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Lin IH, Li YR, Chang CH, Cheng YW, Wang YT, Tsai YS, Lin PY, Kao CH, Su TY, Hsu CS, Tung CY, Hsu PH, Ayrault O, Chung BC, Tsai JW, Wang WJ. Regulation of primary cilia disassembly through HUWE1-mediated TTBK2 degradation plays a crucial role in cerebellar development and medulloblastoma growth. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:1349-1361. [PMID: 38879724 PMCID: PMC11445238 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of the cerebellum requires precise regulation of granule neuron progenitor (GNP) proliferation. Although it is known that primary cilia are necessary to support GNP proliferation, the exact molecular mechanism governing primary cilia dynamics within GNPs remains elusive. Here, we establish the pivotal roles for the centrosomal kinase TTBK2 (Tau tubulin kinase-2) and the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 in GNP proliferation. We show that TTBK2 is highly expressed in proliferating GNPs under Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling, coinciding with active GNP proliferation and the presence of primary cilia. TTBK2 stabilizes primary cilia by inhibiting their disassembly, thereby promoting GNP proliferation in response to SHH. Mechanistically, we identify HUWE1 as a novel centrosomal E3 ligase that facilitates primary cilia disassembly by targeting TTBK2 degradation. Disassembly of primary cilia serves as a trigger for GNP differentiation, allowing their migration from the external granule layer (EGL) of the cerebellum to the internal granule layer (IGL) for subsequent maturation. Moreover, we have established a link between TTBK2 and SHH-type medulloblastoma (SHH-MB), a tumor characterized by uncontrolled GNP proliferation. TTBK2 depletion inhibits SHH-MB proliferation, indicating that TTBK2 may be a potential therapeutic target for this cancer type. In summary, our findings reveal the mechanism governing cerebellar development and highlight a potential anti-cancer strategy for SHH-MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Lin
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Ru Li
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chang
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuen Tsai
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Su
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sin Hsu
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR, INSERM, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR, INSERM U, Orsay, France
| | - Bon-Chu Chung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
- Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Tortora M, Cattaneo E, Spaccini L, Iascone M, Scelsa B, Micalizzi A, Novelli A, Lanna M, Righini A, Veggiotti P, Doneda C. Novel Genetic Variant in HUWE1: Prenatal and Postnatal Neuroimaging Phenotype. Neurol Genet 2024; 10:e200169. [PMID: 39139262 PMCID: PMC11319069 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To provide a comprehensive description of neuroradiologic findings in a patient with a probable pathogenic variant of HUWE1, particularly in relation to pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia. Methods We first report prenatal and postnatal neuroradiologic phenotype of a female patient carrying a HUWE1 likely pathogenic variant and discuss its function. Results An ultrasound shows borderline ventriculomegaly, rotated cerebellar vermis, and dysgenetic corpus callosum. An MR study identify a short, thin corpus callosum, falcine sinus persistence, reduced cerebellar vermis size, wide inferior IV ventricle, and reduced pontine bulging. Discussion HUWE1 is a gene encoding an E3 ubitiquine ligase protein involved in nervous system development, function, and disease. The mechanisms by which HUWE1 gene affects nervous system are still largely unclear, but a growing body of literature described disease-causing variants in this gene. This report may help prenatal diagnostic experts in consider also this entity, especially when dealing with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Tortora
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Cattaneo
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Luigina Spaccini
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Iascone
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Scelsa
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Micalizzi
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Lanna
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Righini
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Doneda
- From the Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology (M.T., A.R., C.D.); Clinical Genetics Unit (E.C.), Department of Pediatrics; Clinical Genetics Unit (L.S.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Medical Genetics Laboratory (M.I.), Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo; Pediatric Neurology Unit (B.S.), Department of Pediatrics, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital - ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan; Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit (A.M., A.N.), IRCCS Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Rome; Fetal Therapy Unit "U. Nicolini" (M.L.), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi Childrens' Hospital, Milan; and Pediatric Neurology Unit (P.V.), "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy
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Santos-Rebouças CB, Boy R, Fernandes GNS, Gonçalves AP, Abdala BB, Gonzalez LGC, Dos Santos JM, Pimentel MMG. A novel Xp11.22 duplication involving HUWE1 in a male with syndromic intellectual disability and additional neurological findings. Eur J Med Genet 2023; 66:104716. [PMID: 36731745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2023.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sequence variants and duplications in the HECT, UBA and WWE domain -containing 1 (HUWE1) E3 ubiquitin ligase gene have been associated with X-linked mild to severe intellectual disability (ID), but a solid phenotype pattern among the affected males is still remaining to be established. Here, we report a male patient with sporadic, severe and syndromic ID, carrying a novel and unique 842 kb duplication at Xp11.22, including the dosage-sensitive HUWE1 gene and other fifteen curated RefSeq genes. Expression analysis in the patient and his female relatives confirmed increased HUWE1 mRNA levels, with different X-chromosome inactivation patterns among the female carriers. Our patient differs from those previously described by us and others as he presents encephalomalacia at brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and diffuse bilaterally and synchronous intercritical irritating paroxysms at electroencephalogram. Overall, our clinical, molecular, and neurological findings sum up the previous data, expanding the phenotype spectrum in Xp11.22 copy gains involving the whole HUWE1 gene in both males and female carriers in light of X-chromosome inactivation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia B Santos-Rebouças
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Boy
- Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N S Fernandes
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andressa P Gonçalves
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca B Abdala
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas G C Gonzalez
- Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jussara M Dos Santos
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia M G Pimentel
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wang W, Shiraishi R, Kawauchi D. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cerebellar Development and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864035. [PMID: 35573667 PMCID: PMC9100414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulates the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Aberrant regulation of SHH signaling pathways often causes neurodevelopmental diseases and brain tumors. In the cerebellum, SHH secreted by Purkinje cells is a potent mitogen for granule cell progenitors, which are the most abundant cell type in the mature brain. While a reduction in SHH signaling induces cerebellar structural abnormalities, such as hypoplasia in various genetic disorders, the constitutive activation of SHH signaling often induces medulloblastoma (MB), one of the most common pediatric malignant brain tumors. Based on the existing literature on canonical and non-canonical SHH signaling pathways, emerging basic and clinical studies are exploring novel therapeutic approaches for MB by targeting SHH signaling at distinct molecular levels. In this review, we discuss the present consensus on SHH signaling mechanisms, their roles in cerebellar development and tumorigenesis, and the recent advances in clinical trials for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Daisuke Kawauchi,
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Transcriptome programs involved in the development and structure of the cerebellum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6431-6451. [PMID: 34406416 PMCID: PMC8558292 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03911-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, mounting evidence has modified the classical view of the cerebellum as a brain region specifically involved in the modulation of motor functions. Indeed, clinical studies and engineered mouse models have highlighted cerebellar circuits implicated in cognitive functions and behavior. Furthermore, it is now clear that insults occurring in specific time windows of cerebellar development can affect cognitive performance later in life and are associated with neurological syndromes, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. Despite its almost homogenous cytoarchitecture, how cerebellar circuits form and function is not completely elucidated yet. Notably, the apparently simple neuronal organization of the cerebellum, in which Purkinje cells represent the only output, hides an elevated functional diversity even within the same neuronal population. Such complexity is the result of the integration of intrinsic morphogenetic programs and extracellular cues from the surrounding environment, which impact on the regulation of the transcriptome of cerebellar neurons. In this review, we briefly summarize key features of the development and structure of the cerebellum before focusing on the pathways involved in the acquisition of the cerebellar neuron identity. We focus on gene expression and mRNA processing programs, including mRNA methylation, trafficking and splicing, that are set in motion during cerebellar development and participate to its physiology. These programs are likely to add new layers of complexity and versatility that are fundamental for the adaptability of cerebellar neurons.
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Mokhtar HEL, Hulail MAE, Mahmoud SM, Yousef DM. Impact of cisplatin administration on cerebellar cortical structure and locomotor activity of infantile and juvenile albino rats: the role of oxidative stress. Anat Sci Int 2021; 97:30-47. [PMID: 34386931 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-021-00624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central neurotoxicity of cisplatin (CisPt) has always raised questions especially during development, but few studies are available. Hence, this work was designed to assess the CisPt's impacts on the postnatal rat cerebellum via evaluation of locomotor activity, histological and immunohistochemical studies, and to focus on cerebellar oxidative stress-related alterations. Eighty newborn pups were divided into 2 equal experimental groups: the control group was kept without any treatment and CisPt-treated group received a single subcutaneous injection of CisPt (5 μg /g b.w.) in their nape at PD10. Ten rats at PD11, PD17, and PD30 ages were weighed, then deeply anesthetized and sacrificed. For locomotor assessment, 20 pups were divided equally into control and CisPt-treated groups and tested at PD11-13, PD15-17, and PD28-30 ages. CisPt-treated rats suffered from decreased motor activity and showed decreased body and cerebellar weights, reduced levels of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD and CAT), and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense (GSH), and increase of lipid peroxidation marker (MDA). Histopathologically, CisPt sowed deleterious changes within cerebellar cortical layers in the form of vacuolations, decreased thickness, and hemorrhage (in PD17), while Purkinje cells exhibited profound degenerative changes in the form of swelling, disrupted arrangement, distortion, and nuclear shrinkage. In CisPt-treated rats, GFAP demonstrated upregulated, hypertrophied, and branched Bergmann glial fibers and reactive astrogliosis. Immuno-localization of Ki-67-positive cells revealed defective migration associated with decreased proliferation in early ages in addition to glial proliferation in PD30. In conclusion, CisPt causes oxidative stress-related deleterious effects on structure of developing cerebellar cortex and affects locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan E L Mokhtar
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohey A E Hulail
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samar Mortada Mahmoud
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Mohammed Yousef
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Liaci C, Camera M, Caslini G, Rando S, Contino S, Romano V, Merlo GR. Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Intellectual Disability: From Systems Biology and Modeling to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116167. [PMID: 34200511 PMCID: PMC8201358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a pathological condition characterized by limited intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. It affects 1–3% of the worldwide population, and no pharmacological therapies are currently available. More than 1000 genes have been found mutated in ID patients pointing out that, despite the common phenotype, the genetic bases are highly heterogeneous and apparently unrelated. Bibliomic analysis reveals that ID genes converge onto a few biological modules, including cytoskeleton dynamics, whose regulation depends on Rho GTPases transduction. Genetic variants exert their effects at different levels in a hierarchical arrangement, starting from the molecular level and moving toward higher levels of organization, i.e., cell compartment and functions, circuits, cognition, and behavior. Thus, cytoskeleton alterations that have an impact on cell processes such as neuronal migration, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity rebound on the overall establishment of an effective network and consequently on the cognitive phenotype. Systems biology (SB) approaches are more focused on the overall interconnected network rather than on individual genes, thus encouraging the design of therapies that aim to correct common dysregulated biological processes. This review summarizes current knowledge about cytoskeleton control in neurons and its relevance for the ID pathogenesis, exploiting in silico modeling and translating the implications of those findings into biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Liaci
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Mattia Camera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Giovanni Caslini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Simona Rando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Salvatore Contino
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy; (C.L.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0116706449; Fax: +39-0116706432
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Tao J, Ren CY, Wei ZY, Zhang F, Xu J, Chen JH. Transcriptome-Wide Identification of G-to-A RNA Editing in Chronic Social Defeat Stress Mouse Models. Front Genet 2021; 12:680548. [PMID: 34093668 PMCID: PMC8173075 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that RNA editing is associated with stress, neurological diseases, and psychiatric disorders. However, the role of G-to-A RNA editing in chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) remains unclear. We herein identified G-to-A RNA editing and its changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a key region of the brain reward system, in CSDS mouse models under emotional stress (ES) and physiological stress (PS) conditions. Our results revealed 3812 high-confidence G-to-A editing events. Among them, 56 events were significantly downregulated while 23 significantly upregulated in CSDS compared to controls. Moreover, divergent editing patterns were observed between CSDS mice under ES and PS conditions, with 42 and 21 events significantly upregulated in PS and ES, respectively. Interestingly, differential RNA editing was enriched in genes with multiple editing events. Genes differentially edited in CSDS included those genetically associated with mental or neurodevelopmental disorders, especially mood disorders, such as FAT atypical cadherin 1 and solute carrier family 6 member 1. Notably, changes of G-to-A RNA editing were also implicated in ionotropic glutamate receptors, a group of well-known targets of adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing. Such results demonstrate dynamic G-to-A RNA editing changes in the brain of CSDS mouse models, underlining its role as a potential molecular mechanism of CSDS and stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tao
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yan Ren
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wei
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian-Huan Chen
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Aprigliano R, Aksu ME, Bradamante S, Mihaljevic B, Wang W, Rian K, Montaldo NP, Grooms KM, Fordyce Martin SL, Bordin DL, Bosshard M, Peng Y, Alexov E, Skinner C, Liabakk NB, Sullivan GJ, Bjørås M, Schwartz CE, van Loon B. Increased p53 signaling impairs neural differentiation in HUWE1-promoted intellectual disabilities. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100240. [PMID: 33948573 PMCID: PMC8080178 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Essential E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 (HECT, UBA, and WWE domain containing 1) regulates key factors, such as p53. Although mutations in HUWE1 cause heterogenous neurodevelopmental X-linked intellectual disabilities (XLIDs), the disease mechanisms common to these syndromes remain unknown. In this work, we identify p53 signaling as the central process altered in HUWE1-promoted XLID syndromes. By focusing on Juberg-Marsidi syndrome (JMS), one of the severest XLIDs, we show that increased p53 signaling results from p53 accumulation caused by HUWE1 p.G4310R destabilization. This further alters cell-cycle progression and proliferation in JMS cells. Modeling of JMS neurodevelopment reveals majorly impaired neural differentiation accompanied by increased p53 signaling. The neural differentiation defects can be successfully rescued by reducing p53 levels and restoring the expression of p53 target genes, in particular CDKN1A/p21. In summary, our findings suggest that increased p53 signaling underlies HUWE1-promoted syndromes and impairs XLID JMS neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Aprigliano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Merdane Ezgi Aksu
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stefano Bradamante
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Boris Mihaljevic
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Rian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicola P. Montaldo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kayla Mae Grooms
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah L. Fordyce Martin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Diana L. Bordin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthias Bosshard
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yunhui Peng
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Emil Alexov
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | | | - Nina-Beate Liabakk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gareth J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Barbara van Loon
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author
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10
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Ding X, Jo J, Wang CY, Cristobal CD, Zuo Z, Ye Q, Wirianto M, Lindeke-Myers A, Choi JM, Mohila CA, Kawabe H, Jung SY, Bellen HJ, Yoo SH, Lee HK. The Daam2-VHL-Nedd4 axis governs developmental and regenerative oligodendrocyte differentiation. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1177-1189. [PMID: 32792353 PMCID: PMC7462057 DOI: 10.1101/gad.338046.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) enables pathogenic accumulation of disease-driving proteins in neurons across a host of neurological disorders. However, whether and how the UPS contributes to oligodendrocyte dysfunction and repair after white matter injury (WMI) remains undefined. Here we show that the E3 ligase VHL interacts with Daam2 and their mutual antagonism regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation during development. Using proteomic analysis of the Daam2-VHL complex coupled with conditional genetic knockout mouse models, we further discovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 is required for developmental myelination through stabilization of VHL via K63-linked ubiquitination. Furthermore, studies in mouse demyelination models and white matter lesions from patients with multiple sclerosis corroborate the function of this pathway during remyelination after WMI. Overall, these studies provide evidence that a signaling axis involving key UPS components contributes to oligodendrocyte development and repair and reveal a new role for Nedd4 in glial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ding
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Juyeon Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Chih-Yen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Carlo D Cristobal
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Qi Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Marvin Wirianto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Aaron Lindeke-Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Carrie A Mohila
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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11
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Giles AC, Grill B. Roles of the HUWE1 ubiquitin ligase in nervous system development, function and disease. Neural Dev 2020; 15:6. [PMID: 32336296 PMCID: PMC7184716 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Huwe1 is a highly conserved member of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase family. Here, we explore the growing importance of Huwe1 in nervous system development, function and disease. We discuss extensive progress made in deciphering how Huwe1 regulates neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation, cell migration, and axon development. We highlight recent evidence indicating that Huwe1 regulates inhibitory neurotransmission. In covering these topics, we focus on findings made using both vertebrate and invertebrate in vivo model systems. Finally, we discuss extensive human genetic studies that strongly implicate HUWE1 in intellectual disability, and heighten the importance of continuing to unravel how Huwe1 affects the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Giles
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
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12
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Cerebellar Astrocytes: Much More Than Passive Bystanders In Ataxia Pathophysiology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030757. [PMID: 32168822 PMCID: PMC7141261 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is a neurodegenerative syndrome, which can emerge as a major element of a disease or represent a symptom of more complex multisystemic disorders. It comprises several forms with a highly variegated etiology, mainly united by motor, balance, and speech impairments and, at the tissue level, by cerebellar atrophy and Purkinje cells degeneration. For this reason, the contribution of astrocytes to this disease has been largely overlooked in the past. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, growing evidences are pointing to cerebellar astrocytes as crucial players not only in the progression but also in the onset of distinct forms of ataxia. Although the current knowledge on this topic is very fragmentary and ataxia type-specific, the present review will attempt to provide a comprehensive view of astrocytes’ involvement across the distinct forms of this pathology. Here, it will be highlighted how, through consecutive stage-specific mechanisms, astrocytes can lead to non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration and, consequently, to the behavioral impairments typical of this disease. In light of that, treating astrocytes to heal neurons will be discussed as a potential complementary therapeutic approach for ataxic patients, a crucial point provided the absence of conclusive treatments for this disease.
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13
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The Ubiquitin System: a Regulatory Hub for Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2179-2193. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Tejada MI, Ibarluzea N. Non-syndromic X linked intellectual disability: Current knowledge in light of the recent advances in molecular and functional studies. Clin Genet 2020; 97:677-687. [PMID: 31898314 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the FMR1 gene and the clinical and molecular characterization of Fragile X Syndrome in 1991, more than 141 genes have been identified in the X-chromosome in these 28 years thanks to applying continuously evolving molecular techniques to X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) families. In the past decade, array comparative genomic hybridization and next generation sequencing technologies have accelerated gene discovery exponentially. Classically, XLID has been subdivided in syndromic intellectual disability (S-XLID)-where intellectual disability (ID) is always associated with other recognizable physical and/or neurological features-and non-specific or non-syndromic intellectual disability (NS-XLID) where the only common feature is ID. Nevertheless, new advances on the study of these entities have showed that this classification is not always clear-cut because distinct variants in several of these XLID genes can result in S-XLID as well as in NS-XLID. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the XLID genes involved in non-syndromic forms, with the emphasis on their pathogenic mechanism, thus allowing the possibility to elucidate why some of them can give both syndromic and non-syndromic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Tejada
- Genetics Service, Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barakaldo, Spain.,Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Clinical Group, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nekane Ibarluzea
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Clinical Group, Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
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15
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Muthusamy B, Nguyen TT, Bandari AK, Basheer S, Selvan LDN, Chandel D, Manoj J, Gayen S, Seshagiri S, Chandra Girimaji S, Pandey A. Exome sequencing reveals a novel splice site variant in HUWE1 gene in patients with suspected Say-Meyer syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103635. [PMID: 30797980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Say-Meyer syndrome is a rare and clinically heterogeneous syndrome characterized by trigonocephaly, short stature, developmental delay and hypotelorism. Nine patients with this syndrome have been reported thus far although no causative gene has yet been identified. Here, we report two siblings with clinical phenotypes of Say-Meyer syndrome with moderate to severe intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Cytogenetics and array-based comparative genomic hybridization did not reveal any chromosome abnormalities or copy number alterations. Exome sequencing of the patients revealed a novel X-linked recessive splice acceptor site variant c.145-2A > G in intron 5 of HUWE1 gene in both affected siblings. RT-PCR and sequencing revealed the use of an alternate cryptic splice acceptor site downstream, which led to deletion of six nucleotides resulting loss of two amino acids p.(Cys49-Glu50del) in HUWE1 protein. Deletion of these two amino acids, which are located in a highly conserved region, is predicted to be deleterious and quite likely to affect the function of HUWE1 protein. This is the first report of a potential candidate gene mutation for Say-Meyer syndrome, which was initially described four decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babylakshmi Muthusamy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Thong T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Metabolic Disease, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aravind K Bandari
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India; Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Salah Basheer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | | | - Deepshikha Chandel
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jesna Manoj
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Srimonta Gayen
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Metabolic Disease, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Satish Chandra Girimaji
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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16
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Vandenbark AA, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Offner H. A novel neurotherapeutic for multiple sclerosis, ischemic injury, methamphetamine addiction, and traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:14. [PMID: 30683115 PMCID: PMC6346590 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular, autoimmune, and traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) all have in common an initial acute inflammatory response mediated by influx across the blood-brain barrier of activated mononuclear cells followed by chronic and often progressive disability. Although some anti-inflammatory therapies can reduce cellular infiltration into the initial lesions, there are essentially no effective treatments for the progressive phase. We here review the successful treatment of animal models for four separate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions using a single partial MHC class II construct called DRa1-hMOG-35-55 or its newest iteration, DRa1(L50Q)-hMOG-35-55 (DRhQ) that can be administered without a need for class II tissue type matching due to the conserved DRα1 moiety of the drug. These constructs antagonize the cognate TCR and bind with high affinity to their cell-bound CD74 receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby competitively inhibiting downstream signaling and pro-inflammatory effects of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, d-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT=MIF-2) that bind to identical residues of CD74 leading to progressive disease. These effects suggest the existence of a common pathogenic mechanism involving a chemokine-driven influx of activated monocytes into the CNS tissue that can be reversed by parenteral injection of the DRa1-MOG-35-55 constructs that also induce anti-inflammatory macrophages and microglia within the CNS. Due to their ability to block this common pathway, these novel drugs appear to be prime candidates for therapy of a wide range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Present Address: Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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17
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He GQ, Xu WM, Liao HJ, Jiang C, Li CQ, Zhang W. Silencing Huwe1 reduces apoptosis of cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1977-1985. [PMID: 31290456 PMCID: PMC6676871 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HECT, UBA and WWE domain-containing 1 (Huwe1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, is widely expressed in brain tissue. Huwe1 is involved in the turnover of numerous substrates, including p53, Mcl-1, Cdc6 and N-myc, thereby playing a critical role in apoptosis and neurogenesis. However, the role of Huwe1 in brain ischemia and reperfusion injury remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of Huwe1 in an in vitro model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. At 3 days in vitro, primary cortical neurons were transduced with a control or shRNA-Huwe1 lentiviral vector to silence expression of Huwe1. At 7 days in vitro, the cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 3 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours. To examine the role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 pathway, cortical neurons were pretreated with a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) or a p38MAPK inhibitor (SB203508) for 30 minutes at 7 days in vitro, followed by ischemia and reperfusion. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. Protein expression levels of JNK and p38MAPK and of apoptosis-related proteins (p53, Gadd45a, cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) were measured by western blot assay. Immunofluorescence labeling for cleaved caspase-3 was performed. We observed a significant increase in neuronal apoptosis and Huwe1 expression after ischemia and reperfusion. Treatment with the shRNA-Huwe1 lentiviral vector markedly decreased Huwe1 levels, and significantly decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells after ischemia and reperfusion. The silencing vector also downregulated the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and upregulated the anti-apoptotic proteins Gadd45a and Bcl-2. Silencing Huwe1 also significantly reduced p-JNK levels and increased p-p38 levels. Our findings show that downregulating Huwe1 affects the JNK and p38MAPK signaling pathways as well as the expression of apoptosis-related genes to provide neuroprotection during ischemia and reperfusion. All animal experiments and procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Sichuan University, China in January 2018 (approval No. 2018013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qian He
- Department of Pediatrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen-Ming Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui-Juan Liao
- Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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18
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Chen D, Gehringer M, Lorenz S. Developing Small-Molecule Inhibitors of HECT-Type Ubiquitin Ligases for Therapeutic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2123-2135. [PMID: 30088849 PMCID: PMC6471174 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin system regulates countless physiological and disease-associated processes and has emerged as an attractive entryway for therapeutic efforts. With over 600 members in the human proteome, ubiquitin ligases are the most diverse class of ubiquitylation enzymes and pivotal in encoding specificity in ubiquitin signaling. Although considerable progress has been made in the identification of small molecules targeting RING ligases, relatively little is known about the "druggability" of HECT (homologous to E6AP C terminus) ligases, many of which are critically implicated in human pathologies. A major obstacle to optimizing the few available ligands is our incomplete understanding of their inhibitory mechanisms and the structural basis of catalysis in HECT ligases. Here, we survey recent approaches to manipulate the activities of HECT ligases with small molecules to showcase the particular challenges and opportunities these enzymes hold as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental BiomedicineUniversity of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Haus D1597080WürzburgGermany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 872076TübingenGermany
| | - Sonja Lorenz
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental BiomedicineUniversity of WürzburgJosef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Haus D1597080WürzburgGermany
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19
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Aboulhoda BE, Hassan SS. Effect of prenatal tramadol on postnatal cerebellar development: Role of oxidative stress. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:102-118. [PMID: 30342117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The adverse neurological effects of tramadol have recently raised attention. The literature pertaining to studying postnatal cerebellar changes induced by prenatal tramadol is very scanty, thus the current study has been designed to improve understanding of the cerebellar oxidative stress-related alterations associated with tramadol administration during pregnancy in this critical period of neuronal differentiation and synaptic development, thereby highlighting the importance of controlling prenatal prescription of opioids and optimizing care for opioid-dependent pregnant women and their infants. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty pregnant female rats of Sprague Dawley strains were used in the study. Their offspring were divided into two groups: group I (control group) offspring of mothers given saline; group II offspring of mothers given tramadol from the 10th day (D10) of gestation till D21. The pups were sacrificed on the 7th, 14th and 21st postnatal days. Cerebellar specimens were processed for histomorphometric, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic assessment and were evaluated for various oxidative stress parameters. RESULTS Tramadol administration during pregnancy caused profound structural abnormalities on the post-natal cerebellar cortex and was associated with oxidative stress evidenced by elevation of lipid peroxidation products and inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Emad Aboulhoda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Sherif S Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt; Department of Medical Education, California University of Sciences and Medicine, School of medicine, San Bernardino, 92408 CA, USA
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20
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Yanku Y, Bitman-Lotan E, Zohar Y, Kurant E, Zilke N, Eilers M, Orian A. Drosophila HUWE1 Ubiquitin Ligase Regulates Endoreplication and Antagonizes JNK Signaling During Salivary Gland Development. Cells 2018; 7:E151. [PMID: 30261639 PMCID: PMC6210797 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The HECT-type ubiquitin ligase HECT, UBA and WWE Domain Containing 1, (HUWE1) regulates key cancer-related pathways, including the Myc oncogene. It affects cell proliferation, stress and immune signaling, mitochondria homeostasis, and cell death. HUWE1 is evolutionarily conserved from Caenorhabditis elegance to Drosophila melanogaster and Humans. Here, we report that the Drosophila ortholog, dHUWE1 (CG8184), is an essential gene whose loss results in embryonic lethality and whose tissue-specific disruption establishes its regulatory role in larval salivary gland development. dHUWE1 is essential for endoreplication of salivary gland cells and its knockdown results in the inability of these cells to replicate DNA. Remarkably, dHUWE1 is a survival factor that prevents premature activation of JNK signaling, thus preventing the disintegration of the salivary gland, which occurs physiologically during pupal stages. This function of dHUWE1 is general, as its inhibitory effect is observed also during eye development and at the organismal level. Epistatic studies revealed that the loss of dHUWE1 is compensated by dMyc proeitn expression or the loss of dmP53. dHUWE1 is therefore a conserved survival factor that regulates organ formation during Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Yanku
- Rappaport Research Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Eliya Bitman-Lotan
- Rappaport Research Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Rappaport Research Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
- Institute of Pathology, RAMBAM Medical Center, Haifa 30196, Israel.
| | - Estee Kurant
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | - Norman Zilke
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program Institute of Biomedicine University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Amir Orian
- Rappaport Research Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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21
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Kao SH, Wu HT, Wu KJ. Ubiquitination by HUWE1 in tumorigenesis and beyond. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:67. [PMID: 30176860 PMCID: PMC6122628 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination modulates a large repertoire of cellular functions and thus, dysregulation of the ubiquitin system results in multiple human diseases, including cancer. Ubiquitination requires an E3 ligase, which is responsible for substrate recognition and conferring specificity to ubiquitination. HUWE1 is a multifaceted HECT domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase, which catalyzes both mono-ubiquitination and K6-, K48- and K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of its substrates. Many of the substrates of HUWE1 play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular development. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of HUWE1 is associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. HUWE1 is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors, but can be downregulated in brain tumors, suggesting that HUWE1 may possess differing cell-specific functions depending on the downstream targets of HUWE1. This review introduces some important discoveries of the HUWE1 substrates, including those controlling proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and responses to stress. In addition, we review the signaling pathways HUWE1 participates in and obstacles to the identification of HUWE1 substrates. We also discuss up-to-date potential therapeutic designs using small molecules or ubiquitin variants (UbV) against the HUWE1 activity. These molecular advances provide a translational platform for future bench-to-bed studies. HUWE1 is a critical ubiquitination modulator during the tumor progression and may serve as a possible therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Han Kao
- Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 91, Hseuh-Shih Rd, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Tsang Wu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, 500, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 91, Hseuh-Shih Rd, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Institute of New Drug Development, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Departmet of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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22
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George AJ, Hoffiz YC, Charles AJ, Zhu Y, Mabb AM. A Comprehensive Atlas of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Mutations in Neurological Disorders. Front Genet 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29491882 PMCID: PMC5817383 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification that plays an integral part in mediating diverse cellular functions. The process of protein ubiquitination requires an enzymatic cascade that consists of a ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) and an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3). There are an estimated 600-700 E3 ligase genes representing ~5% of the human genome. Not surprisingly, mutations in E3 ligase genes have been observed in multiple neurological conditions. We constructed a comprehensive atlas of disrupted E3 ligase genes in common (CND) and rare neurological diseases (RND). Of the predicted and known human E3 ligase genes, we found ~13% were mutated in a neurological disorder with 83 total genes representing 70 different types of neurological diseases. Of the E3 ligase genes identified, 51 were associated with an RND. Here, we provide an updated list of neurological disorders associated with E3 ligase gene disruption. We further highlight research in these neurological disorders and discuss the advanced technologies used to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene J. George
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yarely C. Hoffiz
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- Creative Media Industries Institute & Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela M. Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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23
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Cheon S, Dean M, Chahrour M. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 165:106791. [PMID: 29398581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a highly conserved pathway that tightly regulates protein turnover in cells. This process is integral to neuronal development, differentiation, and function. Several members of the UPS are disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders, highlighting the importance of this pathway in brain development and function. In this review, we discuss some of these pathway members, the molecular processes they regulate, and the potential for targeting the UPS in an effort to develop therapeutic strategies in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmi Cheon
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milan Dean
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Maria Chahrour
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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24
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Strand NS, Allen JM, Ghulam M, Taylor MR, Munday RK, Carrillo M, Movsesyan A, Zayas RM. Dissecting the function of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex genes in planarian regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:210-217. [PMID: 29291974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin system plays a role in nearly every aspect of eukaryotic cell biology. The enzymes responsible for transferring ubiquitin onto specific substrates are the E3 ubiquitin ligases, a large and diverse family of proteins, for which biological roles and target substrates remain largely undefined. Studies using model organisms indicate that ubiquitin signaling mediates key steps in developmental processes and tissue regeneration. Here, we used the freshwater planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea, to investigate the role of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes in stem cell regulation during regeneration. We identified six S. mediterranea cullin genes, and used RNAi to uncover roles for homologs of Cullin-1, -3 and -4 in planarian regeneration. The cullin-1 RNAi phenotype included defects in blastema formation, organ regeneration, lesions, and lysis. To further investigate the function of cullin-1-mediated cellular processes in planarians, we examined genes encoding the adaptor protein Skp1 and F-box substrate-recognition proteins that are predicted to partner with Cullin-1. RNAi against skp1 resulted in phenotypes similar to cullin-1 RNAi, and an RNAi screen of the F-box genes identified 19 genes that recapitulated aspects of cullin-1 RNAi, including ones that in mammals are involved in stem cell regulation and cancer biology. Our data provides evidence that CRLs play discrete roles in regenerative processes and provide a platform to investigate how CRLs regulate stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Strand
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - John M Allen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mahjoobah Ghulam
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Matthew R Taylor
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Roma K Munday
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Melissa Carrillo
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Artem Movsesyan
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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25
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Bose R, Sheng K, Moawad AR, Manku G, O'Flaherty C, Taketo T, Culty M, Fok KL, Wing SS. Ubiquitin Ligase Huwe1 Modulates Spermatogenesis by Regulating Spermatogonial Differentiation and Entry into Meiosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17759. [PMID: 29259204 PMCID: PMC5736635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis consists of a series of highly regulated processes that include mitotic proliferation, meiosis and cellular remodeling. Although alterations in gene expression are well known to modulate spermatogenesis, posttranscriptional mechanisms are less well defined. The ubiquitin proteasome system plays a significant role in protein turnover and may be involved in these posttranscriptional mechanisms. We previously identified ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 in the testis and showed that it can ubiquitinate histones. Since modulation of histones is important at many steps in spermatogenesis, we performed a complete characterization of the functions of Huwe1 in this process by examining the effects of its inactivation in the differentiating spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids. Inactivation of Huwe1 in differentiating spermatogonia led to their depletion and formation of fewer pre-leptotene spermatocytes. The cell degeneration was associated with an accumulation of DNA damage response protein γH2AX, impaired downstream signalling and apoptosis. Inactivation of Huwe1 in spermatocytes indicated that Huwe1 is not essential for meiosis and spermiogenesis, but can result in accumulation of γH2AX. Collectively, these results provide a comprehensive survey of the functions of Huwe1 in spermatogenesis and reveal Huwe1’s critical role as a modulator of the DNA damage response pathway in the earliest steps of spermatogonial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Bose
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kai Sheng
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Adel R Moawad
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gurpreet Manku
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristian O'Flaherty
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Teruko Taketo
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martine Culty
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kin Lam Fok
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Simon S Wing
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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26
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HUWE1 variants cause dominant X-linked intellectual disability: a clinical study of 21 patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 26:64-74. [PMID: 29180823 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-gene duplications and missense variants in the HUWE1 gene (NM_031407.6) have been reported in association with intellectual disability (ID). Increased gene dosage has been observed in males with non-syndromic mild to moderate ID with speech delay. Missense variants reported previously appear to be associated with severe ID in males and mild or no ID in obligate carrier females. Here, we report the largest cohort of patients with HUWE1 variants, consisting of 14 females and 7 males, with 15 different missense variants and one splice site variant. Clinical assessment identified common clinical features consisting of moderate to profound ID, delayed or absent speech, short stature with small hands and feet and facial dysmorphism consisting of a broad nasal tip, deep set eyes, epicanthic folds, short palpebral fissures, and a short philtrum. We describe for the first time that females can be severely affected, despite preferential inactivation of the affected X chromosome. Three females with the c.329 G > A p.Arg110Gln variant, present with a phenotype of mild ID, specific facial features, scoliosis and craniosynostosis, as reported previously in a single patient. In these females, the X inactivation pattern appeared skewed in favour of the affected transcript. In summary, HUWE1 missense variants may cause syndromic ID in both males and females.
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27
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Impaired oxidative stress response characterizes HUWE1-promoted X-linked intellectual disability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15050. [PMID: 29118367 PMCID: PMC5678168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the HECT, UBA and WWE domain-containing 1 (HUWE1) E3 ubiquitin ligase cause neurodevelopmental disorder X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). HUWE1 regulates essential processes such as genome integrity maintenance. Alterations in the genome integrity and accumulation of mutations have been tightly associated with the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. Though HUWE1 mutations are clearly implicated in XLID and HUWE1 regulatory functions well explored, currently much is unknown about the molecular basis of HUWE1-promoted XLID. Here we showed that the HUWE1 expression is altered and mutation frequency increased in three different XLID individual (HUWE1 p.R2981H, p.R4187C and HUWE1 duplication) cell lines. The effect was most prominent in HUWE1 p.R4187C XLID cells and was accompanied with decreased DNA repair capacity and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Analysis of HUWE1 substrates revealed XLID-specific down-regulation of oxidative stress response DNA polymerase (Pol) λ caused by hyperactive HUWE1 p.R4187C. The subsequent restoration of Polλ levels counteracted the oxidative hypersensitivity. The observed alterations in the genome integrity maintenance may be particularly relevant in the cortical progenitor zones of human brain, as suggested by HUWE1 immunofluorescence analysis of cerebral organoids. These results provide evidence that impairments of the fundamental cellular processes, like genome integrity maintenance, characterize HUWE1-promoted XLID.
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28
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Fok KL, Bose R, Sheng K, Chang CW, Katz-Egorov M, Culty M, Su S, Yang M, Ruan YC, Chan HC, Iavarone A, Lasorella A, Cencic R, Pelletier J, Nagano M, Xu W, Wing SS. Huwe1 Regulates the Establishment and Maintenance of Spermatogonia by Suppressing DNA Damage Response. Endocrinology 2017; 158:4000-4016. [PMID: 28938460 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is sustained by a heterogeneous population of spermatogonia that includes the spermatogonial stem cells. However, the mechanisms underlying their establishment from gonocyte embryonic precursors and their maintenance thereafter remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 in male germ cells in mice led to the degeneration of spermatogonia in neonates and resulted in a Sertoli cell-only phenotype in the adult. Huwe1 knockout gonocytes showed a decrease in mitotic re-entry, which inhibited their transition to spermatogonia. Inactivation of Huwe1 in primary spermatogonial culture or the C18-4 cell line resulted in cell degeneration. Degeneration of Huwe1 knockout spermatogonia was associated with an increased level of histone H2AX and an elevated DNA damage response that led to apparent mitotic catastrophe but not apoptosis or senescence. Blocking this increase in H2AX prevented the degeneration of Huwe1-depleted cells. Taken together, these results reveal a previously undefined role of Huwe1 in orchestrating the physiological DNA damage response in the male germline that contributes to the establishment and maintenance of spermatogonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Lam Fok
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rohini Bose
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kai Sheng
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mira Katz-Egorov
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Martine Culty
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sicheng Su
- Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ye Chun Ruan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Makoto Nagano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Wenming Xu
- Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Simon S Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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29
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Abstract
More than 80% of all cases of deafness are related to the death or degeneration of cochlear hair cells and the associated spiral ganglion neurons, and a lack of regeneration of these cells leads to permanent hearing loss. Therefore, the regeneration of lost hair cells is an important goal for the treatment of deafness. Atoh1 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that is critical in both the development and regeneration of cochlear hair cells. Atoh1 is transcriptionally regulated by several signaling pathways, including Notch and Wnt signalings. At the post-translational level, it is regulated through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that manipulation of these signaling pathways not only controls development, but also leads to the regeneration of cochlear hair cells after damage. Recent progress toward understanding the signaling networks involved in hair cell development and regeneration has led to the development of new strategies to replace lost hair cells. This review focuses on our current understanding of the signaling pathways that regulate Atoh1 in the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Fu Cheng
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, China.,School of Medicine, Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, China.,Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, Taipei 112, Taiwan, China
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30
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Chen LJ, Xu WM, Yang M, Wang K, Chen Y, Huang XJ, Ma QH. HUWE1 plays important role in mouse preimplantation embryo development and the dysregulation is associated with poor embryo development in humans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37928. [PMID: 27901130 PMCID: PMC5128802 DOI: 10.1038/srep37928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HUWE1 is a HECT domain containing ubiquitin ligase implicated in neurogenesis, spermatogenesis and cancer development. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the role of HUWE1 in early embryo development. Here we demonstrate that Huwe1 is expressed in both nucleus and cytoplasm of preimplantation mouse embryos as well as gametes. Hypoxia (5% O2) treatment could significantly increase Huwe1 expression during mouse embryo development process. HUWE1 knockdown inhibited normal embryonic development and reduced blastocyst formation, and increased apoptotic cell numbers were observed in the embryos of HUWE1 knockdown group. Human embryo staining result showed that reduced HUWE1 staining was observed in the poor-quality embryos. Furthermore, Western blot result showed that significantly reduced expression of HUWE1 was observed in the villi of miscarriage embryos compared with the normal control, indicating that reduced expression of HUWE1 is related to poor embryo development. Oxidative reagent, H2O2 inhibited HUWE1 expression in human sperm, indicating that HUWE1 expression in sperm is regulated by oxidative stress. In conclusion, these results suggest that HUWE1 protein could contribute to preimplantation embryo development and dysregulated expression of HUWE1 could be related to poor embryo development and miscarriage in IVF clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Chen
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic diseases, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.,SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - W M Xu
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic diseases, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.,SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - M Yang
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic diseases, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.,SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - K Wang
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic diseases, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.,SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic diseases, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.,SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - X J Huang
- College of Animal Science &Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q H Ma
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic diseases, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China.,SCU-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, (Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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He GQ, Xu WM, Li JF, Li SS, Liu B, Tan XD, Li CQ. Huwe1 interacts with Gadd45b under oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion injury in primary Rat cortical neuronal cells. Mol Brain 2015; 8:88. [PMID: 26698301 PMCID: PMC4690333 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible protein 45 beta (Gadd45b) is serving as a neuronal activity sensor. Brain ischemia induces the expression of Gadd45b, which stimulates recovery after stroke and may play a protective role in cerebral ischemia. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms of how Gadd45b expression regulated and the down-stream targets in brain ischemia. Here, using an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) model, we identified Huwe1/Mule/ARF-BP1, a HECT domain containing ubiquitin ligase, involved in the control of Gadd45b protein level. In this study, we also investigated the role of Huwe1-Gadd45b mediated pathway in BDNF methylation. Results We found that the depletion of Huwe1 by lentivirus shRNA mediated interference significantly increased the expression of Gadd45b and BDNF at 24 h after OGD. Moreover, treatment with Cycloheximide (CHX) inhibited endogenous expression of Gadd45b, and promoted expression of Gadd45b after co-treated with lentivirus shRNA-Huwe1. Inhibition of Gadd45b by lentivirus shRNA decreased the expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) pathway, while inhibition of Huwe1 increased the expression levels of BDNF and p-CREB. Moreover, shRNA-Huwe1 treatment decreased the methylation level of the fifth CpG islands (123 bp apart from BDNF IXa), while shRNA-Gadd45b treatment increased the methylation level of the forth CpG islands (105 bp apart from BDNF IXa). Conclusions These findings suggested that Huwe1 involved in the regulation of Gadd45b expression under OGD/R, providing a novel route for neurons following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. It also indicated that the methylation of BDNF IXa was affected by Gadd45b as well as Huwe1 in the OGD/R model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0178-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-qian He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Wen-ming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hongkong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jin-fang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Shuai-shuai Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hongkong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine (SCU-CUHK), Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250000, China.
| | - Xiao-dan Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Chang-qing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Gao J, Buckley SM, Cimmino L, Guillamot M, Strikoudis A, Cang Y, Goff SP, Aifantis I. The CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex controls adult and embryonic stem cell differentiation and homeostasis. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26613412 PMCID: PMC4721963 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known on post-transcriptional regulation of adult and embryonic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Here we characterize the role of Ddb1, a component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex. Ddb1 is highly expressed in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors and its deletion leads to abrogation of both adult and fetal hematopoiesis, targeting specifically transiently amplifying progenitor subsets. However, Ddb1 deletion in non-dividing lymphocytes has no discernible phenotypes. Ddb1 silencing activates Trp53 pathway and leads to significant effects on cell cycle progression and rapid apoptosis. The abrogation of hematopoietic progenitor cells can be partially rescued by simultaneous deletion of Trp53. Conversely, depletion of DDB1 in embryonic stem cell (ESC) leads to differentiation albeit negative effects on cell cycle and apoptosis. Mass spectrometry reveals differing protein interactions between DDB1 and distinct DCAFs, the substrate recognizing components of the E3 complex, between cell types. Our studies identify CUL4-DDB1 complex as a novel post-translational regulator of stem and progenitor maintenance and differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07539.001 Stem cells can develop into other types of cells via a process called “differentiation”. When a stem cell divides in two, it typically produces another stem cell and a cell that goes on to differentiate. Hematopoietic stem cells (or HSCs) are found in the bone marrow and give rise to all blood cells throughout the life of an organism. It is therefore crucial that they divide correctly to maintain the balance between renewing their numbers and making new types of cells. Many studies have investigated how stem cells are maintained, but there are still major gaps in our knowledge. Recent research suggested that the cell’s “ubiquitin-proteasome system” might be important for regulating stem cell division. This system rapidly degrades proteins, thereby regulating protein abundance in cells. Enzymes known as E3 ligases form part of this system, and recognize proteins to be marked for destruction with a small protein tag. Gao et al. have now observed that a component of an E3 ligase called DDB1 is highly expressed in hematopoietic stem cells. Further experiments revealed that genetically engineered mice that lack DDB1 in their population of blood cells die soon after they are born and have fewer blood cells. Gao et al. next inhibited the production of DDB1 in adult mice. This stopped the adult mice’s hematopoietic stem cells from dividing, and the mice died because their bone marrow couldn’t produce new blood cells. These results show that DDB1 is necessary for stem cells to renew their numbers and differentiate into blood cells in both developing and adult animals. Next, Gao et al. investigated the how DDB1 regulates stem cell division, and discovered that a protein called p53, which is a key player in controlling cell division, is regulated by DDB1. Under normal conditions, p53 levels are kept low in cells. However, in the absence of DDB1, the levels of p53 rise, which triggers the death of the hematopoietic stem cells. Further experiments revealed that not all dividing cells undergo cell death with the loss of DDB1. Instead, Gao et al. found that rapidly dividing embryonic stem cells differentiate when DDB1 is lost but do not die. These findings suggest that specific components of the ubiquitin ligase complex play a key role in deciding a stem cell’s fate. In the future, identifying these components will further our understanding of the decision of stem cells to differentiate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07539.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Shannon M Buckley
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Maria Guillamot
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Alexandros Strikoudis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Yong Cang
- Signal Transduction Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
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33
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Twigg SRF, Wilkie AOM. New insights into craniofacial malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R50-9. [PMID: 26085576 PMCID: PMC4571997 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the human skull and face is a highly orchestrated and complex three-dimensional morphogenetic process, involving hundreds of genes controlling the coordinated patterning, proliferation and differentiation of tissues having multiple embryological origins. Craniofacial malformations that occur because of abnormal development (including cleft lip and/or palate, craniosynostosis and facial dysostoses), comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. High-throughput sequencing has recently led to the identification of many new causative disease genes and functional studies have clarified their mechanisms of action. We present recent findings in craniofacial genetics and discuss how this information together with developmental studies in animal models is helping to increase understanding of normal craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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34
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HLA-DRα1-mMOG-35-55 treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduces CNS inflammation, enhances M2 macrophage frequency, and promotes neuroprotection. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:123. [PMID: 26104759 PMCID: PMC4481122 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DRα1-mouse(m)MOG-35-55, a novel construct developed in our laboratory as a simpler and potentially less immunogenic alternative to two-domain class II constructs, was shown previously to target the MIF/CD74 pathway and to reverse clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DR*1501-Tg mice in a manner similar to the parent DR2β1-containing construct. Methods In order to determine whether DRα1-mMOG-35-55 could treat EAE in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched mice and to evaluate the treatment effect on central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, C57BL/6 mice were treated with DRα1-mMOG-35-55. In addition, gene expression profile was analyzed in spinal cords of EAE DR*1501-Tg mice that were treated with DRα1-mMOG-35-55. Results We here demonstrate that DRα1-mMOG-35-55 could effectively treat EAE in MHC-mismatched C57BL/6 mice by reducing CNS inflammation, potentially mediated in part through an increased frequency of M2 monocytes in the spinal cord. Microarray analysis of spinal cord tissue from DRα1-mMOG-35-55-treated vs. vehicle control mice with EAE revealed decreased expression of a large number of pro-inflammatory genes including CD74, NLRP3, and IL-1β and increased expression of genes involved in myelin repair (MBP) and neuroregeneration (HUWE1). Conclusion These findings indicate that the DRα1-mMOG-35-55 construct retains therapeutic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities during treatment of EAE across MHC disparate barriers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0342-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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35
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Ambrozkiewicz MC, Kawabe H. HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in nerve cell development and synapse physiology. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1635-43. [PMID: 25979171 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of neurons is precisely controlled. Nerve cells are born from progenitor cells, migrate to their future target sites, extend dendrites and an axon to form synapses, and thus establish neural networks. All these processes are governed by multiple intracellular signaling cascades, among which ubiquitylation has emerged as a potent regulatory principle that determines protein function and turnover. Dysfunctions of E3 ubiquitin ligases or aberrant ubiquitin signaling contribute to a variety of brain disorders like X-linked mental retardation, schizophrenia, autism or Parkinson's disease. In this review, we summarize recent findings about molecular pathways that involve E3 ligases of the Homologous to E6-AP C-terminus (HECT) family and that control neuritogenesis, neuronal polarity formation, and synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Cyryl Ambrozkiewicz
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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36
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Henderson JM, Nisperos SV, Weeks J, Ghulam M, Marín I, Zayas RM. Identification of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase family genes involved in stem cell regulation and regeneration in planarians. Dev Biol 2015; 404:21-34. [PMID: 25956527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases constitute a large family of enzymes that modify specific proteins by covalently attaching ubiquitin polypeptides. This post-translational modification can serve to regulate protein function or longevity. In spite of their importance in cell physiology, the biological roles of most ubiquitin ligases remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the function of the HECT domain family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration in planarians. Using bioinformatic searches, we identified 17 HECT E3 genes that are expressed in the Schmidtea mediterranea genome. Whole-mount in situ hybridization experiments showed that HECT genes were expressed in diverse tissues and most were expressed in the stem cell population (neoblasts) or in their progeny. To investigate the function of all HECT E3 ligases, we inhibited their expression using RNA interference (RNAi) and determined that orthologs of huwe1, wwp1, and trip12 had roles in tissue regeneration. We show that huwe1 RNAi knockdown led to a significant expansion of the neoblast population and death by lysis. Further, our experiments showed that wwp1 was necessary for both neoblast and intestinal tissue homeostasis as well as uncovered an unexpected role of trip12 in posterior tissue specification. Taken together, our data provide insights into the roles of HECT E3 ligases in tissue regeneration and demonstrate that planarians will be a useful model to evaluate the functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases in stem cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana M Henderson
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Sean V Nisperos
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Joi Weeks
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Mahjoobah Ghulam
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA
| | - Ignacio Marín
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
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37
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Sanchez-Ortiz E, Cho W, Nazarenko I, Mo W, Chen J, Parada LF. NF1 regulation of RAS/ERK signaling is required for appropriate granule neuron progenitor expansion and migration in cerebellar development. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2407-20. [PMID: 25367036 PMCID: PMC4215185 DOI: 10.1101/gad.246603.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar development is regulated by a coordinated spatiotemporal interplay between granule neuron progenitors (GNPs), Purkinje neurons, and glia. Abnormal development can trigger motor deficits, and more recent data indicate important roles in aspects of memory, behavior, and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Germline mutation in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene underlies Neurofibromatosis type 1, a complex disease that enhances susceptibility to certain cancers and neurological disorders, including intellectual deficits and ASD. The NF1 gene encodes for neurofibromin, a RAS GTPase-activating protein, and thus negatively regulates the RAS signaling pathway. Here, using mouse models to direct conditional NF1 ablation in either embryonic cerebellar progenitors or neonatal GNPs, we show that neurofibromin is required for appropriate development of cerebellar folia layering and structure. Remarkably, neonatal administration of inhibitors of the ERK pathway reversed the morphological defects. Thus, our findings establish a critical cell-autonomous role for the NF1-RAS-ERK pathway in the appropriate regulation of cerebellar development and provide a basis for using neonatal ERK inhibitor-based therapies to treat NF1-induced cerebellar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Sanchez-Ortiz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Woosung Cho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Inga Nazarenko
- Department of Developmental Biology, Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Wei Mo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Luis F Parada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Kent Waldrep Foundation Center for Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Peter S, Bultinck J, Myant K, Jaenicke LA, Walz S, Müller J, Gmachl M, Treu M, Boehmelt G, Ade CP, Schmitz W, Wiegering A, Otto C, Popov N, Sansom O, Kraut N, Eilers M. Tumor cell-specific inhibition of MYC function using small molecule inhibitors of the HUWE1 ubiquitin ligase. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:1525-41. [PMID: 25253726 PMCID: PMC4287973 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201403927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated expression of MYC is a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis, necessitating novel strategies to inhibit MYC function. The ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 (HECTH9, ARF-BP1, MULE) associates with both MYC and the MYC-associated protein MIZ1. We show here that HUWE1 is required for growth of colorectal cancer cells in culture and in orthotopic xenograft models. Using high-throughput screening, we identify small molecule inhibitors of HUWE1, which inhibit MYC-dependent transactivation in colorectal cancer cells, but not in stem and normal colon epithelial cells. Inhibition of HUWE1 stabilizes MIZ1. MIZ1 globally accumulates on MYC target genes and contributes to repression of MYC-activated target genes upon HUWE1 inhibition. Our data show that transcriptional activation by MYC in colon cancer cells requires the continuous degradation of MIZ1 and identify a novel principle that allows for inhibition of MYC function in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Peter
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennyfer Bultinck
- Cytokine Receptor Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Laura A Jaenicke
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Walz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Judith Müller
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Gmachl
- Department Lead Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Treu
- Department Lead Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Boehmelt
- Department Lead Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten P Ade
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Schmitz
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikita Popov
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Kraut
- Department Lead Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Thompson JW, Nagel J, Hoving S, Gerrits B, Bauer A, Thomas JR, Kirschner MW, Schirle M, Luchansky SJ. Quantitative Lys-ϵ-Gly-Gly (diGly) proteomics coupled with inducible RNAi reveals ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) by the E3 ligase HUWE1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28942-55. [PMID: 25147182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted degradation of proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) via the activities of E3 ubiquitin ligases regulates diverse cellular processes, and misregulation of these enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of human diseases. One of the challenges facing the UPS field is to delineate the complete cohort of substrates for a particular E3 ligase. Advances in mass spectrometry and the development of antibodies recognizing the Lys-ϵ-Gly-Gly (diGly) remnant from ubiquitinated proteins following trypsinolysis have provided a tool to address this question. We implemented an inducible loss of function approach in combination with quantitative diGly proteomics to find novel substrates of HUWE1 (HECT, UBA, and WWE domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase), an E3 ligase implicated in cancer and intellectual disabilities. diGly proteomics results led to the identification of DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) as a putative HUWE1 substrate. Cell-based assays demonstrated that HUWE1 interacts with and regulates ubiquitination and stability of DDIT4. Together these data suggest a model in which HUWE1 mediates DDIT4 proteasomal degradation. Our results demonstrate proof of concept that inducible knockdown of an E3 ligase in combination with diGly proteomics provides a potentially advantageous method for identifying novel E3 substrates that may help to identify candidates for therapeutic modulation in the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W Thompson
- From the Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jane Nagel
- From the Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Sjouke Hoving
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and
| | - Bertran Gerrits
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and
| | - Jason R Thomas
- From the Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marc W Kirschner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Markus Schirle
- From the Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Sarah J Luchansky
- From the Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
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Shh signaling protects Atoh1 from degradation mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 in neural precursors. Dev Cell 2014; 29:649-61. [PMID: 24960692 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signaling networks controlled by Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and the transcription factor Atoh1 regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (GNPs). Deregulations in those developmental processes lead to medulloblastoma formation, the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood. Although the protein Atoh1 is a key factor during both cerebellar development and medulloblastoma formation, up-to-date detailed mechanisms underlying its function and regulation have remained poorly understood. Here, we report that SHH regulates Atoh1 stability by preventing its phosphodependent degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Huwe1. Our results reveal that SHH and Atoh1 contribute to a positive autoregulatory loop promoting neuronal precursor expansion. Consequently, Huwe1 loss in mouse SHH medulloblastoma illustrates the disruption of this developmental mechanism in cancer. Hence, the crosstalk between SHH signaling and Atoh1 during cerebellar development highlights a collaborative network that could be further targeted in medulloblastoma.
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41
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Srivastava AK, Schwartz CE. Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders: causal genes and molecular mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:161-74. [PMID: 24709068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are the most common developmental disorders present in humans. Combined, they affect between 3 and 5% of the population. Additionally, they can be found together in the same individual thereby complicating treatment. The causative factors (genes, epigenetic and environmental) are quite varied and likely interact so as to further complicate the assessment of an individual patient. Nonetheless, much valuable information has been gained by identifying candidate genes for ID or ASD. Understanding the etiology of either ID or ASD is of utmost importance for families. It allows a determination of the risk of recurrence, the possibility of other comorbidity medical problems, the molecular and cellular nature of the pathobiology and hopefully potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Srivastava
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Charles E Schwartz
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA.
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Vandewalle J, Langen M, Zschaetzsch M, Nijhof B, Kramer JM, Brems H, Bauters M, Lauwers E, Srahna M, Marynen P, Verstreken P, Schenck A, Hassan BA, Froyen G. Ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 regulates axon branching through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a Drosophila model for intellectual disability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81791. [PMID: 24303071 PMCID: PMC3841167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that duplication of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 results in intellectual disability (ID) in male patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. We used Drosophila melanogaster as a model to investigate the effect of increased HUWE1 levels on the developing nervous system. Similar to the observed levels in patients we overexpressed the HUWE1 mRNA about 2-fold in the fly. The development of the mushroom body and neuromuscular junctions were not altered, and basal neurotransmission was unaffected. These data are in agreement with normal learning and memory in the courtship conditioning paradigm. However, a disturbed branching phenotype at the axon terminals of the dorsal cluster neurons (DCN) was detected. Interestingly, overexpression of HUWE1 was found to decrease the protein levels of dishevelled (dsh) by 50%. As dsh as well as Fz2 mutant flies showed the same disturbed DCN branching phenotype, and the constitutive active homolog of β-catenin, armadillo, could partially rescue this phenotype, our data strongly suggest that increased dosage of HUWE1 compromises the Wnt/β-catenin pathway possibly by enhancing the degradation of dsh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Vandewalle
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marion Langen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlen Zschaetzsch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bonnie Nijhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour & Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie M. Kramer
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour & Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Brems
- Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Bauters
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elsa Lauwers
- Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Srahna
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Marynen
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour & Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (GF); (BAH)
| | - Guy Froyen
- Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (GF); (BAH)
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43
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Buffo A, Rossi F. Origin, lineage and function of cerebellar glia. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 109:42-63. [PMID: 23981535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glial cells of the cerebellum, and particularly astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, are characterized by a remarkable phenotypic variety, in which highly peculiar morphological features are associated with specific functional features, unique among the glial cells of the entire CNS. Here, we provide a critical report about the present knowledge of the development of cerebellar glia, including lineage relationships between cerebellar neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, the origins and the genesis of the repertoire of glial types, and the processes underlying their acquisition of mature morphological and functional traits. In parallel, we describe and discuss some fundamental roles played by specific categories of glial cells during cerebellar development. In particular, we propose that Bergmann glia exerts a crucial scaffolding activity that, together with the organizing function of Purkinje cells, is necessary to achieve the normal pattern of foliation and layering of the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, we discuss some of the functional tasks of cerebellar astrocytes and oligodendrocytes that are distinctive of cerebellar glia throughout the CNS. Notably, we report about the regulation of synaptic signalling in the molecular and granular layer mediated by Bergmann glia and parenchymal astrocytes, and the functional interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons. On the whole, this review provides an extensive overview of the available literature and some novel insights about the origin and differentiation of the variety of cerebellar glial cells and their function in the developing and mature cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Buffo
- Rita Levi-Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, 30, 10125 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Piton A, Redin C, Mandel JL. XLID-causing mutations and associated genes challenged in light of data from large-scale human exome sequencing. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:368-83. [PMID: 23871722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the unbalanced sex ratio (1.3-1.4 to 1) observed in intellectual disability (ID) and the identification of large ID-affected families showing X-linked segregation, much attention has been focused on the genetics of X-linked ID (XLID). Mutations causing monogenic XLID have now been reported in over 100 genes, most of which are commonly included in XLID diagnostic gene panels. Nonetheless, the boundary between true mutations and rare non-disease-causing variants often remains elusive. The sequencing of a large number of control X chromosomes, required for avoiding false-positive results, was not systematically possible in the past. Such information is now available thanks to large-scale sequencing projects such as the National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Exome Sequencing Project, which provides variation information on 10,563 X chromosomes from the general population. We used this NHLBI cohort to systematically reassess the implication of 106 genes proposed to be involved in monogenic forms of XLID. We particularly question the implication in XLID of ten of them (AGTR2, MAGT1, ZNF674, SRPX2, ATP6AP2, ARHGEF6, NXF5, ZCCHC12, ZNF41, and ZNF81), in which truncating variants or previously published mutations are observed at a relatively high frequency within this cohort. We also highlight 15 other genes (CCDC22, CLIC2, CNKSR2, FRMPD4, HCFC1, IGBP1, KIAA2022, KLF8, MAOA, NAA10, NLGN3, RPL10, SHROOM4, ZDHHC15, and ZNF261) for which replication studies are warranted. We propose that similar reassessment of reported mutations (and genes) with the use of data from large-scale human exome sequencing would be relevant for a wide range of other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Piton
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 964, University of Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France; Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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45
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Inoue S, Hao Z, Elia AJ, Cescon D, Zhou L, Silvester J, Snow B, Harris IS, Sasaki M, Li WY, Itsumi M, Yamamoto K, Ueda T, Dominguez-Brauer C, Gorrini C, Chio IIC, Haight J, You-Ten A, McCracken S, Wakeham A, Ghazarian D, Penn LJZ, Melino G, Mak TW. Mule/Huwe1/Arf-BP1 suppresses Ras-driven tumorigenesis by preventing c-Myc/Miz1-mediated down-regulation of p21 and p15. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1101-14. [PMID: 23699408 DOI: 10.1101/gad.214577.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis results from dysregulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors that influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and/or senescence. Many gene products involved in these processes are substrates of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mule/Huwe1/Arf-BP1 (Mule), but whether Mule acts as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in vivo remains controversial. We generated K14Cre;Mule(flox/flox(y)) (Mule kKO) mice and subjected them to DMBA/PMA-induced skin carcinogenesis, which depends on oncogenic Ras signaling. Mule deficiency resulted in increased penetrance, number, and severity of skin tumors, which could be reversed by concomitant genetic knockout of c-Myc but not by knockout of p53 or p19Arf. Notably, in the absence of Mule, c-Myc/Miz1 transcriptional complexes accumulated, and levels of p21CDKN1A (p21) and p15INK4B (p15) were down-regulated. In vitro, Mule-deficient primary keratinocytes exhibited increased proliferation that could be reversed by Miz1 knockdown. Transfer of Mule-deficient transformed cells to nude mice resulted in enhanced tumor growth that again could be abrogated by Miz1 knockdown. Our data demonstrate in vivo that Mule suppresses Ras-mediated tumorigenesis by preventing an accumulation of c-Myc/Miz1 complexes that mediates p21 and p15 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inoue
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
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Isrie M, Kalscheuer VM, Holvoet M, Fieremans N, Van Esch H, Devriendt K. HUWE1 mutation explains phenotypic severity in a case of familial idiopathic intellectual disability. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:379-82. [PMID: 23721686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next-generation sequencing has proven to be a key force in the identification of new genes associated with intellectual disability. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of the coding regions of the X-chromosome led to the identification of a missense variant in the HUWE1 gene. The same variant has been reported before by Froyen et al. (2008). We compare the phenotypes and demonstrate that, in the present family, the HUWE1 mutation segregates with the more severe ID phenotypes of two out of three brothers. The third brother has a milder form of ID and does not carry the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Isrie
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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47
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Kumar K, Patro N, Patro I. Impaired structural and functional development of cerebellum following gestational exposure of deltamethrin in rats: role of reelin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:731-46. [PMID: 23681596 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix molecule that is involved in the normal development of the cerebellar lamination, Bergmann glial fibres alignment, Purkinje cell monolayer arrangement and granule cell migration. In this study, we have examined the effects of maternal exposure of deltamethrin (DLT), a type II pyrethroid insecticide, on the structural and functional development of rat cerebellum during postnatal life. DLT (0.75 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide) was administered in timed pregnant rats during two different gestational time periods, i.e. gestational days of 7-10 and 11-14, respectively. In DLT exposed rats, a significant overexpression of reelin was observed in the cells of the external granule cell layer (EGL) and internal granule cell layer along with an ectopic expression of reelin in the EGL as well as in the migrating granule cells just below the EGL, revealing an arrest of granule cell migration in this zone. Mis-orientation and hypertrophy of the Bergmann glial fibres further hampered the journey of the granule cells to their final destination. Possibly reelin overexpression also caused misalignment of the Purkinje cells and inhibited the neurite growth leading to a significant decrease in the spine density, main dendritic length and width of the dendritic arbour. Thus, it is proposed that the DLT exerts its neurotoxic effects possibly via the intracellular accumulation and low release of reelin leading to an impaired granule cell and Purkinje cell migration, inhibition of neurite outgrowth and reduced spine density. Such impaired cerebellar development leads to motor coordination deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamendra Kumar
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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48
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Matsuo S, Takahashi M, Inoue K, Tamura K, Irie K, Kodama Y, Nishikawa A, Yoshida M. Thickened area of external granular layer and Ki-67 positive focus are early events of medulloblastoma in Ptch1⁺/⁻ mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:863-73. [PMID: 23369240 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Patched1 (Ptch1) encodes a receptor for Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and is major gene related to human medulloblastoma (MB) in the Shh subgroup. MB is thought to arise from residual granule cell precursors (GCPs) located in the external granular layer (EGL) of the developing cerebellum. As the detailed preneoplastic changes of MB remain obscure, we immunohistochemically clarified the derived cell, early events of MBs, and the cerebellar developmental processes of Ptch1(+/-) (Ptch1) mice, an animal model of human MB of the Shh subgroup. In Ptch1 mice, the earliest proliferative lesions were detected at PND10 as focal thickened areas of outer layer of the EGL. This area was composed of GCP-like cells with atypia and nuclei disarrangement. In the latter cerebellar developmental period, GCP-like cell foci were detected at high incidence in the outermost area of the cerebellum. Their localization and morphological similarities indicated that the foci were derived from GCPs in the EGL. There were two types of the foci. A Ki-67-positive focus was found in Ptch1 mice only. This type resembled the GCPs in the outer layer of EGL characterized by having proliferating activity and a lack of neuronal differentiation. Another type of focus, Ki-67-negative, was observed in both genotypes and exhibited many of the same features of mature internal granule cells, suggesting that the focus had no preneoplastic potential. Due to morphological, immunohistochemical characteristics, our results indicate that the focal thickened area of EGL and Ki-67-positive foci are preneoplastic lesions of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Matsuo
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Xu H, Yang Y, Tang X, Zhao M, Liang F, Xu P, Hou B, Xing Y, Bao X, Fan X. Bergmann glia function in granule cell migration during cerebellum development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:833-44. [PMID: 23329344 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Granule cell migration influences the laminar structure of the cerebellum and thereby affects cerebellum function. Bergmann glia are derived from radial glial cells and aid in granule cell radial migration by providing a scaffold for migration and by mediating interactions between Bergmann glia and granule cells. In this review, we summarize Bergmann glia characteristics and the mechanisms underlying the effect of Bergmann glia on the radial migration of granule neurons in the cerebellum. Furthermore, we will focus our discussion on the important factors involved in glia-mediated radial migration so that we may elucidate the possible mechanistic pathways used by Bergmann glia to influence granule cell migration during cerebellum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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50
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Xu H, Yang Y, Tang X, Zhao M, Liang F, Xu P, Hou B, Xing Y, Bao X, Fan X. Bergmann glia function in granule cell migration during cerebellum development. Mol Neurobiol 2013. [PMID: 23329344 DOI: 10.1007/s12035‐013‐8405‐y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Granule cell migration influences the laminar structure of the cerebellum and thereby affects cerebellum function. Bergmann glia are derived from radial glial cells and aid in granule cell radial migration by providing a scaffold for migration and by mediating interactions between Bergmann glia and granule cells. In this review, we summarize Bergmann glia characteristics and the mechanisms underlying the effect of Bergmann glia on the radial migration of granule neurons in the cerebellum. Furthermore, we will focus our discussion on the important factors involved in glia-mediated radial migration so that we may elucidate the possible mechanistic pathways used by Bergmann glia to influence granule cell migration during cerebellum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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