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Thor S. Indirect neurogenesis in space and time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:519-534. [PMID: 38951687 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generate neurons and glia in two different ways. In direct neurogenesis, daughter cells differentiate directly into neurons or glia, whereas in indirect neurogenesis, neurons or glia are generated after one or more daughter cell divisions. Intriguingly, indirect neurogenesis is not stochastically deployed and plays instructive roles during CNS development: increased generation of cells from specific lineages; increased generation of early or late-born cell types within a lineage; and increased cell diversification. Increased indirect neurogenesis might contribute to the anterior CNS expansion evident throughout the Bilateria and help to modify brain-region size without requiring increased NPC numbers or extended neurogenesis. Increased indirect neurogenesis could be an evolutionary driver of the gyrencephalic (that is, folded) cortex that emerged during mammalian evolution and might even have increased during hominid evolution. Thus, selection of indirect versus direct neurogenesis provides a powerful developmental and evolutionary instrument that drives not only the evolution of CNS complexity but also brain expansion and modulation of brain-region size, and thereby the evolution of increasingly advanced cognitive abilities. This Review describes indirect neurogenesis in several model species and humans, and highlights some of the molecular genetic mechanisms that control this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Charou D, Rogdakis T, Latorrata A, Valcarcel M, Papadogiannis V, Athanasiou C, Tsengenes A, Papadopoulou MA, Lypitkas D, Lavigne MD, Katsila T, Wade RC, Cader MZ, Calogeropoulou T, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I. Comprehensive characterization of the neurogenic and neuroprotective action of a novel TrkB agonist using mouse and human stem cell models of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:200. [PMID: 38971770 PMCID: PMC11227723 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain decreases to minimal levels postnatally. Nevertheless, neurogenic niches persist in the adult cortex and hippocampus in rodents, primates and humans, with adult NSC differentiation sharing key regulatory mechanisms with development. Adult neurogenesis impairments have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Addressing these impairments by using neurotrophic factors is a promising new avenue for therapeutic intervention based on neurogenesis. However, this possibility has been hindered by technical difficulties of using in-vivo models to conduct screens, including working with scarce NSCs in the adult brain and differences between human and mouse models or ethical limitations. METHODS Here, we use a combination of mouse and human stem cell models for comprehensive in-vitro characterization of a novel neurogenic compound, focusing on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. The ability of ENT-A011, a steroidal dehydroepiandrosterone derivative, to activate the tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor was tested through western blotting in NIH-3T3 cells and its neurogenic and neuroprotective action were assessed through proliferation, cell death and Amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity assays in mouse primary adult hippocampal NSCs, mouse embryonic cortical NSCs and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiated from three human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from healthy and AD donors. RNA-seq profiling was used to assess if the compound acts through the same gene network as BDNF in human NPCs. RESULTS ENT-A011 was able to increase proliferation of mouse primary adult hippocampal NSCs and embryonic cortical NSCs, in the absence of EGF/FGF, while reducing Aβ-induced cell death, acting selectively through TrkB activation. The compound was able to increase astrocytic gene markers involved in NSC maintenance, protect hippocampal neurons from Αβ toxicity and prevent synapse loss after Aβ treatment. ENT-A011 successfully induces proliferation and prevents cell death after Aβ toxicity in human NPCs, acting through a core gene network shared with BDNF as shown through RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS Our work characterizes a novel BDNF mimetic with preferable pharmacological properties and neurogenic and neuroprotective actions in Alzheimer's disease via stem cell-based screening, demonstrating the promise of stem cell systems for short-listing competitive candidates for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Charou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thanasis Rogdakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alessia Latorrata
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Valcarcel
- Innovative Technologies in Biological Systems SL (INNOPROT), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Vasileios Papadogiannis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Athanasiou
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Tsengenes
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Anna Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Lypitkas
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Matthieu D Lavigne
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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3
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Sung CYW, Li M, Jonjic S, Sanchez V, Britt WJ. Cytomegalovirus infection lengthens the cell cycle of granule cell precursors during postnatal cerebellar development. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175525. [PMID: 38855871 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in infants infected in utero can lead to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, mechanisms underlying altered neurodevelopment in infected infants remain poorly understood. We have previously described a murine model of congenital HCMV infection in which murine CMV (MCMV) spreads hematogenously and establishes a focal infection in all regions of the brain of newborn mice, including the cerebellum. Infection resulted in disruption of cerebellar cortical development characterized by reduced cerebellar size and foliation. This disruption was associated with altered cell cycle progression of the granule cell precursors (GCPs), which are the progenitors that give rise to granule cells (GCs), the most abundant neurons in the cerebellum. In the current study, we have demonstrated that MCMV infection leads to prolonged GCP cell cycle, premature exit from the cell cycle, and reduced numbers of GCs resulting in cerebellar hypoplasia. Treatment with TNF-α neutralizing antibody partially normalized the cell cycle alterations of GCPs and altered cerebellar morphogenesis induced by MCMV infection. Collectively, our results argue that virus-induced inflammation altered the cell cycle of GCPs resulting in a reduced numbers of GCs and cerebellar cortical hypoplasia, thus providing a potential mechanism for altered neurodevelopment in fetuses infected with HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Yea Won Sung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Laboratory of Hearing Biology and Therapeutics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology and
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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4
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Zabegalov KN, Costa FV, Kolesnikova TO, de Abreu MS, Petersen EV, Yenkoyan KB, Kalueff AV. Can we gain translational insights into the functional roles of cerebral cortex from acortical rodent and naturally acortical zebrafish models? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110964. [PMID: 38354895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral cortex is found only in mammals and is particularly prominent and developed in humans. Various rodent models with fully or partially ablated cortex are commonly used to probe the role of cortex in brain functions and its multiple subcortical projections, including pallium, thalamus and the limbic system. Various rodent models are traditionally used to study the role of cortex in brain functions. A small teleost fish, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), has gained popularity in neuroscience research, and albeit (like other fishes) lacking cortex, its brain performs well some key functions (e.g., memory, consciousness and motivation) with complex, context-specific and well-defined behaviors. Can rodent and zebrafish models help generate insights into the role of cortex in brain functions, and dissect its cortex-specific (vs. non-cortical) functions? To address this conceptual question, here we evaluate brain functionality in intact vs. decorticated rodents and further compare it in the zebrafish, a naturally occurring acortical species. Overall, comparing cortical and acortical rodent models with naturally acortical zebrafish reveals both distinct and overlapping contributions of neocortex and 'precortical' zebrafish telencephalic regions to higher brain functions. Albeit morphologically different, mammalian neocortex and fish pallium may possess more functional similarities than it is presently recognized, calling for further integrative research utilizing both cortical and decorticated/acortical vertebrate model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N Zabegalov
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fabiano V Costa
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Konstantin B Yenkoyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia; Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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5
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Fogarty EA, Buchert EM, Ma Y, Nicely AB, Buttitta LA. Transcriptional repression and enhancer decommissioning silence cell cycle genes in postmitotic tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592773. [PMID: 38766255 PMCID: PMC11100713 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms that maintain a non-cycling status in postmitotic tissues are not well understood. Many cell cycle genes have promoters and enhancers that remain accessible even when cells are terminally differentiated and in a non-cycling state, suggesting their repression must be maintained long term. In contrast, enhancer decommissioning has been observed for rate-limiting cell cycle genes in the Drosophila wing, a tissue where the cells die soon after eclosion, but it has been unclear if this also occurs in other contexts of terminal differentiation. In this study, we show that enhancer decommissioning also occurs at specific, rate-limiting cell cycle genes in the long-lived tissues of the Drosophila eye and brain, and we propose this loss of chromatin accessibility may help maintain a robust postmitotic state. We examined the decommissioned enhancers at specific rate-limiting cell cycle genes and show that they encode dynamic temporal and spatial expression patterns that include shared, as well as tissue-specific elements, resulting in broad gene expression with developmentally controlled temporal regulation. We extend our analysis to cell cycle gene expression and chromatin accessibility in the mammalian retina using a published dataset, and find that the principles of cell cycle gene regulation identified in terminally differentiating Drosophila tissues are conserved in the differentiating mammalian retina. We propose a robust, non-cycling status is maintained in long-lived postmitotic tissues through a combination of stable repression at most cell cycle gens, alongside enhancer decommissioning at specific rate-limiting cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Fogarty
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Elli M. Buchert
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Yiqin Ma
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Ava B. Nicely
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
| | - Laura A. Buttitta
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Barresi M, Hickmott RA, Bosakhar A, Quezada S, Quigley A, Kawasaki H, Walker D, Tolcos M. Toward a better understanding of how a gyrified brain develops. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae055. [PMID: 38425213 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of the cerebral cortex have changed dramatically across evolution. For some species, the cortex remains smooth (lissencephalic) throughout their lifetime, while for other species, including humans and other primates, the cortex increases substantially in size and becomes folded (gyrencephalic). A folded cortex boasts substantially increased surface area, cortical thickness, and neuronal density, and it is therefore associated with higher-order cognitive abilities. The mechanisms that drive gyrification in some species, while others remain lissencephalic despite many shared neurodevelopmental features, have been a topic of investigation for many decades, giving rise to multiple perspectives of how the gyrified cerebral cortex acquires its unique shape. Recently, a structurally unique germinal layer, known as the outer subventricular zone, and the specialized cell type that populates it, called basal radial glial cells, were identified, and these have been shown to be indispensable for cortical expansion and folding. Transcriptional analyses and gene manipulation models have provided an invaluable insight into many of the key cellular and genetic drivers of gyrification. However, the degree to which certain biomechanical, genetic, and cellular processes drive gyrification remains under investigation. This review considers the key aspects of cerebral expansion and folding that have been identified to date and how theories of gyrification have evolved to incorporate this new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Barresi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Ryan Alexander Hickmott
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Abdulhameed Bosakhar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Sebastian Quezada
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Anita Quigley
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- ACMD, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, La Trobe Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - David Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Cossard A, Stam K, Smets A, Jossin Y. MKL/SRF and Bcl6 mutual transcriptional repression safeguards the fate and positioning of neocortical progenitor cells mediated by RhoA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd0676. [PMID: 37967194 PMCID: PMC10651131 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, multiple intricate and intertwined cellular signaling pathways coordinate cell behavior. Their slightest alterations can have dramatic consequences for the cells and the organs they form. The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 was recently found as important for brain development. However, its regulation and integration with other signals is unknown. Using in vivo functional approaches combined with molecular mechanistic analysis, we identified a reciprocal regulatory loop between B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) and the RhoA-regulated transcriptional complex megakaryoblastic leukemia/serum response factor (MKL/SRF). We show that Bcl6 physically interacts with MKL/SRF, resulting in a down-regulation of the transcriptional activity of both Bcl6 and MKL/SRF. This molecular cross-talk is essential for the control of proliferation, neurogenesis, and spatial positioning of neural progenitors. Overall, our data highlight a regulatory mechanism that controls neuronal production and neocortical development and reveal an MKL/SRF and Bcl6 interaction that may have broader implications in other physiological functions and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Cossard
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development and Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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8
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She R, Fair T, Schaefer NK, Saunders RA, Pavlovic BJ, Weissman JS, Pollen AA. Comparative landscape of genetic dependencies in human and chimpanzee stem cells. Cell 2023; 186:2977-2994.e23. [PMID: 37343560 PMCID: PMC10461406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of great apes provide a window into our evolutionary past, but the extent and identity of cellular differences that emerged during hominin evolution remain largely unexplored. We established a comparative loss-of-function approach to evaluate whether human cells exhibit distinct genetic dependencies. By performing genome-wide CRISPR interference screens in human and chimpanzee pluripotent stem cells, we identified 75 genes with species-specific effects on cellular proliferation. These genes comprised coherent processes, including cell-cycle progression and lysosomal signaling, which we determined to be human-derived by comparison with orangutan cells. Human-specific robustness to CDK2 and CCNE1 depletion persisted in neural progenitor cells and cerebral organoids, supporting the G1-phase length hypothesis as a potential evolutionary mechanism in human brain expansion. Our findings demonstrate that evolutionary changes in human cells reshaped the landscape of essential genes and establish a platform for systematically uncovering latent cellular and molecular differences between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard She
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Fair
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan K Schaefer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben A Saunders
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan J Pavlovic
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Alex A Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Iegiani G, Ferraro A, Pallavicini G, Di Cunto F. The impact of TP53 activation and apoptosis in primary hereditary microcephaly. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1220010. [PMID: 37457016 PMCID: PMC10338886 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1220010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a constellation of disorders that share significant brain size reduction and mild to moderate intellectual disability, which may be accompanied by a large variety of more invalidating clinical signs. Extensive neural progenitor cells (NPC) proliferation and differentiation are essential to determine brain final size. Accordingly, the 30 MCPH loci mapped so far (MCPH1-MCPH30) encode for proteins involved in microtubule and spindle organization, centriole biogenesis, nuclear envelope, DNA replication and repair, underscoring that a wide variety of cellular processes is required for sustaining NPC expansion during development. Current models propose that altered balance between symmetric and asymmetric division, as well as premature differentiation, are the main mechanisms leading to MCPH. Although studies of cellular alterations in microcephaly models have constantly shown the co-existence of high DNA damage and apoptosis levels, these mechanisms are less considered as primary factors. In this review we highlight how the molecular and cellular events produced by mutation of the majority of MCPH genes may converge on apoptotic death of NPCs and neurons, via TP53 activation. We propose that these mechanisms should be more carefully considered in the alterations of the sophisticated equilibrium between proliferation, differentiation and death produced by MCPH gene mutations. In consideration of the potential druggability of cell apoptotic pathways, a better understanding of their role in MCPH may significantly facilitate the development of translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Iegiani
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Department of Neuroscience ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
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10
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Blackburn PR, Ebstein F, Hsieh TC, Motta M, Radio FC, Herkert JC, Rinne T, Thiffault I, Rapp M, Alders M, Maas S, Gerard B, Smol T, Vincent-Delorme C, Cogné B, Isidor B, Vincent M, Bachmann-Gagescu R, Rauch A, Joset P, Ferrero GB, Ciolfi A, Husson T, Guerrot AM, Bacino C, Macmurdo C, Thompson SS, Rosenfeld JA, Faivre L, Mau-Them FT, Deb W, Vignard V, Agrawal PB, Madden JA, Goldenberg A, Lecoquierre F, Zech M, Prokisch H, Necpál J, Jech R, Winkelmann J, Koprušáková MT, Konstantopoulou V, Younce JR, Shinawi M, Mighton C, Fung C, Morel C, Ellis JL, DiTroia S, Barth M, Bonneau D, Krapels I, Stegmann S, van der Schoot V, Brunet T, Bußmann C, Mignot C, Courtin T, Ravelli C, Keren B, Ziegler A, Hasadsri L, Pichurin PN, Klee EW, Grand K, Sanchez-Lara PA, Krüger E, Bézieau S, Klinkhammer H, Krawitz PM, Eichler EE, Tartaglia M, Küry S, Wang T. Loss-of-function variants in CUL3 cause a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.13.23290941. [PMID: 37398376 PMCID: PMC10312857 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.23290941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose De novo variants in CUL3 (Cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase) have been strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but no large case series have been reported so far. Here we aimed to collect sporadic cases carrying rare variants in CUL3, describe the genotype-phenotype correlation, and investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism. Methods Genetic data and detailed clinical records were collected via multi-center collaboration. Dysmorphic facial features were analyzed using GestaltMatcher. Variant effects on CUL3 protein stability were assessed using patient-derived T-cells. Results We assembled a cohort of 35 individuals with heterozygous CUL3 variants presenting a syndromic NDD characterized by intellectual disability with or without autistic features. Of these, 33 have loss-of-function (LoF) and two have missense variants. CUL3 LoF variants in patients may affect protein stability leading to perturbations in protein homeostasis, as evidenced by decreased ubiquitin-protein conjugates in vitro . Specifically, we show that cyclin E1 (CCNE1) and 4E-BP1 (EIF4EBP1), two prominent substrates of CUL3, fail to be targeted for proteasomal degradation in patient-derived cells. Conclusion Our study further refines the clinical and mutational spectrum of CUL3 -associated NDDs, expands the spectrum of cullin RING E3 ligase-associated neuropsychiatric disorders, and suggests haploinsufficiency via LoF variants is the predominant pathogenic mechanism.
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11
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Kittock CM, Pilaz LJ. Advances in in utero electroporation. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:73-90. [PMID: 36861639 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique developed in the early 2000s to transfect the neurons and neural progenitors of embryonic brains, thus enabling continued development in utero and subsequent analyses of neural development. Early IUE experiments focused on ectopic expression of plasmid DNA to analyze parameters such as neuron morphology and migration. Recent advances made in other fields, such as CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing, have been incorporated into IUE techniques as they were developed. Here, we provide a general review of the mechanics and techniques involved in IUE and explore the breadth of approaches that can be used in conjunction with IUE to study cortical development in a rodent model, with a focus on the novel advances in IUE techniques. We also highlight a few cases that exemplify the potential of IUE to study a broad range of questions in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Kittock
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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12
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She R, Fair T, Schaefer NK, Saunders RA, Pavlovic BJ, Weissman JS, Pollen AA. Comparative landscape of genetic dependencies in human and chimpanzee stem cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.19.533346. [PMID: 36993685 PMCID: PMC10055274 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.19.533346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of great apes provide a window into our evolutionary past, but the extent and identity of cellular differences that emerged during hominin evolution remain largely unexplored. We established a comparative loss-of-function approach to evaluate whether changes in human cells alter requirements for essential genes. By performing genome-wide CRISPR interference screens in human and chimpanzee pluripotent stem cells, we identified 75 genes with species-specific effects on cellular proliferation. These genes comprised coherent processes, including cell cycle progression and lysosomal signaling, which we determined to be human-derived by comparison with orangutan cells. Human-specific robustness to CDK2 and CCNE1 depletion persisted in neural progenitor cells, providing support for the G1-phase length hypothesis as a potential evolutionary mechanism in human brain expansion. Our findings demonstrate that evolutionary changes in human cells can reshape the landscape of essential genes and establish a platform for systematically uncovering latent cellular and molecular differences between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard She
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Richard She, Tyler Fair
| | - Tyler Fair
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Richard She, Tyler Fair
| | - Nathan K. Schaefer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben A. Saunders
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan J. Pavlovic
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Weissman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute Technology, Cambridge 02142, MA
| | - Alex A. Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Lead contact
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13
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Fetit R, Barbato MI, Theil T, Pratt T, Price DJ. 16p11.2 deletion accelerates subpallial maturation and increases variability in human iPSC-derived ventral telencephalic organoids. Development 2023; 150:dev201227. [PMID: 36826401 PMCID: PMC10110424 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons regulate cortical circuit activity, and their dysfunction has been implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). 16p11.2 microdeletions are genetically linked to 1% of ASD cases. However, few studies investigate the effects of this microdeletion on interneuron development. Using ventral telencephalic organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, we have investigated the effect of this microdeletion on organoid size, progenitor proliferation and organisation into neural rosettes, ganglionic eminence marker expression at early developmental timepoints, and expression of the neuronal marker NEUN at later stages. At early stages, deletion organoids exhibited greater variations in size with concomitant increases in relative neural rosette area and the expression of the ventral telencephalic marker COUPTFII, with increased variability in these properties. Cell cycle analysis revealed an increase in total cell cycle length caused primarily by an elongated G1 phase, the duration of which also varied more than normal. At later stages, deletion organoids increased their NEUN expression. We propose that 16p11.2 microdeletions increase developmental variability and may contribute to ASD aetiology by lengthening the cell cycle of ventral progenitors, promoting premature differentiation into interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Fetit
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Michela Ilaria Barbato
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Pratt
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J. Price
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh Medical School Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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14
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Roussat M, Jungas T, Audouard C, Omerani S, Medevielle F, Agius E, Davy A, Pituello F, Bel-Vialar S. Control of G 2 Phase Duration by CDC25B Modulates the Switch from Direct to Indirect Neurogenesis in the Neocortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1154-1165. [PMID: 36596698 PMCID: PMC9962783 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0825-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cortical neurons are produced in a temporally regulated sequence from apical progenitors, directly or indirectly, through the production of intermediate basal progenitors. The balance between these major progenitor types is critical for the production of the proper number and types of neurons, and it is thus important to decipher the cellular and molecular cues controlling this equilibrium. Here we address the role of a cell cycle regulator, the CDC25B phosphatase, in this process. We show that, in the developing mouse neocortex of both sex, deleting CDC25B in apical progenitors leads to a transient increase in the production of TBR1+ neurons at the expense of TBR2+ basal progenitors. This phenotype is associated with lengthening of the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the total cell cycle length being unaffected. Using in utero electroporation and cortical slice cultures, we demonstrate that the defect in TBR2+ basal progenitor production requires interaction with CDK1 and is because of the G2 phase lengthening in CDC25B mutants. Together, this study identifies a new role for CDC25B and G2 phase length in direct versus indirect neurogenesis at early stages of cortical development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study is the first analysis of the function of CDC25B, a G2/M regulator, in the developing neocortex. We show that removing CDC25B function leads to a transient increase in neuronal differentiation at early stages, occurring simultaneously with a decrease in basal intermediate progenitors (bIPs). Conversely, a CDC25B gain of function promotes production of bIPs, and this is directly related to CDC25B's ability to regulate CDK1 activity. This imbalance of neuron/progenitor production is linked to a G2 phase lengthening in apical progenitors; and using pharmacological treatments on cortical slice cultures, we show that shortening the G2 phase is sufficient to enhance bIP production. Our results reveal the importance of G2 phase length regulation for neural progenitor fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Roussat
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Thomas Jungas
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Sofiane Omerani
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Francois Medevielle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Eric Agius
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
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15
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Meyerink BL, KC P, Tiwari NK, Kittock CM, Klein A, Evans CM, Pilaz LJ. Breasi-CRISPR: an efficient genome-editing method to interrogate protein localization and protein-protein interactions in the embryonic mouse cortex. Development 2022; 149:dev200616. [PMID: 35993342 PMCID: PMC9637389 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In developing tissues, knowing the localization and interactors of proteins of interest is key to understanding their function. Here, we describe the Breasi-CRISPR approach (Brain Easi-CRISPR), combining Easi-CRISPR with in utero electroporation to tag endogenous proteins within embryonic mouse brains. Breasi-CRISPR enables knock-in of both short and long epitope tag sequences with high efficiency. We visualized epitope-tagged proteins with varied expression levels, such as ACTB, LMNB1, EMD, FMRP, NOTCH1 and RPL22. Detection was possible by immunohistochemistry as soon as 1 day after electroporation and we observed efficient gene editing in up to 50% of electroporated cells. Moreover, tagged proteins could be detected by immunoblotting in lysates from individual cortices. Next, we demonstrated that Breasi-CRISPR enables the tagging of proteins with fluorophores, allowing visualization of endogenous proteins by live imaging in organotypic brain slices. Finally, we used Breasi-CRISPR to perform co-immunoprecipitation mass-spectrometry analyses of the autism-related protein FMRP to discover its interactome in the embryonic cortex. Together, these data demonstrate that Breasi-CRISPR is a powerful tool with diverse applications that will propel the understanding of protein function in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Meyerink
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Pratiksha KC
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Neeraj K. Tiwari
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Claire M. Kittock
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Abigail Klein
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Claire M. Evans
- Histology Core, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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16
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Cortical Organoids to Model Microcephaly. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142135. [PMID: 35883578 PMCID: PMC9320662 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How the brain develops and achieves its final size is a fascinating issue that questions cortical evolution across species and man’s place in the animal kingdom. Although animal models have so far been highly valuable in understanding the key steps of cortical development, many human specificities call for appropriate models. In particular, microcephaly, a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by a smaller head circumference has been challenging to model in mice, which often do not fully recapitulate the human phenotype. The relatively recent development of brain organoid technology from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) now makes it possible to model human microcephaly, both due to genetic and environmental origins, and to generate developing cortical tissue from the patients themselves. These 3D tissues rely on iPSCs differentiation into cortical progenitors that self-organize into neuroepithelial rosettes mimicking the earliest stages of human neurogenesis in vitro. Over the last ten years, numerous protocols have been developed to control the identity of the induced brain areas, the reproducibility of the experiments and the longevity of the cultures, allowing analysis of the later stages. In this review, we describe the different approaches that instruct human iPSCs to form cortical organoids, summarize the different microcephalic conditions that have so far been modeled by organoids, and discuss the relevance of this model to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms of primary and secondary microcephalies.
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17
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Hoye ML, Calviello L, Poff AJ, Ejimogu NE, Newman CR, Montgomery MD, Ou J, Floor SN, Silver DL. Aberrant cortical development is driven by impaired cell cycle and translational control in a DDX3X syndrome model. eLife 2022; 11:e78203. [PMID: 35762573 PMCID: PMC9239684 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the RNA helicase, DDX3X, are a leading cause of Intellectual Disability and present as DDX3X syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with cortical malformations and autism. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which DDX3X controls cortical development are largely unknown. Here, using a mouse model of Ddx3x loss-of-function we demonstrate that DDX3X directs translational and cell cycle control of neural progenitors, which underlies precise corticogenesis. First, we show brain development is sensitive to Ddx3x dosage; complete Ddx3x loss from neural progenitors causes microcephaly in females, whereas hemizygous males and heterozygous females show reduced neurogenesis without marked microcephaly. In addition, Ddx3x loss is sexually dimorphic, as its paralog, Ddx3y, compensates for Ddx3x in the developing male neocortex. Using live imaging of progenitors, we show that DDX3X promotes neuronal generation by regulating both cell cycle duration and neurogenic divisions. Finally, we use ribosome profiling in vivo to discover the repertoire of translated transcripts in neural progenitors, including those which are DDX3X-dependent and essential for neurogenesis. Our study reveals invaluable new insights into the etiology of DDX3X syndrome, implicating dysregulated progenitor cell cycle dynamics and translation as pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L Hoye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Lorenzo Calviello
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Human TechnopoleMilanItaly
- Centre for Computational Biology, Human TechnopoleMilanItaly
| | - Abigail J Poff
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Nna-Emeka Ejimogu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Carly R Newman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Maya D Montgomery
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Jianhong Ou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Stephen N Floor
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSFSan FranciscoUnited States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
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18
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Kalogeropoulou A, Mougkogianni M, Iliadou M, Nikolopoulou E, Flordelis S, Kanellou A, Arbi M, Nikou S, Nieminuszczy J, Niedzwiedz W, Kardamakis D, Bravou V, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Intrinsic neural stem cell properties define brain hypersensitivity to genotoxic stress. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1395-1410. [PMID: 35623353 PMCID: PMC9214316 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired replication has been previously linked to growth retardation and microcephaly; however, why the brain is critically affected compared with other organs remains elusive. Here, we report the differential response between early neural progenitors (neuroepithelial cells [NECs]) and fate-committed neural progenitors (NPs) to replication licensing defects. Our results show that, while NPs can tolerate altered expression of licensing factors, NECs undergo excessive replication stress, identified by impaired replication, increased DNA damage, and defective cell-cycle progression, leading eventually to NEC attrition and microcephaly. NECs that possess a short G1 phase license and activate more origins than NPs, by acquiring higher levels of DNA-bound MCMs. In vivo G1 shortening in NPs induces DNA damage upon impaired licensing, suggesting that G1 length correlates with replication stress hypersensitivity. Our findings propose that NECs possess distinct cell-cycle characteristics to ensure fast proliferation, although these inherent features render them susceptible to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Kalogeropoulou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Mougkogianni
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Marianna Iliadou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Nikolopoulou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Stefanos Flordelis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexandra Kanellou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Marina Arbi
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Sofia Nikou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Kardamakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Basic Medical Sciences Building, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504, Rio, Patras, Greece.
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19
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Molina A, Bonnet F, Pignolet J, Lobjois V, Bel-Vialar S, Gautrais J, Pituello F, Agius E. Single-cell imaging of the cell cycle reveals CDC25B-induced heterogeneity of G1 phase length in neural progenitor cells. Development 2022; 149:275468. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Although lengthening of the cell cycle and G1 phase is a generic feature of tissue maturation during development, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a time-lapse imaging strategy to measure the four cell cycle phases in single chick neural progenitor cells in their endogenous environment. We show that neural progenitors are widely heterogeneous with respect to cell cycle length. This variability in duration is distributed over all phases of the cell cycle, with the G1 phase contributing the most. Within one cell cycle, each phase duration appears stochastic and independent except for a correlation between S and M phase duration. Lineage analysis indicates that the majority of daughter cells may have a longer G1 phase than mother cells, suggesting that, at each cell cycle, a mechanism lengthens the G1 phase. We identify that the CDC25B phosphatase known to regulate the G2/M transition indirectly increases the duration of the G1 phase, partly through delaying passage through the restriction point. We propose that CDC25B increases the heterogeneity of G1 phase length, revealing a previously undescribed mechanism of G1 lengthening that is associated with tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Molina
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 1 Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD) , , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
| | - Frédéric Bonnet
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 1 Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD) , , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
| | - Julie Pignolet
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 1 Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD) , , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
| | - Valerie Lobjois
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 1 Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD) , , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 1 Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD) , , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
| | - Jacques Gautrais
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 2 , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 1 Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD) , , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
| | - Eric Agius
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier 1 Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Cellulaire et du Développement (MCD) , , Toulouse 31062 CEDEX 9 , France
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20
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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21
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Tomasello U, Klingler E, Niquille M, Mule N, Santinha AJ, de Vevey L, Prados J, Platt RJ, Borrell V, Jabaudon D, Dayer A. miR-137 and miR-122, two outer subventricular zone non-coding RNAs, regulate basal progenitor expansion and neuronal differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110381. [PMID: 35172154 PMCID: PMC8864305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical expansion in primate brains relies on enlargement of germinal zones during a prolonged developmental period. Although most mammals have two cortical germinal zones, the ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ), gyrencephalic species display an additional germinal zone, the outer subventricular zone (oSVZ), which increases the number and diversity of neurons generated during corticogenesis. How the oSVZ emerged during evolution is poorly understood, but recent studies suggest a role for non-coding RNAs, which allow tight genetic program regulation during development. Here, using in vivo functional genetics, single-cell RNA sequencing, live imaging, and electrophysiology to assess progenitor and neuronal properties in mice, we identify two oSVZ-expressed microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-137 and miR-122, which regulate key cellular features of cortical expansion. miR-137 promotes basal progenitor self-replication and superficial layer neuron fate, whereas miR-122 decreases the pace of neuronal differentiation. These findings support a cell-type-specific role of miRNA-mediated gene expression in cortical expansion. oSVZ-expressed microRNAs 137 and 122 promote superficial layer identity of neurons miR-137 promotes basal progenitor proliferation and layer 2/3 neuron generation miR-122 slows down neuronal differentiation pace
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Tomasello
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Esther Klingler
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Niquille
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nandkishor Mule
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio J Santinha
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura de Vevey
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Prados
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Randall J Platt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, 03550 Alacant, Spain
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Serjanov D, Bachay G, Hunter DD, Brunken WJ. Laminin β2 Chain Regulates Cell Cycle Dynamics in the Developing Retina. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:802593. [PMID: 35096830 PMCID: PMC8790539 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.802593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate retinal development follows a highly stereotyped pattern, in which the retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) give rise to all retinal types in a conserved temporal sequence. Ensuring the proper control over RPC cell cycle exit and re-entry is, therefore, crucially important for the generation of properly functioning retina. In this study, we demonstrate that laminins, indispensible ECM components, at the retinal surface, regulate the mechanisms determining whether RPCs generate proliferative or post-mitotic progeny. In vivo deletion of laminin β2 in mice resulted in disturbing the RPC cell cycle dynamics, and premature cell cycle exit. Specifically, the RPC S-phase is shortened, with increased numbers of cells present in its late stages. This is followed by an accelerated G2-phase, leading to faster M-phase entry. Finally, the M-phase is extended, with RPCs dwelling longer in prophase. Addition of exogenous β2-containing laminins to laminin β2-deficient retinal explants restored the appropriate RPC cell cycle dynamics, as well as S and M-phase progression, leading to proper cell cycle re-entry. Moreover, we show that disruption of dystroglycan, a laminin receptor, phenocopies the laminin β2 deletion cell cycle phenotype. Together, our findings suggest that dystroglycan-mediated ECM signaling plays a critical role in regulating the RPC cell cycle dynamics, and the ensuing cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Serjanov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Galina Bachay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Dale D Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - William J Brunken
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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23
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Zaqout S, Kaindl AM. Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly: Not Just a Small Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:784700. [PMID: 35111754 PMCID: PMC8802810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.784700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly or reduced head circumference results from a multitude of abnormal developmental processes affecting brain growth and/or leading to brain atrophy. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is the prototype of isolated primary (congenital) microcephaly, affecting predominantly the cerebral cortex. For MCPH, an accelerating number of mutated genes emerge annually, and they are involved in crucial steps of neurogenesis. In this review article, we provide a deeper look into the microcephalic MCPH brain. We explore cytoarchitecture focusing on the cerebral cortex and discuss diverse processes occurring at the level of neural progenitors, early generated and mature neurons, and glial cells. We aim to thereby give an overview of current knowledge in MCPH phenotype and normal brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Zaqout
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Kristofova M, Ori A, Wang ZQ. Multifaceted Microcephaly-Related Gene MCPH1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020275. [PMID: 35053391 PMCID: PMC8774270 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPH1, or BRIT1, is often mutated in human primary microcephaly type 1, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a smaller brain size at birth, due to its dysfunction in regulating the proliferation and self-renewal of neuroprogenitor cells. In the last 20 years or so, genetic and cellular studies have identified MCPH1 as a multifaceted protein in various cellular functions, including DNA damage signaling and repair, the regulation of chromosome condensation, cell-cycle progression, centrosome activity and the metabolism. Yet, genetic and animal model studies have revealed an unpredicted essential function of MPCH1 in gonad development and tumorigenesis, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. These studies have begun to shed light on the role of MPCH1 in controlling various pathobiological processes of the disorder. Here, we summarize the biological functions of MCPH1, and lessons learnt from cellular and mouse models of MCPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kristofova
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (A.O.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Bachstrasse 18k, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-656415; Fax: +49-3641-656335
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25
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Endosomal trafficking defects alter neural progenitor proliferation and cause microcephaly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 35013230 PMCID: PMC8748540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly and megalencephaly are severe brain malformations defined by reduced and increased brain size, respectively. Whether these two pathologies arise from related alterations at the molecular level is unclear. Microcephaly has been largely associated with centrosomal defects, leading to cell death. Here, we investigate the consequences of WDR81 loss of function, which causes severe microcephaly in patients. We show that WDR81 regulates endosomal trafficking of EGFR and that loss of function leads to reduced MAP kinase pathway activation. Mouse radial glial progenitor cells knocked-out for WDR81 exhibit reduced proliferation rate, subsequently leading to reduced brain size. These proliferation defects are rescued in vivo by expressing a megalencephaly-causing mutant form of Cyclin D2. Our results identify the endosomal machinery as an important regulator of proliferation rates and brain growth, demonstrating that microcephaly and megalencephaly can be caused by opposite effects on the proliferation rate of radial glial progenitors. Mutations in the human WDR81 gene result in severe microcephaly. Carpentieri et al. show that mutation of WDR81, a gene coding for an endosomal regulator, alters intracellular processing of the EGF receptor, leading to reduced proliferation rates of neuronal progenitors and to microcephaly.
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26
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Han X, Wei Y, Ba R, Sun L, Zhao C. PDK1 Regulates the Lengthening of G1 Phase to Balance RGC Proliferation and Differentiation during Cortical Neurogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3488-3500. [PMID: 34918060 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During cortical development, the balance between progenitor self-renewal and neurogenesis is critical for determining the size/morphology of the cortex. A fundamental feature of the developing cortex is an increase in the length of G1 phase in RGCs over the course of neurogenesis, which is a key determinant of progenitor fate choice. How the G1 length is temporally regulated remains unclear. Here, Pdk1, a member of the AGC kinase family, was conditionally disrupted by crossing an Emx1-Cre mouse line with a Pdk1fl/fl line. The loss of Pdk1 led to a shorter cell cycle accompanied by increased RGC proliferation specifically at late rather than early/middle neurogenic stages, which was attributed to impaired lengthening of G1 phase. Coincidently, apical-to-basal interkinetic nuclear migration was accelerated in Pdk1 cKO cortices. Consequently, we detected an increased neuronal output at P0. We further showed the significant upregulation of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 and its activator Myc in the cKO cortices relative to those of control animals. Overall, we have identified a novel role for PDK1 in cortical neurogenesis. PDK1 functions as an upstream regulator of the Myc-cyclin D1 pathway to control the lengthening of G1 phase and the balance between RGC proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ru Ba
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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27
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Abstract
In this review, Phan et al. discuss the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development, and review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Last, they also extend their discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair Primary microcephaly is a brain growth disorder characterized by a severe reduction of brain size and thinning of the cerebral cortex. Many primary microcephaly mutations occur in genes that encode centrosome proteins, highlighting an important role for centrosomes in cortical development. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers that participate in several processes, including controlling polarity, catalyzing spindle assembly in mitosis, and building primary cilia. Understanding which of these processes are altered and how these disruptions contribute to microcephaly pathogenesis is a central unresolved question. In this review, we revisit the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development. We review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Finally, we also extend our discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair.
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28
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Guo Z, Chen M, Chao Y, Cai C, Liu L, Zhao L, Li L, Bai QR, Xu Y, Niu W, Shi L, Bi Y, Ren D, Yuan F, Shi S, Zeng Q, Han K, Shi Y, Bian S, He G. RGCC balances self-renewal and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in the developing mammalian neocortex. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51781. [PMID: 34323349 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During neocortical development, neural stem cells (NSCs) divide symmetrically to self-renew at the early stage and then divide asymmetrically to generate post-mitotic neurons. The molecular mechanisms regulating the balance between NSC self-renewal and neurogenesis are not fully understood. Using mouse in utero electroporation (IUE) technique and in vitro human NSC differentiation models including cerebral organoids (hCOs), we show here that regulator of cell cycle (RGCC) modulates NSC self-renewal and neuronal differentiation by affecting cell cycle regulation and spindle orientation. RGCC deficiency hampers normal cell cycle process and dysregulates the mitotic spindle, thus driving more cells to divide asymmetrically. These modulations diminish the NSC population and cause NSC pre-differentiation that eventually leads to brain developmental malformation in hCOs. We further show that RGCC might regulate NSC spindle orientation by affecting the organization of centrosome and microtubules. Our results demonstrate that RGCC is essential to maintain the NSC pool during cortical development and suggest that RGCC defects could have etiological roles in human brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Guo
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Chao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhai Cai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangjie Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linbo Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ran Bai
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Xu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibo Niu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Decheng Ren
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyue Shi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Han
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Song L, Tian X, Schekman R. Extracellular vesicles from neurons promote neural induction of stem cells through cyclin D1. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212508. [PMID: 34309628 PMCID: PMC8313409 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are thought to mediate the transport of proteins and RNAs involved in intercellular communication. Here, we show dynamic changes in the buoyant density and abundance of EVs that are secreted by PC12 cells stimulated with nerve growth factor (NGF), N2A cells treated with retinoic acid to induce neural differentiation, and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) differentiated into neuronal cells. EVs secreted from in vitro differentiated cells promote neural induction of mESCs. Cyclin D1 enriched within the EVs derived from differentiated neuronal cells contributes to this induction. EVs purified from cells overexpressing cyclin D1 are more potent in neural induction of mESC cells. Depletion of cyclin D1 from the EVs reduced the neural induction effect. Our results suggest that EVs regulate neural development through sorting of cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Xinran Tian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Randy Schekman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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30
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Miyashita S, Owa T, Seto Y, Yamashita M, Aida S, Sone M, Ichijo K, Nishioka T, Kaibuchi K, Kawaguchi Y, Taya S, Hoshino M. Cyclin D1 controls development of cerebellar granule cell progenitors through phosphorylation and stabilization of ATOH1. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105712. [PMID: 34057742 PMCID: PMC8280807 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neural progenitors are in proliferative and immature states; however, the molecular machinery that cooperatively controls both states remains elusive. Here, we report that cyclin D1 (CCND1) directly regulates both proliferative and immature states of cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs). CCND1 not only accelerates cell cycle but also upregulates ATOH1 protein, an essential transcription factor that maintains GCPs in an immature state. In cooperation with CDK4, CCND1 directly phosphorylates S309 of ATOH1, which inhibits additional phosphorylation at S328 and consequently prevents S328 phosphorylation-dependent ATOH1 degradation. Additionally, PROX1 downregulates Ccnd1 expression by histone deacetylation of Ccnd1 promoter in GCPs, leading to cell cycle exit and differentiation. Moreover, WNT signaling upregulates PROX1 expression in GCPs. These findings suggest that WNT-PROX1-CCND1-ATOH1 signaling cascade cooperatively controls proliferative and immature states of GCPs. We revealed that the expression and phosphorylation levels of these molecules dynamically change during cerebellar development, which are suggested to determine appropriate differentiation rates from GCPs to GCs at distinct developmental stages. This study contributes to understanding the regulatory mechanism of GCPs as well as neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyashita
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Owa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seto
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamashita
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Aida
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Sone
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ichijo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishioka
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Taya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Chu C, Geng Y, Zhou Y, Sicinski P. Cyclin E in normal physiology and disease states. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:732-746. [PMID: 34052101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
E-type cyclins, collectively called cyclin E, represent key components of the core cell cycle machinery. In mammalian cells, two E-type cyclins, E1 and E2, activate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and drive cell cycle progression by phosphorylating several cellular proteins. Abnormally elevated activity of cyclin E-CDK2 has been documented in many human tumor types. Moreover, cyclin E overexpression mediates resistance of tumor cells to various therapeutic agents. Recent work has revealed that the role of cyclin E extends well beyond cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and it may regulate a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss these various cyclin E functions and the potential for therapeutic targeting of cyclin E and cyclin E-CDK2 kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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32
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Cura Costa E, Otsuki L, Rodrigo Albors A, Tanaka EM, Chara O. Spatiotemporal control of cell cycle acceleration during axolotl spinal cord regeneration. eLife 2021; 10:e55665. [PMID: 33988504 PMCID: PMC8205487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Axolotls are uniquely able to resolve spinal cord injuries, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying spinal cord regeneration. We previously found that tail amputation leads to reactivation of a developmental-like program in spinal cord ependymal cells (Rodrigo Albors et al., 2015), characterized by a high-proliferation zone emerging 4 days post-amputation (Rost et al., 2016). What underlies this spatiotemporal pattern of cell proliferation, however, remained unknown. Here, we use modeling, tightly linked to experimental data, to demonstrate that this regenerative response is consistent with a signal that recruits ependymal cells during ~85 hours after amputation within ~830 μm of the injury. We adapted Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) technology to axolotls (AxFUCCI) to visualize cell cycles in vivo. AxFUCCI axolotls confirmed the predicted appearance time and size of the injury-induced recruitment zone and revealed cell cycle synchrony between ependymal cells. Our modeling and imaging move us closer to understanding bona fide spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Cura Costa
- Systems Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata (UNLP)La PlataArgentina
| | - Leo Otsuki
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Aida Rodrigo Albors
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Osvaldo Chara
- Systems Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata (UNLP)La PlataArgentina
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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33
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Yoshinaga S, Shin M, Kitazawa A, Ishii K, Tanuma M, Kasai A, Hashimoto H, Kubo KI, Nakajima K. Comprehensive characterization of migration profiles of murine cerebral cortical neurons during development using FlashTag labeling. iScience 2021; 24:102277. [PMID: 33851097 PMCID: PMC8022222 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cerebral neocortex, different regions have different cytoarchitecture, neuronal birthdates, and functions. In most regions, neuronal migratory profiles are speculated similar based on observations using thymidine analogs. Few reports have investigated regional migratory differences from mitosis at the ventricular surface. In this study, we applied FlashTag technology, in which dyes are injected intraventricularly, to describe migratory profiles. We revealed a mediolateral regional difference in the migratory profiles of neurons that is dependent on developmental stage; for example, neurons labeled at embryonic day 12.5–15.5 reached their destination earlier dorsomedially than dorsolaterally, even where there were underlying ventricular surfaces, reflecting sojourning below the subplate. This difference was hardly recapitulated by thymidine analogs, which visualize neurogenic gradients, suggesting a biological significance different from the neurogenic gradient. These observations advance our understanding of cortical development and the power of FlashTag in studying migration and are thus resources for future neurodevelopmental studies. FlashTag visualized mediolateral regional differences of cortical migratory profiles Mediolateral differences were observed when neurons were labeled at E12.5–15.5 Late-born neurons transiently sojourned below the dorsolateral subplate (SP) cells The difference was unclear in reeler cortex, where SP cells position superficially
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshinaga
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Minkyung Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayako Kitazawa
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishii
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Tanuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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34
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Gantner CW, Hunt CPJ, Niclis JC, Penna V, McDougall SJ, Thompson LH, Parish CL. FGF-MAPK signaling regulates human deep-layer corticogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1262-1275. [PMID: 33836146 PMCID: PMC8185433 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite heterogeneity across the six layers of the mammalian cortex, all excitatory neurons are generated from a single founder population of neuroepithelial stem cells. However, how these progenitors alter their layer competence over time remains unknown. Here, we used human embryonic stem cell-derived cortical progenitors to examine the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Notch signaling in influencing cell fate, assessing their impact on progenitor phenotype, cell-cycle kinetics, and layer specificity. Forced early cell-cycle exit, via Notch inhibition, caused rapid, near-exclusive generation of deep-layer VI neurons. In contrast, prolonged FGF2 promoted proliferation and maintained progenitor identity, delaying laminar progression via MAPK-dependent mechanisms. Inhibiting MAPK extended cell-cycle length and led to generation of layer-V CTIP2+ neurons by repressing alternative laminar fates. Taken together, FGF/MAPK regulates the proliferative/neurogenic balance in deep-layer corticogenesis and provides a resource for generating layer-specific neurons for studying development and disease. FGF/MAPK regulates the proliferative/neurogenic balance in deep-layer corticogenesis FGF/MAPK signaling maintains the progenitor pool and generates layer-VI neurons MAPK inhibition prolongs cell cycle to yield layer-V neurons, repressing other fates Protocols to generate layer-specific cortical neurons to study development and disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos W Gantner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Cameron P J Hunt
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Niclis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa Penna
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDougall
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lachlan H Thompson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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35
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Clark BS, Miesfeld JB, Flinn MA, Collery RF, Link BA. Dynamic Polarization of Rab11a Modulates Crb2a Localization and Impacts Signaling to Regulate Retinal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:608112. [PMID: 33634099 PMCID: PMC7900515 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.608112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM) is the process in which pseudostratified epithelial nuclei oscillate from the apical to basal surface and in phase with the mitotic cycle. In the zebrafish retina, neuroepithelial retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) increase Notch activity with apical movement of the nuclei, and the depth of nuclear migration correlates with the probability that the next cell division will be neurogenic. This study focuses on the mechanisms underlying the relationships between IKNM, cell signaling, and neurogenesis. In particular, we have explored the role IKNM has on endosome biology within RPCs. Through genetic manipulation and live imaging in zebrafish, we find that early (Rab5-positive) and recycling (Rab11a-positive) endosomes polarize in a dynamic fashion within RPCs and with reference to nuclear position. Functional analyses suggest that dynamic polarization of recycling endosomes and their activity within the neuroepithelia modulates the subcellular localization of Crb2a, consequently affecting multiple signaling pathways that impact neurogenesis including Notch, Hippo, and Wnt activities. As nuclear migration is heterogenous and asynchronous among RPCs, Rab11a-affected signaling within the neuroepithelia is modulated in a differential manner, providing mechanistic insight to the correlation of IKNM and selection of RPCs to undergo neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Clark
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Joel B Miesfeld
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael A Flinn
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ross F Collery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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36
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Ortiz-Álvarez G, Spassky N. One progenitor to generate them all: new evidence for multi-fated neural progenitors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:186-194. [PMID: 33276241 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have left behind the old conception of early fate-restricted neural progenitors. The new paradigm is that of a more plastic brain, in which the cellular potential of multi-fated progenitors is progressively restricted. This is observed in the switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, but also in the generation of different types of glial cells and neurons at later stages. The mechanisms that establish brain cell diversity or heterogeneity within a single population are starting to be elucidated. The role of cell cycle regulators and dynamics and the asymmetric distribution of cell cargoes during cell division are attracting more attention. Understanding these mechanisms could open the way for new treatments against brain pathologies such as brain tumors or neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ortiz-Álvarez
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR8197, INSERM U1024, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
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37
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Fischer E, Morin X. Fate restrictions in embryonic neural progenitors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:178-185. [PMID: 33259983 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is a fantastically complex organ composed of dozens of cell types within the neural and glial lineages. Its organization is laid down during development, through the localized and sequential production of subsets of neurons with specific identities. The principles and mechanisms that underlie the timely production of adequate classes of cells are only partially understood. Recent advances in molecular profiling describe the developmental trajectories leading to this amazing cellular diversity and provide us with cell atlases of an unprecedented level of precision. Yet, some long-standing questions pertaining to lineage relationships between neural progenitor cells and their differentiated progeny remain unanswered. Here, we discuss questions related to proliferation potential, timing of fate choices and restriction of neuronal output potential of individual CNS progenitors through the lens of lineage relationship. Unlocking methodological barriers will be essential to accurately describe CNS development at a cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Fischer
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Morin
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
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38
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LRIG1-Mediated Inhibition of EGF Receptor Signaling Regulates Neural Precursor Cell Proliferation in the Neocortex. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108257. [PMID: 33053360 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we ask how neural stem cells (NSCs) transition in the developing neocortex from a rapidly to a slowly proliferating state, a process required to maintain lifelong stem cell pools. We identify LRIG1, known to regulate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in other cell types, as a negative regulator of cortical NSC proliferation. LRIG1 is expressed in murine cortical NSCs as they start to proliferate more slowly during embryogenesis and then peaks postnatally when they transition to give rise to a portion of adult NSCs. Constitutive or acute loss of Lrig1 in NSCs over this developmental time frame causes stem cell expansion due to increased proliferation. LRIG1 controls NSC proliferation by associating with and negatively regulating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). These data support a model in which LRIG1 dampens the stem cell response to EGFR ligands within the cortical environment to slow their proliferation as they transition to postnatal adult NSCs.
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39
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Hatakeyama J, Shimamura K. The Pace of Neurogenesis Is Regulated by the Transient Retention of the Apical Endfeet of Differentiating Cells. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3725-3737. [PMID: 30307484 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebral cortex involves a variety of temporally organized events such as successive waves of neuronal production and the transition of progenitor competence for each neuronal subtype generated. The number of neurons generated in a certain time period, that is, the rate of neuron production, varies across the regions of the brain and the specific developmental stage; however, the underlying mechanism of this process is poorly understood. We have recently found that nascent neurons communicate with undifferentiated progenitors and thereby regulate neurogenesis, through a transiently retained apical endfoot that signals via the Notch pathway. Here, we report that the retention time length of the neuronal apical endfoot correlates with the rate of neuronal production in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. We further demonstrate that a forced reduction or extension of the retention period through the disruption or stabilization of adherens junction, respectively, resulted in the acceleration or deceleration of neurogenesis, respectively. Our results suggest that the apical endfeet of differentiating cells serve as a pace controller for neurogenesis, thereby assuring the well-proportioned laminar organization of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hatakeyama
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimamura
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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40
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Urun FR, Moore AW. Visualizing Cell Cycle Phase Organization and Control During Neural Lineage Elaboration. Cells 2020; 9:E2112. [PMID: 32957483 PMCID: PMC7565168 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In neural precursors, cell cycle regulators simultaneously control both progression through the cell cycle and the probability of a cell fate switch. Precursors act in lineages, where they transition through a series of cell types, each of which has a unique molecular identity and cellular behavior. Thus, investigating links between cell cycle and cell fate control requires simultaneous identification of precursor type and cell cycle phase, as well as an ability to read out additional regulatory factor expression or activity. We use a combined FUCCI-EdU labelling protocol to do this, and then applied it to the embryonic olfactory neural lineage, in which the spatial position of a cell correlates with its precursor identity. Using this integrated model, we find the CDKi p27KIP1 has different regulation relative to cell cycle phase in neural stem cells versus intermediate precursors. In addition, Hes1, which is the principle transcriptional driver of neural stem cell self-renewal, surprisingly does not regulate p27KIP1 in this cell type. Rather, Hes1 indirectly represses p27KIP1 levels in the intermediate precursor cells downstream in the lineage. Overall, the experimental model described here enables investigation of cell cycle and cell fate control linkage from a single precursor through to a lineage systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Rabia Urun
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Adrian W Moore
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
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41
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Basu A, Mestres I, Sahu SK, Tiwari N, Khongwir B, Baumgart J, Singh A, Calegari F, Tiwari VK. Phf21b imprints the spatiotemporal epigenetic switch essential for neural stem cell differentiation. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1190-1209. [PMID: 32820037 PMCID: PMC7462064 DOI: 10.1101/gad.333906.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cortical development in mammals involves a highly complex and organized set of events including the transition of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs) from proliferative to differentiative divisions to generate neurons. Despite progress, the spatiotemporal regulation of this proliferation-differentiation switch during neurogenesis and the upstream epigenetic triggers remain poorly known. Here we report a cortex-specific PHD finger protein, Phf21b, which is highly expressed in the neurogenic phase of cortical development and gets induced as NSCs begin to differentiate. Depletion of Phf21b in vivo inhibited neuronal differentiation as cortical progenitors lacking Phf21b were retained in the proliferative zones and underwent faster cell cycles. Mechanistically, Phf21b targets the regulatory regions of cell cycle promoting genes by virtue of its high affinity for monomethylated H3K4. Subsequently, Phf21b recruits the lysine-specific demethylase Lsd1 and histone deacetylase Hdac2, resulting in the simultaneous removal of monomethylation from H3K4 and acetylation from H3K27, respectively. Intriguingly, mutations in the Phf21b locus associate with depression and mental retardation in humans. Taken together, these findings establish how a precisely timed spatiotemporal expression of Phf21b creates an epigenetic program that triggers neural stem cell differentiation during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Basu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Iván Mestres
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Neha Tiwari
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jan Baumgart
- Translational Animal Research Center (TARC), University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aditi Singh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Calegari
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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42
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Kerloch T, Clavreul S, Goron A, Abrous DN, Pacary E. Dentate Granule Neurons Generated During Perinatal Life Display Distinct Morphological Features Compared With Later-Born Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3527-3539. [PMID: 30215686 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In nonhuman mammals and in particular in rodents, most granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) are generated during development and yet little is known about their properties compared with adult-born neurons. Although it is generally admitted that these populations are morphologically indistinguishable once mature, a detailed analysis of developmentally born neurons is lacking. Here, we used in vivo electroporation to label dentate granule cells (DGCs) generated in mouse embryos (E14.5) or in neonates (P0) and followed their morphological development up to 6 months after birth. By comparison with mature retrovirus-labeled DGCs born at weaning (P21) or young adult (P84) stages, we provide the evidence that perinatally born neurons, especially embryonically born cells, are morphologically distinct from later-born neurons and are thus easily distinguishable. In addition, our data indicate that semilunar and hilar GCs, 2 populations in ectopic location, are generated during the embryonic and the neonatal periods, respectively. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the development of the different populations of GCs in the DG and open new questions regarding their function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kerloch
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Solène Clavreul
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Adeline Goron
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emilie Pacary
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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43
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Mitchell-Dick A, Chalem A, Pilaz LJ, Silver DL. Acute Lengthening of Progenitor Mitosis Influences Progeny Fate during Cortical Development in vivo. Dev Neurosci 2020; 41:300-317. [PMID: 32541147 DOI: 10.1159/000507113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Prenatal microcephaly is posited to arise from aberrant mitosis of neural progenitors, which disrupts both neuronal production and survival. Although microcephaly has both a genetic and environmental etiology, the mechanisms by which dysregulation of mitosis causes microcephaly are poorly understood. We previously discovered that prolonged mitosis of mouse neural progenitors, either ex vivo or in vitro, directly alters progeny cell fate, -resulting in precocious differentiation and apoptosis. This raises questions as to whether prolonged progenitor mitosis affects cell fate and neurogenesis in vivo, and what are the underlying mechanisms? METHODS/RESULTS Towards addressing these knowledge gaps, we developed an in vivo model of mitotic delay. This uses pharmacological inhibition to acutely and reversibly prolong mitosis during cortical development, and fluorescent dyes to label direct progeny. Using this model, we discovered that a causal relationship between mitotic delay of neural progenitors and altered progeny cell fate is evident in vivo. Using transcriptome analyses to investigate the state of delayed cells and their progeny, we uncovered potential molecular mechanisms by which prolonged mitosis induces altered cell fates, including DNA damage and p53 signaling. We then extended our studies to human neural progenitors, demonstrating that lengthened mitosis duration also directly alters neuronal cell fate. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes a valuable new experimental paradigm towards understanding mechanisms whereby lengthened mitosis duration may explain some cases of microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Mitchell-Dick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrea Chalem
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA, .,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA, .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA, .,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,
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44
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Hagey DW, Topcic D, Kee N, Reynaud F, Bergsland M, Perlmann T, Muhr J. CYCLIN-B1/2 and -D1 act in opposition to coordinate cortical progenitor self-renewal and lineage commitment. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2898. [PMID: 32518258 PMCID: PMC7283355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential generation of layer-specific cortical neurons requires radial glia cells (RGCs) to precisely balance self-renewal and lineage commitment. While specific cell-cycle phases have been associated with these decisions, the mechanisms linking the cell-cycle machinery to cell-fate commitment remain obscure. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we find that the strongest transcriptional signature defining multipotent RGCs is that of G2/M-phase, and particularly CYCLIN-B1/2, while lineage-committed progenitors are enriched in G1/S-phase genes, including CYCLIN-D1. These data also reveal cell-surface markers that allow us to isolate RGCs and lineage-committed progenitors, and functionally confirm the relationship between cell-cycle phase enrichment and cell fate competence. Finally, we use cortical electroporation to demonstrate that CYCLIN-B1/2 cooperate with CDK1 to maintain uncommitted RGCs by activating the NOTCH pathway, and that CYCLIN-D1 promotes differentiation. Thus, this work establishes that cell-cycle phase-specific regulators act in opposition to coordinate the self-renewal and lineage commitment of RGCs via core stem cell regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Hagey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Danijal Topcic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nigel Kee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florie Reynaud
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bergsland
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Muhr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
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45
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Grison A, Atanasoski S. Cyclins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in the Mouse Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3206-3218. [PMID: 32506380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development and normal physiology of the nervous system require proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells in a strictly controlled manner. The number of cells generated depends on the type of cell division, the cell cycle length, and the fraction of cells that exit the cell cycle to become quiescent or differentiate. The underlying processes are tightly controlled and modulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their interactions with cyclins and Cdk inhibitors (CKIs). Studies performed in the nervous system with mouse models lacking individual Cdks, cyclins, and CKIs, or combinations thereof, have shown that many of these molecules control proliferation rates in a cell-type specific and time-dependent manner. In this review, we will provide an update on the in vivo studies on cyclins, Cdks, and CKIs in neuronal and glial tissue. The goal is to highlight their impact on proliferation processes during the development of the peripheral and central nervous system, including and comparing normal and pathological conditions in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Grison
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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46
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Cárdenas A, Borrell V. Molecular and cellular evolution of corticogenesis in amniotes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1435-1460. [PMID: 31563997 PMCID: PMC11104948 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex varies dramatically in size and complexity between amniotes due to differences in neuron number and composition. These differences emerge during embryonic development as a result of variations in neurogenesis, which are thought to recapitulate modifications occurred during evolution that culminated in the human neocortex. Here, we review work from the last few decades leading to our current understanding of the evolution of neurogenesis and size of the cerebral cortex. Focused on specific examples across vertebrate and amniote phylogeny, we discuss developmental mechanisms regulating the emergence, lineage, complexification and fate of cortical germinal layers and progenitor cell types. At the cellular level, we discuss the fundamental impact of basal progenitor cells and the advent of indirect neurogenesis on the increased number and diversity of cortical neurons and layers in mammals, and on cortex folding. Finally, we discuss recent work that unveils genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying this progressive expansion and increased complexity of the amniote cerebral cortex during evolution, with a particular focus on those leading to human-specific features. Whereas new genes important in human brain development emerged the recent hominid lineage, regulation of the patterns and levels of activity of highly conserved signaling pathways are beginning to emerge as mechanisms of central importance in the evolutionary increase in cortical size and complexity across amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain.
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47
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Taroc EZM, Naik AS, Lin JM, Peterson NB, Keefe DL, Genis E, Fuchs G, Balasubramanian R, Forni PE. Gli3 Regulates Vomeronasal Neurogenesis, Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Formation, and GnRH-1 Neuronal Migration. J Neurosci 2020; 40:311-326. [PMID: 31767679 PMCID: PMC6948949 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1977-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian development, gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-1 neurons (GnRH-1ns) migrate from the developing vomeronasal organ (VNO) into the brain asserting control of pubertal onset and fertility. Recent data suggest that correct development of the olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) is imperative for normal GnRH-1 neuronal migration. However, the full ensemble of molecular pathways that regulate OEC development remains to be fully deciphered. Loss-of-function of the transcription factor Gli3 is known to disrupt olfactory development, however, if Gli3 plays a role in GnRH-1 neuronal development is unclear. By analyzing Gli3 extra-toe mutants (Gli3Xt/Xt), we found that Gli3 loss-of-function compromises the onset of achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1 (Ascl-1)+ vomeronasal progenitors and the formation of OEC in the nasal mucosa. Surprisingly, GnRH-1 neurogenesis was intact in Gli3Xt/Xt mice but they displayed significant defects in GnRH-1 neuronal migration. In contrast, Ascl-1null mutants showed reduced neurogenesis for both vomeronasal and GnRH-1ns but less severe defects in OEC development. These observations suggest that Gli3 is critical for OEC development in the nasal mucosa and subsequent GnRH-1 neuronal migration. However, the nonoverlapping phenotypes between Ascl-1 and Gli3 mutants indicate that Ascl-1, while crucial for GnRH-1 neurogenesis, is not required for normal OEC development. Because Kallmann syndrome (KS) is characterized by abnormal GnRH-1ns migration, we examined whole-exome sequencing data from KS subjects. We identified and validated a GLI3 loss-of-function variant in a KS individual. These findings provide new insights into GnRH-1 and OECs development and demonstrate that human GLI3 mutations contribute to KS etiology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The transcription factor Gli3 is necessary for correct development of the olfactory system. However, if Gli3 plays a role in controlling GnRH-1 neuronal development has not been addressed. We found that Gli3 loss-of-function compromises the onset of Ascl-1+ vomeronasal progenitors, formation of olfactory ensheathing cells in the nasal mucosa, and impairs GnRH-1 neuronal migration to the brain. By analyzing Ascl-1null mutants we dissociated the neurogenic defects observed in Gli3 mutants from lack of olfactory ensheathing cells in the nasal mucosa, moreover, we discovered that Ascl-1 is necessary for GnRH-1 ontogeny. Analyzing human whole-exome sequencing data, we identified a GLI3 loss-of-function variant in a KS individual. Our data suggest that GLI3 is a candidate gene contributing to KS etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Ankana S Naik
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Jennifer M Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Nicolas B Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - David L Keefe
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Elizabet Genis
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Gabriele Fuchs
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and The Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences; The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research; University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, and
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48
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Llorca A, Ciceri G, Beattie R, Wong FK, Diana G, Serafeimidou-Pouliou E, Fernández-Otero M, Streicher C, Arnold SJ, Meyer M, Hippenmeyer S, Maravall M, Marin O. A stochastic framework of neurogenesis underlies the assembly of neocortical cytoarchitecture. eLife 2019; 8:51381. [PMID: 31736464 PMCID: PMC6968929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains multiple areas with distinctive cytoarchitectonic patterns, but the cellular mechanisms underlying the emergence of this diversity remain unclear. Here, we have investigated the neuronal output of individual progenitor cells in the developing mouse neocortex using a combination of methods that together circumvent the biases and limitations of individual approaches. Our experimental results indicate that progenitor cells generate pyramidal cell lineages with a wide range of sizes and laminar configurations. Mathematical modeling indicates that these outcomes are compatible with a stochastic model of cortical neurogenesis in which progenitor cells undergo a series of probabilistic decisions that lead to the specification of very heterogeneous progenies. Our findings support a mechanism for cortical neurogenesis whose flexibility would make it capable to generate the diverse cytoarchitectures that characterize distinct neocortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Beattie
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fong Kuan Wong
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Diana
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Serafeimidou-Pouliou
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Fernández-Otero
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Meyer
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marin
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Bonnefont J, Tiberi L, van den Ameele J, Potier D, Gaber ZB, Lin X, Bilheu A, Herpoel A, Velez Bravo FD, Guillemot F, Aerts S, Vanderhaeghen P. Cortical Neurogenesis Requires Bcl6-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Multiple Self-Renewal-Promoting Extrinsic Pathways. Neuron 2019; 103:1096-1108.e4. [PMID: 31353074 PMCID: PMC6859502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During neurogenesis, progenitors switch from self-renewal to differentiation through the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic cues, but how these are integrated remains poorly understood. Here, we combine whole-genome transcriptional and epigenetic analyses with in vivo functional studies to demonstrate that Bcl6, a transcriptional repressor previously reported to promote cortical neurogenesis, acts as a driver of the neurogenic transition through direct silencing of a selective repertoire of genes belonging to multiple extrinsic pathways promoting self-renewal, most strikingly the Wnt pathway. At the molecular level, Bcl6 represses its targets through Sirt1 recruitment followed by histone deacetylation. Our data identify a molecular logic by which a single cell-intrinsic factor represses multiple extrinsic pathways that favor self-renewal, thereby ensuring robustness of neuronal fate transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Bonnefont
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luca Tiberi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine Potier
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Xionghui Lin
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angéline Bilheu
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adèle Herpoel
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fausto D Velez Bravo
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Stein Aerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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50
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Petrova ES, Kolos EA. Changes in the Distribution of Cell Contacts and Mitotic Cycle Disturbances in Cells of the Allograft of Rat Embryonic Neocortex. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:556-560. [PMID: 31502126 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Morphological changes in the allograft of rat anterior cerebral vesicle at the early stages after transplantation into the peripheral nerve of an adult rat were studied by immunohistochemical methods. Immunohistochemical reaction to bromodeoxyuridine showed that the delay of mitotic division in neural stem/progenitor cells in the grafts occurred during S/G2 stage. In transplants of rat embryonic neocortex (E13), changes in the cell cycle of neural stem/progenitor cells in 3 h after transplantation into the nerve correlated with abnormal distribution of adherens junctions and interkinetic nuclear migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Petrova
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - E A Kolos
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
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