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Bendif EM, Probert I, Archontikis OA, Young JR, Beaufort L, Rickaby RE, Filatov D. Rapid diversification underlying the global dominance of a cosmopolitan phytoplankton. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:630-640. [PMID: 36747097 PMCID: PMC10030636 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton play important roles in the global ecosystem, with a limited number of cosmopolitan keystone species driving their biomass. Recent studies have revealed that many of these phytoplankton are complexes composed of sibling species, but little is known about the evolutionary processes underlying their formation. Gephyrocapsa huxleyi, a widely distributed and abundant unicellular marine planktonic algae, produces calcified scales (coccoliths), thereby significantly affects global biogeochemical cycles via sequestration of inorganic carbon. This species is composed of morphotypes defined by differing degrees of coccolith calcification, the evolutionary ecology of which remains unclear. Here, we report an integrated morphological, ecological and genomic survey across globally distributed G. huxleyi strains to reconstruct evolutionary relationships between morphotypes in relation to their habitats. While G. huxleyi has been considered a single cosmopolitan species, our analyses demonstrate that it has evolved to comprise at least three distinct species, which led us to formally revise the taxonomy of the G. huxleyi complex. Moreover, the first speciation event occurred before the onset of the last interglacial period (~140 ka), while the second followed during this interglacial. Then, further rapid diversifications occurred during the most recent ice-sheet expansion of the last glacial period and established morphotypes as dominant populations across environmental clines. These results suggest that glacial-cycle dynamics contributed to the isolation of ocean basins and the segregations of oceans fronts as extrinsic drivers of micro-evolutionary radiations in extant marine phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mahdi Bendif
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada.
| | - Ian Probert
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS, Roscoff Culture Collection, FR2424 Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Odysseas A Archontikis
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Jeremy R Young
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luc Beaufort
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Dmitry Filatov
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Silva CARE, de Godoy Fernandes LV, de Souza FES, Marotta H, da Costa Fernandes F, Mello TMS, Monteiro NSC, Rocha AA, Coutinho R, de Almeida Fernandes LD, Damasceno RN, Dos Santos LC. Carbonate system in the Cabo Frio upwelling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5292. [PMID: 37002339 PMCID: PMC10066196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantitative assessment of the carbonate system represents one of the biggest challenges toward the "Sustainable Development Goals" defined by the United Nations in 2015. In this sense, the present study investigated the Spatio-temporal dynamics of the carbonate system and the effects of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena over the Cabo Frio upwelling area. The physical characterization of the site was carried out through data on wind speed and sea surface temperature. Water samples were also collected during the oceanographic cruise onboard the Diadorim R/V (Research Vessel). From these samples, the parameters of absolute and practical salinity, density, pH, total alkalinity, carbonate, calcite, aragonite, bicarbonate dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon dioxide, partial pressure of carbon, calcium, and total boron were obtained. The highest average concentration of bicarbonate in S1 (2018 µmol/kg) seems to contribute to the dissolved inorganic carbon values (2203 µmol/kg). The values of calcite saturation state, aragonite saturation state, and carbonate were higher on the surface of each station (calcite saturation state = 4.80-5.48; aragonite saturation state = 3.10-3.63, and carbonate = 189-216 µmol/kg). The mean values of pH were similar in the day/night samples (7.96/7.97). The whole carbonate system was calculated through thermodynamic modeling with the Marine Chemical Analysis (AQM) program loaded with the results of the following parameters: temperature, salinity, total alkalinity, and pH parameters. This manuscript presents original data on the carbonate system and the "acidification" process influenced by the Cabo Frio upwelling, which directly depends on the El Niño and La Niña phenomena oscillations in the sea surface temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Ramos E Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Dynamics of Oceans and Earth, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24230-971, Brazil.
- Department of Marine Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 59075-970, Brazil.
- Center for Study of Water, Biomass, and Oil (NAB), Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24210-330, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Humberto Marotta
- Center for Study of Water, Biomass, and Oil (NAB), Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24210-330, Brazil
- Sedimentary and Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPSA), Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24210-346, Brazil
| | | | - Thaise Machado Senez Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Dynamics of Oceans and Earth, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, 24230-971, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Araújo Rocha
- Center for Study of Water, Biomass, and Oil (NAB), Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24210-330, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Admiral Paulo Moreira Marine Research Institute, Arraial do Cabo, 28930-000, Brazil
| | | | - Raimundo Nonato Damasceno
- Center for Study of Water, Biomass, and Oil (NAB), Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24210-330, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Caetano Dos Santos
- Ecosystems and Global Change Laboratory (LEMG), International Laboratory of Global Change (LINCGlobal), Niterói, Brazil
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3
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Johns CT, Bondoc-Naumovitz KG, Matthews A, Matson PG, Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Taylor AR, Fuchs HL, Bidle KD. Adsorptive exchange of coccolith biominerals facilitates viral infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc8728. [PMID: 36662866 PMCID: PMC9858585 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine coccolithophores are globally distributed, unicellular phytoplankton that produce nanopatterned, calcite biominerals (coccoliths). These biominerals are synthesized internally, deposited into an extracellular coccosphere, and routinely released into the external medium, where they profoundly affect the global carbon cycle. The cellular costs and benefits of calcification remain unresolved. Here, we show observational and experimental evidence, supported by biophysical modeling, that free coccoliths are highly adsorptive biominerals that readily interact with cells to form chimeric coccospheres and with viruses to form "viroliths," which facilitate infection. Adsorption to cells is mediated by organic matter associated with the coccolith base plate and varies with biomineral morphology. Biomineral hitchhiking increases host-virus encounters by nearly an order of magnitude and can be the dominant mode of infection under stormy conditions, fundamentally altering how we view biomineral-cell-virus interactions in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Johns
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Matthews
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Paul G. Matson
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | | | - Alison R. Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Heidi L. Fuchs
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kay D. Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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4
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Ramos e Silva CA, Monteiro NSC, Cavalcante LM, Junior WT, Rocha Carneiro ME, Soares de Souza FE, Borges Garcia CA, Damasceno RN, de Araújo Rocha A. Inventory of water masses and carbonate system from Brazilian’s northeast coast: Monitoring ocean acidification. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271875. [PMID: 35881635 PMCID: PMC9321457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript presents an inventory of the carbonate system from the main water masses comprising the marine current system on Brazil’s northeast coast (South Atlantic Ocean). For this purpose, four transects were conducted with an approximate length of 357 km (each one) through the platform and continental slope of the Sergipe–Alagoas sedimentary basin. Water samples were then collected in vertical profiles measuring from 5 to 1,799 meters depth, totaling 34 stations. Total alkalinity, calcium, and total boron were obtained analytically from these samples and by relationships with salinity. Speciation and concentration of the carbonate system were obtained by means of thermodynamic modeling. The results revealed that the empirical models used to calculate the concentrations of TA, calcium and total boron showed relevant variation when compared to the analytical values (TA: 5.0–6.5%; Ca: 0.4–4.8%; BT: 7.0–18.9%). However, the speciation and concentration of the carbonate system (CA, DIC, CO32−, CO2(aq), ΩCalc, and ΩArag) obtained from the empirical values of TA, calcium and total boron did not differ significantly from those obtained analytically (0.0–6.1%). On the other hand, the parameters of pH, HCO3‐, CO3(aq)2‐, CO2(aq), ρCO2, ΩCalc, and ΩArag varied significantly within the different water masses (p < 0.05). This study supports and encourages acidification monitoring projects in the South Atlantic Ocean, based on modeling the carbonate system parameters generated in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Ramos e Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Oceans and Earth Dynamics, Geosciences Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Marine Biology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Center of Studies on Water, Biomass, and Oil—NAB, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole Silva Caliman Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Oceans and Earth Dynamics, Geosciences Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Miranda Cavalcante
- Research and Development Center—Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waldemar Tavares Junior
- Research and Development Center—Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Eulália Rocha Carneiro
- Research and Development Center—Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES), Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavo Elano Soares de Souza
- Agricultural School of Jundiaí, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Jundiaí District, Macaíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Borges Garcia
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Sergipe, University District Professor José Aloísio de Campos, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Nonato Damasceno
- Center of Studies on Water, Biomass, and Oil—NAB, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Araújo Rocha
- Center of Studies on Water, Biomass, and Oil—NAB, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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5
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Vázquez V, León P, Gordillo FJL, Jiménez C, Concepción I, Mackenzie K, Bresnan E, Segovia M. High-CO 2 Levels Rather than Acidification Restrict Emiliania huxleyi Growth and Performance. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02035-3. [PMID: 35624343 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi shows a variety of responses to ocean acidification (OA) and to high-CO2 concentrations, but there is still controversy on differentiating between these two factors when using different strains and culture methods. A heavily calcified type A strain isolated from the Norwegian Sea was selected and batch cultured in order to understand whether acclimation to OA was mediated mainly by CO2 or H+, and how it impacted cell growth performance, calcification, and physiological stress management. Emiliania huxleyi responded differently to each acidification method. CO2-enriched aeration (1200 µatm, pH 7.62) induced a negative effect on the cells when compared to acidification caused by decreasing pH alone (pH 7.60). The growth rates of the coccolithophore were more negatively affected by high pCO2 than by low pH without CO2 enrichment with respect to the control (400 µatm, pH 8.1). High CO2 also affected cell viability and promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was not observed under low pH. This suggests a possible metabolic imbalance induced by high CO2 alone. In contrast, the affinity for carbon uptake was negatively affected by both low pH and high CO2. Photochemistry was only marginally affected by either acidification method when analysed by PAM fluorometry. The POC and PIC cellular quotas and the PIC:POC ratio shifted along the different phases of the cultures; consequently, calcification did not follow the same pattern observed in cell stress and growth performance. Specifically, acidification by HCl addition caused a higher proportion of severely deformed coccoliths, than CO2 enrichment. These results highlight the capacity of CO2 rather than acidification itself to generate metabolic stress, not reducing calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Vázquez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Pablo León
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Francisco J L Gordillo
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iñiguez Concepción
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kevin Mackenzie
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK
| | - María Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Boulevard Louis Pasteur S/N, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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6
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Ofstad S, Zamelczyk K, Kimoto K, Chierici M, Fransson A, Rasmussen TL. Shell density of planktonic foraminifera and pteropod species Limacina helicina in the Barents Sea: Relation to ontogeny and water chemistry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249178. [PMID: 33909623 PMCID: PMC8081242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktonic calcifiers, the foraminiferal species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma and Turborotalita quinqueloba, and the thecosome pteropod Limacina helicina from plankton tows and surface sediments from the northern Barents Sea were studied to assess how shell density varies with depth habitat and ontogenetic processes. The shells were measured using X-ray microcomputed tomography (XMCT) scanning and compared to the physical and chemical properties of the water column including the carbonate chemistry and calcium carbonate saturation of calcite and aragonite. Both living L. helicina and N. pachyderma increased in shell density from the surface to 300 m water depth. Turborotalita quinqueloba increased in shell density to 150-200 m water depth. Deeper than 150 m, T. quinqueloba experienced a loss of density due to internal dissolution, possibly related to gametogenesis. The shell density of recently settled (dead) specimens of planktonic foraminifera from surface sediment samples was compared to the living fauna and showed a large range of dissolution states. This dissolution was not apparent from shell-surface texture, especially for N. pachyderma, which tended to be both thicker and denser than T. quinqueloba. Dissolution lowered the shell density while the thickness of the shell remained intact. Limacina helicina also increase in shell size with water depth and thicken the shell apex with growth. This study demonstrates that the living fauna in this specific area from the Barents Sea did not suffer from dissolution effects. Dissolution occurred after death and after settling on the sea floor. The study also shows that biomonitoring is important for the understanding of the natural variability in shell density of calcifying zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Ofstad
- CAGE–Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Zamelczyk
- CAGE–Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katsunori Kimoto
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | | | - Tine Lander Rasmussen
- CAGE–Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Gebühr C, Sheward RM, Herrle JO, Bollmann J. Strain-specific morphological response of the dominant calcifying phytoplankton species Emiliania huxleyi to salinity change. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246745. [PMID: 33571269 PMCID: PMC7877742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The future physiology of marine phytoplankton will be impacted by a range of changes in global ocean conditions, including salinity regimes that vary spatially and on a range of short- to geological timescales. Coccolithophores have global ecological and biogeochemical significance as the most important calcifying marine phytoplankton group. Previous research has shown that the morphology of their exoskeletal calcified plates (coccoliths) responds to changing salinity in the most abundant coccolithophore species, Emiliania huxleyi. However, the extent to which these responses may be strain-specific is not well established. Here we investigated the growth response of six strains of E. huxleyi under low (ca. 25) and high (ca. 45) salinity batch culture conditions and found substantial variability in the magnitude and direction of response to salinity change across strains. Growth rates declined under low and high salinity conditions in four of the six strains but increased under both low and high salinity in strain RCC1232 and were higher under low salinity and lower under high salinity in strain PLYB11. When detailed changes in coccolith and coccosphere size were quantified in two of these strains that were isolated from contrasting salinity regimes (coastal Norwegian low salinity of ca. 30 and Mediterranean high salinity of ca. 37), the Norwegian strain showed an average 26% larger mean coccolith size at high salinities compared to low salinities. In contrast, coccolith size in the Mediterranean strain showed a smaller size trend (11% increase) but severely impeded coccolith formation in the low salinity treatment. Coccosphere size similarly increased with salinity in the Norwegian strain but this trend was not observed in the Mediterranean strain. Coccolith size changes with salinity compiled for other strains also show variability, strongly suggesting that the effect of salinity change on coccolithophore morphology is likely to be strain specific. We propose that physiological adaptation to local conditions, in particular strategies for plasticity under stress, has an important role in determining ecotype responses to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gebühr
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rosie M. Sheward
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens O. Herrle
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Bollmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Coccolith mass and morphology of different Emiliania huxleyi morphotypes: A critical examination using Canary Islands material. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230569. [PMID: 32218602 PMCID: PMC7101162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different morphotypes of the abundant marine calcifying algal species Emiliania huxleyi are commonly linked to various degrees of E. huxleyi calcification, but few studies have been done to validate this assumption. This study investigated therefore whether E. huxleyi morphotypes can be related to coccolithophore calcification and coccolith mass. Samples from January (high productivity) and September (low productivity) 1997 at an open ocean and a coastal site near the Canary Islands were analysed using a combination of thickness measurements (Circular Polarizer Retardation estimates (CPR) method), Scanning Electron Microscope imaging, and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) models. Mean E. huxleyi coccolith mass varied from a maximum of 2.9pg at the open ocean station in January to a minimum of 1.7pg in September at both stations. In contrast, overall calcite produced by E. huxleyi (assuming 23 coccoliths/cell) varied from a maximum of 2.6 μgL-1 at the coastal station in January to a minimum of 0.5 μgL-1 in September at the open ocean site. The relative abundance of “Overcalcified” Type A, Type A, Group B and malformed coccoliths was determined from SEM images. The mean coccolith mass of “Overcalcified” Type A was 2.0pg using the CPR-method, while mean mass of Type A and Group B coccoliths was determined using coccolith length measurements from SEM images and MCMC models relating thickness measurements to morphotype relative abundance. Type A cocccolith mass varied from a 1.6pg to 2.6pg and Group B coccolith mass varied from 1.5pg to 2.0pg. These results demonstrate that the coccolith mass of Type A, “Overcalcified” Type A, and Group B do not differ systematically and there is no systematic relationship between relative abundance of a morphotype and the overall calcite production of E. huxleyi. Therefore, morphotype appearance and relative abundance can not be uniformly used as reliable indicators of E. huxleyi calcification or calcite production.
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9
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Full annual monitoring of Subantarctic Emiliania huxleyi populations reveals highly calcified morphotypes in high-CO 2 winter conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2594. [PMID: 32054880 PMCID: PMC7018777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification is expected to have detrimental consequences for the most abundant calcifying phytoplankton species Emiliania huxleyi. However, this assumption is mainly based on laboratory manipulations that are unable to reproduce the complexity of natural ecosystems. Here, E. huxleyi coccolith assemblages collected over a year by an autonomous water sampler and sediment traps in the Subantarctic Zone were analysed. The combination of taxonomic and morphometric analyses together with in situ measurements of surface-water properties allowed us to monitor, with unprecedented detail, the seasonal cycle of E. huxleyi at two Subantarctic stations. E. huxleyi subantarctic assemblages were composed of a mixture of, at least, four different morphotypes. Heavier morphotypes exhibited their maximum relative abundances during winter, coinciding with peak annual TCO2 and nutrient concentrations, while lighter morphotypes dominated during summer, coinciding with lowest TCO2 and nutrients levels. The similar seasonality observed in both time-series suggests that it may be a circumpolar feature of the Subantarctic zone. Our results challenge the view that ocean acidification will necessarily lead to a replacement of heavily-calcified coccolithophores by lightly-calcified ones in subpolar ecosystems, and emphasize the need to consider the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on the probable succession of morphotypes.
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10
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Linge Johnsen SA, Bollmann J, Gebuehr C, Herrle JO. Relationship between coccolith length and thickness in the coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220725. [PMID: 31381588 PMCID: PMC6681965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccolith mass is an important parameter for estimating coccolithophore contribution to carbonate sedimentation, organic carbon ballasting and coccolithophore calcification. Single coccolith mass is often estimated based on the ks model, which assumes that length and thickness increase proportionally. To evaluate this assumption, this study compared coccolith length, thickness, and mass of seven Emiliania huxleyi strains and one Gephyrocapsa oceanica strain grown in 25, 34, and 44 salinity artificial seawater. While coccolith length increased with salinity in four E. huxleyi strains, thickness did not increase significantly with salinity in three of these strains. Only G. oceanica showed a consistent increase in length with salinity that was accompanied by an increase in thickness. Coccolith length and thickness was also not correlated in 14 of 24 individual experiments, and in the experiments in which there was a positive relationship r2 was low (<0.4). Because thickness did not increase with length in E. huxleyi, the increase in mass was less than expected from the ks model, and thus, mass can not be accurately estimated from coccolith length alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Bollmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Gebuehr
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens O. Herrle
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Beuvier T, Probert I, Beaufort L, Suchéras-Marx B, Chushkin Y, Zontone F, Gibaud A. X-ray nanotomography of coccolithophores reveals that coccolith mass and segment number correlate with grid size. Nat Commun 2019; 10:751. [PMID: 30765698 PMCID: PMC6375944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccolithophores of the Noëlaerhabdaceae family are covered by imbricated coccoliths, each composed of multiple calcite crystals radially distributed around the periphery of a grid. The factors that determine coccolith size remain obscure. Here, we used synchrotron-based three-dimensional Coherent X-ray Diffraction Imaging to study coccoliths of 7 species of Gephyrocapsa, Emiliania and Reticulofenestra with a resolution close to 30 nm. Segmentation of 45 coccoliths revealed remarkable size, mass and segment number variations, even within single coccospheres. In particular, we observed that coccolith mass correlates with grid perimeter which scales linearly with crystal number. Our results indirectly support the idea that coccolith mass is determined in the coccolith vesicle by the size of the organic base plate scale (OBPS) around which R-unit nucleation occurs every 110–120 nm. The curvation of coccoliths allows inference of a positive correlation between cell nucleus, OBPS and coccolith sizes. Coccolithophores are one of the most abundant phytoplankton and calcifying organisms, well-known to produce intricate calcareous exoskeletons made of coccoliths. Here the authors show, by using X-ray nanotomography, the dependence of the grid size on the calcite nucleation site number and on the mass of coccoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Beuvier
- LUNAM, IMMM, UMR 6283 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, 72085, Le MANS Cedex 09, France. .,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - I Probert
- Sorbonne Université / CNRS, Roscoff Culture Collection, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - L Beaufort
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - B Suchéras-Marx
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Y Chushkin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - F Zontone
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71, avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - A Gibaud
- LUNAM, IMMM, UMR 6283 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, 72085, Le MANS Cedex 09, France.
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12
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Current CaCO 3 dissolution at the seafloor caused by anthropogenic CO 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11700-11705. [PMID: 30373837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804250115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 leads to decreased pH, carbonate ion concentration, and saturation state with respect to CaCO3 minerals, causing increased dissolution of these minerals at the deep seafloor. This additional dissolution will figure prominently in the neutralization of man-made CO2 However, there has been no concerted assessment of the current extent of anthropogenic CaCO3 dissolution at the deep seafloor. Here, recent databases of bottom-water chemistry, benthic currents, and CaCO3 content of deep-sea sediments are combined with a rate model to derive the global distribution of benthic calcite dissolution rates and obtain primary confirmation of an anthropogenic component. By comparing preindustrial with present-day rates, we determine that significant anthropogenic dissolution now occurs in the western North Atlantic, amounting to 40-100% of the total seafloor dissolution at its most intense locations. At these locations, the calcite compensation depth has risen ∼300 m. Increased benthic dissolution was also revealed at various hot spots in the southern extent of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Our findings place constraints on future predictions of ocean acidification, are consequential to the fate of benthic calcifiers, and indicate that a by-product of human activities is currently altering the geological record of the deep sea.
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13
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D’Amario B, Ziveri P, Grelaud M, Oviedo A. Emiliania huxleyi coccolith calcite mass modulation by morphological changes and ecology in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201161. [PMID: 30040853 PMCID: PMC6057672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the response of marine calcifying organisms under high CO2 scenarios, it is critical to study their calcification patterns in the natural environment. This paper focuses on a major calcifying phytoplankton group, the coccolithophores, through the analysis of water samples collected along a W-E Mediterranean transect during two research cruises, in April 2011 (Meteor cruise M84/3) and May 2013 (MedSeA cruise 2013). The Mediterranean Sea is a marginal sea characterized by large biogeochemical gradients. Currently, it is undergoing both warming and ocean acidification, processes which are rapidly modifying species distribution and calcification. The species Emiliania huxleyi largely dominates the total coccolithophore production in present day oceans and marine basins, including the Mediterranean Sea. A series of morphometric measurements were performed on the coccoliths of this species to estimate their mass, length and calculate a calcification index (proxy for the size-normalized calcification degree). The most abundant morphotype of E. huxleyi in the Mediterranean Sea is Type A. Coccoliths of this morphotype were additionally analyzed based on scanning electron microscopy images: four calcification varieties were quantified, according to the relationship between slit length-tube width, and the state of the central area (open or closed). The average E. huxleyi coccolith mass along the Mediterranean oceanographic transect depended strongly on both the average coccolith length and calcification index. The variability in average coccolith length and calcification index across samples reflected oscillations in the relative abundance of the calcification varieties. We also demonstrated that the distribution of the calcification varieties followed the main environmental gradients (carbonate chemistry, salinity, temperature, nutrient concentrations). Hence, shifts in the distribution of the calcification varieties and of the average E. huxleyi coccolith mass are to be expected in the Mediterranean Sea under climate change. These physiological and ecological responses will modulate the net coccolithophore calcification and, ultimately, the regional carbonate export to the seafloor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D’Amario
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail: (BD); (PZ)
| | - Patrizia Ziveri
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (BD); (PZ)
| | - Michaël Grelaud
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angela Oviedo
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
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14
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Balch WM. The Ecology, Biogeochemistry, and Optical Properties of Coccolithophores. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:71-98. [PMID: 29298138 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are major contributors to phytoplankton communities and ocean biogeochemistry and are strong modulators of the optical field in the sea. New discoveries are changing paradigms about these calcifiers. A new role for silicon in coccolithophore calcification is coupling carbonate and silicon cycles. Phosphorus and iron play key roles in regulating coccolithophore growth. Comparing molecular phylogenies with coccolith morphometrics is forcing the reconciliation of biological and geological observations. Mixotrophy may be a possible life strategy for deep-dwelling species, which has ramifications for biological pump and alkalinity pump paradigms. Climate, ocean temperatures, and pH appear to be affecting coccolithophores in unexpected ways. Global calcification is approximately 1-3% of primary productivity and affects CO2 budgets. New measurements of the backscattering cross section of coccolithophores have improved satellite-based algorithms and their application in case I and case II optical waters. Remote sensing has allowed the detection of basin-scale coccolithophore features in the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Balch
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, USA;
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15
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Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Jones BM, Blanco-Ameijeiras S, Greaves M, Huete-Ortega M, Lebrato M. Physiological responses of coccolithophores to abrupt exposure of naturally low pH deep seawater. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181713. [PMID: 28750008 PMCID: PMC5531516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upwelling is the process by which deep, cold, relatively high-CO2, nutrient-rich seawater rises to the sunlit surface of the ocean. This seasonal process has fueled geoengineering initiatives to fertilize the surface ocean with deep seawater to enhance productivity and thus promote the drawdown of CO2. Coccolithophores, which inhabit many upwelling regions naturally 'fertilized' by deep seawater, have been investigated in the laboratory in the context of ocean acidification to determine the extent to which nutrients and CO2 impact their physiology, but few data exist in the field except from mesocosms. Here, we used the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (north Atlantic Ocean) Observatory to retrieve seawater from depths with elevated CO2 and nutrients, mimicking geoengineering approaches. We tested the effects of abrupt natural deep seawater fertilization on the physiology and biogeochemistry of two strains of Emiliania huxleyi of known physiology. None of the strains tested underwent cell divisions when incubated in waters obtained from <1,000 m (pH = 7.99-8.08; CO2 = 373-485 p.p.m; 1.5-12 μM nitrate). However, growth was promoted in both strains when cells were incubated in seawater from ~1,000 m (pH = 7.9; CO2 ~560 p.p.m.; 14-17 μM nitrate) and ~4,800 m (pH = 7.9; CO2 ~600 p.p.m.; 21 μM nitrate). Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP 88E showed no differences in growth rate or in cellular content or production rates of particulate organic (POC) and inorganic (PIC) carbon and cellular particulate organic nitrogen (PON) between treatments using water from 1,000 m and 4,800 m. However, despite the N:P ratio of seawater being comparable in water from ~1,000 and ~4,800 m, the PON production rates were three times lower in one incubation using water from ~1,000 m compared to values observed in water from ~4,800 m. Thus, the POC:PON ratios were threefold higher in cells that were incubated in ~1,000 m seawater. The heavily calcified strain NZEH exhibited lower growth rates and PIC production rates when incubated in water from ~4,800 m compared to ~1,000 m, while cellular PIC, POC and PON were higher in water from 4,800 m. Calcite Sr/Ca ratios increased with depth despite constant seawater Sr/Ca, indicating that upwelling changes coccolith geochemistry. Our study provides the first experimental and field trial of a geoengineering approach to test how deep seawater impacts coccolithophore physiological and biogeochemical properties. Given that coccolithophore growth was only stimulated using waters obtained from >1,000 m, artificial upwelling using shallower waters may not be a suitable approach for promoting carbon sequestration for some locations and assemblages, and should therefore be investigated on a site-by-site basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America.,Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan M Jones
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Sonia Blanco-Ameijeiras
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mervyn Greaves
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Huete-Ortega
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield United Kingdom.,Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Mario Lebrato
- Department of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel (CAU), Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Lucey NM, Lombardi C, Florio M, DeMarchi L, Nannini M, Rundle S, Gambi MC, Calosi P. An in situ assessment of local adaptation in a calcifying polychaete from a shallow CO 2 vent system. Evol Appl 2016; 9:1054-1071. [PMID: 27695515 PMCID: PMC5039320 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) is likely to exert selective pressure on natural populations. Our ability to predict which marine species will adapt to OA and what underlies this adaptive potential is of high conservation and resource management priority. Using a naturally low‐pH vent site in the Mediterranean Sea (Castello Aragonese, Ischia) mirroring projected future OA conditions, we carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment to investigate the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in two populations of the sessile, calcifying polychaete Simplaria sp. (Annelida, Serpulidae, Spirorbinae): one residing in low pH and the other from a nearby ambient (i.e. high) pH site. We measured a suite of fitness‐related traits (i.e. survival, reproductive output, maturation, population growth) and tube growth rates in laboratory‐bred F2 generation individuals from both populations reciprocally transplanted back into both ambient and low‐pH in situ habitats. Both populations showed lower expression in all traits, but increased tube growth rates, when exposed to low‐pH compared with high‐pH conditions, regardless of their site of origin suggesting that local adaptation to low‐pH conditions has not occurred. We also found comparable levels of plasticity in the two populations investigated, suggesting no influence of long‐term exposure to low pH on the ability of populations to adjust their phenotype. Despite high variation in trait values among sites and the relatively extreme conditions at the low pH site (pH < 7.36), response trends were consistent across traits. Hence, our data suggest that, for Simplaria and possibly other calcifiers, neither local adaptations nor sufficient phenotypic plasticity levels appear to suffice in order to compensate for the negative impacts of OA on long‐term survival. Our work also emphasizes the utility of field experiments in natural environments subjected to high level of pCO2 for elucidating the potential for adaptation to future scenarios of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle M Lucey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia PaviaItaly; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK
| | | | - Maurizio Florio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa Spezia Italy
| | - Lucia DeMarchi
- CNR-ISMARLa Spezia Italy; Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Matteo Nannini
- Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Department of Biology University of Pisa Pisa Italy
| | - Simon Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK
| | - Maria Cristina Gambi
- Department Integrative Marine Ecology Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn" Ischia Napoli Italy
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski Quebec Canada
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17
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Monteiro FM, Bach LT, Brownlee C, Bown P, Rickaby REM, Poulton AJ, Tyrrell T, Beaufort L, Dutkiewicz S, Gibbs S, Gutowska MA, Lee R, Riebesell U, Young J, Ridgwell A. Why marine phytoplankton calcify. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501822. [PMID: 27453937 PMCID: PMC4956192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcifying marine phytoplankton-coccolithophores- are some of the most successful yet enigmatic organisms in the ocean and are at risk from global change. To better understand how they will be affected, we need to know "why" coccolithophores calcify. We review coccolithophorid evolutionary history and cell biology as well as insights from recent experiments to provide a critical assessment of the costs and benefits of calcification. We conclude that calcification has high energy demands and that coccolithophores might have calcified initially to reduce grazing pressure but that additional benefits such as protection from photodamage and viral/bacterial attack further explain their high diversity and broad spectrum ecology. The cost-benefit aspect of these traits is illustrated by novel ecosystem modeling, although conclusive observations remain limited. In the future ocean, the trade-off between changing ecological and physiological costs of calcification and their benefits will ultimately decide how this important group is affected by ocean acidification and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny M. Monteiro
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Lennart T. Bach
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Paul Bown
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rosalind E. M. Rickaby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Alex J. Poulton
- Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Toby Tyrrell
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Luc Beaufort
- Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE), 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha Gibbs
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Magdalena A. Gutowska
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Renee Lee
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Ulf Riebesell
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeremy Young
- Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Andy Ridgwell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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18
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Feistel R, Wielgosz R, Bell SA, Camões MF, Cooper JR, Dexter P, Dickson AG, Fisicaro P, Harvey AH, Heinonen M, Hellmuth O, Kretzschmar HJ, Lovell-Smith JW, McDougall TJ, Pawlowicz R, Ridout P, Seitz S, Spitzer P, Stoica D, Wolf H. Metrological challenges for measurements of key climatological observables: Oceanic salinity and pH, and atmospheric humidity. Part 1: Overview. METROLOGIA 2016; 53:R1-R11. [PMID: 26900179 PMCID: PMC4759657 DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water in its three ambient phases plays the central thermodynamic role in the terrestrial climate system. Clouds control Earth's radiation balance, atmospheric water vapour is the strongest "greenhouse" gas, and non-equilibrium relative humidity at the air-sea interface drives evaporation and latent heat export from the ocean. On climatic time scales, melting ice caps and regional deviations of the hydrological cycle result in changes of seawater salinity, which in turn may modify the global circulation of the oceans and their ability to store heat and to buffer anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide. In this paper, together with three companion articles, we examine the climatologically relevant quantities ocean salinity, seawater pH and atmospheric relative humidity, noting fundamental deficiencies in the definitions of those key observables, and their lack of secure foundation on the International System of Units, the SI. The metrological histories of those three quantities are reviewed, problems with their current definitions and measurement practices are analysed, and options for future improvements are discussed in conjunction with the recent seawater standard TEOS-10. It is concluded that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM, in cooperation with the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS, along with other international organisations and institutions, can make significant contributions by developing and recommending state-of-the-art solutions for these long standing metrological problems in climatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Feistel
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), D-18119 Warnemünde, Germany
| | - R Wielgosz
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312 Sèvres Cedex France
| | - S A Bell
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - M F Camões
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon (FCUL), 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J R Cooper
- Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL), Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - P Dexter
- Bureau of Meteorology (ABN), GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - A G Dickson
- University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA
| | - P Fisicaro
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - A H Harvey
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80305-3337, USA
| | - M Heinonen
- MIKES Metrology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tekniikantie 1, FI-02151 Espoo, Finland
| | - O Hellmuth
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - H-J Kretzschmar
- Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences (HSZG), D-02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - J W Lovell-Smith
- Measurement Standards Laboratory (MSL), PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - T J McDougall
- University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Pawlowicz
- University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - P Ridout
- Ocean Scientific International Ltd. (OSIL), Culkin House, Penner Road, Havant, PO9 1QN, UK
| | - S Seitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P Spitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D Stoica
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - H Wolf
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Bolton CT, Hernández-Sánchez MT, Fuertes MÁ, González-Lemos S, Abrevaya L, Mendez-Vicente A, Flores JA, Probert I, Giosan L, Johnson J, Stoll HM. Decrease in coccolithophore calcification and CO2 since the middle Miocene. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10284. [PMID: 26762469 PMCID: PMC4735581 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are instrumental in carbon cycling and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) regulation. One group, coccolithophores, uses carbon to photosynthesize and to calcify, covering their cells with chalk platelets (coccoliths). How ocean acidification influences coccolithophore calcification is strongly debated, and the effects of carbonate chemistry changes in the geological past are poorly understood. This paper relates degree of coccolith calcification to cellular calcification, and presents the first records of size-normalized coccolith thickness spanning the last 14 Myr from tropical oceans. Degree of calcification was highest in the low-pH, high-CO2 Miocene ocean, but decreased significantly between 6 and 4 Myr ago. Based on this and concurrent trends in a new alkenone ɛp record, we propose that decreasing CO2 partly drove the observed trend via reduced cellular bicarbonate allocation to calcification. This trend reversed in the late Pleistocene despite low CO2, suggesting an additional regulator of calcification such as alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Bolton
- Geology Department, Oviedo University, Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM34, 13545 Aix en Provence, France
| | | | - Miguel-Ángel Fuertes
- Grupo de Geociencias Oceánicas, Geology Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - Saúl González-Lemos
- Geology Department, Oviedo University, Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lorena Abrevaya
- Geology Department, Oviedo University, Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Mendez-Vicente
- Geology Department, Oviedo University, Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - José-Abel Flores
- Grupo de Geociencias Oceánicas, Geology Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - Ian Probert
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, FR2424, Roscoff Culture Collection, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Liviu Giosan
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, MS# 22, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, USA
| | - Joel Johnson
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Earth Sciences, 56 College Road, James Hall, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3589, USA
| | - Heather M. Stoll
- Geology Department, Oviedo University, Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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20
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Rivero-Calle S, Gnanadesikan A, Del Castillo CE, Balch WM, Guikema SD. Multidecadal increase in North Atlantic coccolithophores and the potential role of rising CO2. Science 2015; 350:1533-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Kelly MW, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Hofmann GE. Natural variation and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2536-46. [PMID: 23661315 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly growing body of literature documents the potential negative effects of CO2 -driven ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms. However, nearly all this work has focused on the effects of future conditions on modern populations, neglecting the role of adaptation. Rapid evolution can alter demographic responses to environmental change, ultimately affecting the likelihood of population persistence, but the capacity for adaptation will differ among populations and species. Here, we measure the capacity of the ecologically important purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to adapt to OA, using a breeding experiment to estimate additive genetic variance for larval size (an important component of fitness) under future high-pCO2 /low-pH conditions. Although larvae reared under future conditions were smaller than those reared under present-day conditions, we show that there is also abundant genetic variation for body size under elevated pCO2 , indicating that this trait can evolve. The observed heritability of size was 0.40 ± 0.32 (95% CI) under low pCO2 , and 0.50 ± 0.30 under high-pCO2 conditions. Accounting for the observed genetic variation in models of future larval size and demographic rates substantially alters projections of performance for this species in the future ocean. Importantly, our model shows that after incorporating the effects of adaptation, the OA-driven decrease in population growth rate is up to 50% smaller, than that predicted by the 'no-adaptation' scenario. Adults used in the experiment were collected from two sites on the coast of the Northeast Pacific that are characterized by different pH regimes, as measured by autonomous sensors. Comparing results between sites, we also found subtle differences in larval size under high-pCO2 rearing conditions, consistent with local adaptation to carbonate chemistry in the field. These results suggest that spatially varying selection may help to maintain genetic variation necessary for adaptation to future OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Ecology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA.
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Jones BM, Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Skipp PJ, Edwards RJ, Greaves MJ, Young JR, Elderfield H, O'Connor CD. Responses of the Emiliania huxleyi proteome to ocean acidification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61868. [PMID: 23593500 PMCID: PMC3625171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification due to rising atmospheric CO2 is expected to affect the physiology of important calcifying marine organisms, but the nature and magnitude of change is yet to be established. In coccolithophores, different species and strains display varying calcification responses to ocean acidification, but the underlying biochemical properties remain unknown. We employed an approach combining tandem mass-spectrometry with isobaric tagging (iTRAQ) and multiple database searching to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in cells of the marine coccolithophore species Emiliania huxleyi (strain NZEH) between two CO2 conditions: 395 (∼current day) and ∼1340 p.p.m.v. CO2. Cells exposed to the higher CO2 condition contained more cellular particulate inorganic carbon (CaCO3) and particulate organic nitrogen and carbon than those maintained in present-day conditions. These results are linked with the observation that cells grew slower under elevated CO2, indicating cell cycle disruption. Under high CO2 conditions, coccospheres were larger and cells possessed bigger coccoliths that did not show any signs of malformation compared to those from cells grown under present-day CO2 levels. No differences in calcification rate, particulate organic carbon production or cellular organic carbon: nitrogen ratios were observed. Results were not related to nutrient limitation or acclimation status of cells. At least 46 homologous protein groups from a variety of functional processes were quantified in these experiments, of which four (histones H2A, H3, H4 and a chloroplastic 30S ribosomal protein S7) showed down-regulation in all replicates exposed to high CO2, perhaps reflecting the decrease in growth rate. We present evidence of cellular stress responses but proteins associated with many key metabolic processes remained unaltered. Our results therefore suggest that this E. huxleyi strain possesses some acclimation mechanisms to tolerate future CO2 scenarios, although the observed decline in growth rate may be an overriding factor affecting the success of this ecotype in future oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan M Jones
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Kelly
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara; California; 93106-9620; USA
| | - Gretchen E. Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara; California; 93106-9620; USA
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