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Dong L, Gao L. SP1-Driven FOXM1 Upregulation Induces Dopaminergic Neuron Injury in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5510-5524. [PMID: 38200349 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) has been associated with the pathological processes of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the upstream and downstream regulators remain poorly understood. This study sought to examine the underlying mechanism of FOXM1 in dopaminergic neuron injury in PD. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to pinpoint the differential expression of FOXM1, which was verified in the nigral tissues of rotenone-lesioned mice and dopaminergic neuron MN9D cells. Interactions among SP1, FOXM1, SNAI2, and CXCL12 were analyzed. To evaluate their effects on dopaminergic neuron injury, the lentiviral vector-mediated manipulation of FOXM1, SP1, and CXCL12 was introduced in rotenone-lesioned mice and MN9D cells. SP1, FOXM1, SNAI2, and CXCL12 abundant expression occurred in rotenone-lesioned mice and MN9D cells. Silencing of FOXM1 delayed the rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron injury in vitro. Mechanistically, SP1 was an upstream transcription factor of FOXM1 and upregulated FOXM1 expression, leading to increased SNAI2 and CXCL12 expression. In vivo, data confirmed that SP1 promoted dopaminergic neuron injury by activating the FOXM1/SNAI2/CXCL12 axis. Our data indicate that SP1 silencing has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons, which is dependent upon the inactivated FOXM1/SNAI2/CXCL12 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lianbo Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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2
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Lai W, Huang S, Liu J, Zhou B, Yu Z, Brown J, Hong G. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent innate immune responses are mediated by intracrine corticosteroids and activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in astrocytes. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23781. [PMID: 38941212 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301923rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are important pathophysiologically and synthesize neurosteroids. We observed that LPS increased immunoreactive TLR4 and key steroidogenic enzymes in cortical astrocytes of rats and investigated whether corticosteroids are produced and mediate astrocytic TLR4-dependent innate immune responses. We found that LPS increased steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and StAR-dependent aldosterone production in purified astrocytes. Both increases were blocked by the TLR4 antagonist TAK242. LPS also increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and corticosterone production, and both were prevented by TAK242 and by siRNAs against 11β-HSD1, StAR, or aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Knockdown of 11β-HSD1, StAR, or CYP11B2 or blocking either mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) or glucocorticoid receptors (GR) prevented dephosphorylation of p-Ser9GSK-3β, activation of NF-κB, and the GSK-3β-dependent increases of C3, IL-1β, and TNF-α caused by LPS. Exogenous aldosterone mimicked the MR- and GSK-3β-dependent pro-inflammatory effects of LPS in astrocytes, but corticosterone did not. Supernatants from astrocytes treated with LPS reduced MAP2 and viability of cultured neurons except when astrocytic StAR or MR was inhibited. In adrenalectomized rats, intracerebroventricular injection of LPS increased astrocytic TLR4, StAR, CYP11B2, and 11β-HSD1, NF-κB, C3 and IL-1β, decreased astrocytic p-Ser9GSK-3β in the cortex and was neurotoxic, except when spironolactone was co-injected, consistent with the in vitro results. LPS also activated NF-κB in some NeuN+ and CD11b+ cells in the cortex, and these effects were prevented by spironolactone. We conclude that intracrine aldosterone may be involved in the TLR4-dependent innate immune responses of astrocytes and can trigger paracrine effects by activating astrocytic MR/GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lai
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siying Huang
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengshuang Yu
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - John Brown
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guizhu Hong
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
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3
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective efficacy of the glucocorticoid receptor modulator PT150 in the rotenone mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:320-334. [PMID: 38960072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Upon completion of rotenone dosing, mice were orally treated at day 15 with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Casey P McDermott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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4
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Nakos Bimpos M, Karali K, Antoniou C, Palermos D, Fouka M, Delis A, Tzieras I, Chrousos GP, Koutmani Y, Stefanis L, Polissidis A. Alpha-synuclein-induced stress sensitivity renders the Parkinson's disease brain susceptible to neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:100. [PMID: 38886854 PMCID: PMC11181569 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A link between chronic stress and Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is emerging. Ample evidence demonstrates that the presynaptic neuronal protein alpha-synuclein (asyn) is closely tied to PD pathogenesis. However, it is not known whether stress system dysfunction is present in PD, if asyn is involved, and if, together, they contribute to neurodegeneration. To address these questions, we assess stress axis function in transgenic rats overexpressing full-length wildtype human asyn (asyn BAC rats) and perform multi-level stress and PD phenotyping following chronic corticosterone administration. Stress signaling, namely corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression, is also examined in post-mortem PD patient brains. Overexpression of human wildtype asyn leads to HPA axis dysregulation in rats, while chronic corticosterone administration significantly aggravates nigrostriatal degeneration, serine129 phosphorylated asyn (pS129) expression and neuroinflammation, leading to phenoconversion from a prodromal to an overt motor PD phenotype. Interestingly, chronic corticosterone in asyn BAC rats induces a robust, twofold increase in pS129 expression in the hypothalamus, the master regulator of the stress response, while the hippocampus, both a regulator and a target of the stress response, also demonstrates elevated pS129 asyn levels and altered markers of stress signalling. Finally, defective hippocampal stress signalling is mirrored in human PD brains and correlates with asyn expression levels. Taken together, our results link brain stress system dysregulation with asyn and provide evidence that elevated circulating glucocorticoids can contribute to asyn-induced neurodegeneration, ultimately triggering phenoconversion from prodromal to overt PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modestos Nakos Bimpos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Karali
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Athens International Master's Programme in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Illisia, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Antoniou
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Athens International Master's Programme in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Illisia, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Palermos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Fouka
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Delis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Iason Tzieras
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - George Panagiotis Chrousos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- University Research Institute on Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Yassemi Koutmani
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece
- 1St Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexia Polissidis
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens - BRFAA, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Science and Mathematics, ACG-Research Center, Deree - American College of Greece, 15342, Athens, Greece.
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5
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator PT150 in the Rotenone Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589261. [PMID: 38659796 PMCID: PMC11042181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days, immediately followed by oral treatment with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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6
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Chitu V, Biundo F, Oppong-Asare J, Gökhan Ş, Aguilan JT, Dulski J, Wszolek ZK, Sidoli S, Stanley ER. Prophylactic effect of chronic immunosuppression in a mouse model of CSF-1 receptor-related leukoencephalopathy. Glia 2023; 71:2664-2678. [PMID: 37519044 PMCID: PMC10529087 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutations leading to colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) loss-of-function or haploinsufficiency cause CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy (CRL), an adult-onset disease characterized by loss of myelin and neurodegeneration, for which there is no effective therapy. Symptom onset usually occurs in the fourth decade of life and the penetrance of disease in carriers is high. However, familial studies have identified a few carriers of pathogenic CSF1R mutations that remain asymptomatic even in their seventh decade of life, raising the possibility that the development and severity of disease might be influenced by environmental factors. Here we report new cases in which long-term glucocorticoid treatment is associated with asymptomatic status in elder carriers of pathogenic CSF-1R mutations. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the link between chronic immunosuppression initiated pre-symptomatically and resistance to the development of symptomatic CRL, in the Csf1r+/- mouse model. We show that chronic prednisone administration prevents the development of memory, motor coordination and social interaction deficits, as well as the demyelination, neurodegeneration and microgliosis associated with these deficits. These findings are in agreement with the preliminary clinical observations and support the concept that pre-symptomatic immunosuppression is protective in patients carrying pathogenic CSF1R variants associated with CRL. Proteomic analysis of microglia and oligodendrocytes indicates that prednisone suppresses processes involved in microglial activation and alleviates senescence and improves fitness of oligodendrocytes. This analysis also identifies new potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jude Oppong-Asare
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jennifer T. Aguilan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Dulski
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Division of Neurological and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Neurology Department, St Adalbert Hospital, Copernicus PL Ltd., Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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7
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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Conte C, Ingrassia A, Breve J, Bol JJ, Timmermans-Huisman E, van Dam AM, Beccari T, van de Berg WDJ. Toll-like Receptor 4 Is Upregulated in Parkinson's Disease Patients and Co-Localizes with pSer129αSyn: A Possible Link with the Pathology. Cells 2023; 12:1368. [PMID: 37408202 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests a crucial role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Neuroinflammation is linked to the accumulation and aggregation of a-synuclein (αSyn), the primary pathological hallmark of PD. Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) can have implications in the development and progression of the pathology. In this study, we analyzed the expression of TLR4 in the substantia nigra (SN) and medial temporal gyrus (GTM) of well-characterized PD patients and age-matched controls. We also assessed the co-localization of TLR4 with pSer129 αSyn. Using qPCR, we observed an upregulation of TLR4 expression in the SN and GTM in PD patients compared to controls, which was accompanied by a reduction in αSyn expression likely due to the depletion of dopaminergic (DA) cells. Additionally, using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we observed TLR4-positive staining and co-localization with pSer129-αSyn in Lewy bodies of DA neurons in the SN, as well as in pyramidal neurons in the GTM of PD donors. Furthermore, we observed a co-localization of TLR4 and Iba-1 in glial cells of both SN and GTM. Our findings provide evidence for the increased expression of TLR4 in the PD brain and suggest that the interaction between TLR4 and pSer129-αSyn could play a role in mediating the neuroinflammatory response in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Ingrassia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Breve
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Timmermans-Huisman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Eyvari Brooshghalan S, Sabahi M, Ebadi SA, Sadeghian Z, Mohajjel Nayebi A, Haddadi R. Silibinin chronic treatment in a rat model of Parkinson disease: A comprehensive in-vivo evaluation and in silico molecular modeling. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 941:175517. [PMID: 36669615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation have been linked to the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the pre-treatment effects of Silibinin on a PD model have been evaluated, in the current study we investigated the chronic therapeutic effects of Silibinin microinjection on a rat model of established parkinsonism along with behavioral and laboratory markers assessments. METHOD Parkinsonism was induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 8 μg/2μl/rat). 21 days after that, animals were treated with Silibinin (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg for 15 consecutive days). Every two days, the bar test was used to evaluate Silibinin's anti-cataleptic properties. At the end, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), along with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 levels were assessed. We used homology modeling to predict the 3D structure of TLR4. RESULT Silibinin's Chronic treatment, dose-dependently decreased catalepsy. MPO activity and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were reduced in Silibinin-treated rats in all three doses. Silibinin decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3, and downregulated TLR4 expression. Molecular docking revealed that there were hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions between the studied ligand and TLR4. Silibinin formed a stable complex with both monomer and dimer forms of TLR4. CONCLUSION In accordance with molecular modeling and alleviation of TLR4 activity with a consequent reduction in oxidative stress, restoration of CSF inflammatory cytokine, and minimization of SNc neuronal apoptosis, long-term therapy with Silibinin offers a potential opportunity for symptomatic PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seyed Ahmad Ebadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Zohre Sadeghian
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rasool Haddadi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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10
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López-Ornelas A, Jiménez A, Pérez-Sánchez G, Rodríguez-Pérez CE, Corzo-Cruz A, Velasco I, Estudillo E. The Impairment of Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer's Disease: Challenges and Opportunities with Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710136. [PMID: 36077533 PMCID: PMC9456198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and its prevalence is increasing. Nowadays, very few drugs effectively reduce AD symptoms and thus, a better understanding of its pathophysiology is vital to design new effective schemes. Presymptomatic neuronal damage caused by the accumulation of Amyloid β peptide and Tau protein abnormalities remains a challenge, despite recent efforts in drug development. Importantly, therapeutic targets, biomarkers, and diagnostic techniques have emerged to detect and treat AD. Of note, the compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) and peripheral inflammation in AD are becoming more evident, being harmful factors that contribute to the development of the disease. Perspectives from different pre-clinical and clinical studies link peripheral inflammation with the onset and progression of AD. This review aims to analyze the main factors and the contribution of impaired BBB in AD development. Additionally, we describe the potential therapeutic strategies using stem cells for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo López-Ornelas
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
- Hospital Nacional Homeopático, Hospitales Federales de Referencia, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Adriana Jiménez
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Psicoinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico
| | - Citlali Ekaterina Rodríguez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Corzo-Cruz
- Laboratorio Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Batalla de Celaya 202, Lomas de Sotelo, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11200, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Enrique Estudillo
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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11
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Squillace S, Salvemini D. Toll-like receptor-mediated neuroinflammation: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:726-739. [PMID: 35753845 PMCID: PMC9378500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with a well-documented role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, TLR activation has also been linked to several brain functions including neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Increasing evidence supports TLR involvement in peripheral and central inflammation underlying normal aging and the pathogenesis of clinical conditions characterized by cognitive decline. These include not only major neurodegenerative diseases but also traumatic brain injuries, surgeries, and alcohol consumption- and chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. We first summarize the physiological roles of TLRs in the nervous system, and then illustrate the emerging involvement of TLRs in cognitive functions, pointing to these receptors as novel enticing pharmacological targets to develop more efficient drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Squillace
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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12
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de Almeida EJR, Ibrahim HJ, Chitolina Schetinger MR, de Andrade CM, Cardoso AM. Modulation of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation Through Physical Exercise in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3221-3240. [PMID: 35962936 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS), in addition to being one of the main features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia are known for their immune functions and have multiple reactive phenotypes related to the types of stages involving neurodegenerative diseases. Depending on the state of activation of microglia in the CNS, it can be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. In this context, AD is a neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques, formation of fibrillar tangles of tau protein, and loss of neurons due to neurotoxic activation of microglia. However, PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the cortical regions, spinal cord, and brain stem, which occurs by microglial activation, contributing to the neuroinflammatory process. In this aspect, the activation of microglia in both pathologies triggers high levels of inflammatory markers, such as interleukins, and causes the neuroinflammatory process of the diseases. Thus, physical exercise is pointed out as neuroprotective, as it can act to strengthen neurogenesis and reduce the inflammatory process. Therefore, the present review addresses the neuroprotective effect of microglia after different types of physical exercise protocols and evaluates the activity and effects of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory parameters and mechanisms of AD and PD. This review will discuss the anti-inflammatory effects of physical exercise through microglia activation with neuroprotective activity and the role of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Room 121, Veterinary Hospital Building, Avenue Roraima No. 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Physical Education From Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences From Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, SC, 89815-899, Brazil.
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13
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Bian LH, Yao ZW, Wang ZY, Wang XM, Li QY, Yang X, Li JY, Wei XJ, Wan GH, Wang YQ, Shi JL, Guo JY. Nardosinone regulates the slc38a2 gene to alleviate Parkinson's symptoms in rats through the GABAergic synaptic and cAMP pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113269. [PMID: 35728354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In a rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) rat model, behavioral investigation, pathological examination, inflammatory factor analysis, and mitochondrial structure and function investigation verified the anti-PD efficacy of nardosinone. A combined transcriptome and proteome analysis proposed that the anti-PD target of nardosinone is the slc38a2 gene and may involve the GABAergic synaptic pathway and cAMP-signaling pathway. Analysis of targeted slc38a2 knockout cells and expression of key enzyme-encoding genes in both pathways verified the target and pathways proposed by the 'omics analysis. This further confirms that nardosinone can regulate the slc38a2 gene, a potential new target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and plays an anti-PD role through the GABAergic synaptic and cAMP pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Bian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhe-Yi Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China; Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jia-Yuan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Guo-Hui Wan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yu-Qing Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jin-Li Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jian-You Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A DatunRoad, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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14
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Heidari A, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. The role of Toll-like receptors and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:135. [PMID: 35668422 PMCID: PMC9172200 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, significantly affecting patients' life. Pathologically, PD is associated with the extensive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in various regions of the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the substantia nigra. This neuronal loss is accompanied by the aggregation of misfolded protein, named α-synuclein. MAIN TEXT Recent studies detected several clues of neuroinflammation in PD samples using postmortem human PD brains and various PD animal models. Some evidence of neuroinflammation in PD patients included higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), presence of activated microglia in various brain regions such as substantia nigra, infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells in affected brain regions, and altered function of cellular immunity like monocytes phagocytosis defects. On the other side, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors primarily located on microglia, as well as other immune and non-immune cells, expressing pivotal roles in recognizing exogenous and endogenous stimuli and triggering inflammatory responses. Most studies indicated an increased expression of TLRs in the brain and peripheral blood cells of PD samples. Besides, this upregulation was associated with excessive neuroinflammation followed by neurodegeneration in affected regions. Therefore, evidence proposed that TLR-mediated neuroinflammation might lead to a dopaminergic neural loss in PD patients. In this regard, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 have the most prominent roles. CONCLUSION Although the presence of inflammation in acute phases of PD might have protective effects concerning the clearance of α-synuclein and delaying the disease advancement, the chronic activation of TLRs and neuroinflammation might lead to neurodegeneration, resulting in the disease progression. Therefore, this study aimed to review additional evidence of the contribution of TLRs and neuroinflammation to PD pathogenesis, with the hope that TLRs could serve as novel disease-modifying therapeutic targets in PD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Heidari
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Bartl M, Xylaki M, Bähr M, Weber S, Trenkwalder C, Mollenhauer B. Evidence for immune system alterations in peripheral biological fluids in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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NPT1220-312, a TLR2/TLR9 Small Molecule Antagonist, Inhibits Pro-Inflammatory Signaling, Cytokine Release, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Int J Inflam 2022; 2022:2337363. [PMID: 35265316 PMCID: PMC8898874 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2337363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in innate immune system responses to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A growing body of evidence suggests that excessive TLR-mediated innate immune system activation can lead to neuronal damage and precipitate or perpetuate neurodegenerative diseases. Among TLR subtypes, both TLR2 and TLR9 have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders with increased expression of these receptors in the central nervous system being associated with pro-inflammatory signaling and increased burdens of pathologic aggregated proteins. In the current study, we characterized the actions of a combined TLR2/TLR9 antagonist, NPT1220-312, on pro-inflammatory signaling and cytokine release in monocyte/macrophage-derived heterologous cells, human microglia, and murine and human whole blood. NPT1220-312 potently blocked TLR2- and TLR9-mediated release of inflammatory cytokines in monocyte/macrophage cells and in human microglia. NPT1220-312 also blocked TLR2-mediated activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome including IL-1β, IL-18, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) release to the culture medium of human differentiated macrophages. The ability of NPT1220-312 to inhibit TLR2 mediated pro-inflammatory release of chemokines and cytokines in situ was demonstrated using murine and human whole blood. Together, these findings suggest that blockade of TLR2 and TLR9 may reduce inappropriate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from peripheral and central immune cells and thus potentially provide therapeutic benefit in neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders.
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17
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Viho EMG, Buurstede JC, Berkhout JB, Mahfouz A, Meijer OC. Cell type specificity of glucocorticoid signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13072. [PMID: 34939259 PMCID: PMC9286676 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid stress hormones are powerful modulators of brain function and can affect mood and cognitive processes. The hippocampus is a prominent glucocorticoid target and expresses both the glucocorticoid receptor (GR: Nr3c1) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR: Nr3c2). These nuclear steroid receptors act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Transcriptional effects of glucocorticoids have often been deduced from bulk mRNA measurements or spatially informed individual gene expression. However, only sparse data exists allowing insights on glucocorticoid-driven gene transcription at the cell type level. Here, we used publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data to assess the cell-type specificity of GR and MR signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus. The data confirmed that Nr3c1 and Nr3c2 expression differs across neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations. We analyzed co-expression with sex hormones receptors, transcriptional coregulators, and receptors for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Our results provide insights in the cellular basis of previous bulk mRNA results and allow the formulation of more defined hypotheses on the effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. G. Viho
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacobus C. Buurstede
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jari B. Berkhout
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics LaboratoryDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
- Leiden Computational Biology CenterLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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18
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Hollis F, Pope BS, Gorman-Sandler E, Wood SK. Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Link Social Stress to Depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 54:59-93. [PMID: 35184261 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating mental illness and a leading cause of global disease burden. While many etiological factors have been identified, social stress is a highly prevalent causative factor for the onset of depression. Unfortunately, rates of depression continue to increase around the world, and the recent COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated this mental health crisis. Though several therapeutic strategies are available, nearly 50% of patients who receive treatment never reach remission. The exact mechanisms by which social stress exposure promotes the development of depression are unclear, making it challenging to develop novel and more effective therapeutics. However, accumulating evidence points to a role for stress-induced neuroinflammation, particularly in treatment-resistant patients. Moreover, recent evidence has expanded the concept of the pathogenesis of depression to mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the combined effects of social stress on mitochondria and inflammation may synergize to facilitate stress-related depression. In this chapter, we review evidence for neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of social stress-induced depression and discuss these in the context of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Hollis
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brittany S Pope
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erin Gorman-Sandler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
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19
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Bougea A, Stefanis L, Chrousos G. Stress system and related biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 111:177-215. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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20
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Insulin-like Growth Factor II Prevents MPP+ and Glucocorticoid Mitochondrial-Oxidative and Neuronal Damage in Dopaminergic Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010041. [PMID: 35052545 PMCID: PMC8773450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress seems to contribute to Parkinson’s disease (PD) neuropathology, probably by dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Key factors in this pathophysiology are oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal glucocorticoid-induced toxicity. The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), a pleiotropic hormone, has shown antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in some neurodegenerative disorders. Our aim was to examine the protective effect of IGF-II on a dopaminergic cellular combined model of PD and mild to moderate stress measuring oxidative stress parameters, mitochondrial and neuronal markers, and signalling pathways. IGF-II counteracts the mitochondrial-oxidative damage produced by the toxic synergistic effect of corticosterone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, protecting dopaminergic neurons from death and neurodegeneration. IGF-II promotes PKC activation and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 antioxidant response in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent pathway, preventing oxidative cell damage and maintaining mitochondrial function. Thus, IGF-II is a potential therapeutic tool for treatment and prevention of disease progression in PD patients suffering mild to moderate emotional stress.
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21
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Gao J, Zhang W, Chai X, Tan X, Yang Z. Asparagine endopeptidase deletion ameliorates cognitive impairments by inhibiting proinflammatory microglial activation in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:120-130. [PMID: 34838642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to motor dysfunction, cognitive impairments have been reported to occur in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we examined a PD mouse model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). This treatment led to the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in mice, a phenomenon that is consistent with previous studies. Besides, spatial memory and object recognition of MPTP-treated mice were impaired, as denoted by the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, respectively. Moreover, hippocampal synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation and depotentiation) and the levels of synaptic proteins in hippocampus were decreased after MPTP treatment. We also found that MPTP resulted in the microglial activation and an inflammatory response in the striatum and hippocampus. Mammalian asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a cysteine lysosomal protease, is involved in the cleavage and activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The deletion of AEP can inhibit TLR4 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and TLR4 is upregulated in PD, inducing microglial activation and inflammation. We found that AEP deletion provided greater resistance to the toxic effects of MPTP. AEP knockout ameliorated the cognition and the synaptic plasticity defects in the hippocampus. Furthermore, AEP deletion decreased the expression of TLR4 and reduced microglial activation and the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, we suggest that AEP plays a role in the inflammation induced by MPTP, and TLR4 might also involve in this process. AEP deletion could be a possible treatment strategy for the cognitive deficits of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xueqing Chai
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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22
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Adhikarla SV, Jha NK, Goswami VK, Sharma A, Bhardwaj A, Dey A, Villa C, Kumar Y, Jha SK. TLR-Mediated Signal Transduction and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111373. [PMID: 34827372 PMCID: PMC8615980 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A special class of proteins called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential part of the innate immune system, connecting it to the adaptive immune system. There are 10 different Toll-Like Receptors that have been identified in human beings. TLRs are part of the central nervous system (CNS), showing that the CNS is capable of the immune response, breaking the long-held belief of the brain's "immune privilege" owing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These Toll-Like Receptors are present not just on the resident macrophages of the central nervous system but are also expressed by the neurons to allow them for the production of proinflammatory agents such as interferons, cytokines, and chemokines; the activation and recruitment of glial cells; and their participation in neuronal cell death by apoptosis. This study is focused on the potential roles of various TLRs in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 in AD and PD in human beings and a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Vishwanath Adhikarla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India;
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Anuradha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India;
| | - Chiara Villa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (Formerly NSIT, University of Delhi), New Delhi 110078, India;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (N.K.J.); (A.B.)
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham 2770, Australia;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (S.K.J.)
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23
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Picca A, Guerra F, Calvani R, Romano R, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Bucci C, Marzetti E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Protein Misfolding and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Roads to Biomarker Discovery. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101508. [PMID: 34680141 PMCID: PMC8534011 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease among older adults. PD neuropathology is marked by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the widespread accumulation of misfolded intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn). Genetic mutations and post-translational modifications, such as α-syn phosphorylation, have been identified among the multiple factors supporting α-syn accrual during PD. A decline in the clearance capacity of the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosomal systems, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, have been indicated as major pathophysiological mechanisms of PD neurodegeneration. The accrual of misfolded α-syn aggregates into soluble oligomers, and the generation of insoluble fibrils composing the core of intraneuronal Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites observed during PD neurodegeneration, are ignited by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS activate the α-syn aggregation cascade and, together with the Lewy bodies, promote neurodegeneration. However, the molecular pathways underlying the dynamic evolution of PD remain undeciphered. These gaps in knowledge, together with the clinical heterogeneity of PD, have hampered the identification of the biomarkers that may be used to assist in diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognostication. Herein, we illustrate the main pathways involved in PD pathogenesis and discuss their possible exploitation for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (E.M.)
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (E.M.)
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(06)-3015-5559; Fax: +39-(06)-3051-911
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.G.); (R.R.); (C.B.)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (E.M.)
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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24
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Kim T, Jeon J, Park JS, Park Y, Kim J, Noh H, Kim HS, Seo H. Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Inhibitor Ameliorates Inflammatory Responses and Behavioral Deficits in LRRK2 G2019S Parkinson's Disease Model Mice. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:483-491. [PMID: 34045367 PMCID: PMC8411029 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8), neutrophil collagenase, is a functional player in the progressive pathology of various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we administered an MMP-8 inhibitor (MMP-8i) in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S transgenic mice, to determine the effects of MMP-8i on PD pathology. We observed a significant increase of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive activated microglia in the striatum of LRRK2 G2019S mice compared to normal control mice, indicating enhanced neuro-inflammatory responses. The increased number of Iba1-positive activated microglia in LRRK2 G2019S PD mice was down-regulated by systemic administration of MMP-8i. Interestingly, this LRRK2 G2019S PD mice showed significantly reduced size of cell body area of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in SN region and MMP-8i significantly recovered cellular atrophy shown in PD model indicating distinct neuro-protective effects of MMP-8i. Furthermore, MMP-8i administration markedly improved behavioral abnormalities of motor balancing coordination in rota-rod test in LRRK2 G2019S mice. These data suggest that MMP-8i attenuates the pathological symptoms of PD through anti-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongwon Park
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooeui Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneul Noh
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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25
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Sierra-Fonseca JA, Hamdan JN, Cohen AA, Cardenas SM, Saucedo S, Lodoza GA, Gosselink KL. Neonatal Maternal Separation Modifies Proteostasis Marker Expression in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:661993. [PMID: 34447296 PMCID: PMC8383781 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.661993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to early-life stress (ELS) can persistently modify neuronal circuits and functions, and contribute to the expression of misfolded and aggregated proteins that are hallmarks of several neurodegenerative diseases. The healthy brain is able to clear dysfunctional proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Accumulating evidence indicates that impairment of these pathways contributes to enhanced protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. While stress is a known precipitant of neurological decline, few specific mechanistic links underlying this relationship have been identified. We hypothesized that neonatal maternal separation (MatSep), a well-established model of ELS, has the ability to alter the levels of UPS and ALP components in the brain, and thus has the potential to disrupt proteostasis. The expression of proteostasis-associated protein markers was evaluated by immunoblotting in the hippocampus and cortex of adult Wistar rats that were previously subjected to MatSep. We observed multiple sex- and MatSep-specific changes in the expression of proteins in the ALP, mitophagy, and UPS pathways, particularly in the hippocampus of adult animals. In contrast, MatSep had limited influence on proteostasis marker expression in the cortex of adult animals. Our results indicate that MatSep can selectively modify the intracellular protein degradation machinery in ways that may impact the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jameel N Hamdan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Alexis A Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States
| | - Sonia M Cardenas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sigifredo Saucedo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel A Lodoza
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Department of Physiology and Pathology, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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26
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Impact of Glucocorticoid on a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081106. [PMID: 34439724 PMCID: PMC8391158 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress seems to contribute to the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD), possibly by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Oxidative distress and mitochondrial dysfunction are key factors involved in the pathophysiology of PD and neuronal glucocorticoid-induced toxicity. Animal PD models have been generated to study the effects of hormonal stress, but no in vitro model has yet been developed. Our aim was to examine the impact of corticosterone (CORT) administration on a dopaminergic neuronal cell model of PD induced by the neurotoxin MPP+, as a new combined PD model based on the marker of endocrine response to stress, CORT, and oxidative-mitochondrial damage. We determined the impact of CORT, MPP+ and their co-incubation on reactive oxygen species production (O2-•), oxidative stress cellular markers (advanced-oxidation protein products and total antioxidant status), mitochondrial function (mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate) and neurodegeneration (Fluoro-Jade staining). Accordingly, the administration of MPP+ or CORT individually led to cell damage compared to controls (p < 0.05), as determined by several methods, whereas their co-incubation produced strong cell damage (p < 0.05). The combined model described here could be appropriate for investigating neuropathological hallmarks and for evaluating potential new therapeutic tools for PD patients suffering mild to moderate emotional stress.
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27
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Alexaki VI. The Impact of Obesity on Microglial Function: Immune, Metabolic and Endocrine Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071584. [PMID: 34201844 PMCID: PMC8307603 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy in combination with modern life style and high prevalence of obesity are important risk factors for development of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases, and microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are central players in it. The present review discusses the effects of obesity, chronic peripheral inflammation and obesity-associated metabolic and endocrine perturbations, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and increased glucocorticoid levels, on microglial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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28
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Lizama BN, Chu CT. Neuronal autophagy and mitophagy in Parkinson's disease. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100972. [PMID: 34130867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process by which cells can selectively or non-selectively remove damaged proteins and organelles. As the cell's main means of sequestering damaged mitochondria for removal, mitophagy is central to cellular function and survival. Research on autophagy and mitochondrial quality control has increased exponentially in relation to the pathogenesis of numerous disease conditions, from cancer and immune diseases to chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). Understanding how components of the autophagic/mitophagic machinery are affected during disease, as well as the contextual relationship of autophagy with determining neuronal health and function, is essential to the goal of designing therapies for human disease. In this review, we will summarize key signaling molecules that consign damaged mitochondria for autophagic degradation, describe the relationship of genes linked to PD to autophagy/mitophagy dysfunction, and discuss additional roles of both mitochondrial and cytosolic pools of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) in mitochondrial homeostasis, dendritic morphogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney N Lizama
- Dept of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Dept of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Protein Conformational Diseases and Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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29
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Tiwari RK, Moin A, Rizvi SMD, Shahid SMA, Bajpai P. Modulating neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration-related dementia: can microglial toll-like receptors pull the plug? Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:829-847. [PMID: 33704660 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration-associated dementia disorders (NADDs), namely Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, are developed by a significant portion of the elderly population globally. Extensive research has provided critical insights into the molecular basis of the pathological advancements of these diseases, but an efficient curative therapy seems elusive. A common attribute of NADDs is neuroinflammation due to a chronic inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS), which is primarily modulated by microglia. This response within the CNS is positively regulated by cytokines, chemokines, secondary messengers or cyclic nucleotides, and free radicals. Microglia mediated immune activation is regulated by a positive feedback loop in NADDs. The present review focuses on evaluating the crosstalk between inflammatory mediators and microglia, which aggravates both the clinical progression and extent of NADDs by forming a persistent chronic inflammatory milieu within the CNS. We also discuss the role of the human gut microbiota and its effect on NADDs as well as the suitability of targeting toll-like receptors for an immunotherapeutic intervention targeting the deflation of an inflamed milieu within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226026, India
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Monowar Alam Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Preeti Bajpai
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
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30
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Yuan T, Orock A, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Amygdala microglia modify neuronal plasticity via complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling and contribute to visceral pain in a rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G1081-G1092. [PMID: 33949202 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stress can trigger symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previously we demonstrated that chronic psychological stress induced microglial remodeling in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) and contributed to the development of visceral hypersensitivity via synaptic engulfment. However, the specific signaling mechanisms that microglia depend upon to recognize target neurons to facilitate visceral pain remain unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that the microglia in the CeA contribute to chronic stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity via complement C1q/C3-CR3 signaling-mediated synaptic remodeling. In male and female Fischer-344 rats, micropellets of corticosterone (CORT) or cholesterol (control) were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally onto the CeA. After 7 days, microglial C1q, complement receptor 3 (CR3) expression, and microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment were assessed via RNAscope, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence. The microglial inhibitor minocycline, CR3 antagonist neutrophil inhibitory factor (NIF), or vehicle were daily infused into the CeA following CORT implantations. Visceral sensitivity was assessed via a visceromotor response (VMR) to graded pressures of isobaric colorectal distension (CRD). Our results suggest that chronic exposure to elevated CORT in the CeA induced visceral hypersensitivity and amygdala microglial morphological remodeling. CORT increased microglial C1q and CR3 expression and increased microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment. Both groups of animals with minocycline or NIF infusions reversed microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling and attenuated CORT-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that C1q/C3-CR3 signaling is critical for microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling in the CeA and contributes to CORT-induced visceral hypersensitivity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) show altered amygdala activity. We showed previously that stress induces visceral hypersensitivity partially through microglia-modulated synaptic plasticity in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Our current data suggest that the C1q/C3-CR3 cascade initiates microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling in the CeA. Blocking C3-CR3 interaction attenuates stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. These findings uncover a role of microglia-synapse signaling in the brain-gut regulation and support a future therapeutic target to treat visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yuan
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Albert Orock
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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31
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Ma C, Hunt JB, Kovalenko A, Liang H, Selenica MLB, Orr MB, Zhang B, Gensel JC, Feola DJ, Gordon MN, Morgan D, Bickford PC, Lee DC. Myeloid Arginase 1 Insufficiency Exacerbates Amyloid-β Associated Neurodegenerative Pathways and Glial Signatures in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: A Targeted Transcriptome Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628156. [PMID: 34046031 PMCID: PMC8144303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain myeloid cells, include infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia, play an essential role in responding to and inducing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) implicate many AD casual and risk genes enriched in brain myeloid cells. Coordinated arginine metabolism through arginase 1 (Arg1) is critical for brain myeloid cells to perform biological functions, whereas dysregulated arginine metabolism disrupts them. Altered arginine metabolism is proposed as a new biomarker pathway for AD. We previously reported Arg1 deficiency in myeloid biased cells using lysozyme M (LysM) promoter-driven deletion worsened amyloidosis-related neuropathology and behavioral impairment. However, it remains unclear how Arg1 deficiency in these cells impacts the whole brain to promote amyloidosis. Herein, we aim to determine how Arg1 deficiency driven by LysM restriction during amyloidosis affects fundamental neurodegenerative pathways at the transcriptome level. By applying several bioinformatic tools and analyses, we found that amyloid-β (Aβ) stimulated transcriptomic signatures in autophagy-related pathways and myeloid cells' inflammatory response. At the same time, myeloid Arg1 deficiency during amyloidosis promoted gene signatures of lipid metabolism, myelination, and migration of myeloid cells. Focusing on Aβ associated glial transcriptomic signatures, we found myeloid Arg1 deficiency up-regulated glial gene transcripts that positively correlated with Aβ plaque burden. We also observed that Aβ preferentially activated disease-associated microglial signatures to increase phagocytic response, whereas myeloid Arg1 deficiency selectively promoted homeostatic microglial signature that is non-phagocytic. These transcriptomic findings suggest a critical role for proper Arg1 function during normal and pathological challenges associated with amyloidosis. Furthermore, understanding pathways that govern Arg1 metabolism may provide new therapeutic opportunities to rebalance immune function and improve microglia/macrophage fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jerry B. Hunt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Andrii Kovalenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Huimin Liang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Maj-Linda B. Selenica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael B. Orr
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David J. Feola
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marcia N. Gordon
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel C. Lee
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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32
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Nerius M, Haenisch B, Gomm W, Doblhammer G, Schneider A. Glucocorticoid Therapy is Associated with a Lower Risk of Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:175-183. [PMID: 31771051 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates an important role for neuroinflammation in the pathological cascade of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neuroinflammation is increasingly being recognized as a potential therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of glucocorticoids on the risk of developing dementia. METHODS We used health insurance data of the largest German health insurer from 2004-2013 with a baseline sample of 176,485 persons aged 50 years and older to study the association of glucocorticoid treatment and incidence of dementia. Cox proportional-hazard models were calculated adjusting for sex, age, and comorbidities known to be major risk factors for dementia and were given as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We further stratified glucocorticoid treatment by route of application and treatment duration. RESULTS Of the 176,485 dementia-free persons, 19,938 were diagnosed with dementia by the end of 2013. The risk of suffering from dementia was significantly lower for glucocorticoid users compared to non-users (HR = 0.81, CI = 0.78-0.84). The lowest risk was found among users of inhaled glucocorticoid (HR = 0.65, CI = 0.57-0.75), followed by nasal (HR = 0.76, CI = 0.66-0.87), other (HR = 0.84, CI = 0.80-0.88), and oral users (HR = 0.83, CI = 0.78-0.88). We found no difference in risk reduction between long- and short-term-users. CONCLUSION Longitudinal German health insurance data indicate that the use of glucocorticoids is associated with a lower risk of dementia. Prospective clinical trials will be necessary to determine whether glucocorticoids can have a positive impact on neuroinflammation and thus protect persons against dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nerius
- Rostock Center for the Study of Demographic Change, Rostock, Germany.,University of Rostock, Institute for Sociology and Demography, Rostock, Germany
| | - Britta Haenisch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Willy Gomm
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Doblhammer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Rostock Center for the Study of Demographic Change, Rostock, Germany.,University of Rostock, Institute for Sociology and Demography, Rostock, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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33
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Choi GE, Han HJ. Glucocorticoid impairs mitochondrial quality control in neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105301. [PMID: 33609641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to high energy demand and an inability to proliferate. Therefore, dysfunctional mitochondria cause various neuropathologies. Mitochondrial damage induces maintenance pathways to repair or eliminate damaged organelles. This mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system maintains appropriate morphology, localization, and removal/replacement of mitochondria to sustain brain homeostasis and counter progression of neurological disorders. Glucocorticoid release is an essential response to stressors for adaptation; however, it often culminates in maladaptation if neurons are exposed to chronic and severe stress. Long-term exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids induces mitochondrial dysfunction via genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Glucocorticoids induce abnormal mitochondrial morphology and dysregulate fusion and fission. Moreover, mitochondrial trafficking is arrested by glucocorticoids and dysfunctional mitochondria are subsequently accumulated around the soma. These alterations lead to energy deficiency, particularly for synaptic transmission that requires large amounts of energy. Glucocorticoids also impair mitochondrial clearance by preventing mitophagy of damaged organelle and suppress mitochondrial biogenesis, resulting in the reduced number of healthy mitochondria. Failure to maintain MQC degrades brain function and contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, mechanisms of glucocorticoid action on the regulation of MQC during chronic stress conditions are not well understood. The present review discusses pathways involved in the impairment of MQC and the clinical significance of high glucocorticoid blood levels for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Euhn Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Tipton PW, Stanley ER, Chitu V, Wszolek ZK. Is Pre-Symptomatic Immunosuppression Protective in CSF1R-Related Leukoencephalopathy? Mov Disord 2021; 36:852-856. [PMID: 33590562 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Tipton
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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35
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Picard K, St-Pierre MK, Vecchiarelli HA, Bordeleau M, Tremblay MÈ. Neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory and pathological outcomes of chronic stress: A story of microglial remodeling. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104987. [PMID: 33587954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophage cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are involved in a myriad of processes required to maintain CNS homeostasis. These cells are dynamic and can adapt their phenotype and functions to the physiological needs of the organism. Microglia rapidly respond to changes occurring in their microenvironment, such as the ones taking place during stress. While stress can be beneficial for the organism to adapt to a situation, it can become highly detrimental when it turns chronic. Microglial response to prolonged stress may lead to an alteration of their beneficial physiological functions, becoming either maladaptive or pro-inflammatory. In this review, we aim to summarize the effects of chronic stress exerted on microglia through the neuroendocrine system and inflammation at adulthood. We also discuss how these effects of chronic stress could contribute to microglial involvement in neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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36
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Ma C, Hunt JB, Selenica MLB, Sanneh A, Sandusky-Beltran LA, Watler M, Daas R, Kovalenko A, Liang H, Placides D, Cao C, Lin X, Orr MB, Zhang B, Gensel JC, Feola DJ, Gordon MN, Morgan D, Bickford PC, Lee DC. Arginase 1 Insufficiency Precipitates Amyloid- β Deposition and Hastens Behavioral Impairment in a Mouse Model of Amyloidosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:582998. [PMID: 33519806 PMCID: PMC7840571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) includes several hallmarks comprised of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau neuropathology, inflammation, and memory impairment. Brain metabolism becomes uncoupled due to aging and other AD risk factors, which ultimately lead to impaired protein clearance and aggregation. Increasing evidence indicates a role of arginine metabolism in AD, where arginases are key enzymes in neurons and glia capable of depleting arginine and producing ornithine and polyamines. However, currently, it remains unknown if the reduction of arginase 1 (Arg1) in myeloid cell impacts amyloidosis. Herein, we produced haploinsufficiency of Arg1 by the hemizygous deletion in myeloid cells using Arg1fl/fl and LysMcreTg/+ mice crossed with APP Tg2576 mice. Our data indicated that Arg1 haploinsufficiency promoted Aβ deposition, exacerbated some behavioral impairment, and decreased components of Ragulator-Rag complex involved in mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and autophagy. Additionally, Arg1 repression and arginine supplementation both impaired microglial phagocytosis in vitro. These data suggest that proper function of Arg1 and arginine metabolism in myeloid cells remains essential to restrict amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jerry B Hunt
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Maj-Linda B Selenica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Awa Sanneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Leslie A Sandusky-Beltran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Mallory Watler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Rana Daas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Andrii Kovalenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Huimin Liang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Devon Placides
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Michael B Orr
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David J Feola
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Marcia N Gordon
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Dave Morgan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Paula C Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Daniel C Lee
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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37
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Bogie JFJ, Grajchen E, Wouters E, Corrales AG, Dierckx T, Vanherle S, Mailleux J, Gervois P, Wolfs E, Dehairs J, Van Broeckhoven J, Bowman AP, Lambrichts I, Gustafsson JÅ, Remaley AT, Mulder M, Swinnen JV, Haidar M, Ellis SR, Ntambi JM, Zelcer N, Hendriks JJA. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 impairs the reparative properties of macrophages and microglia in the brain. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133840. [PMID: 32097464 PMCID: PMC7201924 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of remyelination underlies the progressive nature of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Macrophages and microglia are crucially involved in the formation and repair of demyelinated lesions. Here we show that myelin uptake temporarily skewed these phagocytes toward a disease-resolving phenotype, while sustained intracellular accumulation of myelin induced a lesion-promoting phenotype. This phenotypic shift was controlled by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), an enzyme responsible for the desaturation of saturated fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids generated by SCD1 reduced the surface abundance of the cholesterol efflux transporter ABCA1, which in turn promoted lipid accumulation and induced an inflammatory phagocyte phenotype. Pharmacological inhibition or phagocyte-specific deficiency of Scd1 accelerated remyelination ex vivo and in vivo. These findings identify SCD1 as a novel therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elien Grajchen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elien Wouters
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Aida Garcia Corrales
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tess Dierckx
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jo Mailleux
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gervois
- Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Andrew P Bowman
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Monique Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Shane R Ellis
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Noam Zelcer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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38
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Liao JF, Cheng YF, You ST, Kuo WC, Huang CW, Chiou JJ, Hsu CC, Hsieh-Li HM, Wang S, Tsai YC. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 alleviates neurodegenerative progression in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:26-46. [PMID: 32739365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is strongly associated with bidirectional pathways in the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), and psychobiotics may inhibit PD progression. We previously reported that the novel psychobiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 (PS128), ameliorated abnormal behaviors and modulated neurotransmissions in dopaminergic pathways in rodent models. Here, we report that orally administering PS128 for 4 weeks significantly alleviated the motor deficits, elevation in corticosterone, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal death, and striatal dopamine reduction in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrathydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse models. PS128 ingestion suppressed glial cell hyperactivation and increased norepinephrine and neurotrophic factors in the striatum of the PD-model mice. PS128 administration also attenuated MPTP-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal pathway. Fecal analysis showed that PS128 modulated the gut microbiota. L. plantarum abundance was significantly increased along with methionine biosynthesis-related microbial modules. PS128 also suppressed the increased family Enterobacteriaceae and lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis-related microbial modules caused by MPTP. In conclude, PS128 ingestion alleviated MPTP-induced motor deficits and neurotoxicity.PS128 supplementation inhibited neurodegenerative processes in PD-model mice and may help prevent PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fu Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Fang Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Bened Biomedical Co. Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei City 104, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ting You
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Wei Huang
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Jie Chiou
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Chieh Hsu
- Bened Biomedical Co. Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei City 104, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Section 4, Tingchow Rd., Wenshan Dist., Taipei City 116, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sabrina Wang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC.
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39
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Lyu J, Jiang X, Leak RK, Shi Y, Hu X, Chen J. Microglial Responses to Brain Injury and Disease: Functional Diversity and New Opportunities. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:474-495. [PMID: 33128703 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As an integral part of the innate immune system of the brain, resident microglia must react rapidly to the onset of brain injury and neurological disease. These dynamic cells then continue to shift their phenotype along a multidimensional continuum with overlapping pro- and anti-inflammatory states, allowing them to adapt to microenvironmental changes during the progression of brain disorders. However, the ability of microglia to shift phenotype through nimble molecular, structural, and functional changes comes at a cost, as the extreme pro-inflammatory states may prevent these professional phagocytes from clearing toxic debris and secreting tissue-repairing neurotrophic factors. Evolution has strongly favored heterogeneity in microglia in both the spatial and temporal dimensions-they can assume diverse roles in different brain regions, throughout the course of brain development and aging, and during the spatiotemporal progression of brain injuries and neurological diseases. Age and sex differences add further diversity to microglia functional status under physiological and pathological conditions. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of microglia with emphases on molecular mediators of phenotype shifts and functional diversity. We describe microglia-targeted therapeutic opportunities, including pharmacologic modulation of phenotype and repopulation of the brain with fresh microglia. With the advent of powerful new tools, research on microglia has recently accelerated in pace and may translate into potential therapeutics against brain injury and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Lyu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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40
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Huang L, Li B, Li X, Liu G, Liu R, Guo J, Xu B, Li Y, Fang W. Significance and Mechanisms of P-glycoprotein in Central Nervous System Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1141-1155. [PMID: 30854958 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190308144448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a member of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter family. Because of its characteristic luminal surface location, high transport potency and structural specificity, Pgp is regarded as a selective gatekeeper of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) to prevent the entry of toxins or unwanted substances into the brain. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that P-gp is involved in the immune inflammatory response in the Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders by regulating microglia activation, and mediating immune cell migration. Furthermore, Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) may play a crucial role in P-gp-mediated microglia activation and immune cell migration via GR-mediated mRNA decay. In this article, we will review P-gp structure, distribution, function, regulatory mechanisms, inhibitors and effects of P-gp in the pathogenesis of several CNS diseases and will discuss the role of P-gp in microglia activation, immune cell migration and the relationship with cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ge Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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41
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Duitama M, Vargas-López V, Casas Z, Albarracin SL, Sutachan JJ, Torres YP. TRP Channels Role in Pain Associated With Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:782. [PMID: 32848557 PMCID: PMC7417429 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) are cation channels expressed in both non-excitable and excitable cells from diverse tissues, including heart, lung, and brain. The TRP channel family includes 28 isoforms activated by physical and chemical stimuli, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and noxious stimuli. Recently, it has been shown that TRP channels are also directly or indirectly activated by reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and TRP channels are involved in the progression of those diseases by mechanisms involving changes in the crosstalk between Ca2+ regulation, oxidative stress, and production of inflammatory mediators. TRP channels involved in nociception include members of the TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, and TRPC subfamilies that transduce physical and chemical noxious stimuli. It has also been reported that pain is a complex issue in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and adequate management of pain in those conditions is still in discussion. TRPV1 has a role in neuroinflammation, a critical mechanism involved in neurodegeneration. Therefore, some studies have considered TRPV1 as a target for both pain treatment and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, this review aimed to describe the TRP-dependent mechanism that can mediate pain sensation in neurodegenerative diseases and the therapeutic approach available to palliate pain and neurodegenerative symptoms throughout the regulation of these channels.
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42
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Sugama S, Kakinuma Y. Stress and brain immunity: Microglial homeostasis through hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland axis and sympathetic nervous system. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100111. [PMID: 34589871 PMCID: PMC8474505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress has been well documented to bring about various clinical disorders, ranging from neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson’s (PD) and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD), to metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus. Importantly, microglia, immunocompetent cells in the brain, have been shown to be involved in these clinical disorders. In the recent studies aiming to clarify the microglial responses, microglia are found to be quite responsive to stressful events, such as acute, subchronic, chronic stress, and social defeat stress. However, the mechanisms of these stress response on microglial activation have been not fully understood. In response to stress exposure, both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are simultaneously activated, with the former inducing glucocorticoids (GCs) and the latter noradrenaline (NA), respectively. However, the effects of these stress-induced GCs and NA have not been consistent. The GCs, conventionally known to act on microglia as immunosuppressant, is also reported to act on it as stimulator. Similarly, the NA has been reported to act on microglia as stimulator or inhibitor depending on environmental conditions. Since any kinds of stress upregulate the HPA axis and SNS, with the levels of upregulation variable depending on the stress type, it is plausible that microglia is closely regulated by these two stress pathways. In this review, we discuss the microglial responses induced by various stresses as well as the possible mechanism by which stress induces microglial activation. The present study introduces the mechanism by which microglial activation occurs following acute stress. The present study suggests that microglial activation may be regulated through the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. The present study suggests that microglia may be inhibited by glucocorticoids, while activated by noradrenaline under physiological conditions. The present study suggests the hypothesis that the HPA axis may interact with sympathetic nervous system to maintain microglial homeostasis.
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43
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Huang M, Li Y, Tian T, Wang K, Wang Y, Yan W, Yang H. Knockdown of TLR4 Represses the Paraquat-Induced Neuroinflammation and Microglial M1 Polarization. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:741-750. [PMID: 32734565 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is associated with multiple nervous system disorders including Parkinson's disease. Despite the evidence that PQ could induce inflammatory responses in the central nervous system and largely contribute to neurotoxicity, the mechanisms of PQ-induced neuroinflammation are not yet fully understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) could recognize various pathogens and initiate inflammation processes. Therefore, we investigated the role of TLR4 in PQ-induced neuroinflammation by using murine microglial immortalized BV-2 cell line. Normal microglia and TLR4-knockdown microglia were treated with PQ to evaluate signal transduction molecular expression, inflammatory responses, and microglial functions. Compared with normal microglia, PQ-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced in TLR4-knockdown microglia. Levels of M1 markers were decreased, while levels of M2 markers were increased upon PQ exposure, confirming that TLR4 depletion inhibited the microglial M1 polarization. Besides, the migration and phagocytosis capability reduced by PQ were to some extent recovered in TLR4-knockdown microglia. Taken together, our results suggested that TLR4 mediated the neuroinflammatory responses in microglia and the depletion of TLR4 protects against PQ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yingying Li
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Tian Tian
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Weiguang Yan
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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44
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Liver hydrolysate prevents depressive-like behavior in an animal model of colitis: Involvement of hippocampal neurogenesis via the AMPK/BDNF pathway. Behav Brain Res 2020; 390:112640. [PMID: 32434062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have higher rates of psychiatric pathology, including anxiety and depression. The dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mouse is a well-characterized animal model of colitis that exhibits IBD-like and depressive-like changes. A recent study found that phosphorylated (p-) adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was associated with anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. Our previous research in an animal model of major depression suggests that liver hydrolysate (LH) has an antidepressant effect and combats physical fatigue by enhancement via the hippocampal or peripheral p-AMPK pathway. In this study, we examined whether or not LH has antidepressant and anti-inflammatory effects in mice with DSS-induced changes. We evaluated colon inflammation in DSS-treated mice and used the tail suspension and forced swimming tests to confirm whether or not LH prevents IBD-like symptoms and depressive-like behavior. Hippocampal expression of AMPK, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), doublecortin, and neuronal nuclear antigen proteins was assessed by Western blotting. Hippocampal neurogenesis and morphometric changes in the microglia and astrocytes were examined by immunohistochemistry. DSS-treated mice showed IBD-like pathology and depressive-like behavior, a reduction in the hippocampal neuronal nuclear antigen level and neurogenesis, and increased hippocampal activation of microglia and astrocytes. These changes were reversed by LH. DSS-treated mice showed enhanced hippocampal expression of p-AMPK and BDNF after administration of LH. LH prevented depressive-like behavior by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis through the AMPK/BDNF pathway and anti-neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. LH may be a therapeutic option for patients with IBD and depression.
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45
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Hirsch EC, Standaert DG. Ten Unsolved Questions About Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:16-24. [PMID: 32357266 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive and debilitating disorder that has so far eluded attempts to develop disease-modifying treatment. Both epidemiological and genetic studies support a role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Postmortem studies and experimental analyses suggest the involvement of both innate and adaptive immunity in the degenerative process. There is also some circumstantial evidence for effects of immune therapies on the disease. In the present article, we review 10 unanswered questions related to neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease with the goal of stimulating research in the field and accelerating the clinical development of neuroprotective therapies based on anti-inflammatory strategies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne C Hirsch
- Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1127, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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46
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Dey R, Bishayi B. Dexamethasone along with ciprofloxacin modulates S. aureus induced microglial inflammation via glucocorticoid (GC)-GC receptor-mediated pathway. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104227. [PMID: 32360190 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglial inflammation is the hallmark of S. aureus induced brain abscesses. Conventional antibiotic therapy could not regulate inflammation and the use of steroids in CNS infection remained controversial. To address this issue the effect of dexamethasone along with ciprofloxacin on microglial inflammation has been attempted both in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) opened and blocked condition. We have investigated the effects of ciprofloxacin (0.24 μg/ml, pre-treatment) and dexamethasone (150 nM, pre-treatment) in combination with murine microglia infected with S. aureus for 30, 60 and 90 min by either keeping GR opened or blocked with GR antagonist RU486. Alterations in cellular motility, intracellular killing assay, free radical production, antioxidant enzyme activities, corticosterone, and cytokine levels were determined. The expressions of TLR-2, GR, and other inflammatory markers were determined in terms of this combinatorial treatment. Combination treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the bacterial burden of microglia only when GR remained open and effectively suppressed S. aureus induced oxidative stress by augmenting SOD and catalase enzyme activity and suppressing other pro-inflammatory markers at 90 min. Arginase activity, a critical determinant of microglial polarization was found to be higher after treatment at 60 and 90 min. This situation was reversed when this combination treatment was applied by keeping GR blocked using GR antagonist RU486. Therefore, it can be concluded that combination treatment of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone could regulate S. aureus induced microglial activation, in the presence of functional GR via utilizing glucocorticoid (GC)-GR pathway and ultimately confers protection to the host from brain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India.
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47
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Wang X, Chi J, Huang D, Ding L, Zhao X, Jiang L, Yu Y, Gao F. α-synuclein promotes progression of Parkinson's disease by upregulating autophagy signaling pathway to activate NLRP3 inflammasome. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:931-938. [PMID: 32010254 PMCID: PMC6966172 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism by which α-synuclein affects the progression of Parkinson's disease through Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3) was explored. Peripheral blood plasma of 40 Parkinson's disease patients and 40 normal healthy people attending the department of neurology of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University were collected from March 2018 to January 2019. The expression levels of oligomers, phosphorylated α-synuclein, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) in plasma were detected by ELISA. Astrocytes in mouse brain tissues were extracted by primary culture method, the cells were divided into drug group and the drug + inhibitor group. After adding 0, 5, 10 and 20 µg oligomerized α-synuclein or 5 mM autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), the expression level of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and Atg5 proteins in the cells was detected. The expression level of IL-1β in peripheral blood of PD patients was significantly increased (0.604±0.136 µmol/l vs. 1.876±0.327 µmol/l, P=0.002), while there was no significant difference between IL-6 and TGF-α. Both oligomers (0.171±0.045 µmol/l vs. 0.676±0.084 µmol/l, P<0.0001) and phosphorylated α-synuclein (0.128±0.041 µmol/l vs. 0.849±0.108 µmol/l, P<0.0001) in peripheral blood of PD patients were significantly elevated. The expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in mouse astrocytes all increased with the increase of the concentration of oligomerized α-synuclein, and Atg5 protein expression also increased gradually with the concentration, and reached the highest level when the concentration was 10 µg/ml. The expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β were inhibited after the addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. α-synuclein mediates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in PD patients by upregulating Atg5 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Jinghong Chi
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Di Huang
- The 8th Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Qiqihar City, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Li Ding
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Lai Jiang
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
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48
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Toll-like receptors and their therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease and α-synucleinopathies. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:41-51. [PMID: 31271873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors which mediate an inflammatory response upon the detection of specific molecular patterns found on foreign organisms and on endogenous damage-related molecules. These receptors play a major role in the activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, and are also expressed in peripheral tissues, including blood mononuclear cells and the gut. It is well established that immune activation, in both the brain and periphery, is a feature of Parkinson's disease as well as other α-synucleinopathies. Aggregated forms of α-synuclein can act as ligands for TLRs (particularly TLR2 and TLR4), and hence these receptors may play a critical role in mediating a detrimental immune response to this protein, as well as other inflammatory signals in Parkinson's and related α-synucleinopathies. In this review, the potential role of TLRs in contributing to the progression of these disorders is discussed. Existing evidence comes predominantly from studies in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as analyses of postmortem human brain tissue and pre-clinical studies of TLR inhibitors. This evidence is evaluated in detail, and the potential for therapeutic intervention in α-synucleinopathies through TLR inhibition is discussed.
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49
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Vanpouille-Box C, Hoffmann JA, Galluzzi L. Pharmacological modulation of nucleic acid sensors - therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:845-867. [PMID: 31554927 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensors, primarily TLR and RLR family members, as well as cGAS-STING signalling, play a critical role in the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis. Accordingly, deregulated nucleic acid sensing contributes to the origin of a diverse range of disorders, including infectious diseases, as well as cardiovascular, autoimmune and neoplastic conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that normalizing aberrant nucleic acid sensing can mediate robust therapeutic effects. However, targeting nucleic acid sensors with pharmacological agents, such as STING agonists, presents multiple obstacles, including drug-, target-, disease- and host-related issues. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of this therapeutic paradigm and highlight key limitations and possible strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jules A Hoffmann
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UPR 9022, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, France.,Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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50
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Krashia P, Cordella A, Nobili A, La Barbera L, Federici M, Leuti A, Campanelli F, Natale G, Marino G, Calabrese V, Vedele F, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B, Di Lazzaro G, Schirinzi T, Sancesario G, Casadei N, Riess O, Bernardini S, Pisani A, Calabresi P, Viscomi MT, Serhan CN, Chiurchiù V, D'Amelio M, Mercuri NB. Blunting neuroinflammation with resolvin D1 prevents early pathology in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3945. [PMID: 31477726 PMCID: PMC6718379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and may contribute to midbrain dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration. Recent studies link chronic inflammation with failure to resolve early inflammation, a process operated by specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvins. However, the effects of stimulating the resolution of inflammation in PD – to modulate disease progression – still remain unexplored. Here we show that rats overexpressing human α-synuclein (Syn) display altered DA neuron properties, reduced striatal DA outflow and motor deficits prior to nigral degeneration. These early alterations are coupled with microglia activation and perturbations of inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators, namely IFN-γ and resolvin D1 (RvD1). Chronic and early RvD1 administration in Syn rats prevents central and peripheral inflammation, as well as neuronal dysfunction and motor deficits. We also show that endogenous RvD1 is decreased in human patients with early-PD. Our results suggest there is an imbalance between neuroinflammatory and pro-resolving processes in PD. Resolvins are endogenous lipids with pro-resolving activity. Here the authors find that rats overexpressing human α-synuclein show defects in dopamine signalling before dopamine cell loss, and that this is associated with low Resolvin D1 levels and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Krashia
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Cordella
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nobili
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia La Barbera
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Federici
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Natale
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia Marino
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Calabrese
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francescangelo Vedele
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Philosophy, Human, Social and Educational Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Lazzaro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Schirinzi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Sancesario
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 06156, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles Nicholas Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Department of Science and Technology for Humans and Environment, University Campus Bio-medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00133, Rome, Italy.
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