Corporation, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Ma S, Peng P, Duan Z, Fan Y, Li X. Predicting the Progress of Tuberculosis by Inflammatory Response-Related Genes Based on Multiple Machine Learning Comprehensive Analysis. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:7829286. [PMID: 37228444 PMCID: PMC10205410 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7829286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects approximately one-quarter of the global population and is considered one of the most lethal infectious diseases worldwide. The prevention of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from progressing into active tuberculosis (ATB) is crucial for controlling and eradicating TB. Unfortunately, currently available biomarkers have limited effectiveness in identifying subpopulations that are at risk of developing ATB. Hence, it is imperative to develop advanced molecular tools for TB risk stratification. Methods The TB datasets were downloaded from the GEO database. Three machine learning models, namely LASSO, RF, and SVM-RFE, were used to identify the key characteristic genes related to inflammation during the progression of LTBI to ATB. The expression and diagnostic accuracy of these characteristic genes were subsequently verified. These genes were then used to develop diagnostic nomograms. In addition, single-cell expression clustering analysis, immune cell expression clustering analysis, GSVA analysis, immune cell correlation, and immune checkpoint correlation of characteristic genes were conducted. Furthermore, the upstream shared miRNA was predicted, and a miRNA-genes network was constructed. Candidate drugs were also analyzed and predicted. Results In comparison to LTBI, a total of 96 upregulated and 26 downregulated genes related to the inflammatory response were identified in ATB. These characteristic genes have demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance and significant correlation with many immune cells and immune sites. The results of the miRNA-genes network analysis suggested a potential role of hsa-miR-3163 in the molecular mechanism of LTBI progressing into ATB. Moreover, retinoic acid may offer a potential avenue for the prevention of LTBI progression to ATB and for the treatment of ATB. Conclusion Our research has identified key inflammatory response-related genes that are characteristic of LTBI progression to ATB and hsa-miR-3163 as a significant node in the molecular mechanism of this progression. Our analyses have demonstrated the excellent diagnostic performance of these characteristic genes and their significant correlation with many immune cells and immune checkpoints. The CD274 immune checkpoint presents a promising target for the prevention and treatment of ATB. Furthermore, our findings suggest that retinoic acid may have a role in preventing LTBI from progressing to ATB and in treating ATB. This study provides a new perspective for differential diagnosis of LTBI and ATB and may uncover potential inflammatory immune mechanisms, biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and effective drugs in the progression of LTBI into ATB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Peifei Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhihao Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Yifeng Fan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China
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Ghazanfar H, Javed N, Lee S, Shaban M, Cordero D, Acherjee T, Hasan KZ, Jyala A, Kandhi S, Hussain AN, Patel H. Novel Therapies for Celiac Disease: A Clinical Review Article. Cureus 2023; 15:e39004. [PMID: 37323330 PMCID: PMC10263194 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is emerging as an autoimmune disorder with increasing prevalence and incidence. The mean age of presentation is also increasing with the passage of time. The delay in diagnosis is partly attributable to the asymptomatic state in which most patients present. The diagnosis of the disease is primarily based on biopsy, but serology can also be included for possible screening purposes. Although the primary management strategy is to eliminate gluten from the diet of such patients; however, compliance with the diet and follow-up to detect healing might be difficult to maintain. Therefore, there is a need to investigate further management therapies that can be easily administered and monitored. The aim of the review is to discuss the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and novel therapies being investigated for celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nismat Javed
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Somin Lee
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Mohammed Shaban
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Khushbu Z Hasan
- Internal Medicine, Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, PAK
| | | | - Sameer Kandhi
- Internal Medicine, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA
| | - Ali N Hussain
- Premedical, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Harish Patel
- Medicine/Gastroenterology, BronxCare Health System, New York, USA
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7
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Sindaco P, Pandey H, Isabelle C, Chakravarti N, Brammer JE, Porcu P, Mishra A. The role of interleukin-15 in the development and treatment of hematological malignancies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141208. [PMID: 37153603 PMCID: PMC10157481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are a vital component of the immune system that controls the activation and growth of blood cells. However, chronic overexpression of cytokines can trigger cellular events leading to malignant transformation. The cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) is of particular interest, which has been shown to contribute to the development and progression of various hematological malignancies. This review will provide an overview of the impact of the immunopathogenic function of IL-15 by studying its role in cell survival, proliferation, inflammation, and treatment resistance. We will also review therapeutic approaches for inhibiting IL-15 in blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sindaco
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hritisha Pandey
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Colleen Isabelle
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anjali Mishra,
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8
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Mortier E, Maillasson M, Quéméner A. Counteracting Interleukin-15 to Elucidate Its Modes of Action in Physiology and Pathology. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2023; 43:2-22. [PMID: 36651845 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 belongs to the common gamma-dependent cytokine family, along with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-21. IL-15 is crucial for the homeostasis of Natural Killer (NK) and memory CD8 T cells, and to fight against cancer progression. However, dysregulations of IL-15 expression could occur and participate in the emergence of autoimmune inflammatory diseases as well as hematological malignancies. It is therefore important to understand the different modes of action of IL-15 to decrease its harmful action in pathology without affecting its beneficial effects in the immune system. In this review, we present the different approaches used by researchers to inhibit the action of IL-15, from most broad to the most selective. Indeed, it appears that it is important to selectively target the mode of action of the cytokine rather than the cytokine itself as they are involved in numerous biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
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9
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Chaykin A, Odintsova` E, Nedorubov A. Celiac Disease: Disease Models in Understanding Pathogenesis and Search for Therapy. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.11024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a complex polygenic systemic disorder caused by dietary gluten exposure that selectively occurs in genetically susceptible people. The potential celiac disease is defined by the presence of celiac disease-specific antibodies and compatible human leukocyte antigen but without histological abnormalities in duodenal biopsies. At present, the only treatment is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Despite its effectiveness, the diet is difficult to maintain due to its cost, availability of gluten-free foods, and hidden gluten. The need to develop non-dietary treatment methods is widely recognized, but this is prevented by the absence of a pathophysiologically relevant preclinical model. Nonetheless, in vitro and in vivo models have made it possible to investigate the mechanisms of the disease and develop new treatment approaches: The use of foods with neutralized gluten, microbiota correction, cocktails of specific endoproteinase, polymer gluten binders, specific inhibitors of transglutaminases and inflammatory cytokines, and a vaccine based on allergen-specific therapy.
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10
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Butterfield JSS, Yamada K, Bertolini TB, Syed F, Kumar SRP, Li X, Arisa S, Piñeros AR, Tapia A, Rogers CA, Li N, Rana J, Biswas M, Terhorst C, Kaufman RJ, de Jong YP, Herzog RW. IL-15 blockade and rapamycin rescue multifactorial loss of factor VIII from AAV-transduced hepatocytes in hemophilia A mice. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3552-3569. [PMID: 35821634 PMCID: PMC9734025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene transfer has the potential to cure the X-linked bleeding disorder hemophilia A. However, declining therapeutic coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) expression has plagued clinical trials. To assess the mechanistic underpinnings of this loss of FVIII expression, we developed a hemophilia A mouse model that shares key features observed in clinical trials. Following liver-directed AAV8 gene transfer in the presence of rapamycin, initial FVIII protein expression declines over time in the absence of antibody formation. Surprisingly, loss of FVIII protein production occurs despite persistence of transgene and mRNA, suggesting a translational shutdown rather than a loss of transduced hepatocytes. Some of the animals develop ER stress, which may be linked to hepatic inflammatory cytokine expression. FVIII protein expression is preserved by interleukin-15/interleukin-15 receptor blockade, which suppresses CD8+ T and natural killer cell responses. Interestingly, mice with initial FVIII levels >100% of normal had diminishing expression while still under immune suppression. Taken together, our findings of interanimal variability of the response, and the ability of the immune system to shut down transgene expression without utilizing cytolytic or antibody-mediated mechanisms, illustrate the challenges associated with FVIII gene transfer. Our protocols based upon cytokine blockade should help to maintain efficient FVIII expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S S Butterfield
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Kentaro Yamada
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thais B Bertolini
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sandeep R P Kumar
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sreevani Arisa
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Annie R Piñeros
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alejandro Tapia
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christopher A Rogers
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jyoti Rana
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Samford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Abstract
The design and use of mouse models that reproduce key features of human diseases are critical to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and to test new therapeutic strategies. Celiac disease is a unique organ-specific autoimmune-like disorder occurring in genetically susceptible individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules who consume gluten. The key histological characteristic of the disease in humans is the destruction of the lining of the small intestine, a feature that has been difficult to reproduce in immunocompetent animal models. This unit describes the DQ8-Dd -villin-IL-15 transgenic mouse model of CeD, which was engineered based on the knowledge acquired from studying CeD patients' intestinal samples, and which represents the first animal model that develops villous atrophy in an HLA- and gluten-dependent manner without administration of any adjuvant. We provide detailed protocols for inducing and monitoring intestinal tissue damage, evaluating the cytotoxic properties of intraepithelial lymphocytes that mediate enterocyte lysis, and assessing the activation of the enzyme transglutaminase 2, which contributes to the generation of highly immunogenic gluten peptides. Detailed protocols to prepare pepsin-trypsin digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) or chymotrypsin-digested gliadin (CT-gliadin), which allow antibody detection against native or deamidated gluten peptides, are also provided in this unit. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Induction of celiac-like disease in DQ8-Dd -villin-IL-15tg mice Basic Protocol 2: Histological assessment of villous atrophy Support Protocol 1: Morphometric assessment of villous/crypt ratio Support Protocol 2: Evaluation of epithelial cells renewal Support Protocol 3: Evaluation of the density of intraepithelial lymphocytes Basic Protocol 3: Analysis of cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes Basic Protocol 4: Transglutaminase 2 activation and measurement of antibodies against native and deamidated gluten peptides Support Protocol 4: Preparation of CT-gliadin Support Protocol 5: Preparation of PT-gliadin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Kautzman AM, Mobulakani JMF, Marrero Cofino G, Quenum AJI, Cayarga AA, Asselin C, Fortier LC, Ilangumaran S, Menendez A, Ramanathan S. Interleukin 15 in murine models of colitis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1111-1130. [PMID: 35899872 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by abnormal, non-antigen specific chronic inflammation of unknown etiology. Genome-wide association studies show that many IBD genetic susceptibility loci map to immune function genes and compelling evidence indicate that environmental factors play a critical role in IBD pathogenesis. Clinical and experimental evidence implicate the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-15 in the pathogenesis of IBD. IL-15 and IL-15α expression is increased in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients. IL-15 contributes to the maintenance of different cell subsets in the intestinal mucosa. However, very few studies have addressed the role of IL-15 in pre-clinical models of colitis. In this study, we use three well-characterized models of experimental colitis to determine the contribution of IL-15 to pathological intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Molina Kautzman
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gisela Marrero Cofino
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Anny Armas Cayarga
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis-Charles Fortier
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Meghnem D, Maillasson M, Barbieux I, Morisseau S, Keita D, Jacques Y, Quéméner A, Mortier E. Selective Targeting of IL-15Rα Is Sufficient to Reduce Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886213. [PMID: 35592318 PMCID: PMC9110858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are crucial molecules for maintaining the proper functioning of the immune system. Nevertheless, a dysregulation of cytokine expression could be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a key factor for natural killer cells (NK) and CD8 T cells homeostasis, necessary to fight cancer and infections but could also be considered as a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in autoimmune inflammatory disease, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, along with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β. The molecular mechanisms by which IL-15 exerts its inflammatory function in these diseases are still unclear. In this study, we generated an IL-15-derived molecule called NANTIL-15 (New ANTagonist of IL-15), designed to selectively inhibit the action of IL-15 through the high-affinity trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor while leaving IL-15 signaling through the dimeric IL-2Rβ/γc receptor unaffected. Administrating of NANTIL-15 in healthy mice did not affect the IL-15-dependent cell populations such as NK and CD8 T cells. In contrast, we found that NANTIL-15 efficiently reduced signs of inflammation in a collagen-induced arthritis model. These observations demonstrate that the inflammatory properties of IL-15 are linked to its action through the trimeric IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc receptor, highlighting the interest of selectively targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihia Meghnem
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Barbieux
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Morisseau
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU), Nantes Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Dalloba Keita
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- Nantes University, CNRS, Inserm, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France.,LabEX IGO, Immuno-Onco-Greffe, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Bonamy, UMS BioCore, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
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14
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Wessels M, Auricchio R, Dolinsek J, Donat E, Gillett P, Mårild K, Meijer C, Popp A, Mearin ML. Review on pediatric coeliac disease from a clinical perspective. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:1785-1795. [PMID: 35034201 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the small bowel with villous atrophy driven by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. It occurs frequently in both children and adults, affecting 1-4% of the population. The disease is associated with both gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms related to malabsorption and/or immune activation, and autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase. Removal of gluten from the diet results in resolution of symptoms and enteropathy in the majority of patients. A good diagnostic work-up is important to avoid unnecessary restrictive diets in children. In this review on pediatric coeliac disease, we address epidemiology including predisposing environmental factors and possible preventive strategies, as well as the clinical presentation, diagnosis and follow-up. What is Known: •Primary prevention of coeliac disease is not possible; however, secondary prevention by targeting high-risk groups is recommended. •The diagnosis is safe without duodenal biopsies if specific conditions are met, also in asymptomatic children. What is New: •HLA-DQ typing is not routinely required for the diagnosis, whereas it can rule out coeliac disease if HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 are absent. •Follow-up could be improved by a more rational use of (laboratory) tests, increased intention to dietary compliance and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Wessels
- Department of Pediatrics, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands.
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jernej Dolinsek
- Department of Pediatrics, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit and Medical Faculty, Dept. of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Maribor, GastroenterologyMaribor, Slovenia
| | - Ester Donat
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Celiac Disease and Digestive Immunopathology Unit, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Peter Gillett
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karl Mårild
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Meijer
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alina Popp
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy ''Carol Davila'', National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Luisa Mearin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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15
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Gill PA, Inniss S, Kumagai T, Rahman FZ, Smith AM. The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota in Regulating Gastrointestinal and Inflammatory Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866059. [PMID: 35450067 PMCID: PMC9016115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is an important lifestyle factor that is known to contribute in the development of human disease. It is well established that poor diet plays an active role in exacerbating metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Our understanding of how the immune system drives chronic inflammation and disease pathogenesis has evolved in recent years. However, the contribution of dietary factors to inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and arthritis remain poorly defined. A western diet has been associated as pro-inflammatory, in contrast to traditional dietary patterns that are associated as being anti-inflammatory. This may be due to direct effects of nutrients on immune cell function. Diet may also affect the composition and function of gut microbiota, which consequently affects immunity. In animal models of inflammatory disease, diet may modulate inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and in other peripheral sites. Despite limitations of animal models, there is now emerging evidence to show that anti-inflammatory effects of diet may translate to human gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases. However, appropriately designed, larger clinical studies must be conducted to confirm the therapeutic benefit of dietary therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gill
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Inniss
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoko Kumagai
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farooq Z Rahman
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Gastroenterology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Kenesei Á, Volkó J, Szalóki N, Mocsár G, Jambrovics K, Balajthy Z, Bodnár A, Tóth K, Waldmann TA, Vámosi G. IL-15 Trans-Presentation Is an Autonomous, Antigen-Independent Process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2489-2500. [PMID: 34654688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 plays a pivotal role in the long-term survival of T cells and immunological memory. Its receptor consists of three subunits (IL-15Rα, IL-2/15Rβ, and γc). IL-15 functions mainly via trans-presentation (TP), during which an APC expressing IL-15 bound to IL-15Rα presents the ligand to the βγc receptor-heterodimer on a neighboring T/NK cell. To date, no direct biophysical evidence for the intercellular assembly of the IL-15R heterotrimer exists. Ag presentation (AP), the initial step of T cell activation, is also based on APC-T cell interaction. We were compelled to ask whether AP has any effect on IL-15 TP or whether they are independent processes. In our human Raji B cell-Jurkat T cell model system, we monitored inter-/intracellular protein interactions upon formation of IL-15 TP and AP receptor complexes by Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. We detected enrichment of IL-15Rα and IL-2/15Rβ at the synapse and positive Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency if Raji cells were pretreated with IL-15, giving direct biophysical evidence for IL-15 TP. IL-15Rα and MHC class II interacted and translocated jointly to the immunological synapse when either ligand was present, whereas IL-2/15Rβ and CD3 moved independently of each other. IL-15 TP initiated STAT5 phosphorylation in Jurkat cells, which was not further enhanced by AP. Conversely, IL-15 treatment slightly attenuated Ag-induced phosphorylation of the CD3ζ chain. Our studies prove that in our model system, IL-15 TP and AP can occur independently, and although AP enhances IL-15R assembly, it has no significant effect on IL-15 signaling during TP. Thus, IL-15 TP can be considered an autonomous, Ag-independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Kenesei
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Julianna Volkó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Szalóki
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bodnár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- Division of Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;
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17
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Kulkarni A, Patel S, Khanna D, Parmar MS. Current pharmacological approaches and potential future therapies for Celiac disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174434. [PMID: 34418405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CeD) is estimated to currently affect 2 million Americans in the United States. This autoimmune disorder occurs when the consumption of gluten-based products leads to an inflammatory response in the small intestine. Over time, this inflammatory response permanently damages the villi in the small intestine. Celiac disease patients generally present with fatigue, diarrhea, and weight loss due to the disease. The current gold standard for diagnosing CeD is the endoscopy with duodenal biopsy indicating villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. No FDA-approved medication exists for the treatment of CeD and the only recommended course to alleviate CeD induced symptoms is to abstain from consuming any gluten-based products. There are several clinical trials actively developing and testing pharmacological approaches to treat CeD. Two of the further advanced clinical trials include AT-1001 (Larazotide acetate) and IMGX-003 (Latiglutenase; formerly known as ALV003) therapies. These drugs aim to alleviate celiac disease-induced symptoms using two different approaches. AT-1001 aims to close the villi's tight junctions, while IMGX-003 acts as a gluten endopeptidase that degrades gluten before being absorbed in the small intestine. This review article summarizes the various preclinical research and clinical trials being conducted and specifies the mechanism by which these drugs function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Kulkarni
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Shuchi Patel
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa Bay Campus, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Deepesh Khanna
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa Bay Campus, Clearwater, FL, USA
| | - Mayur S Parmar
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa Bay Campus, Clearwater, FL, USA.
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18
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IL-15 and PIM kinases direct the metabolic programming of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4290. [PMID: 34257288 PMCID: PMC8277781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are an abundant population of tissue-resident T cells that protect and maintain the intestinal barrier. IEL respond to epithelial cell-derived IL-15, which is complexed to the IL-15 receptor α chain (IL-15/Rα). IL-15 is essential both for maintaining IEL homeostasis and inducing IEL responses to epithelial stress, which has been associated with Coeliac disease. Here, we apply quantitative mass spectrometry to IL-15/Rα-stimulated IEL to investigate how IL-15 directly regulates inflammatory functions of IEL. IL-15/Rα drives IEL activation through cell cycle regulation, upregulation of metabolic machinery and expression of a select repertoire of cell surface receptors. IL-15/Rα selectively upregulates the Ser/Thr kinases PIM1 and PIM2, which are essential for IEL to proliferate, grow and upregulate granzyme B in response to inflammatory IL-15. Notably, IEL from patients with Coeliac disease have high PIM expression. Together, these data indicate PIM kinases as important effectors of IEL responses to inflammatory IL-15.
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19
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Attarwala HZ, Suri K, Amiji MM. Co-Silencing of Tissue Transglutaminase-2 and Interleukin-15 Genes in a Celiac Disease Mimetic Mouse Model Using a Nanoparticle-in-Microsphere Oral System. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3099-3107. [PMID: 34228470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by activation of the immune system in response to deamidation of gluten peptides brought about by tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2). Overexpression of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in the intestinal epithelium and the lamina propria leads to the dysregulation of the immune system, leading to epithelial damage. The goal of this study was to develop an RNA interference therapeutic strategy for celiac disease using a combination of TG2 and IL-15 gene silencing in the inflamed intestine. TG2 and IL-15 silencing siRNA sequences, along with scrambled control, were encapsulated in a nanoparticle-in-microsphere oral system (NiMOS) and administered in a poly(I:C) mouse model of celiac disease. Single TG2 and IL-15 siRNA therapy and the combination showed effective gene silencing in vivo. Additionally, it was found that IL-15 gene silencing alone and combination in the NiMOS significantly reduced other proinflammatory cytokines. The tissue histopathology data also confirmed a reduction in immune cell infiltration and restoration of the mucosal architecture and barrier function in the intestine upon treatment. Overall, the results of this study show evidence that celiac disease can be potentially treated with an oral microsphere formulation using a combination of TG2 and IL-15 RNA interference therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain Z Attarwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kanika Suri
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Chemical Engineering College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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20
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Voisine J, Abadie V. Interplay Between Gluten, HLA, Innate and Adaptive Immunity Orchestrates the Development of Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674313. [PMID: 34149709 PMCID: PMC8206552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental, genetic, and immune factors create a "perfect storm" for the development of coeliac disease: the antigen gluten, the strong association of coeliac disease with HLA, the deamidation of gluten peptides by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) generating peptides that bind strongly to the predisposing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, and the ensuing unrestrained T cell response. T cell immunity is at the center of the disease contributing to the inflammatory process through the loss of tolerance to gluten and the differentiation of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8-restricted anti-gluten inflammatory CD4+ T cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the killing of intestinal epithelial cells by cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8+ lymphocytes. However, recent studies emphasize that the individual contribution of each of these cell subsets is not sufficient and that interactions between these different populations of T cells and the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in distinct gut compartments are required to promote disease immunopathology. In this review, we will discuss how tissue destruction in the context of coeliac disease results from the complex interactions between gluten, HLA molecules, TG2, and multiple innate and adaptive immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Voisine
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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21
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Wu L, Ji NN, Wang H, Hua JY, Sun GL, Chen PP, Hua R, Zhang YM. Domino Effect of Interleukin-15 and CD8 T-Cell-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1450-1463. [PMID: 30430911 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of local factors on activation of immune cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain elusive. The cytokine, interleukin (IL)-15, is crucial for development and activation of CD8 T lymphocytes, a prominent lymphocytic population present in TBI lesions. We investigated whether IL-15 originates from astrocytes and whether IL-15 can evoke the CD8 T-lymphocyte response in TBI. We observed that astrocytes were activated in a rat model of TBI and that IL-15 was overexpressed on the surface of astrocytes. Further, CD8 T lymphocytes infiltrating TBI lesions colocalized with IL-15-expressing astrocytes. Activated CD8 T lymphocytes released granzyme B (Gra-b), which, in turn, activated caspase-3-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and, ultimately, neuronal apoptosis. Conversely, inhibition of astrocyte activation by pre-treatment with the specific inhibitor, fluorocitrate (FC), that reduces carbon flux through the Krebs cycle in astrocytes resulted in improved neurological function and memory. FC pre-treatment was also associated with downregulated IL-15 expression and CD8 T-cell activation as well as decreased levels of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that IL-15 initiated a domino effect toward apoptosis. In contrast, rats pre-treated with recombinant rat IL-15 showed upregulated CD8 T-cell numbers and Gra-b levels, in addition to induction of neuronal apoptosis. Together, our results indicated that IL-15 could induce neuronal apoptosis by enhancing CD8 T-cell function in a rat model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning-Ning Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated with Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yu Hua
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Lin Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pan-Pan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Faculty of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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22
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Gliadin Sequestration as a Novel Therapy for Celiac Disease: A Prospective Application for Polyphenols. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020595. [PMID: 33435615 PMCID: PMC7826989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a heightened immune response to gluten proteins in the diet, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms and mucosal damage localized to the small intestine. Despite its prevalence, the only treatment currently available for celiac disease is complete avoidance of gluten proteins in the diet. Ongoing clinical trials have focused on targeting the immune response or gluten proteins through methods such as immunosuppression, enhanced protein degradation and protein sequestration. Recent studies suggest that polyphenols may elicit protective effects within the celiac disease milieu by disrupting the enzymatic hydrolysis of gluten proteins, sequestering gluten proteins from recognition by critical receptors in pathogenesis and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on the system as a whole. This review highlights mechanisms by which polyphenols can protect against celiac disease, takes a critical look at recent works and outlines future applications for this potential treatment method.
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23
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Deregulation of miRNAs-cMYC circuits is a key event in refractory celiac disease type-2 lymphomagenesis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1151-1166. [PMID: 32420596 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A percentage of celiac disease (CD) patients develop refractory type-2 disease (RCD2), a condition associated with increased risk of enteropathy-associated T-cell-lymphoma (EATL) and without therapeutic option. Therefore, we profiled the miRNome in series of peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs), CD, RCD1 or 2 and in the murine interleukin-15 (IL15)-transgenic (TG) model of RCD. The transcriptome was analyzed in 18 intestinal T-cell lymphomas (ITLs). Bioinformatics pipelines provided significant microRNA (miRNA) lists and predicted targets that were confirmed in a second set of patients. Our data show that ITLs have a unique miRNA profile with respect to other PTCLs. The c-MYC regulated miR-17/92 cluster distinguishes monomorphic epitheliotropic ITL (MEITL) from EATL and prognosticates EATL outcome. These miRNAs are decreased in IL15-TG mice upon Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition. The random forest algorithm identified a signature of 38 classifier miRNAs, among which, the miR-200 and miR-192/215 families were progressively lost in RCD2 and ITL-CD, whereas miR-17/92 and C19MC miRNAs were up-regulated. Accordingly, SMAD3, MDM2, c-Myc and activated-STAT3 were increased in RCD2 and EATL tissues while JAK inhibition in IL15-TG mice restored their levels to baseline. Our data suggest that miRNAs circuit supports activation of STAT3 and c-Myc oncogenic signaling in RCD2, thus contributing to lymphomagenesis. This novel understanding might pave the way to personalized medicine approaches for RCD and EATL.
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24
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Asri N, Rostami-Nejad M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Razzaghi M, Asadzadeh-Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Celiac Disease. Middle East J Dig Dis 2020; 12:229-237. [PMID: 33564379 PMCID: PMC7859609 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2020.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a widespread autoimmune enteropathy caused by dietary gluten peptides in genetically susceptible individuals, which includes a range of intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. Currently, there is no effective treatment for CeD other than strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, persistent or frequent symptoms and also partial villus atrophy were observed in some patients with CeD due to intentional or inadvertent gluten exposure during the use of GFD. It means that GFD alone is not enough to control CeD symptoms and long-term complications. Accordingly, new therapeutic approaches for CeD treatment such as gluten proteolysis, removing gluten from the digestive tract, promoting tight junction assembly, inhibiting intestinal tissue transglutaminase 2, using probiotics, and developing immunotherapeutic methods have been proposed through different strategies. This review focused on discussing the novel therapeutic strategies for CeD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Asri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Razzaghi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh-Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Allard-Chamard H, Mishra HK, Nandi M, Mayhue M, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Interleukin-15 in autoimmunity. Cytokine 2020; 136:155258. [PMID: 32919253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a member of the IL-2 family of cytokines, which use receptor complexes containing the common gamma (γc) chain for signaling. IL-15 plays important roles in innate and adaptative immune responses and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune diseases. The IL-15 receptor consists of 3 subunits namely, the ligand-binding IL-15Rα chain, the β chain (also used by IL-2) and the γc chain. IL-15 uses a unique signaling pathway whereby IL-15 associates with IL-15Rα during biosynthesis, and this complex is 'trans-presented' to responder cells that expresses the IL-2/15Rβγc receptor complex. IL-15 is subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, and evidence also suggests that IL-15 cis-signaling can occur under certain conditions. IL-15 has been implicated in the pathology of various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and psoriasis. Studies with pre-clinical models have shown the beneficial effects of targeting IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity. Unlike therapies targeting other cytokines, anti-IL-15 therapies have not yet been successful in humans. We discuss the complexities of IL-15 signaling in autoimmunity and explore potential immunotherapeutic approaches to target the IL-15 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Allard-Chamard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Hemant K Mishra
- Vet & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Madhuparna Nandi
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Centre Hospitalier d'Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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26
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Waldmann TA, Miljkovic MD, Conlon KC. Interleukin-15 (dys)regulation of lymphoid homeostasis: Implications for therapy of autoimmunity and cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132622. [PMID: 31821442 PMCID: PMC7037239 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 supports NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cell function, and dysregulated IL-15 is associated with many autoimmune diseases. Striking IL-15–driven increases in NK and CD8 T cells in patients highlight the potential for combination therapy of cancers. IL-15, a pleiotropic cytokine, stimulates generation of NK, NK-T, γδ, ILC1, and memory CD8 T cells. IL-15 disorders play pathogenetic roles in organ-specific autoimmune diseases including celiac disease. Diverse approaches are developed to block IL-15 action. IL-15 administered to patients with malignancy yielded dramatic increases in NK numbers and modest increases in CD8 T cells. Due to immunological checkpoints, to achieve major cancer therapeutic efficacy, IL-15 will be used in combination therapy, and combination trials with checkpoint inhibitors, with anti-CD40 to yield tumor-specific CD8 T cells, and with anticancer monoclonal antibodies to increase ADCC and antitumor efficacy, have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Milos D Miljkovic
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin C Conlon
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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27
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Panda AK, Gangaplara A, Buszko M, Natarajan K, Boyd LF, Sharma S, Margulies DH, Shevach EM. Cutting Edge: Inhibition of the Interaction of NK Inhibitory Receptors with MHC Class I Augments Antiviral and Antitumor Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:567-572. [PMID: 32601097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
NK cells recognize MHC class I (MHC-I) Ags via stochastically expressed MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors that prevent NK cell activation via cytoplasmic ITIM. We have identified a pan anti-MHC-I mAb that blocks NK cell inhibitory receptor binding at a site distinct from the TCR binding site. Treatment of unmanipulated mice with this mAb disrupted immune homeostasis, markedly activated NK and memory phenotype T cells, enhanced immune responses against transplanted tumors, and augmented responses to acute and chronic viral infection. mAbs of this type represent novel checkpoint inhibitors in tumor immunity, potent tools for the eradication of chronic infection, and may function as adjuvants for the augmentation of the immune response to weak vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir K Panda
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Early Sickle Mortality Prevention, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Maja Buszko
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kannan Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Lisa F Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Suveena Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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28
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Ciszewski C, Discepolo V, Pacis A, Doerr N, Tastet O, Mayassi T, Maglio M, Basheer A, Al-Mawsawi LQ, Green P, Auricchio R, Troncone R, Waldmann TA, Azimi N, Tagaya Y, Barreiro LB, Jabri B. Identification of a γc Receptor Antagonist That Prevents Reprogramming of Human Tissue-resident Cytotoxic T Cells by IL15 and IL21. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:625-637.e13. [PMID: 31622625 PMCID: PMC7861144 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gamma chain (γc) cytokines (interleukin [IL]2, IL4, IL7, IL9, IL15, and IL21) signal via a common γc receptor. IL2 regulates the immune response, whereas IL21 and IL15 contribute to development of autoimmune disorders, including celiac disease. We investigated whether BNZ-2, a peptide designed to inhibit IL15 and IL21, blocks these cytokines selectively and its effects on intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells. METHODS We obtained duodenal biopsies from 9 patients with potential celiac disease (positive results from tests for anti-TG2 but no villous atrophy), 30 patients with untreated celiac disease (with villous atrophy), and 5 patients with treated celiac disease (on a gluten-free diet), as well as 43 individuals without celiac disease (controls). We stimulated primary intestinal intraepithelial CD8+ T-cell lines, or CD8+ T cells directly isolated from intestinal biopsies, with γc cytokines in presence or absence of BNZ-2. Cells were analyzed by immunoblots, flow cytometry, or RNA-sequencing analysis for phosphorylation of signaling molecules, gene expression profiles, proliferation, and levels of granzyme B. RESULTS Duodenal tissues from patients with untreated celiac disease had increased levels of messenger RNAs encoding IL15 receptor subunit alpha (IL15RA) and IL21 compared with tissues from patients with potential celiac disease and controls. Activation of intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells with IL15 or IL21 induced separate signaling pathways; incubation of the cells with IL15 and IL21 cooperatively increased their transcriptional activity, proliferation, and cytolytic properties. BNZ-2 specifically inhibited the effects of IL15 and IL21, but not of other γc cytokines. CONCLUSIONS We found increased expression of IL15RA and IL21 in duodenal tissues from patients with untreated celiac disease compared with controls. IL15 and IL21 cooperatively activated intestinal intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells. In particular, they increased their transcriptional activity, proliferation, and cytolytic activity. The peptide BNZ-2 blocked these effects, but not those of other γc cytokines, including IL2. BNZ-2 might be used to prevent cytotoxic T-cell-mediated tissue damage in complex immune disorders exhibiting upregulation of IL15 and IL21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alain Pacis
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nick Doerr
- Bioniz Therapeutics, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Department of Genetics, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Toufic Mayassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Peter Green
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Thomas A. Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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29
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Khalkhal E, Nobakht F, Haidari MH, Razaghi Z, Ghasemzad M, Sheikhan M, Rostami Nejad M. Evaluation of expression of common genes in the intestine and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) associated with celiac disease. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2020; 13:S60-S67. [PMID: 33585005 PMCID: PMC7881404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AIM this study was conducted to investigate expression of the genes associated with CD in the target tissue in order to estimate contribution of each single gene to development of immune response. Then, the same set of genes was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease of the small intestine occurring in genetically-susceptible individuals. There are several genes related to immune response. METHODS For this purpose, the genes related to CD were extracted from public databases (documents of proteomics and microarray-based techniques) and were organized in a protein-protein interaction network using the search tool for retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) database as a plugin of Cytoscape software version 3.6.0. The main genes were introduced and enriched via ClueGO to find the related biochemical pathways. The network was analyzed, and the most important genes were introduced based on central indices. RESULTS Among 20 CD genes as hub and bottleneck nodes, there were 7 genes with common expression in blood and intestinal tissue (C-X-C motif chemokine 11(CXCL11), granzyme B (GZMB), interleukin 15(IL-15), interleukin 17(IL-17A), interleukin 23(IL-23A), t-box transcription factor 21(TBX21), and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3(TNFAIP3)). CONCLUSION The enriched biological process related to the central nodes of celiac network indicated that most of hub-bottleneck genes are the well-known ones involved in different types of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Khalkhal
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nobakht
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossain Haidari
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Razaghi
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ghasemzad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Sheikhan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami Nejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Richmond JM, Strassner JP, Zapata L, Garg M, Riding RL, Refat MA, Fan X, Azzolino V, Tovar-Garza A, Tsurushita N, Pandya AG, Tso JY, Harris JE. Antibody blockade of IL-15 signaling has the potential to durably reverse vitiligo. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/450/eaam7710. [PMID: 30021889 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin mediated by CD8+ T cells that kill melanocytes and create white spots. Skin lesions in vitiligo frequently return after discontinuing conventional treatments, supporting the hypothesis that autoimmune memory is formed at these locations. We found that lesional T cells in mice and humans with vitiligo display a resident memory (TRM) phenotype, similar to those that provide rapid, localized protection against reinfection from skin and mucosal-tropic viruses. Interleukin-15 (IL-15)-deficient mice reportedly have impaired TRM formation, and IL-15 promotes TRM function ex vivo. We found that both human and mouse TRM express the CD122 subunit of the IL-15 receptor and that keratinocytes up-regulate CD215, the subunit required to display the cytokine on their surface to promote activation of T cells. Targeting IL-15 signaling with an anti-CD122 antibody reverses disease in mice with established vitiligo. Short-term treatment with anti-CD122 inhibits TRM production of interferon-γ (IFNγ), and long-term treatment depletes TRM from skin lesions. Short-term treatment with anti-CD122 can provide durable repigmentation when administered either systemically or locally in the skin. On the basis of these data, we propose that targeting CD122 may be a highly effective and even durable treatment strategy for vitiligo and other tissue-specific autoimmune diseases involving TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - James P Strassner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lucio Zapata
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Madhuri Garg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rebecca L Riding
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Maggi A Refat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Vincent Azzolino
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | - Amit G Pandya
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - J Yun Tso
- JN Biosciences LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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31
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Lee PH, Yamamoto TN, Gurusamy D, Sukumar M, Yu Z, Hu-Li J, Kawabe T, Gangaplara A, Kishton RJ, Henning AN, Vodnala SK, Germain RN, Paul WE, Restifo NP. Host conditioning with IL-1β improves the antitumor function of adoptively transferred T cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2619-2634. [PMID: 31405895 PMCID: PMC6829590 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host conditioning has emerged as an important component of effective adoptive cell transfer-based immunotherapy for cancer. High levels of IL-1β are induced by host conditioning, but its impact on the antitumor function of T cells remains unclear. We found that the administration of IL-1β increased the population size and functionality of adoptively transferred T cells within the tumor. Most importantly, IL-1β enhanced the ability of tumor-specific T cells to trigger the regression of large, established B16 melanoma tumors in mice. Mechanistically, we showed that the increase in T cell numbers was associated with superior tissue homing and survival abilities and was largely mediated by IL-1β-stimulated host cells. In addition, IL-1β enhanced T cell functionality indirectly via its actions on radio-resistant host cells in an IL-2- and IL-15-dependent manner. Our findings not only underscore the potential of provoking inflammation to enhance antitumor immunity but also uncover novel host regulations of T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsien Lee
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD .,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tori N Yamamoto
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Devikala Gurusamy
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jane Hu-Li
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Takeshi Kawabe
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amanda N Henning
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Suman K Vodnala
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - William E Paul
- Cytokine Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD .,Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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32
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Baggus EMR, Hadjivassiliou M, Cross S, Penny H, Urwin H, Watson S, Woodward JM, Sanders DS. How to manage adult coeliac disease: perspective from the NHS England Rare Diseases Collaborative Network for Non-Responsive and Refractory Coeliac Disease. Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 11:235-242. [PMID: 32419915 PMCID: PMC7223293 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2019-101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult coeliac disease (CD) affects approximately 1% of the population. Most patients diagnosed will respond to a gluten-free diet; however, up to 30% may have persisting symptoms. Such patients may have ongoing issues associated with adherence, non-responsive CD or refractory CD. This article provides a clinical overview of how to manage this group of patients with persisting symptoms, including an investigational algorithm and details of how to contact the National Health Service England Rare Diseases Collaborative Network for Non-Responsive and Refractory Coeliac Disease. We hope this will be a valuable source of contemporary information for all UK gastroenterologists and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Cross
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hugo Penny
- Academic Unit of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heidi Urwin
- Coeliac UK, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sarah Watson
- Highly Specialised Services, NHS England, England, UK
| | - Jeremy Mark Woodward
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge Intestinal Failure and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - David S Sanders
- Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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33
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Stanley S, Mok CC, Vanarsa K, Habazi D, Li J, Pedroza C, Saxena R, Mohan C. Identification of Low‐Abundance Urinary Biomarkers in Lupus Nephritis Using Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassays. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:744-755. [DOI: 10.1002/art.40813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramesh Saxena
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas
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34
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten. Gluten-free diets can be challenging because of their restrictive nature, inadvertent cross-contaminations, and the high cost of gluten-free food. Novel nondietary therapies are at the preclinical stage, clinical trial phase, or have already been developed for other indications and are now being applied to CD. These therapies include enzymatic gluten degradation, binding and sequestration of gluten, restoration of epithelial tight junction barrier function, inhibition of tissue transglutaminase-mediated potentiation of gliadin oligopeptide immunogenicity or of human leukocyte antigen-mediated gliadin presentation, induction of tolerance to gluten, and antiinflammatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Serena
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, 175 Cambridge Street, CPZS - 574, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ciaran P Kelly
- Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, 175 Cambridge Street, CPZS - 574, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Lutter L, Hoytema van Konijnenburg DP, Brand EC, Oldenburg B, van Wijk F. The elusive case of human intraepithelial T cells in gut homeostasis and inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:637-649. [PMID: 29973676 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial barrier of the gastrointestinal tract is home to numerous intraepithelial T cells (IETs). IETs are functionally adapted to the mucosal environment and are among the first adaptive immune cells to encounter microbial and dietary antigens. They possess hallmark features of tissue-resident T cells: they are long-lived nonmigratory cells capable of rapidly responding to antigen challenges independent of T cell recruitment from the periphery. Gut-resident T cells have been implicated in the relapsing and remitting course and persisting low-grade inflammation of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including IBD and coeliac disease. So far, most data IETs have been derived from experimental animal models; however, IETs and the environmental makeup differ between mice and humans. With advances in techniques, the number of human studies has grown exponentially in the past 5 years. Here, we review the literature on the involvement of human IETs in gut homeostasis and inflammation, and how these cells are influenced by the microbiota and dietary antigens. Finally, targeting of IETs in therapeutic interventions is discussed. Broad insight into the function and role of human IETs in gut homeostasis and inflammation is essential to identify future diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Lutter
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David P Hoytema van Konijnenburg
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eelco C Brand
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bas Oldenburg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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36
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Mathews DV, Dong Y, Higginbotham LB, Kim SC, Breeden CP, Stobert EA, Jenkins J, Tso JY, Larsen CP, Adams AB. CD122 signaling in CD8+ memory T cells drives costimulation-independent rejection. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4557-4572. [PMID: 30222140 DOI: 10.1172/jci95914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrupting T cell costimulatory signals as a strategy to control undesired immune responses, such as occur in autoimmunity or transplantation, has the potential to alleviate many of the unwanted side effects associated with current immunosuppressive therapies. Belatacept, a high-affinity version of CTLA4-Ig that blocks ligand ligation to CD28, has been approved for use in kidney transplant recipients. Despite the long-term benefits associated with its use, such as improved renal function and lower cardiovascular risk, a subset of patients treated with belatacept experience elevated rates of acute T cell-mediated rejection, tempering enthusiasm for its use. Here we demonstrate that costimulation-independent T cell alloreactivity relies on signaling through CD122, the shared IL-2 and IL-15 receptor β-chain. Combined costimulatory and CD122 blockade improved survival of transplanted tissue in mice and nonhuman primates by controlling proliferation and effector function of CD8+ T cells. The high-affinity IL-2 receptor was dispensable for memory CD8+ T cell responses, whereas signaling through CD122 as a component of the high-affinity IL-15 receptor was critical for costimulation-independent memory CD8+ T cell recall, distinguishing specific roles for IL-2 and IL-15 in T cell activation. These studies outline a novel approach for clinical optimization of costimulatory blockade strategies in transplantation by targeting CD122.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Mathews
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ying Dong
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Steven C Kim
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - J Yun Tso
- JN Biosciences, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Christian P Larsen
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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37
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Gupta R, Yan XJ, Barrientos J, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai K, Chiorazzi N, Mongini PKA. Mechanistic Insights into CpG DNA and IL-15 Synergy in Promoting B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Clonal Expansion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:1570-1585. [PMID: 30068596 PMCID: PMC6103916 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malignant cell growth within patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is largely restricted to lymphoid tissues, particularly lymph nodes. The recent in vitro finding that TLR-9 ligand (oligodeoxynucleotide [ODN]) and IL-15 exhibit strong synergy in promoting B-CLL growth may be particularly relevant to growth in these sites. This study shows IL-15-producing cells are prevalent within B-CLL-infiltrated lymph nodes and, using purified B-CLL cells from blood, investigates the mechanism for ODN and IL-15 synergy in driving B-CLL growth. ODN boosts baseline levels of phospho-RelA(S529) in B-CLL and promotes NF-κB-driven increases in IL15RA and IL2RB mRNA, followed by elevated IL-15Rα and IL-2/IL-15Rβ (CD122) protein. IL-15→CD122 signaling during a critical interval, 20 to 36-48 h following initial ODN exposure, is required for optimal induction of the cycling process. Furthermore, experiments with neutralizing anti-IL-15 and anti-CD122 mAbs indicate that clonal expansion requires continued IL-15/CD122 signaling during cycling. The latter is consistent with evidence of heightened IL2RB mRNA in the fraction of recently proliferated B-CLL cells within patient peripheral blood. Compromised ODN+IL-15 growth with limited cell density is consistent with a role for upregulated IL-15Rα in facilitating homotypic trans IL-15 signaling, although there may be other explanations. Together, the findings show that ODN and IL-15 elicit temporally distinct signals that function in a coordinated manner to drive B-CLL clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Xiao J Yan
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jacqueline Barrientos
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11303
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11303
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
| | - Steven L Allen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11303
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
| | - Kanti Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11303
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Patricia K A Mongini
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030;
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38
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Mayassi T, Jabri B. Human intraepithelial lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1281-1289. [PMID: 29674648 PMCID: PMC6178824 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The location of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) between epithelial cells, their effector memory, cytolytic and inflammatory phenotype positions them to kill infected epithelial cells and protect the intestine against pathogens. Human TCRαβ+CD8αβ+ IEL have the dual capacity to recognize modified self via natural killer (NK) receptors (autoreactivity) as well as foreign antigen via the T cell receptor (TCR), which is accomplished in mouse by two cell subsets, the naturally occurring TCRαβ+CD8αα+ and adaptively induced TCRαβ+CD8αβ+ IEL subsets, respectively. The private/oligoclonal nature of the TCR repertoire of both human and mouse IEL suggests local environmental factors dictate the specificity of IEL responses. The line between sensing of foreign antigens and autoreactivity is blurred for IEL in celiac disease, where recognition of stress ligands by induced activating NK receptors in conjunction with inflammatory signals such as IL-15 can result in low-affinity TCR/non-cognate antigen and NK receptor/stress ligand interactions triggering destruction of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toufic Mayassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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39
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Sestak K, Dufour JP, Liu DX, Rout N, Alvarez X, Blanchard J, Faldas A, Laine DJ, Clarke AW, Doyle AG. Beneficial Effects of Human Anti-Interleukin-15 Antibody in Gluten-Sensitive Rhesus Macaques with Celiac Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1603. [PMID: 30050538 PMCID: PMC6050360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of interleukin-15 (IL-15) is linked with immunopathology of several autoimmune disorders including celiac disease. Here, we utilized an anti-human IL-15 antibody 04H04 (anti-IL-15) to reverse immunopathogenesis of celiac disease. Anti-IL-15 was administered to six gluten-sensitive rhesus macaques with celiac disease characteristics including gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), and the following celiac-related metrics were evaluated: morphology (villous height/crypt depth ratio) of small intestine, counts of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, plasma levels of anti-gliadin and anti-intestinal tissue transglutaminase IgG antibodies, as well as peripheral effector memory (CD3+CD28-CD95+) T cells. Anti-IL-15 treatment reversed the clinically relevant disease endpoints, intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, and villous height/crypt depth ratios within jejunal biopsies to normal levels (P < 0.001). Additionally, intestinal CD8+ and CD4+ T cell IFN-γ production was reduced (P < 0.05). Extra-intestinally, anti-IL-15 treatment reduced peripheral NK cell counts (P < 0.001), but otherwise, non-NK peripheral lymphocytes including effector memory T cells and serum blood chemistry were unaffected. Overall, providing the beneficial disease-modulatory and immunomodulatory effects observed, anti-IL-15 treatment might be considered as a novel therapy to normalize intestinal lymphocyte function in celiac disease patients with GSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Sestak
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- PreCliniTria LLC, Mandeville, LA, United States
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - David X. Liu
- Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James Blanchard
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Anne Faldas
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Laine
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam W. Clarke
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony G. Doyle
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, R&D, Biologics, Lead Antibody Discovery, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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40
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Strutt TM, Dhume K, Finn CM, Hwang JH, Castonguay C, Swain SL, McKinstry KK. IL-15 supports the generation of protective lung-resident memory CD4 T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:668-680. [PMID: 29186108 PMCID: PMC5975122 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) provide optimal defense at the sites of infection, but signals regulating their development are unclear, especially for CD4 T cells. Here we identify two distinct pathways that lead to the generation of CD4 TRM in the lungs following influenza infection. The TRM are transcriptionally distinct from conventional memory CD4 T cells and share a gene signature with CD8 TRM. The CD4 TRM are superior cytokine producers compared with conventional memory cells, can protect otherwise naive mice against a lethal influenza challenge, and display functional specialization by inducing enhanced inflammatory responses from dendritic cells compared with conventional memory cells. Finally, we demonstrate than an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent and a novel IL-2-independent but IL-15-dependent pathway support the generation of cohorts of lung TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Strutt
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kunal Dhume
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Caroline M. Finn
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ji Hae Hwang
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Catherine Castonguay
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - K. Kai McKinstry
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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41
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Haridy J, Lewis D, Newnham ED. Investigational drug therapies for coeliac disease - where to from here? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:225-233. [PMID: 29411655 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1438407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite decades of research and a detailed knowledge of the immunopathological basis of coeliac disease (CD), adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the single proven and available treatment. The increasing prevalence of CD combined with variable adherence to the GFD in a significant proportion of patients demands new therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED Trial registries, clinicaltrials.gov, pharmaceutical company website searches as well as published data from PubMed and conference proceedings were used to extract the most recent outcomes for CD therapeutics. This article aims to review the available therapies from a pathophysiological approach, and propose future directions in this interesting yet largely unfulfilled area of research. EXPERT OPINION Increasingly, the GFD is being challenged by its availability, palatability, practicality and now even efficacy in some populations. Whilst the causative antigens have been well described, it is clear that treatment based on the removal of these immunostimulatory peptides from the diet is far more complex than early experience in CD treatment implied. Despite burgeoning interest and research in experimental therapies for CD over the past twenty years, the only therapy showing promise as a true alternative to a GFD is that of the induction of tolerance via a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Haridy
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Diana Lewis
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Evan D Newnham
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School , Melbourne , Australia
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42
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Vaquero L, Rodríguez-Martín L, León F, Jorquera F, Vivas S. New coeliac disease treatments and their complications. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2018; 41:191-204. [PMID: 29422237 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The only accepted treatment for coeliac disease is strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. This type of diet may give rise to reduced patient quality of life with economic and social repercussions. For this reason, dietary transgressions are common and may elicit intestinal damage. Several treatments aimed at different pathogenic targets of coeliac disease have been developed in recent years: modification of gluten to produce non-immunogenic gluten, endoluminal therapies to degrade gluten in the intestinal lumen, increased gluten tolerance, modulation of intestinal permeability and regulation of the adaptive immune response. This review evaluates these coeliac disease treatment lines that are being researched and the treatments that aim to control disease complications like refractory coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vaquero
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España
| | | | | | - Francisco Jorquera
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España; Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, España
| | - Santiago Vivas
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, España; Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, España.
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43
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Duan Y, Li F, Wang W, Guo Q, Wen C, Li Y, Yin Y. Interleukin-15 in obesity and metabolic dysfunction: current understanding and future perspectives. Obes Rev 2017; 18:1147-1158. [PMID: 28752527 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity rises rapidly and is a major health concern for modern people. Importantly, it is a major risk factor in the development of numerous chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, interleukin (IL)-15 has attracted considerable attention as a potential regulator for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and T2DM. The beneficial effects include increased loss of fat mass and body weight, improved lipid and glucose metabolism, reduced white adipose tissue inflammation, enhanced mitochondrial function, alterations in the composition of muscle fibres and gut bacterial and attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although these beneficial effects are somewhat controversial, IL-15, exogenously delivered or endogenously produced, may be a promising target in the prevention and treatment of obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - F Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, CICSAP, Changsha, China
| | - W Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Y Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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44
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Attarwala H, Clausen V, Chaturvedi P, Amiji MM. Cosilencing Intestinal Transglutaminase-2 and Interleukin-15 Using Gelatin-Based Nanoparticles in an in Vitro Model of Celiac Disease. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3036-3044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husain Attarwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Valerie Clausen
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Prasoon Chaturvedi
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mansoor M. Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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45
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Chymase-producing cells of the innate immune system are required for decidual vascular remodeling and fetal growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45106. [PMID: 28327604 PMCID: PMC5361184 DOI: 10.1038/srep45106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is caused by insufficient remodeling of spiral arteries (SAs). The mechanism underlying the relevance of natural killer cells (NKs) and mast cells (MCs) for SA remodeling and its effects on pregnancy outcome are not well understood. We show that NK depletion arrested SA remodeling without affecting pregnancy. MC depletion resulted in abnormally remodeled SAs and IUGR. Combined absence of NKs and MCs substantially affected SA remodeling and impaired fetal growth. We found that α-chymase mast cell protease (Mcpt) 5 mediates apoptosis of uterine smooth muscle cells, a key feature of SA remodeling. Additionally, we report a previously unknown source for Mcpt5: uterine (u) NKs. Mice with selective deletion of Mcpt5+ cells had un-remodeled SAs and growth-restricted progeny. The human α-chymase CMA1, phylogenetic homolog of Mcpt5, stimulated the ex vivo migration of human trophoblasts, a pre-requisite for SA remodeling. Our results show that chymases secreted by uMCs and uNKs are pivotal to the vascular changes required to support pregnancy. Understanding the mechanisms underlying pregnancy-induced vascular changes is essential for developing therapeutic options against pregnancy complications associated with poor vascular remodeling.
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46
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CD4 T-cell cytokines synergize to induce proliferation of malignant and nonmalignant innate intraepithelial lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E980-E989. [PMID: 28049849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620036114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractory celiac disease type II (RCDII) is a severe complication of celiac disease (CD) characterized by the presence of an enlarged clonal population of innate intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) lacking classical B-, T-, and natural killer (NK)-cell lineage markers (Lin-IELs) in the duodenum. In ∼50% of patients with RCDII, these Lin-IELs develop into a lymphoma for which no effective treatment is available. Current evidence indicates that the survival and expansion of these malignant Lin-IELs is driven by epithelial cell-derived IL-15. Like CD, RCDII is strongly associated with HLA-DQ2, suggesting the involvement of HLA-DQ2-restricted gluten-specific CD4+ T cells. We now show that gluten-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from CD duodenal biopsy specimens produce cytokines able to trigger proliferation of malignant Lin-IEL lines as powerfully as IL-15. Furthermore, we identify TNF, IL-2, and IL-21 as CD4+ T-cell cytokines that synergistically mediate this effect. Like IL-15, these cytokines were found to increase the phosphorylation of STAT5 and Akt and transcription of antiapoptotic mediator bcl-xL Several small-molecule inhibitors targeting the JAK/STAT pathway blocked proliferation elicited by IL-2 and IL-15, but only an inhibitor targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway blocked proliferation induced by IL-15 as well as the CD4+ T-cell cytokines. Confirming and extending these findings, TNF, IL-2, and IL-21 also synergistically triggered the proliferation of freshly isolated Lin-IELs and CD3-CD56+ IELs (NK-IELs) from RCDII as well as non-RCDII duodenal biopsy specimens. These data provide evidence implicating CD4+ T-cell cytokines in the pathogenesis of RCDII. More broadly, they suggest that adaptive immune responses can contribute to innate IEL activation during mucosal inflammation.
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47
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Exaggerated IL-15 and Altered Expression of foxp3+ Cell-Derived Cytokines Contribute to Enhanced Colitis in Nlrp3-/- Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5637685. [PMID: 27610005 PMCID: PMC5005544 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5637685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) involves defects in the innate immune system, impairing responses to microbes. Studies have revealed that mutations NLRP3 are associated with CD. We reported previously that Nlrp3−/− mice were more susceptible to colitis and exhibited reduced colonic IL-10 expression. In the current study, we sought to determine how the loss of NLRP3 might be altering the function of regulatory T cells, a major source of IL-10. Colitis was induced in wild-type (WT) and Nlrp3−/− mice by treatment with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Lamina propria (LP) cells were assessed by flow cytometry and cytokine expression was assessed. DSS-treated Nlrp3−/− mice exhibited increased numbers of colonic foxp3+ T cells that expressed significantly lower levels of IL-10 but increased IL-17. This was associated with increased expression of colonic IL-15 and increased surface expression of IL-15 on LP dendritic cells. Neutralizing IL-15 in Nlrp3−/− mice attenuated the severity of colitis, decreased the number of colonic foxp3+ cells, and reduced the colonic expression of IL-12p40 and IL-17. These data suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome can regulate intestinal inflammation through noncanonical mechanisms, providing additional insight as to how NLRP3 variants may contribute to the pathogenesis of CD.
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48
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Woodward J. Improving outcomes of refractory celiac disease - current and emerging treatment strategies. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2016; 9:225-36. [PMID: 27536154 PMCID: PMC4976763 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s87200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation and symptoms of celiac disease (CD) usually respond well to gluten withdrawal, but rare cases are refractory to diet. Two types of refractory CD are discriminated on the basis of the presence or absence of an atypical population of mucosal lymphocytes that may progress to enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Challenges remain in the secure diagnosis of both types of refractory disease, and evidence on which to base treatment recommendations is flawed by the small numbers of reported patients and the use of different diagnostic strategies. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the condition in conjunction with the development of immunomodulatory agents for managing other inflammatory diseases are helping to shape future approaches to targeted therapy. Progression will depend on collaboration and recruitment to trials. In the meantime, there is evidence to suggest that earlier diagnosis and better follow-up and management of CD may prevent the development of refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Woodward
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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49
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An activation-induced IL-15 isoform is a natural antagonist for IL-15 function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25822. [PMID: 27166125 PMCID: PMC4863161 DOI: 10.1038/srep25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) expression induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, inhibits the apoptosis of activated T cells and prolongs the survival of CD8+ memory T cells. Here we identified an IL-15 isoform lacking exon-6, IL-15ΔE6, generated by alternative splicing events of activated immune cells, including macrophages and B cells. In vitro study showed that IL-15ΔE6 could antagonize IL-15-mediated T cell proliferation. The receptor binding assay revealed that IL-15ΔE6 could bind to IL-15Rα and interfere with the binding between IL-15 and IL-15Rα. Over-expression of IL-15ΔE6 in the murine EAE model ameliorated the EAE symptoms of the mice. The clinical scores were significantly lower in the mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 than the control mice and the mice expressing IL-15. The inflammation and demyelination of the EAE mice expressing IL-15ΔE6 were less severe than the control group. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 expression reduced the percentages of inflammatory T cells in the spleen and spinal cord, and inhibited the infiltration of macrophages to the CNS. Our results demonstrated that IL-15ΔE6 could be induced during immune activation and function as a negative feedback mechanism to dampen IL-15-mediated inflammatory events.
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50
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Cepero-Donates Y, Lacraz G, Ghobadi F, Rakotoarivelo V, Orkhis S, Mayhue M, Chen YG, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Menendez A, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. Interleukin-15-mediated inflammation promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cytokine 2016; 82:102-11. [PMID: 26868085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is essential for the homeostasis of lymphoid cells particularly memory CD8(+) T cells and NK cells. These cells are abundant in the liver, and are implicated in obesity-associated pathogenic processes. Here we characterized obesity-associated metabolic and cellular changes in the liver of mice lacking IL-15 or IL-15Rα. High fat diet-induced accumulation of lipids was diminished in the livers of mice deficient for IL-15 or IL-15Rα. Expression of enzymes involved in the transport of lipids in the liver showed modest differences. More strikingly, the liver tissues of IL15-KO and IL15Rα-KO mice showed decreased expression of chemokines CCl2, CCL5 and CXCL10 and reduced infiltration of mononuclear cells. In vitro, IL-15 stimulation induced chemokine gene expression in wildtype hepatocytes, but not in IL15Rα-deficient hepatocytes. Our results show that IL-15 is implicated in the high fat diet-induced lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver, leading to fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Grégory Lacraz
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Farnaz Ghobadi
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sakina Orkhis
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Alfredo Menendez
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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