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Sergi CM. NAFLD (MASLD)/NASH (MASH): Does It Bother to Label at All? A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8462. [PMID: 39126031 PMCID: PMC11313354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a liver condition that is linked to overweight, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), is a form of NAFLD/MASLD that progresses over time. While steatosis is a prominent histological characteristic and recognizable grossly and microscopically, liver biopsies of individuals with NASH/MASH may exhibit several other abnormalities, such as mononuclear inflammation in the portal and lobular regions, hepatocellular damage characterized by ballooning and programmed cell death (apoptosis), misfolded hepatocytic protein inclusions (Mallory-Denk bodies, MDBs), megamitochondria as hyaline inclusions, and fibrosis. Ballooning hepatocellular damage remains the defining feature of NASH/MASH. The fibrosis pattern is characterized by the initial expression of perisinusoidal fibrosis ("chicken wire") and fibrosis surrounding the central veins. Children may have an alternative form of progressive NAFLD/MASLD characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, mainly in Rappaport zone 1 of the liver acinus. To identify, synthesize, and analyze the scientific knowledge produced regarding the implications of using a score for evaluating NAFLD/MASLD in a comprehensive narrative review. The search for articles was conducted between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2023, on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. This search was complemented by a gray search, including internet browsers (e.g., Google) and textbooks. The following research question guided the study: "What are the basic data on using a score for evaluating NAFLD/MASLD?" All stages of the selection process were carried out by the single author. Of the 1783 articles found, 75 were included in the sample for analysis, which was implemented with an additional 25 articles from references and gray literature. The studies analyzed indicated the beneficial effects of scoring liver biopsies. Although similarity between alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and NASH/MASH occurs, some patterns of hepatocellular damage seen in alcoholic disease of the liver do not happen in NASH/MASH, including cholestatic featuring steatohepatitis, alcoholic foamy degeneration, and sclerosing predominant hyaline necrosis. Generally, neutrophilic-rich cellular infiltrates, prominent hyaline inclusions and MDBs, cholestasis, and obvious pericellular sinusoidal fibrosis should favor the diagnosis of alcohol-induced hepatocellular injury over NASH/MASH. Multiple grading and staging methods are available for implementation in investigations and clinical trials, each possessing merits and drawbacks. The systems primarily used are the Brunt, the NASH CRN (NASH Clinical Research Network), and the SAF (steatosis, activity, and fibrosis) systems. Clinical investigations have utilized several approaches to link laboratory and demographic observations with histology findings with optimal platforms for clinical trials of rapidly commercialized drugs. It is promising that machine learning procedures (artificial intelligence) may be critical for developing new platforms to evaluate the benefits of current and future drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consolato M. Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada; ; Tel.: +1-613-737-7600 (ext. 2427); Fax: +1-613-738-4837
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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2
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Johnson SM, Bao H, McMahon CE, Chen Y, Burr SD, Anderson AM, Madeyski-Bengtson K, Lindén D, Han X, Liu J. PNPLA3 is a triglyceride lipase that mobilizes polyunsaturated fatty acids to facilitate hepatic secretion of large-sized very low-density lipoprotein. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4847. [PMID: 38844467 PMCID: PMC11156938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is closely associated with hepatic steatosis. Recent evidence indicates that the I148M mutant functions as an inhibitor of PNPLA2/ATGL-mediated lipolysis, leaving the role of wild-type PNPLA3 undefined. Despite showing a triglyceride hydrolase activity in vitro, PNPLA3 has yet to be established as a lipase in vivo. Here, we show that PNPLA3 preferentially hydrolyzes polyunsaturated triglycerides, mobilizing polyunsaturated fatty acids for phospholipid desaturation and enhancing hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Under lipogenic conditions, mice with liver-specific knockout or acute knockdown of PNPLA3 exhibit aggravated liver steatosis and reduced plasma VLDL-triglyceride levels. Similarly, I148M-knockin mice show decreased hepatic triglyceride secretion during lipogenic stimulation. Our results highlight a specific context whereby the wild-type PNPLA3 facilitates the balance between hepatic triglyceride storage and secretion, and suggest the potential contribution of a loss-of-function by the I148M variant to the development of fatty liver disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Cell Biology; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hanmei Bao
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Cailin E McMahon
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department; Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Stephanie D Burr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aaron M Anderson
- Department of Developmental Biology; Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katja Madeyski-Bengtson
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences; BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM); BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes; University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition; Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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3
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Caon E, Martins M, Hodgetts H, Blanken L, Vilia MG, Levi A, Thanapirom K, Al-Akkad W, Abu-Hanna J, Baselli G, Hall AR, Luong TV, Taanman JW, Vacca M, Valenti L, Romeo S, Mazza G, Pinzani M, Rombouts K. Exploring the impact of the PNPLA3 I148M variant on primary human hepatic stellate cells using 3D extracellular matrix models. J Hepatol 2024; 80:941-956. [PMID: 38365182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G (encoding for I148M) variant is a risk locus for the fibrogenic progression of chronic liver diseases, a process driven by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We investigated how the PNPLA3 I148M variant affects HSC biology using transcriptomic data and validated findings in 3D-culture models. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed on 2D-cultured primary human HSCs and liver biopsies of individuals with obesity, genotyped for the PNPLA3 I148M variant. Data were validated in wild-type (WT) or PNPLA3 I148M variant-carrying HSCs cultured on 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds from human healthy and cirrhotic livers, with/without TGFB1 or cytosporone B (Csn-B) treatment. RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses of liver biopsies and HSCs highlighted shared PNPLA3 I148M-driven dysregulated pathways related to mitochondrial function, antioxidant response, ECM remodelling and TGFB1 signalling. Analogous pathways were dysregulated in WT/PNPLA3-I148M HSCs cultured in 3D liver scaffolds. Mitochondrial dysfunction in PNPLA3-I148M cells was linked to respiratory chain complex IV insufficiency. Antioxidant capacity was lower in PNPLA3-I148M HSCs, while reactive oxygen species secretion was increased in PNPLA3-I148M HSCs and higher in bioengineered cirrhotic vs. healthy scaffolds. TGFB1 signalling followed the same trend. In PNPLA3-I148M cells, expression and activation of the endogenous TGFB1 inhibitor NR4A1 were decreased: treatment with the Csn-B agonist increased total NR4A1 in HSCs cultured in healthy but not in cirrhotic 3D scaffolds. NR4A1 regulation by TGFB1/Csn-B was linked to Akt signalling in PNPLA3-WT HSCs and to Erk signalling in PNPLA3-I148M HSCs. CONCLUSION HSCs carrying the PNPLA3 I148M variant have impaired mitochondrial function, antioxidant responses, and increased TGFB1 signalling, which dampens antifibrotic NR4A1 activity. These features are exacerbated by cirrhotic ECM, highlighting the dual impact of the PNPLA3 I148M variant and the fibrotic microenvironment in progressive chronic liver diseases. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in the fibrogenic process associated with chronic liver disease. The PNPLA3 genetic mutation has been linked with increased risk of fibrogenesis, but its role in HSCs requires further investigation. Here, by using comparative transcriptomics and a novel 3D in vitro model, we demonstrate the impact of the PNPLA3 genetic mutation on primary human HSCs' behaviour, and we show that it affects the cell's mitochondrial function and antioxidant response, as well as the antifibrotic gene NR4A1. Our publicly available transcriptomic data, 3D platform and our findings on NR4A1 could facilitate the discovery of targets to develop more effective treatments for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caon
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Maria Martins
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Harry Hodgetts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Lieke Blanken
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Maria Giovanna Vilia
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Ana Levi
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Kessarin Thanapirom
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Jeries Abu-Hanna
- Research Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guido Baselli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew R Hall
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London UK
| | - Michele Vacca
- Laboratory of Hepatic Metabolism and NAFLD, Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, London, UK; Clinica Medica "Frugoni", Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Precision Medicine, Biological Resource Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK.
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4
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Geier A, Trost J, Wang K, Schmid C, Krawczyk M, Schiffels S. PNPLA3 fatty liver allele was fixed in Neanderthals and segregates neutrally in humans. Gut 2024; 73:1008-1014. [PMID: 38458749 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fat deposition is modulated by environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Genome-wide association studies identified PNPLA3 p.I148M (rs738409) as a common variant that increases risk of developing liver steatosis. When and how this variant evolved in humans has not been studied to date. DESIGN Here we analyse ancient DNA to track the history of this allele throughout human history. In total, 6444 published ancient (modern humans, Neanderthal, Denisovan) and 3943 published present day genomes were used for analysis after extracting genotype calls for PNPLA3 p.I148M. To quantify changes through time, logistic and, by grouping individuals according to geography and age, linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS We find that archaic human individuals (Neanderthal, Denisovan) exclusively carried a fixed PNPLA3 risk allele, whereas allele frequencies in modern human populations range from very low in Africa to >50% in Mesoamerica. Over the last 15 000 years, distributions of ancestral and derived alleles roughly match the present day distribution. Logistic regression analyses did not yield signals of natural selection during the last 10 000 years. CONCLUSION Archaic human individuals exclusively carried a fixed PNPLA3 allele associated with fatty liver, whereas allele frequencies in modern human populations are variable even in the oldest samples. Our observation might underscore the advantage of fat storage in cold climate and particularly for Neanderthal under ice age conditions. The absent signals of natural selection during modern human history does not support the thrifty gene hypothesis in case of PNPLA3 p.I148M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geier
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Trost
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ke Wang
- Department Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemens Schmid
- Department Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for the Science of Human History, Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcin Krawczyk
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Metabolic Liver Diseases, Center for Preclinical Research, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Konkwo C, Chowdhury S, Vilarinho S. Genetics of liver disease in adults. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0408. [PMID: 38551385 PMCID: PMC10984672 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease stands as a significant global health problem with an estimated 2 million annual deaths across the globe. Combining the use of next-generation sequencing technologies with evolving knowledge in the interpretation of genetic variation across the human genome is propelling our understanding, diagnosis, and management of both rare and common liver diseases. Here, we review the contribution of risk and protective alleles to common forms of liver disease, the rising number of monogenic diseases affecting the liver, and the role of somatic genetic variants in the onset and progression of oncological and non-oncological liver diseases. The incorporation of genomic information in the diagnosis and management of patients with liver disease is driving the beginning of a new era of genomics-informed clinical hepatology practice, facilitating personalized medicine, and improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigoziri Konkwo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shanin Chowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Silvia Vilarinho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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6
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Merenda T, Juszczak F, Ferier E, Duez P, Patris S, Declèves AÉ, Nachtergael A. Natural compounds proposed for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:24. [PMID: 38556609 PMCID: PMC10982245 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Although non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents as an intricate condition characterized by a growing prevalence, the often-recommended lifestyle interventions mostly lack high-level evidence of efficacy and there are currently no effective drugs proposed for this indication. The present review delves into NAFLD pathology, its diverse underlying physiopathological mechanisms and the available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence regarding the use of natural compounds for its management, through three pivotal targets (oxidative stress, cellular inflammation, and insulin resistance). The promising perspectives that natural compounds offer for NAFLD management underscore the need for additional clinical and lifestyle intervention trials. Encouraging further research will contribute to establishing more robust evidence and practical recommendations tailored to patients with varying NAFLD grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théodora Merenda
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Florian Juszczak
- Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Ferier
- Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Patris
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Anne-Émilie Declèves
- Department of Metabolic and Molecular Biochemistry, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Amandine Nachtergael
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium.
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7
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Rong S, Xia M, Vale G, Wang S, Kim CW, Li S, McDonald JG, Radhakrishnan A, Horton JD. DGAT2 inhibition blocks SREBP-1 cleavage and improves hepatic steatosis by increasing phosphatidylethanolamine in the ER. Cell Metab 2024; 36:617-629.e7. [PMID: 38340721 PMCID: PMC10939742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) catalyzes the final step of triglyceride (TG) synthesis. DGAT2 deletion in mice lowers liver TGs, and DGAT2 inhibitors are under investigation for the treatment of fatty liver disease. Here, we show that DGAT2 inhibition also suppressed SREBP-1 cleavage, reduced fatty acid synthesis, and lowered TG accumulation and secretion from liver. DGAT2 inhibition increased phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and inhibited SREBP-1 cleavage, while DGAT2 overexpression lowered ER PE concentrations and increased SREBP-1 cleavage in vivo. ER enrichment with PE blocked SREBP-1 cleavage independent of Insigs, which are ER proteins that normally retain SREBPs in the ER. Thus, inhibition of DGAT2 shunted diacylglycerol into phospholipid synthesis, increasing the PE content of the ER, resulting in reduced SREBP-1 cleavage and less hepatic steatosis. This study reveals a new mechanism that regulates SREBP-1 activation and lipogenesis that is independent of sterols and SREBP-2 in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxing Rong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Goncalo Vale
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Simeng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Chai-Wan Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Shili Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA
| | - Jay D Horton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9046, USA.
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8
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Smagris E, Shihanian LM, Mintah IJ, Bigdelou P, Livson Y, Brown H, Verweij N, Hunt C, Johnson RO, Greer TJ, Hartford SA, Hindy G, Sun L, Nielsen JB, Halasz G, Lotta LA, Murphy AJ, Sleeman MW, Gusarova V. Divergent role of Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 (MARC1) in human and mouse. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011179. [PMID: 38437227 PMCID: PMC10939284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent human genome-wide association studies have identified common missense variants in MARC1, p.Ala165Thr and p.Met187Lys, associated with lower hepatic fat, reduction in liver enzymes and protection from most causes of cirrhosis. Using an exome-wide association study we recapitulated earlier MARC1 p.Ala165Thr and p.Met187Lys findings in 540,000 individuals from five ancestry groups. We also discovered novel rare putative loss of function variants in MARC1 with a phenotype similar to MARC1 p.Ala165Thr/p.Met187Lys variants. In vitro studies of recombinant human MARC1 protein revealed Ala165Thr substitution causes protein instability and aberrant localization in hepatic cells, suggesting MARC1 inhibition or deletion may lead to hepatoprotection. Following this hypothesis, we generated Marc1 knockout mice and evaluated the effect of Marc1 deletion on liver phenotype. Unexpectedly, our study found that whole-body Marc1 deficiency in mouse is not protective against hepatic triglyceride accumulation, liver inflammation or fibrosis. In attempts to explain the lack of the observed phenotype, we discovered that Marc1 plays only a minor role in mouse liver while its paralogue Marc2 is the main Marc family enzyme in mice. Our findings highlight the major difference in MARC1 physiological function between human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriks Smagris
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Lisa M Shihanian
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Ivory J Mintah
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Parnian Bigdelou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Yuliya Livson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Heather Brown
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Niek Verweij
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Charleen Hunt
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | | | - Tyler J Greer
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Suzanne A Hartford
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - George Hindy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Luanluan Sun
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Jonas B Nielsen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Gabor Halasz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Luca A Lotta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Mark W Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Viktoria Gusarova
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
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9
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Das A, Cheng H, Wang Y, Kinch LN, Liang G, Hong S, Hobbs HH, Cohen JC. The ubiquitin E3 ligase BFAR promotes degradation of PNPLA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312291121. [PMID: 38294943 PMCID: PMC10861911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312291121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A missense variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 [PNPLA3(I148M)] is the most impactful genetic risk factor for fatty liver disease (FLD). We previously showed that PNPLA3 is ubiquitylated and subsequently degraded by proteasomes and autophagosomes and that the PNPLA3(148M) variant interferes with this process. To define the machinery responsible for PNPLA3 turnover, we used small interfering (si)RNAs to inactivate components of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Inactivation of bifunctional apoptosis regulator (BFAR), a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligase, reproducibly increased PNPLA3 levels in two lines of cultured hepatocytes. Conversely, overexpression of BFAR decreased levels of endogenous PNPLA3 in HuH7 cells. BFAR and PNPLA3 co-immunoprecipitated when co-expressed in cells. BFAR promoted ubiquitylation of PNPLA3 in vitro in a reconstitution assay using purified, epitope-tagged recombinant proteins. To confirm that BFAR targets PNPLA3, we inactivated Bfar in mice. Levels of PNPLA3 protein were increased twofold in hepatic lipid droplets of Bfar-/- mice with no associated increase in PNPLA3 mRNA levels. Taken together these data are consistent with a model in which BFAR plays a role in the post-translational degradation of PNPLA3. The identification of BFAR provides a potential target to enhance PNPLA3 turnover and prevent FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avash Das
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Haili Cheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Lisa N. Kinch
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Guosheng Liang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Sen Hong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Helen H. Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Jonathan C. Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
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10
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Butcko AJ, Putman AK, Mottillo EP. The Intersection of Genetic Factors, Aberrant Nutrient Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in the Progression of Cardiometabolic Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:87. [PMID: 38247511 PMCID: PMC10812494 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), which encompasses metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), has been increasing considerably in the past 50 years. CMD is a complex disease that can be influenced by genetics and environmental factors such as diet. With the increased reliance on processed foods containing saturated fats, fructose and cholesterol, a mechanistic understanding of how these molecules cause metabolic disease is required. A major pathway by which excessive nutrients contribute to CMD is through oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss how oxidative stress can drive CMD and the role of aberrant nutrient metabolism and genetic risk factors and how they potentially interact to promote progression of MAFLD, CVD and CKD. This review will focus on genetic mutations that are known to alter nutrient metabolism. We discuss the major genetic risk factors for MAFLD, which include Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), Membrane Bound O-Acyltransferase Domain Containing 7 (MBOAT7) and Transmembrane 6 Superfamily Member 2 (TM6SF2). In addition, mutations that prevent nutrient uptake cause hypercholesterolemia that contributes to CVD. We also discuss the mechanisms by which MAFLD, CKD and CVD are mutually associated with one another. In addition, some of the genetic risk factors which are associated with MAFLD and CVD are also associated with CKD, while some genetic risk factors seem to dissociate one disease from the other. Through a better understanding of the causative effect of genetic mutations in CMD and how aberrant nutrient metabolism intersects with our genetics, novel therapies and precision approaches can be developed for treating CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Butcko
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ashley K. Putman
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Emilio P. Mottillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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11
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Liu Z, Huang H, Xie J, Shen QE, Xu C. Modifiable lifestyle factors, genetic and acquired risk, and the risk of severe liver disease in the UK Biobank cohort: (Lifestyle factors and SLD). Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:130-136. [PMID: 37407315 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle intervention is important for the treatment of liver diseases. AIMS To clarify the association of healthy lifestyle with severe liver disease (SLD) and assessed whether genetic susceptibility and acquired fibrosis risk can modify the association. METHODS We included 417,986 UK Biobank participants who were free of SLD at baseline. Information on seven modifiable lifestyle factors was collected through a baseline questionnaire. SLD was defined as a medical diagnosis of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver failure. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between healthy lifestyle factors and risk of incident SLD. The polygenic risk score (PRS) and fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) were calculated and set as an interaction term. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 12.6 years, 4542 fatal and non-fatal SLD incidents were identified. A higher overall lifestyle score was associated with a significantly lower SLD risk (Ptrend <0.001). An increment of 1-point lifestyle score combined with a 1-SD increment in FIB-4 or PRS was associated with an additional reduction of 3% or 2% in SLD risk. CONCLUSIONS In European individuals, a healthy lifestyle is associated with a lower risk of incident SLD, which is more pronounced among individuals with a higher genetic and fibrosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhening Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Hangkai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315010, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Qi-En Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Chengfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
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12
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Luukkonen PK, Porthan K, Ahlholm N, Rosqvist F, Dufour S, Zhang XM, Lehtimäki TE, Seppänen W, Orho-Melander M, Hodson L, Petersen KF, Shulman GI, Yki-Järvinen H. The PNPLA3 I148M variant increases ketogenesis and decreases hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial function in humans. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1887-1896.e5. [PMID: 37909034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The PNPLA3 I148M variant is the major genetic risk factor for all stages of fatty liver disease, but the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. We studied the effect of this variant on hepatic metabolism in homozygous carriers and non-carriers under multiple physiological conditions with state-of-the-art stable isotope techniques. After an overnight fast, carriers had higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and lower hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) compared to non-carriers. After a mixed meal, fatty acids were channeled toward ketogenesis in carriers, which was associated with an increase in hepatic mitochondrial redox state. During a ketogenic diet, carriers manifested increased rates of intrahepatic lipolysis, increased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and decreased rates of hepatic mitochondrial citrate synthase flux. These studies demonstrate that homozygous PNPLA3 I148M carriers have hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction leading to reduced DNL and channeling of carbons to ketogenesis. These findings have implications for understanding why the PNPLA3 variant predisposes to progressive liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu K Luukkonen
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kimmo Porthan
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Ahlholm
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiina E Lehtimäki
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wenla Seppänen
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford & NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Perez-Diaz-Del-Campo N, Dileo E, Castelnuovo G, Nicolosi A, Guariglia M, Caviglia GP, Rosso C, Armandi A, Bugianesi E. A nutrigenetic precision approach for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:2181-2187. [PMID: 37788561 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is one of the major genetic determinant of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is strongly regulated by changes in energy balance and dietary factors. We aimed to investigate the association between the PNPLA3 rs738409 SNP, nutrient intake and NAFLD severity. METHOD PNPLA3-rs738409 SNP was genotyped in 181 patients with NAFLD who completed the EPIC Food Frequency Questionnaire. Liver steatosis was evaluated by Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) (Fibroscan®530, Echosens). According to the established cut-off, a CAP value ≥ 300 dB/m was used to identify severe steatosis (S3). An independent group of 46 biopsy-proven NAFLD subjects was used as validation cohort. RESULTS Overall, median age was 53 years (range 44; 62) and 60.2% of patients were male. Most subjects (56.3%) had S3 and showed increased liver stiffness (p < 0.001), AST (p = 0.003) and ALT levels (p < 0.001) compared to those with CAP<300 dB/m. At logistic regression analyses we found that the interaction between carbohydrates intake and the carriers of the PNPLA3 G risk allele was significantly associated with S3 (p = 0.001). The same result was confirmed in the validation cohort, were the interaction between high carbohydrate intake (48%) and PNPLA3 SNP was significantly associated with steatosis ≥33% (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION The intake of greater than or equal to 48% carbohydrate in NAFLD patients carriers of the CG/GG allele of PNPLA3 rs738409 may increase the risk of significant steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleonora Dileo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Aurora Nicolosi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Guariglia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Rosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Armandi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Metabolic Liver Disease Research Program, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Bugianesi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Gastroenterology Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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14
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Hatano M, Akiyama Y, Shimada S, Yagi K, Akahoshi K, Itoh M, Tanabe M, Ogawa Y, Tanaka S. Loss of KDM6B epigenetically confers resistance to lipotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related HCC. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0277. [PMID: 37782459 PMCID: PMC10545410 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAFLD caused by abnormalities in hepatic lipid metabolism is associated with an increased risk of developing HCC. The molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of NAFLD-related HCC are not fully understood. We investigated the molecular mechanism and role of KDM6B downregulation in NAFLD-related HCC after the KDM6B gene was identified using microarray analysis as commonly downregulated in mouse NAFLD-related HCC and human nonhepatitis B and nonhepatitis C viral-HCC. METHODS The 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels of KDM6B in HCC cells were determined using glycosylated hydroxymethyl-sensitive PCR. Microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses using KDM6B-knockout (KO) cells were used to identify KDM6B target genes. Lipotoxicity was assessed using a palmitate-treated cell proliferation assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate KDM6B expression in human HCC tissues. RESULTS KDM6B expression levels in HCC cells correlated with the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels in the KDM6B gene body region. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the lipid metabolism pathway was suppressed in KDM6B-KO cells. KDM6B-KO cells acquired resistance to lipotoxicity (p < 0.01) and downregulated the expression of G0S2, an adipose triglyceride lipase/patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2 (ATGL/PNPLA2) inhibitor, through increased histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation levels. G0S2 knockdown in KDM6B-expressed HCC cells conferred lipotoxicity resistance, whereas ATGL/PNPLA2 inhibition in the KDM6B-KO cells reduced these effects. Immunohistochemistry revealed that KDM6B expression was decreased in human NAFLD-related HCC tissues (p < 0.001), which was significantly associated with decreased G0S2 expression (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS KDM6B-disrupted HCC acquires resistance to lipotoxicity via ATGL/PNPLA2 activation caused by epigenetic downregulation of G0S2 expression. Reduced KDM6B and G0S2 expression levels are common in NAFLD-related HCC. Targeting the KDM6B-G0S2-ATGL/PNPLA2 pathway may be a useful therapeutic strategy for NAFLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hatano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Shimada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yagi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Akahoshi
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Itoh
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Johnson S, Bao H, McMahon C, Chen Y, Burr S, Anderson A, Madeyski-Bengtson K, Lindén D, Han X, Liu J. Substrate-Specific Function of PNPLA3 Facilitates Hepatic VLDL-Triglyceride Secretion During Stimulated Lipogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.553213. [PMID: 37693552 PMCID: PMC10491159 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.553213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is strongly linked to hepatic steatosis. Evidence suggests a gain-of-function role for the I148M mutant as an ATGL inhibitor, leaving the physiological relevance of wild-type PNPLA3 undefined. Here we show that PNPLA3 selectively degrades triglycerides (TGs) enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) independently of ATGL in cultured cells and mice. Lipidomics and metabolite tracing analyses demonstrated that PNPLA3 mobilizes PUFAs from intracellular TGs for phospholipid desaturation, supporting hepatic secretion of TG-rich lipoproteins. Consequently, mice with liver-specific knockout or acute knockdown of PNPLA3 both exhibited aggravated liver steatosis and concomitant decreases in plasma VLDL-TG, phenotypes that manifest only under lipogenic conditions. I148M-knockin mice similarly displayed impaired hepatic TG secretion during lipogenic stimulation. Our results highlight a specific context whereby PNPLA3 facilitates the balance between hepatic TG storage and secretion and suggest the potential contributions of I148M variant loss-of-function to the development of hepatic steatosis in humans. Summary Statement We define the physiological role of wild type PNPLA3 in maintaining hepatic VLDL-TG secretion.
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16
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Abstract
The medical disorders of alcoholism rank among the leading public health problems worldwide and the need for predictive and prognostic risk markers for assessing alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been widely acknowledged. Early-phase detection of problem drinking and associated tissue toxicity are important prerequisites for timely initiations of appropriate treatments and improving patient's committing to the objective of reducing drinking. Recent advances in clinical chemistry have provided novel approaches for a specific detection of heavy drinking through assays of unique ethanol metabolites, phosphatidylethanol (PEth) or ethyl glucuronide (EtG). Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) measurements can be used to indicate severe alcohol problems. Hazardous drinking frequently manifests as heavy episodic drinking or in combinations with other unfavorable lifestyle factors, such as smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet or adiposity, which aggravate the metabolic consequences of alcohol intake in a supra-additive manner. Such interactions are also reflected in multiple disease outcomes and distinct abnormalities in biomarkers of liver function, inflammation and oxidative stress. Use of predictive biomarkers either alone or as part of specifically designed biological algorithms helps to predict both hepatic and extrahepatic morbidity in individuals with such risk factors. Novel approaches for assessing progression of fibrosis, a major determinant of prognosis in AUD, have also been made available. Predictive algorithms based on the combined use of biomarkers and clinical observations may prove to have a major impact on clinical decisions to detect AUD in early pre-symptomatic stages, stratify patients according to their substantially different disease risks and predict individual responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki, Finland.
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17
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Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Advances in our understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of fatty liver disease: toward informed treatment decision making. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:317-324. [PMID: 36912694 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2191190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disorder resulting from intricate relationships with diverse cardiometabolic risk factors and environmental factors. NAFLD may result in severe chronic liver damage and potentially declining liver function. AREAS COVERED Accumulated knowledge over the last decade indicates that the disease trajectory presents substantial heterogeneity. In addition, overlapping features with the diseases of the metabolic syndrome, combined with heterogeneity in disease mechanisms, further complicates NAFLD diagnosis and prognosis, and hampers progress in biomarker and pharmacological discoveries. Here, we explore solving the heterogeneous clinical landscape of NAFLD by cluster analysis of molecular signatures that serve as a proxy for disease stratification into molecular sub-types. First, we collected information on NAFLD and metabolic syndrome-associated protein-coding genes by data mining the literature. Next, we performed pathways enrichment and cluster analyses to decipher and dissect the different patterns of phenotypic heterogeneity. Our approach showed unique biological pathways for every clinical subtype/group, namely NAFLD + obesity, NAFLD + arterial hypertension, NAFLD + dyslipidemia, and NAFLD + type 2 diabetes. EXPERT OPINION Patients with NAFLD may be benefited by a better understanding of the disease biology, which involves 'dissection' of the molecular sub-phenotypes that drive the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pirola
- Systems Biology of Complex Diseases, Centro de Altos Estudios En Ciencias Humanas Y de la Salud (CAECIHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Sookoian
- Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Centro de Altos Estudios En Ciencias Humanas Y de la Salud (CAECIHS), Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Kalafati IP, Dimitriou M, Revenas K, Kokkinos A, Deloukas P, Dedoussis GV. TM6SF2-rs58542926 Genetic Variant Modifies the Protective Effect of a "Prudent" Dietary Pattern on Serum Triglyceride Levels. Nutrients 2023; 15:1112. [PMID: 36904112 PMCID: PMC10005630 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), despite extensive research in the field, underlines the importance of focusing on personalized therapeutic approaches. However, nutrigenetic effects on NAFLD are poorly investigated. To this end, we aimed to explore potential gene-dietary pattern interactions in a NAFLD case-control study. The disease was diagnosed with liver ultrasound and blood collection was performed after an overnight fast. Adherence to four a posteriori, data-driven, dietary patterns was used to investigate interactions with PNPLA3-rs738409, TM6SF2-rs58542926, MBOAT7-rs641738, and GCKR-rs738409 in disease and related traits. IBM SPSS Statistics/v21.0 and Plink/v1.07 were used for statistical analyses. The sample consisted of 351 Caucasian individuals. PNPLA3-rs738409 was positively associated with disease odds (OR = 1.575, p = 0.012) and GCKR-rs738409 with lnC-reactive protein (CRP) (beta = 0.098, p = 0.003) and Fatty Liver Index (FLI) levels (beta = 5.011, p = 0.007). The protective effect of a "Prudent" dietary pattern on serum triglyceride (TG) levels in this sample was significantly modified by TM6SF2-rs58542926 (pinteraction = 0.007). TM6SF2-rs58542926 carriers may not benefit from a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates in regard to TG levels, a commonly elevated feature in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | | | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - George V. Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece
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19
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Vasconcellos C, Ferreira O, Lopes MF, Ribeiro AF, Vasques J, Guerreiro CS. Nutritional Genomics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020319. [PMID: 36830856 PMCID: PMC9953045 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic condition associated with genetic and environmental factors in which fat abnormally accumulates in the liver. NAFLD is epidemiologically associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Environmental factors, such as physical inactivity and an unbalanced diet, interact with genetic factors, such as epigenetic mechanisms and polymorphisms for the genesis and development of the condition. Different genetic polymorphisms seem to be involved in this context, including variants in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, PEMT, and CHDH genes, playing a role in the disease's susceptibility, development, and severity. From carbohydrate intake and weight loss to omega-3 supplementation and caloric restriction, different dietary and nutritional factors appear to be involved in controlling the onset and progression of NAFLD conditions influencing metabolism, gene, and protein expression. The polygenic risk score represents a sum of trait-associated alleles carried by an individual and seems to be associated with NAFLD outcomes depending on the dietary context. Understanding the exact extent to which lifestyle interventions and genetic predispositions can play a role in the prevention and management of NAFLD can be crucial for the establishment of a personalized and integrative approach to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Oureana Ferreira
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Filipa Lopes
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Filipe Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Vasques
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Sousa Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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20
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Paolini E, Longo M, Meroni M, Tria G, Cespiati A, Lombardi R, Badiali S, Maggioni M, Fracanzani AL, Dongiovanni P. The I148M PNPLA3 variant mitigates niacin beneficial effects: How the genetic screening in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients gains value. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1101341. [PMID: 36937355 PMCID: PMC10018489 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The PNPLA3 p.I148M impact on fat accumulation can be modulated by nutrients. Niacin (Vitamin B3) reduced triglycerides synthesis in in vitro and in vivo NAFLD models. Objectives In this study, we aimed to investigate the niacin-I148M polymorphism crosstalk in NAFLD patients and examine niacin's beneficial effect in reducing fat by exploiting hepatoma cells with different PNPLA3 genotype. Design We enrolled 172 (Discovery cohort) and 358 (Validation cohort) patients with non-invasive and histological diagnosis of NAFLD, respectively. Dietary niacin was collected from food diary, while its serum levels were quantified by ELISA. Hepatic expression of genes related to NAD metabolism was evaluated by RNAseq in bariatric NAFLD patients (n = 183; Transcriptomic cohort). Hep3B (148I/I) and HepG2 (148M/M) cells were silenced (siHep3B) or overexpressed (HepG2I148+ ) for PNPLA3, respectively. Results In the Discovery cohort, dietary niacin was significantly reduced in patients with steatosis ≥ 2 and in I148M carriers. Serum niacin was lower in subjects carrying the G at risk allele and negatively correlated with obesity. The latter result was confirmed in the Validation cohort. At multivariate analysis, the I148M polymorphism was independently associated with serum niacin, supporting that it may be directly involved in the modulation of its availability. siHep3B cells showed an impaired NAD biosynthesis comparable to HepG2 cells which led to lower niacin efficacy in clearing fat, supporting a required functional protein to guarantee its effectiveness. Conversely, the restoration of PNPLA3 Wt protein in HepG2I148+ cells recovered the NAD pathway and improved niacin efficacy. Finally, niacin inhibited de novo lipogenesis through the ERK1/2/AMPK/SIRT1 pathway, with the consequent SREBP1-driven PNPLA3 reduction only in Hep3B and HepG2I148M+ cells. Conclusions We demonstrated a niacin-PNPLA3 I148M interaction in NAFLD patients which possibly pave the way to vitamin B3 supplementation in those with a predisposing genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Tria
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cespiati
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Badiali
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Maggioni
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Dongiovanni,
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21
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Ide T. γ-Linolenic Acid-Rich Oil- and Fish Oil-Induced Alterations of Hepatic Lipogenesis, Fatty Acid Oxidation, and Adipose Tissue mRNA Expression in Obese KK-A y Mice. J Oleo Sci 2023; 72:313-327. [PMID: 36878585 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological activity of γ-linolenic acid (GLA)-rich evening primrose oil and eicosapentaenoic and doxosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil, which affect hepatic fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, and adipose tissue mRNA expression were compared in diabetic obese KK-A y mice. The mice were fed diets containing 100 g/kg of either palm oil (saturated fat), GLA oil, or fish oil for 21 days. These oils, compared with palm oil, greatly increased the activity and mRNA levels of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes. These oils also increased the carnitine concentrations and mRNA levels of carnitine transporter (solute carrier family 22, member 5) in the liver. In general, these effects were comparable between GLA and fish oils. In contrast, GLA and fish oils, compared with palm oil, reduced the activity and mRNA levels of the proteins related to hepatic lipogenesis, except for those of malic enzyme. The reducing effect was stronger for fish oil than for GLA oil. These changes were accompanied by reductions in the triacylglycerol levels in the serum and liver. The reduction in the liver was stronger for fish oil than for GLA oil. These oils also reduced epididymal adipose tissue weight accompanied by a reduction in the mRNA levels of several proteins that regulate adipocyte functions; these effects were stronger for fish oil than for GLA oil. These oils were also effective in reducing serum glucose levels. Therefore, both fish oil and GLA-rich oil were effective at ameliorating metabolic disorders related to obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ide
- Institute of International Nutrition and Health, Jumonji University
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22
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Coassolo L, Liu T, Jung Y, Taylor NP, Zhao M, Charville GW, Nissen SB, Yki-Jarvinen H, Altman RB, Svensson KJ. Mapping transcriptional heterogeneity and metabolic networks in fatty livers at single-cell resolution. iScience 2022; 26:105802. [PMID: 36636354 PMCID: PMC9830221 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a heterogeneous disease with unclear underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing of hepatocytes and hepatic non-parenchymal cells to map the lipid signatures in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We uncover previously unidentified clusters of hepatocytes characterized by either high or low srebp1 expression. Surprisingly, the canonical lipid synthesis driver Srebp1 is not predictive of hepatic lipid accumulation, suggestive of other drivers of lipid metabolism. By combining transcriptional data at single-cell resolution with computational network analyses, we find that NAFLD is associated with high constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) expression. Mechanistically, CAR interacts with four functional modules: cholesterol homeostasis, bile acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and estrogen response. Nuclear expression of CAR positively correlates with steatohepatitis in human livers. These findings demonstrate significant cellular differences in lipid signatures and identify functional networks linked to hepatic steatosis in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Coassolo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Tianyun Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunshin Jung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nikki P. Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Gregory W. Charville
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silas Boye Nissen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hannele Yki-Jarvinen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Russ B. Altman
- Departments of Bioengineering, Genetics & Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin J. Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA,Corresponding author
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23
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Jiang SY, Yang X, Yang Z, Li JW, Xu MQ, Qu YX, Tang JJ, Li YF, Wang L, Shao YW, Meng XY, Hu H, Song BL, Rao Y, Qi W. Discovery of an insulin-induced gene binding compound that ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein-mediated lipogenesis. Hepatology 2022; 76:1466-1481. [PMID: 35102596 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NASH is associated with high levels of cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) in the liver; however, there is still no approved pharmacological therapy. Synthesis of cholesterol and TG is controlled by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), which is found to be abnormally activated in NASH patients. We aim to discover small molecules for treating NASH by inhibiting the SREBP pathway. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we identify a potent SREBP inhibitor, 25-hydroxylanosterol (25-HL). 25-HL binds to insulin-induced gene (INSIG) proteins, stimulates the interaction between INSIG and SCAP, and retains them in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby suppressing SREBP activation and inhibiting lipogenesis. In NASH mouse models, 25-HL lowers levels of cholesterol and TG in serum and the liver, enhances energy expenditure to prevent obesity, and improves insulin sensitivity. 25-HL dramatically ameliorates hepatic steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis through down-regulating the expression of lipogenic genes. Furthermore, 25-HL exhibits both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of alleviating NASH and atherosclerosis in amylin liver NASH model diet-treated Ldlr-/- mice, and reduces the formation of cholesterol crystals and associated crown-like structures of Kupffer cells. Notably, 25-HL lowers lipid contents in serum and the liver to a greater extent than lovastatin or obeticholic acid. 25-HL shows a good safety and pharmacokinetics profile. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the proof of concept that inhibiting SREBP activation by targeting INSIG to lower lipids could be a promising strategy for treating NASH. It suggests the translational potential of 25-HL in human NASH and demonstrates the critical role of SREBP-controlled lipogenesis in the progression of NASH by pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-You Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinglin Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zimo Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue-Wan Li
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Qiang Xu
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Qu
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jie Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Wen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Huili Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Kabbani M, Michailidis E, Steensels S, Fulmer CG, Luna JM, Le Pen J, Tardelli M, Razooky B, Ricardo-Lax I, Zou C, Zeck B, Stenzel AF, Quirk C, Foquet L, Ashbrook AW, Schneider WM, Belkaya S, Lalazar G, Liang Y, Pittman M, Devisscher L, Suemizu H, Theise ND, Chiriboga L, Cohen DE, Copenhaver R, Grompe M, Meuleman P, Ersoy BA, Rice CM, de Jong YP. Human hepatocyte PNPLA3-148M exacerbates rapid non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development in chimeric mice. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111321. [PMID: 36103835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly emerging global health problem associated with pre-disposing genetic polymorphisms, most strikingly an isoleucine to methionine substitution in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3-I148M). Here, we study how human hepatocytes with PNPLA3 148I and 148M variants engrafted in the livers of broadly immunodeficient chimeric mice respond to hypercaloric diets. As early as four weeks, mice developed dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and steatosis with ballooning degeneration selectively in the human graft, followed by pericellular fibrosis after eight weeks of hypercaloric feeding. Hepatocytes with the PNPLA3-148M variant, either from a homozygous 148M donor or overexpressed in a 148I donor background, developed microvesicular and severe steatosis with frequent ballooning degeneration, resulting in more active steatohepatitis than 148I hepatocytes. We conclude that PNPLA3-148M in human hepatocytes exacerbates NAFLD. These models will facilitate mechanistic studies into human genetic variant contributions to advanced fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kabbani
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sandra Steensels
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Clifton G Fulmer
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joseph M Luna
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jérémie Le Pen
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matteo Tardelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brandon Razooky
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inna Ricardo-Lax
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chenhui Zou
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Briana Zeck
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Ansgar F Stenzel
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corrine Quirk
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Alison W Ashbrook
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William M Schneider
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Serkan Belkaya
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yupu Liang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meredith Pittman
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Neil D Theise
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Markus Grompe
- Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, OR 97062, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, BB626, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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25
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The Role of Insulin Resistance in Fueling NAFLD Pathogenesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133649. [PMID: 35806934 PMCID: PMC9267803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a predominant hepatopathy that is rapidly becoming the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The close association with metabolic syndrome’s extrahepatic components has suggested the nature of the systemic metabolic-related disorder based on the interplay between genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors, creating a complex network of yet-unclarified pathogenetic mechanisms in which the role of insulin resistance (IR) could be crucial. This review detailed the clinical and pathogenetic evidence involved in the NAFLD–IR relationship, presenting both the classic and more innovative models. In particular, we focused on the reciprocal effects of IR, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation on insulin-sensitivity disruption in critical regions such as the hepatic and the adipose tissue, while considering the impact of genetics/epigenetics on the regulation of IR mechanisms as well as nutrients on specific insulin-related gene expression (nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics). In addition, we discussed the emerging capability of the gut microbiota to interfere with physiological signaling of the hormonal pathways responsible for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and by inducing an abnormal activation of the immune system. The translation of these novel findings into clinical practice could promote the expansion of accurate diagnostic/prognostic stratification tools and tailored pharmacological approaches.
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26
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Baicalin ameliorates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis by suppressing SREBP1c elicited PNPLA3 competitive binding to ATGL. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 722:109236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Xu X, Deng X, Chen Y, Xu W, Xu F, Liang H. SIRT1 mediates nutritional regulation of SREBP-1c-driven hepatic PNPLA3 transcription via modulation of H3k9 acetylation. Genes Environ 2022; 44:18. [PMID: 35624499 PMCID: PMC9137095 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-022-00246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) is the main nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) susceptibility. Its expression is regulated tightly by nutritional and energy status, but the mechanism of epigenetic regulation of PNPLA3 gene by nutritional dietary factors has not been reported. Here, we investigated the effect and mechanism of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) regulated H3K9 deacetylation on PNPLA3 transcriptional expression in vivo and in vitro. Methods Mouse models of fasting/re-feeding transition and nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by high Sucrose diet were constructed; and HepG2 cells were treated with serum- and glucose-free medium or exposed to high glucose and high insulin, to generate fasting and high-glucose-induced lipid deposition cell states. Enrichment levels of histone H3K9 acetylation and sterol responsive element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) at the PNPLA3 promoter were observed by ChIP-qPCR. PNPLA3 gene expression was detected by real-time PCR; SIRT1 protein expression was detected by western blot. And lipid deposition was detected by Oil Red O. Results H3K9ac levels at SRE regions of PNPLA3 promoter were found to be decreased in mice during fasting and increase during refeeding, and increased in mice with NAFLD induced by high-sucrose diet. The change pattern of PNPLA3 promoter H3K9Ac physiologically (fasting/refeeding) and pathologically was consistent with that of PNPLA3 gene expression, but opposite to that of SIRT1 protein expression. In HepG2 cells, overexpression of SIRT1 inhibited high-glucose induced hyper-acetylation of H3K9 at PNPLA3 promoter, and silent expression of SIRT1 suppressed fasting-induced hypo-acetylation of H3K9. Overexpression of SIRT1 prevented basal and SREBP-1c-driven PNPLA3 gene expression and also prevented the endogenous binding of SREBP-1c to PNPLA3. Conclusions We first preliminarily revealed SIRT1 may regulate PNPLA3 gene expression by affecting SREBP-1-driven transcription via acetylation modification of H3K9. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-022-00246-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Emergency, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzhi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.
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Pennisi G, Pipitone RM, Enea M, De Vincentis A, Battaglia S, Di Marco V, Di Martino V, Spatola F, Tavaglione F, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Zito R, Romeo S, Cammà C, Craxì A, Grimaudo S, Petta S. A Genetic and Metabolic Staging System for Predicting the Outcome of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1032-1044. [PMID: 35146945 PMCID: PMC9035577 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging cause of liver-related events (LREs). Here, we have assessed the ability of a composite score based on clinical features, metabolic comorbidities, and genetic variants to predict LREs. A total of 546 consecutive patients with NAFLD were recruited and stratified according to the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index. LREs were defined as occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatic decompensation. Cox regression multivariate analysis was used to identify baseline variables associated with LREs. The UK Biobank was used as the validation cohort, and severe liver disease (incidence of cirrhosis, decompensated liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and/or liver transplantation) was used as the outcome. LREs were experienced by 58 patients, only one of whom was in the cohort of patients with a FIB-4 score < 1.3. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of 229 patients with a FIB-4 score ≥ 1.3 highlighted clinical variables independently associated with the development of LREs, including older age, low platelet count, low albumin, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, certain genetic factors, and interactions between genetic factors and sex or diabetes. The area under the curve (AUC) for the model was 0.87 at 1, 3, and 5 years. Our novel Genetic and Metabolic Staging (GEMS) scoring system was derived from the Cox model linear predictor, ranked from 0 to 10, and categorized into five classes (0-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, and 8-10). The risk of LREs increased from 4% in patients in the best class (GEMS score 0-5) to 91% in the worst (GEMS score 8-10). GEMS score was associated with incident severe liver disease in the study population (hazard ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-1.65; P < 0.001) as well as in the UK Biobank cohort where AUCs for prediction of severe liver disease at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.70, 0.69, and 0.67, respectively. Conclusion: The novel GEMS scoring system has an adequate ability to predict the outcome of patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Pennisi
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Rosaria Maria Pipitone
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Marco Enea
- Dipartimento di Scienze EconomicheAziendali e StatisticheUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly.,Dipartimento di Promozione della SaluteMaterno InfantileMedicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza (PROMISE)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Antonio De Vincentis
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine and GeriatricsCampus Bio-Medico UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Salvatore Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze EconomicheAziendali e StatisticheUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Vito Di Marco
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Vincenzo Di Martino
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Federica Spatola
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Federica Tavaglione
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine and GeriatricsCampus Bio-Medico UniversityRomeItaly.,Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Rossella Zito
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Calogero Cammà
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Antonio Craxì
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Stefania Grimaudo
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Salvatore Petta
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDipartimento Di Promozione Della SaluteUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
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Liu Z, Lin C, Suo C, Zhao R, Jin L, Zhang T, Chen X. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and the risk of 24 specific cancers. Metabolism 2022; 127:154955. [PMID: 34915036 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a significant health issue closely associated with multiple metabolic dysfunctions. The association between MAFLD and cancer risk is yet unknown. METHODS UK Biobank study participants were diagnosed for the presence of MAFLD at baseline. A multivariable Cox regression model was performed to examine the associations of MAFLD with incident events in 24 specific cancers. RESULTS We included 352,911 individuals (37.2% with MAFLD), among whom 23,345 developed cancers. Compared with non-MAFLD, MAFLD was significantly associated with 10 of the 24 examined cancers, including corpus uteri (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.36, 95% CI 1.99-2.80), gallbladder (2.20, 1.14-4.23), liver (1.81, 1.43-2.28), kidney (1.77, 1.49-2.11), thyroid (1.69, 1.20-2.38), esophagus (1.48, 1.25-1.76), pancreas (1.31, 1.10-1.56), bladder (1.26, 1.11-1.43), breast (1.19, 1.11-1.27), and colorectal and anus cancers (1.14, 1.06-1.23). The associations of MAFLD with liver, esophageal, pancreatic, colorectal and anal and bladder cancers and malignant melanoma were strengthened in males, and associations with kidney, thyroid, and lung cancers were increased in females. The associations of MAFLD with the risk of liver, kidney, and thyroid cancers remained significant after further adjusting for the waist circumference or body mass index and the number of metabolic syndrome components based on the main models. The risk-increasing allele of PNPLA3 rs738409 significantly amplified the association of MAFLD with the risk of liver and kidney cancers. CONCLUSION MAFLD is associated with an increased risk of a set of cancers, but the effect substantially varies by site. MAFLD deserves higher priority in the current scheme of cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225316, China
| | - Chunqing Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chen Suo
- Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225316, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225316, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225316, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xingdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225316, China; National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China.
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30
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Cinque F, Cespiati A, Lombardi R, Costantino A, Maffi G, Alletto F, Colavolpe L, Francione P, Oberti G, Fatta E, Bertelli C, Sigon G, Dongiovanni P, Vecchi M, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL. Interaction between Lifestyle Changes and PNPLA3 Genotype in NAFLD Patients during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030556. [PMID: 35276911 PMCID: PMC8838646 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown dramatically changed people’s lifestyles. Diet, physical activity, and the PNPLA3 gene are known risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Aim: To evaluate changes in metabolic and hepatic disease in NAFLD patients after the COVID-19 lockdown. Three hundred and fifty seven NAFLD patients were enrolled, all previously instructed to follow a Mediterranean diet (MD). Anthropometric, metabolic, and laboratory data were collected before the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy and 6 months apart, along with ultrasound (US) steatosis grading and information about adherence to MD and physical activity (PA). In 188 patients, PNPLA3 genotyping was performed. After the lockdown, 48% of patients gained weight, while 16% had a worsened steatosis grade. Weight gain was associated with poor adherence to MD (p = 0.005), reduced PA (p = 0.03), and increased prevalence of PNPLA3 GG (p = 0.04). At multivariate analysis (corrected for age, sex, MD, PA, and PNPLA3 GG), only PNPLA3 remained independently associated with weight gain (p = 0.04), which was also associated with worsened glycemia (p = 0.002) and transaminases (p = 0.02). During lockdown, due to a dramatic change in lifestyles, half of our cohort of NAFLD patients gained weight, with a worsening of metabolic and hepatologic features. Interestingly, the PNPLA3 GG genotype nullified the effect of lifestyle and emerged as an independent risk factor for weight gain, opening new perspectives in NAFLD patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Cinque
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Annalisa Cespiati
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-503-3784
| | - Andrea Costantino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Maffi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Francesca Alletto
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Lucia Colavolpe
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Paolo Francione
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Giovanna Oberti
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Erika Fatta
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Cristina Bertelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Giordano Sigon
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (A.C.); (G.M.); (F.A.); (L.C.); (P.F.); (G.O.); (E.F.); (C.B.); (G.S.); (P.D.); (S.F.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.)
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Erb SJ, Chandler TL, White HM. Responsiveness of PNPLA3 and lipid-related transcription factors is dependent upon fatty acid profile in primary bovine hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:888. [PMID: 35042927 PMCID: PMC8766451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockdown of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) increased triglycerides (TG) in primary bovine hepatocytes, suggesting that PNPLA3 plays a causal role in hepatic TG clearing. In vivo, PNPLA3 abundance across the periparturient period is inversely related to hepatic TG accumulation and circulating fatty acid (FA) concentrations. The purpose of this research was to determine if PNPLA3, as well as other lipases, transcription factors, or FA-mediated genes, are regulated by FA mimicking liver lipid accumulation (ACCUM) and liver lipid clearing (RECOV) or singular FA physiologically found in dairy cows at 0.5 mM of circulating RECOV (iRECOV). Abundance of PNPLA3 tended to decrease with ACCUM and increased quadratically with RECOV (P ≤ 0.10), differing from PNPLA3 expression, but consistent with previous in vivo research. Adipose TG lipase abundance, but not other lipase abundances, was quadratically responsive to both ACCUM and RECOV (P ≤ 0.005). Abundance of PNPLA3 and SREBP1c and expression of LXRA responded similarly to iRECOV, with C18:0 tending to decrease abundance (P ≤ 0.07). Results indicate that bovine PNPLA3 is translationally regulated by FA and although a LXRA-SREBP1c pathway mediation is possible, the mechanism warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J Erb
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive Rm 934B, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Tawny L Chandler
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive Rm 934B, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Heather M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive Rm 934B, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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32
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Association between rs738408, rs738409 and rs139051polymorphisms in PNPLA3 gene and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Singh SP, Anirvan P, Khandelwal R, Satapathy SK. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Name Change: Requiem or Reveille? J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:931-938. [PMID: 34966656 PMCID: PMC8666378 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects about a quarter of the world's population and poses a major health and economic burden globally. Recently, there have been hasty attempts to rename NAFLD to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) despite the fact that there is no scientific rationale for this. Quest for a "positive criterion" to diagnose the disease and destigmatizing the disease have been the main reasons put forth for the name change. A close scrutiny of the pathogenesis of NAFLD would make it clear that NAFLD is a heterogeneous disorder, involving different pathogenic mechanisms of which metabolic dysfunction-driven hepatic steatosis is only one. Replacing NAFLD with MAFLD would neither enhance the legitimacy of clinical practice and clinical trials, nor improve clinical care or move NAFLD research forward. Rather than changing the nomenclature without a strong scientific backing to support such a change, efforts should be directed at understanding NAFLD pathogenesis across diverse populations and ethnicities which could potentially help develop newer therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram P. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sriram Chandra Bhanj Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Correspondence to: Shivaram P Singh, Department of Gastroenterology, Sriram Chandra Bhanj Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha 753007, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8197-2674. Tel: +91-9437578857, Fax: +91-671-2433865, E-mail:
| | - Prajna Anirvan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sriram Chandra Bhanj Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Reshu Khandelwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sriram Chandra Bhanj Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjaya K. Satapathy
- Division of Hepatology, Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Progressive Liver Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123401. [PMID: 34943908 PMCID: PMC8699709 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic and progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Its global incidence is increasing and makes NASH an epidemic and a public health threat. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with major morbidity and mortality, with a heavy burden on quality of life and liver transplant requirements. Due to repeated insults to the liver, patients are at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. The progression of NASH was initially defined according to a two-hit model involving an initial development of steatosis, followed by a process of lipid peroxidation and inflammation. In contrast, current evidence proposes a “multi-hit” or “multi-parallel hit” model that includes multiple pathways promoting progressive fibrosis and oncogenesis. This model includes multiple cellular, genetic, immunological, metabolic, and endocrine pathways leading to hepatocellular carcinoma development, underscoring the complexity of this disease.
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Lazo M, Bilal U, Mitchell MC, Potter J, Hernaez R, Clark JM. Interaction Between Alcohol Consumption and PNPLA3 Variant in the Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis in the US Population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:2606-2614.e4. [PMID: 32882427 PMCID: PMC7914282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To our knowledge, the interaction between alcohol consumption and PNPLA3 genotype on hepatic steatosis has not been explored in a representative sample. To examine the interaction between alcohol consumption and PNPLA3 genotype on hepatic steatosis in the US adult population. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 4,674 adult participants of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 2 (1991-1994) with data on PNPLA3 genotype, self-reported alcohol consumption, ultrasound-defined hepatic steatosis and socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS In 1991-1994 in the U.S. population, the weighted allele frequency of the G (risk) allele of the rs738409 at PNPLA3 was 25.4%. We confirmed both a J shaped association between alcohol consumption and hepatic steatosis among those with the CC genotype of PNPLA3, and a higher prevalence of hepatic steatosis among those with PNPLA3 gene G variant. We found evidence of an interaction of PNPLA3 G allele presence on the association between moderate alcohol consumption and hepatic steatosis on both the multiplicative (relative prevalence ratio [RPR]=1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-3.65) and additive scales (relative excess risk due to interaction=0.49, 95% CI 0.13-0.85). Compared to never drinkers, moderate alcohol drinking was associated with a 48% decreased risk of hepatic steatosis only among those without PNPLA3 G allele (PR=0.52, 95% CI 0.26-1.05), with no association among those with at least one copy of the PNPLA3 G allele (PR=1.02, 95% CI 0.68-1.54). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a highly common and strong genetic susceptibility to liver disease is modifiable by the level of alcohol consumption. Keeping alcohol consumption low may offset genetic predisposition to liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lazo
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Usama Bilal
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mack C. Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James Potter
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruben Hernaez
- Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Clark
- Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tilson SG, Morell CM, Lenaerts AS, Park SB, Hu Z, Jenkins B, Koulman A, Liang TJ, Vallier L. Modeling PNPLA3-Associated NAFLD Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Hepatology 2021; 74:2998-3017. [PMID: 34288010 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD is a growing public health burden. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not yet been fully elucidated, and the importance of genetic factors has only recently been appreciated. Genomic studies have revealed a strong association between NAFLD progression and the I148M variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3). Nonetheless, very little is known about the mechanisms by which this gene and its variants can influence disease development. To investigate these mechanisms, we have developed an in vitro model that takes advantage of the unique properties of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and the CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing technology. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used isogenic hiPSC lines with either a knockout (PNPLA3KO ) of the PNPLA3 gene or with the I148M variant (PNPLA3I148M ) to model PNPLA3-associated NAFLD. The resulting hiPSCs were differentiated into hepatocytes, treated with either unsaturated or saturated free fatty acids to induce NAFLD-like phenotypes, and characterized by various functional, transcriptomic, and lipidomic assays. PNPLA3KO hepatocytes showed higher lipid accumulation as well as an altered pattern of response to lipid-induced stress. Interestingly, loss of PNPLA3 also caused a reduction in xenobiotic metabolism and predisposed PNPLA3KO cells to be more susceptible to ethanol-induced and methotrexate-induced toxicity. The PNPLA3I148M cells exhibited an intermediate phenotype between the wild-type and PNPLA3KO cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate that the I148M variant induces a loss of function predisposing to steatosis and increased susceptibility to hepatotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Tilson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carola M Morell
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - An-Sofie Lenaerts
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zongyi Hu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Koulman
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Main Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:7764817. [PMID: 34691178 PMCID: PMC8528616 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7764817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological metabolic disease characterized by high ketone lipid based on abnormal lipid metabolism. Compared with patients with single T2DM or NAFLD, T2DM complicated with NAFLD has more complicated pathogenic factors and pathological processes. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the leading malignancy arising from cirrhosis, is the second most lethal cancer globally. The purpose of this study was to clarify the main risk factors of T2DM with NAFLD and HCC. There are many challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of T2DM patients with NAFLD and HCC. The current gold standard is to adjust treatment strategy, optimize metabolic control, and improve liver phenotype. It is necessary to identify further the risk factors driving the progression of T2DM with NAFLD and HCC and evaluate new therapeutic targets, in addition to exploring the syndromic forms of T2DM combined with NAFLD and providing a theoretical basis for early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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38
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Cohen CC, Perng W, Sauder KA, Ringham BM, Bellatorre A, Scherzinger A, Stanislawski MA, Lange LA, Shankar K, Dabelea D. Associations of Nutrient Intake Changes During Childhood with Adolescent Hepatic Fat: The Exploring Perinatal Outcomes Among CHildren Study. J Pediatr 2021; 237:50-58.e3. [PMID: 34171361 PMCID: PMC8478817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of dietary changes from childhood to adolescence with adolescent hepatic fat and whether the PNPLA3 rs738409 risk allele, a strong genetic risk factor for hepatic fat, modifies associations. STUDY DESIGN Data were from 358 participants in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among CHildren (EPOCH) study, a longitudinal cohort in Colorado. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in childhood (approximately 10 years of age) and adolescence (approximately 16 years of age) and converted to nutrient densities. Hepatic fat was assessed in adolescence by magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regression was used to test associations of dietary changes from childhood to adolescence with adolescent hepatic fat. RESULTS Increases in fiber, vegetable protein, and polyunsaturated fat intake from childhood to adolescence were associated with lower adolescent hepatic fat, and increases in animal protein were associated with higher hepatic fat (β per 5-unit increase on log-hepatic fat: -0.12 [95% CI, -0.21 to -0.02] for ▵fiber; -0.26 [95% CI, -0.45 to -0.07] for ▵vegetable protein; -0.18 [95% CI, -0.35 to -0.02] for ▵polyunsaturated fat; 0.13 [95% CI, 0.04-0.22] for ▵animal protein). There was evidence of effect modification by PNPLA3 variant, whereby inverse associations of ▵fiber and ▵vegetable protein and positive associations of ▵saturated fat with adolescent hepatic fat were stronger in risk allele carriers. Most conclusions were similar after adjusting for obesity in adolescence, but associations of ▵saturated fat with hepatic fat were attenuated toward the null. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that nutrient intake changes between childhood and adolescence, particularly decreases in fiber and vegetable protein and increases in saturated fat intake, interact with the PNPLA3 variant to predict higher hepatic fat in adolescence, and may be targets for reducing hepatic fat in high-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Wei Perng
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Brandy M. Ringham
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Anna Bellatorre
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ann Scherzinger
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Maggie A. Stanislawski
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Meroni M, Longo M, Tria G, Dongiovanni P. Genetics Is of the Essence to Face NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1359. [PMID: 34680476 PMCID: PMC8533437 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. It is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia so much so it is considered the hepatic manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome. The NAFLD spectrum extends from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a clinical condition which may progress up to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a complex disease whose pathogenesis is shaped by both environmental and genetic factors. In the last two decades, several heritable modifications in genes influencing hepatic lipid remodeling, and mitochondrial oxidative status have been emerged as predictors of progressive hepatic damage. Among them, the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) p.I148M, the Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) p.E167K and the rs641738 membrane bound-o-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) polymorphisms are considered the most robust modifiers of NAFLD. However, a forefront frontier in the study of NAFLD heritability is to postulate score-based strategy, building polygenic risk scores (PRS), which aggregate the most relevant genetic determinants of NAFLD and biochemical parameters, with the purpose to foresee patients with greater risk of severe NAFLD, guaranteeing the most highly predictive value, the best diagnostic accuracy and the more precise individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Tria
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (G.T.)
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40
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Xiang H, Wu Z, Wang J, Wu T. Research progress, challenges and perspectives on PNPLA3 and its variants in Liver Diseases. J Cancer 2021; 12:5929-5937. [PMID: 34476007 PMCID: PMC8408107 DOI: 10.7150/jca.57951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) is highly expressed in liver and adipose tissue and encodes a transmembrane polypeptide chain containing 481 amino acids. The I148M variant of PNPLA3 is a single nucleotide polymorphism, which is related to a variety of liver and cardiovascular diseases and their complications (such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, coronary artery disease). This review mainly describes the pathophysiological effects of PNPLA3 and its variants, and their roles in the progression of liver disease and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zecheng Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Sunami Y, Rebelo A, Kleeff J. Lipid Droplet-Associated Factors, PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and HSD17B Proteins in Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174391. [PMID: 34503201 PMCID: PMC8431307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aberrant lipid synthesis and reprogrammed lipid metabolism are both associated with the development and progression of pancreatic and liver cancer. Most cells store fatty acids in the form of triacylglycerols in lipid droplets. Lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that not only store neutral lipids, but also play roles as molecular messengers and signaling factors. Some cancer cells accumulate massive amount of lipid droplets. Lipid droplets and lipid droplet-associated factors are further implicated to mediate proliferation, invasion, metastasis, as well as chemotherapy resistance in several types of cancer. This review dissected recent findings on the role of several lipid droplet-associated factors, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B) 11 and 13 as well as their genetic variations in hepatopancreatobiliary diseases, especially cancer. Abstract Pancreatic and liver cancer are leading causes of cancer deaths, and by 2030, they are projected to become the second and the third deadliest cancer respectively. Cancer metabolism, especially lipid metabolism, plays an important role in progression and metastasis of many types of cancer, including pancreatic and liver cancer. Lipid droplets are intracellular organelles that store neutral lipids, but also act as molecular messengers, and signaling factors. It is becoming increasingly evident that alterations in the regulation of lipid droplets and their associated factors influence the risk of developing not only metabolic disease but also fibrosis and cancer. In the current review article, we summarized recent findings concerning the roles of lipid droplet-associated factors, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3, Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 11 and 13 as well as genetic variants in pancreatic and hepatic diseases. A better understanding of cancer type- and cell type-specific roles of lipid droplet-associated factors is important for establishing new therapeutic options in the future.
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42
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Bence KK, Birnbaum MJ. Metabolic drivers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101143. [PMID: 33346069 PMCID: PMC8324696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly increasing worldwide parallel to the global obesity epidemic. NAFLD encompasses a range of liver pathologies and most often originates from metabolically driven accumulation of fat in the liver, or non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). In a subset of NAFL patients, the disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a more severe form of liver disease characterized by hepatocyte injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in our understanding of NASH pathogenesis, but gaps remain in our mechanistic knowledge of the precise metabolic triggers for disease worsening. SCOPE OF REVIEW The transition from NAFL to NASH likely involves a complex constellation of multiple factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the liver. This review focuses on early metabolic events in the establishment of NAFL and initial stages of NASH. We discuss the association of NAFL with obesity as well as the role of adipose tissue in disease progression and highlight early metabolic drivers implicated in the pathological transition from hepatic fat accumulation to steatohepatitis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The close association of NAFL with features of metabolic syndrome highlight plausible mechanistic roles for adipose tissue health and the release of lipotoxic lipids, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and disruption of the intestinal barrier in not only the initial establishment of hepatic steatosis, but also in mediating disease progression. Human genetic variants linked to NASH risk to date are heavily biased toward genes involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, providing compelling support for the hypothesis that NASH is fundamentally a metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
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43
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Fasting increases 18:2-containing phosphatidylcholines to complement the decrease in 22:6-containing phosphatidylcholines in mouse skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255178. [PMID: 34310656 PMCID: PMC8312970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting stimulates catabolic reactions in skeletal muscle to survive nutrient deprivation. Cellular phospholipids have large structural diversity due to various polar-heads and acyl-chains that affect many cellular functions. Skeletal muscle phospholipid profiles have been suggested to be associated with muscle adaptations to nutritional and environmental status. However, the effect of fasting on skeletal muscle phospholipid profiles remains unknown. Here, we analyzed phospholipids using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. We determined that fasting resulted in a decrease in 22:6-containing phosphatidylcholines (PCs) (22:6-PCs) and an increase in 18:2-containing PCs (18:2-PCs). The fasting-induced increase in 18:2-PCs was sufficient to complement 22:6-PCs loss, resulting in the maintenance of the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing PCs. Similar phospholipid alterations occurred in insulin-deficient mice, which indicate that these observed phospholipid perturbations were characteristic of catabolic skeletal muscle. In lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 3-knockout muscles that mostly lack 22:6-PCs, other PUFA-containing PCs, mainly 18:2-PCs, accumulated. This suggests a compensatory mechanism for skeletal muscles to maintain PUFA-containing PCs.
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Murray JK, Long J, Liu L, Singh S, Pruitt D, Ollmann M, Swearingen E, Hardy M, Homann O, Wu B, Holder JR, Sham K, Herberich B, Lo MC, Dou H, Shkumatov A, Florio M, Rulifson IC. Identification and Optimization of a Minor Allele-Specific Small Interfering RNA to Prevent PNPLA3 I148M-Driven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:324-340. [PMID: 34297902 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genome wide association studies confirm the association of the rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding protein patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); the presence of the resulting mutant PNPLA3 I148M protein is a driver of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While Pnpla3-deficient mice do not display an adverse phenotype, the safety of knocking down endogenous wild type PNPLA3 in humans remains unknown. To expand the scope of a potential targeted NAFLD therapeutic to both homozygous and heterozygous PNPLA3 rs738409 populations, we sought to identify a minor allele-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Limiting our search to SNP-spanning triggers, a series of chemically modified siRNA were tested in vitro for activity and selectivity toward PNPLA3 rs738409 mRNA. Conjugation of the siRNA to a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand enabled in vivo screening using adeno-associated virus to overexpress human PNPLA3I148M versus human PNPLA3I148I in mouse livers. Structure-activity relationship optimization yielded potent and minor allele-specific compounds that achieved high levels of mRNA and protein knockdown of human PNPLA3I148M but not PNPLA3I148I. Testing of the minor allele-specific siRNA in PNPLA3I148M-expressing mice fed a NASH-inducing diet prevented PNPLA3I148M-driven disease phenotypes, thus demonstrating the potential of a precision medicine approach to treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Murray
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Jason Long
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shivani Singh
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danielle Pruitt
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Ollmann
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elissa Swearingen
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miki Hardy
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oliver Homann
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Jerry Ryan Holder
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kelvin Sham
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Brad Herberich
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mei-Chu Lo
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hui Dou
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Artem Shkumatov
- Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Monica Florio
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Ingrid C Rulifson
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
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Kravchun PG, Kadykova OI, Herasymchuk US. Adipokines in patients with hypertensive disease with obesity in the dynamics of combined antihypertensive therapy. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/022149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disease today is one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, as well as the most common disease associated with obesity. Evaluation of the level of adipokines, namely adiponutrin and galanin, depending on the degree and duration of hypertension, the degree of obesity and their correction against the background of combined antihypertensive therapy is relevant for further understanding of this comorbidity and improvement of the early diagnostics. 127 people were examined, including 107 patients with hypertension of degree 1–3 and 20 healthy persons. Of the patients included in the study, the adiponutrin and the galanin levels were determined in 58 patients, out of which 22 were prescribed different regimens of combined antihypertensive therapy. To determine the level of adiponutrin and galanin, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used. A significant increase was found in the blood serum of the examined adipokines in comparison with the control group: the galanin level was 4.8 times higher than in the control group, the adiponutrin level in patients with this comorbid pathology was 3.3 times higher than that in the control group. The galanin level is most pronounced in patients with hypertension of degree 3 and obesity of degree 3, which is confirmed by the presence of a direct correlation with systolic, diastolic and pulse blood pressure, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The adiponutrin level in the blood serum increased correspondingly to the increase in body mass index: in patients with obesity of degree 3 it was 15.8 times higher than this indicator in patients with normal body weight, 8.8 times higher than in patients with overweight, 6.1 times higher than in patients with obesity of degree 1 and 2.5 times higher than in patients with obesity of degree 2. The levels of the studied adipokines in patients differed also relative to the duration of hypertension. There was a 1.8-, 5.1-, 5.2-fold increase (respectively, ≤5, 6–10, >10 years) of the galanin content in the blood serum compared to the control group. Also an increase of the serum adiponutrin level was noted in comparison with the control group. Against the background of combined antihypertensive therapy, we observed favourable dynamics of galanin and adiponutrin. It is important to conduct further studies to assess the activity of galanin and adiponutrin with a longer follow-up period in wider populations.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as the abnormal accumulation of lipids in the liver, called hepatic steatosis, which occurs most often as a concomitant of the metabolic syndrome. Its incidence has surged significantly in recent decades concomitant with the obesity pandemic and increasing consumption of refined carbohydrates and saturated fats. This makes a review of the origins of NAFLD timely and relevant. RECENT FINDINGS This disorder, which shares histologic markers found in alcoholic fatty liver disease, was named NAFLD to distinguish it from the latter. Recently, however, the term metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been suggested as a refinement of NAFLD that should highlight the central, etiologic role of insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. The complexity of the pathways involved in the regulation of hepatic triglyceride synthesis and utilization have become obvious over the past 10 years, including the recent identification of monogenic causes of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. These include PNPLA3, transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2, GCKR, membrane-bound O-acyltransferase 7 suggest targets for new therapies for hepatic steatosis. SUMMARY The current review can serve as a guide to the complex pathways involved in the maintenance of hepatic triglyceride levels as well as an introduction to the most recent discoveries, including those of key genes that have provided opportunities for new and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leinys S Santos-Baez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Dallio M, Romeo M, Gravina AG, Masarone M, Larussa T, Abenavoli L, Persico M, Loguercio C, Federico A. Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics in Metabolic- (Dysfunction) Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Novel Insights and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051679. [PMID: 34063372 PMCID: PMC8156164 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic- (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) represents the predominant hepatopathy and one of the most important systemic, metabolic-related disorders all over the world associated with severe medical and socio-economic repercussions due to its growing prevalence, clinical course (steatohepatitis and/or hepatocellular-carcinoma), and related extra-hepatic comorbidities. To date, no specific medications for the treatment of this condition exist, and the most valid recommendation for patients remains lifestyle change. MAFLD has been associated with metabolic syndrome; its development and progression are widely influenced by the interplay between genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics findings suggest nutrition’s capability, by acting on the individual genetic background and modifying the specific epigenetic expression as well, to influence patients’ clinical outcome. Besides, immunity response is emerging as pivotal in this multifactorial scenario, suggesting the interaction between diet, genetics, and immunity as another tangled network that needs to be explored. The present review describes the genetic background contribution to MAFLD onset and worsening, its possibility to be influenced by nutritional habits, and the interplay between nutrients and immunity as one of the most promising research fields of the future in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Dallio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815666740
| | - Mario Romeo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Mario Masarone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.L.); (L.A.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.); (A.G.G.); (C.L.); (A.F.)
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Juanola O, Martínez-López S, Francés R, Gómez-Hurtado I. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Metabolic, Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Risk Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105227. [PMID: 34069012 PMCID: PMC8155932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent causes of chronic liver disease in the Western world, probably due to the growing prevalence of obesity, metabolic diseases, and exposure to some environmental agents. In certain patients, simple hepatic steatosis can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can sometimes lead to liver cirrhosis and its complications including hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding the mechanisms that cause the progression of NAFLD to NASH is crucial to be able to control the advancement of the disease. The main hypothesis considers that it is due to multiple factors that act together on genetically predisposed subjects to suffer from NAFLD including insulin resistance, nutritional factors, gut microbiota, and genetic and epigenetic factors. In this article, we will discuss the epidemiology of NAFLD, and we overview several topics that influence the development of the disease from simple steatosis to liver cirrhosis and its possible complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Juanola
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Translational Research Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sebastián Martínez-López
- Clinical Medicine Department, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Rubén Francés
- Clinical Medicine Department, Miguel Hernández University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Gómez-Hurtado
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Jones RB, Arenaza L, Rios C, Plows JF, Berger PK, Alderete TL, Fogel JL, Nayak K, Mohamed P, Hwang D, Palmer S, Sinatra F, Allayee H, Kohli R, Goran MI. PNPLA3 Genotype, Arachidonic Acid Intake, and Unsaturated Fat Intake Influences Liver Fibrosis in Hispanic Youth with Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:1621. [PMID: 34065978 PMCID: PMC8151324 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease impacts 15.2% of Hispanic adolescents and can progress to a build-up of scared tissue called liver fibrosis. If diagnosed early, liver fibrosis may be reversible, so it is necessary to understand risk factors. The aims of this study in 59 Hispanic adolescents with obesity were to: (1) identify potential biological predictors of liver fibrosis and dietary components that influence liver fibrosis, and (2) determine if the association between dietary components and liver fibrosis differs by PNPLA3 genotype, which is highly prevalent in Hispanic adolescents and associated with elevated liver fat. We examined liver fat and fibrosis, genotyped for PNPLA3 gene, and assessed diet via 24-h diet recalls. The prevalence of increased fibrosis was 20.9% greater in males, whereas participants with the GG genotype showed 23.7% greater prevalence. Arachidonic acid was associated with liver fibrosis after accounting for sex, genotype, and liver fat (β = 0.072, p = 0.033). Intakes of several dietary types of unsaturated fat have different associations with liver fibrosis by PNPLA3 genotype after accounting for sex, caloric intake, and liver fat. These included monounsaturated fat (βCC/CG = -0.0007, βGG = 0.03, p-value = 0.004), polyunsaturated fat (βCC/CG = -0.01, βGG = 0.02, p-value = 0.01), and omega-6 (βCC/CG = -0.0102, βGG = 0.028, p-value = 0.01). Results from this study suggest that reduction of arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake might be important for the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, especially among those with PNPLA3 risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshonda B. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Lide Arenaza
- Institute for Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Claudia Rios
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Jasmine F. Plows
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Paige K. Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Tanya L. Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Fogel
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Krishna Nayak
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Passant Mohamed
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (P.M.); (D.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Darryl Hwang
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (P.M.); (D.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Suzanne Palmer
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (P.M.); (D.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Frank Sinatra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.B.J.); (C.R.); (J.F.P.); (P.K.B.); (J.L.F.); (F.S.); (R.K.)
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Impact of the Association Between PNPLA3 Genetic Variation and Dietary Intake on the Risk of Significant Fibrosis in Patients With NAFLD. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:994-1006. [PMID: 33306506 PMCID: PMC8087619 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study explored the relationship between patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 gene (PNPLA3 rs738409), nutrient intake, and liver histology severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS PNPLA3-rs738409 variant was genotyped in 452 non-Hispanic whites with histologically confirmed NAFLD who completed Food Frequency Questionnaire within 6 months of their liver biopsy. The fibrosis severity on liver histology was the outcome of interest. RESULTS The distribution of PNPLA3 genotypes was CC: 28%, CG: 46%, and GG: 25%. High-carbohydrate (% of energy/d) intake was positively associated (adjusted [Adj] odds ratio [OR]: 1.03, P < 0.01), whereas higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) (g/d) (Adj. OR: 0.17, P < 0.01), isoflavones (mg/d) (Adj. OR: 0.74, P = 0.049), methionine (mg/d) (Adj. OR: 0.32, P < 0.01), and choline (mg/d) (Adj. OR: 0.32, P < 0.01) intakes were inversely associated with increased risk of significant fibrosis (stage of fibrosis ≥2). By using an additive model of inheritance, our moderation analysis showed that PNPLA3 rs738409 significantly modulates the relationship between carbohydrate (%), n-3 PUFAs, total isoflavones, methionine, and choline intakes and fibrosis severity in a dose-dependent, genotype manner. These dietary factors tended to have a larger and significant effect on fibrosis severity among rs738409 G-allele carriers. Associations between significant fibrosis and carbohydrates (Adj. OR: 1.04, P = 0.019), n-3 PUFAs (Adj. OR: 0.16, P < 0.01), isoflavones (Adj. OR: 0.65, P = 0.025), methionine (Adj. OR: 0.30, P < 0.01), and total choline (Adj. OR: 0.29, P < 0.01) intakes remained significant only among rs738409 G-allele carriers. DISCUSSION This gene-diet interaction study suggests that PNPLA3 rs738409 G-allele might modulate the effect of specific dietary nutrients on risk of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.
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