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Liu Y, Liu J, Xiao J, Ye J, Guo L, Yan C. Metrological traceable calibration of organic carbon and elemental carbon based on laboratory-generated reference materials. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 149:524-534. [PMID: 39181664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Carbonaceous aerosol, including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), has significant influence on human health, air quality and climate change. Accurate measurement of carbonaceous aerosol is essential to reduce the uncertainty of radiative forcing estimation and source apportionment. The accurate separation of OC and EC is controversial due to the charring of OC. Therefore, the development of reference materials (RM) for the validation of OC/EC separation is an important basis for further study. Previous RMs were mainly based on ambient air sampling, which could not provide traceability of OC and EC concentration. To develop traceable RMs with known OC/EC contents, our study applied an improved aerosol generation and mixing technique, providing uniform deposition of particles on quartz filters. To generate OC aerosol with similar pyrolytic property of ambient aerosol, both water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) were used, and amorphous carbon was selected for EC surrogate. The RMs were analyzed using different protocols. The homogeneity within the filter was validated, reaching below 2%. The long-term stability of RMs has been validated with RSD ranged from 1.7%-3.2%. Good correlation was observed between nominal concentration of RMs with measured concentration by two protocols, while the difference of EC concentration was within 20%. The results indicated that the newly developed RMs were acceptable for the calibration of OC and EC, which could improve the accuracy of carbonaceous aerosol measurement. Moreover, the laboratory-generated EC-RMs could be suitable for the calibration of equivalent BC concentration by Aethalometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology China, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology China, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ji Xiao
- Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology China, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Lixu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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2
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Cai D, Li C, Lin J, Sun W, Zhang M, Wang T, Abudumutailifu M, Lyu Y, Huang X, Li X, Chen J. Comparative study of atmospheric brown carbon at Shanghai and the East China Sea: Molecular characterization and optical properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173782. [PMID: 38848916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The pollution burdens and compositions of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) that determine their impacts on climate-health-ecosystems have not been well studied, particularly in some mega-economic coastal areas. Herein, atmospheric BrC samples synchronously collected from urban Shanghai (SH) and Huaniao Island (HNI) in the East China Sea during winter were characterized through ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-HRMS). The three polarity-dependent BrC fractions exhibited significant differences in both light absorption and chromophore composition. The average light absorption coefficients of BrC subfractions at 365 nm in SH were 2.6-3.7 times higher than those in HNI. The water-insoluble BrC (WIS-BrC) and humic-likes BrC (HULIS-BrC) dominated the total BrC absorption in SH (45 ± 7 %) and HNI (43 ± 6 %), respectively. Compared with SH, the higher O/Cw, lower molecule conjugation degree, and reduced mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365) in HNI imply a potential bleaching mechanism during the transportation oxidation process. Thousands of BrC chromophores were detected at both sites. >20 major chromophores with strong absorption were unambiguously identified in HULIS-BrC and accounted for ∼40 % of the HULIS light absorption at 365 nm at both sites. These chromophores in SH HULIS-BrC featured oxygenated aromatics and nitroaromatics, while alkyl benzenesulfonic acids with emissions from cargo ships were found in HNI HULIS-BrC. Moreover, 22 major chromophores identified in WIS-BrC included alkaloids, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and carbonyl oxygenated PAHs, contributing 39 % and 49 % of the WIS-BrC light absorption at 365 nm in SH and HNI, respectively. Ascertaining the molecular-specific optical properties of BrC chromophores over the mega-economic coastal area is helpful for the predictive understanding of the sources and evolution of BrC, as well as its atmospheric behavior from land to sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jingxin Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Department of Research, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Munila Abudumutailifu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaojuan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China..
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China..
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3
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Katoch A, Abbass M, Chen YW, Ho TPT, Fan CF, Cheng YH. Applying the total carbon-black carbon approach method to investigate the characteristics of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols in ambient PM 2.5 in northern Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 936:173476. [PMID: 38788950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) comprises a diverse array of carbonaceous species, and the impact of carbonaceous aerosols (CA) extends to both long-term and short-term effects on human health and the environment. Understanding the distinctive composition of CA is crucial for gaining insights into the origins of airborne particulate matter. Due to their diverse physicochemical properties and intricate heterogeneous reactions, CA often exhibits temporal and spatial variations. Ground-based and highly time-resolved apportionment methods play a vital role in discerning CA emissions. This study utilized high-time resolution data of total carbon (TC) and black carbon (BC) for CA apportionment in northern Taiwan. The advanced numerical model (TC-BC(λ)), coupled with continuous measurement data, facilitated CA allocation based on optical absorption characteristics, organic or elemental carbon composition, and the distinction between primary and secondary origins. Primary carbonaceous aerosols dominated the monitoring site, accounting for 67.5 % compared to the 32.5 % contribution from secondary forms of CA. The summer season exhibited a maximum increase in secondary organic aerosols (SOA) at 41.5 %. Diurnal variations for primary emissions, such as BCc and primary organic aerosols (POA), showed marked peaks for BCff and POAnon-abs during morning rush hours. In contrast, BCbb and POABrC displayed bimodal peaks with increased concentrations during evening hours. Conversely, SOA exhibited significantly different diurnal trends, with SOABrC peaking late at night due to aqueous phased reactions and a noontime peak of SOAnon-abs observed due to photo-oxidation processes. Furthermore, the study employed backward trajectory analysis and concentration-weighted trajectories (CWTs) to examine the long-range transport of CA, identifying potential sources, origins, and transport patterns of CA components to the receptor site in Taiwan during different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Katoch
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Muneer Abbass
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Ho
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Fan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan.
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4
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Chen P, Kang S, Hu Y, Pu T, Liu Y, Wang S, Rai M, Wang K, Tripathee L, Li C. South and Southeast Asia controls black carbon characteristics of Meili Snow Mountains in southeast Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172262. [PMID: 38583605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
South and Southeast Asia (SSA) emitted black carbon (BC) exerts potential effects on glacier and snow melting and regional climate change in the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, online BC measurements were conducted for 1 year at a remote village located at the terminus of the Mingyong Glacier below the Meili Snow Mountains. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to investigate the contribution and potential effect of SSA-emitted BC. In addition, variations in the light absorption characteristics of BC and brown carbon (BrC) were examined. The results indicated that the annual mean concentration of BC was 415 ± 372 ngm-3, with the highest concentration observed in April (monthly mean: 930 ± 484 ngm-3). BC exhibited a similar diurnal variation throughout the year, with two peaks observed in the morning (from 8:00 to 9:00 AM) and in the afternoon (from 4:00 to 5:00 PM), with even lower values at nighttime. At a short wavelength of 370 nm, the absorption coefficient (babs) reached its maximum value, and the majority of babs values were < 20 Mm-1, indicating that the atmosphere was not overloaded with BC. At the same wavelength, BrC substantially contributed to babs, with an annual mean of 25.2 % ± 12.8 %. SSA was the largest contributor of BC (annual mean: 51.1 %) in the study area, particularly in spring (65.6 %). However, its contributions reached 20.2 % in summer, indicating non-negligible emissions from activities in other regions. In the atmosphere, the SSA BC-induced radiative forcing (RF) over the study region was positive. While at the near surface, the RF exhibited a significant seasonal variation, with the larger RF values occurring in winter and spring. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of controlling BC emissions from SSA to protect the Tibetan Plateau against pollution-related glacier and snow cover melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Yulong Snow Mountain National Field Observation and Research Station for Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mukesh Rai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Moschos V, Christensen C, Mouton M, Fiddler MN, Isolabella T, Mazzei F, Massabò D, Turpin BJ, Bililign S, Surratt JD. Quantifying the Light-Absorption Properties and Molecular Composition of Brown Carbon Aerosol from Sub-Saharan African Biomass Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4268-4280. [PMID: 38393751 PMCID: PMC10919089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is a hotspot for biomass burning (BB)-derived carbonaceous aerosols, including light-absorbing organic (brown) carbon (BrC). However, the chemically complex nature of BrC in BB aerosols from this region is not fully understood. We generated smoke in a chamber through smoldering combustion of common sub-Saharan African biomass fuels (hardwoods, cow dung, savanna grass, and leaves). We quantified aethalometer-based, real-time light-absorption properties of BrC-containing organic-rich BB aerosols, accounting for variations in wavelength, fuel type, relative humidity, and photochemical aging conditions. In filter samples collected from the chamber and Botswana in the winter, we identified 182 BrC species, classified into lignin pyrolysis products, nitroaromatics, coumarins, stilbenes, and flavonoids. Using an extensive set of standards, we determined species-specific mass and emission factors. Our analysis revealed a linear relationship between the combined BrC species contribution to chamber-measured BB aerosol mass (0.4-14%) and the mass-absorption cross-section at 370 nm (0.2-2.2 m2 g-1). Hierarchical clustering resolved key molecular-level components from the BrC matrix, with photochemically aged emissions from leaf and cow-dung burning showing BrC fingerprints similar to those found in Botswana aerosols. These quantitative findings could potentially help refine climate model predictions, aid in source apportionment, and inform effective air quality management policies for human health and the global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaios Moschos
- Department
of Physics, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Cade Christensen
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Megan Mouton
- Department
of Applied Sciences and Technology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Marc N. Fiddler
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Tommaso Isolabella
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
- National
Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Mazzei
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Solomon Bililign
- Department
of Physics, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
- Department
of Applied Sciences and Technology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Chen P, Kang S, Gan Q, Yu Y, Yuan X, Liu Y, Tripathee L, Wang X, Li C. Concentrations and light absorption properties of PM 2.5 organic and black carbon based on online measurements in Lanzhou, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 131:84-95. [PMID: 37225383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the variations in mass concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) in PM2.5 and their light absorption characteristics in Lanzhou, we conducted one-year online measurements by using a newly developed total carbon analyzer (TCA08) coupled with an aethalometer (AE33) from July 2018 to July 2019. The mean OC and BC concentrations were 6.4 ± 4.4 and 2.0 ± 1.3 µg/m3, respectively. Clear seasonal variations were observed for both components, with winter having the highest concentrations, followed by autumn, spring, and summer. The diurnal variations of OC and BC concentrations were similar throughout the year, with daily two peaks occurring in the morning and evening, respectively. A relatively low OC/BC ratio (3.3 ± 1.2, n = 345) were observed, indicating that fossil fuel combustion was the primary source of the carbonaceous components. This is further substantiated by relatively low biomass burning contribution (fbiomass: 27.1% ± 11.3%) to BC using aethalometer based measurement though fbiomass value which increased significantly in winter (41.6% ± 5.7%). We estimated a considerable brown carbon (BrC) contribution to the total absorption coefficient (babs) at 370 nm (yearly average of 30.8% ± 11.1%), with a winter maximum of 44.2% ± 4.1% and a summer minimum of 19.2% ± 4.2%. Calculation of the wavelength dependence of total babs revealed an annual mean AAE370-520 value of 4.2 ± 0.5, with slightly higher values in spring and winter. The mass absorption cross-section of BrC also exhibited higher values in winter, with an annual mean of 5.4 ± 1.9 m2/g, reflecting the impact of emissions from increased biomass burning on BrC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinyi Gan
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ye Yu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianlei Yuan
- Xinjiang Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Meteorological Bureau, Korla 841000, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Bhardwaj A, Haswani D, Yadav K, Sunder Raman R. PM 2.5 carbonaceous components and mineral dust at a COALESCE network site - Bhopal, India: Estimating site-specific optical characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163277. [PMID: 37028678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5 thermal elemental carbon (EC), optical black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), and mineral dust (MD) were characterized during a field campaign at a regionally representative site (Bhopal, central India) all year-long during 2019. In this study, the optical characteristics of PM2.5 during 'EC-rich', 'OC-rich', and 'MD-rich' days were used in a three-component model to estimate site-specific Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) and absorption coefficient (babs) of light-absorbing PM2.5 constituents. The AAE for 'EC-rich', 'OC-rich', and 'MD-rich' days were 1.1 ± 0.2, 2.7 ± 0.3, and 3.0 ± 0.9, respectively. The percentage contribution of calculated babs of EC, BrC, and MD to the total babs at 405 nm was dominated by EC during the entire study period (EC; 64 % ± 36 %, BrC: 30 % ± 5 %, MD: 10 % ± 1 %). Further, site-specific mass absorption cross-section (MAC) values were calculated to assess the impact of their use over the use of manufacturer-specified MAC values in estimating BC concentrations. The r2 between thermal EC and optical BC was higher (r2 = 0.67, slope = 1.1) when daily site-specific MAC values were used rather than using the default MAC value (16.6 m2 g-1; r2 = 0.54 and slope = 0.6). Overall, had the default MAC880 been used instead of the site-specific values, we would have underestimated the BC concentration by 39 % ± 18 % during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Bhardwaj
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Haswani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kajal Yadav
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ramya Sunder Raman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal by-pass road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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8
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Ningombam SS, Khatri P, Larson EJL, Dumka UC, Sarangi C, Vineeth R. Classification of MODIS fire emission data based on aerosol absorption Angstrom exponent retrieved from AERONET data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159898. [PMID: 36343809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emits a large quantity of gaseous pollutants and aerosols into the atmosphere, which perturbs the regional and global climate and has significant impacts on air quality and human health. In order to understand the temporal and spatial distributions of biomass burning and its contribution to aerosol optical and radiative impacts, we examined fire emission data and its contribution to aerosol optical and radiative impacts over six major hot-spot continents/sub-continents across the globe, namely North-Central (NC) Africa, South America, US-Hawaii, South Asia, South East Asia, and Australia-New Zealand, using long-term satellites, ground-based and re-analysis data during 2000-2021. The selected six sites contributed ∼70% of total global fire data. The classification of biomass burning, such as pre, active, and post burning phases, was performed based on the Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) estimated from 55 AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) stations. The study found the highest contribution of fire count (55 %) during the active burning phase followed by post (36 %) and pre (8 %) burning phases. Such high fire counts were associated with high absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) during the active fire event. Strong dominance of fine and coarse mode mixed aerosols were also observed during active and post fire regimes. High AAOD and low Extinction Angstrom Exponent (EAE) over NC Africa during the fire events suggested presence of mineral dust mixed with biomass burning aerosols. Brightness temperature, fire radiative power and fire count were also dominated by the active burning followed by post and pre burning phases. The maximum heating rate of 3.15 K day-1 was observed during the active fire events. The heating rate profile shows clear variations for three different fire regimes with the highest value of 1.80 K day-1 at ∼750 hPa altitude during the active fire event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradeep Khatri
- Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies (CAOS), Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Japan
| | | | - Umesh Chandra Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, India
| | - Chandan Sarangi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - R Vineeth
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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9
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Yang X, Ji D, Li J, He J, Gong C, Xu X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Bi F, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Impacts of springtime biomass burning in Southeast Asia on atmospheric carbonaceous components over the Beibu Gulf in China: Insights from aircraft observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159232. [PMID: 36208733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Limited by the scarcity of in situ vertical observation data, the influences of biomass burning in Southeast Asia on major atmospheric carbonaceous compositions in downwind regions have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, aircraft observations were performed to obtain high time-resolved in situ vertical distributions of black carbon (BC) as well as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Four types of profiles were revealed: Mode I (from 2000 to 3000 m, the BC, CO and CO2 concentrations were enhanced), Mode II (with increasing altitude, the BC, CO and CO2 concentrations almost decreased), Mode III (inhomogeneous vertical BC, CO and CO2 profiles with BC peaks were observed from 2500 to 3000 m) and Mode IV (the BC, CO and CO2 concentrations increased above 1500 m). Furthermore, simulations were conducted to calculate radiative forcing (RF) caused by BC and study the heating rate (HR) of BC in combination with the vertical BC profiles. A larger BC distribution in the atmosphere resulted in a sharp RF change from negative to positive values, imposing a nonnegligible influence on the atmospheric temperature profile, with maximum HR values ranging from 0.4 to 5.8 K/day. The values of the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) were 1.46 ± 0.11 and 1.48 ± 0.17 at altitudes from 1000 to 2000 and 2000-3000 m, respectively. The average BC light absorption coefficient at the 370 nm wavelength (α BC (370)) accounted for 50.3 %-76.8 % of the α (370), while the brown carbon (BrC) light absorption coefficient at the 370 nm wavelength (α BrC (370)) contributed 23.2 %-49.7 % to the α (370) at altitudes of 1000-2000 m. At altitudes of 2000-3000 m, α BC (370) and α BrC (370) contributed 43.8 %-88.2 % and 11.8 %-56.2 % to the α (370), respectively. These findings show that calculations that consider the surface BC concentration but ignore the vertical BC distribution could result in massive uncertainties in estimating the RF and HR caused by BC. This study helped achieve a deeper understanding of the influences of biomass burning over the region of Southeast Asia on the profiles of atmospheric carbonaceous compositions and atmospheric BC absorption and its warming effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jiawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10029, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China; Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo 315021, China
| | - Chongshui Gong
- Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhongzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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10
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Tian P, Zhang N, Li J, Fan X, Guan X, Lu Y, Shi J, Chang Y, Zhang L. Potential influence of fine aerosol chemistry on the optical properties in a semi-arid region. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114678. [PMID: 36341796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding regarding the potential influence of aerosol chemistry on the optical properties does not satisfy accurate evaluation of aerosol radiative effects and precise determination of aerosol sources. We conducted a comprehensive study of the potential influence of aerosol chemistry on the optical properties in a semi-arid region based on various observations. Organic matter was the main contributor to the scattering coefficients followed by secondary inorganic aerosols in all seasons. We further related aerosol absorption to elemental carbon, organic matter, and mineral dust. Results showed that organic matter and mineral dust contributed to >40% of the aerosol absorption in the ultraviolet wavelengths. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the absorption of organic matter and mineral dust in addition to that of elemental carbon. We further investigated the potential influence of chemical composition, especially of organic matter and mineral dust on the optical parameters. Mineral dust contributed to higher absorption efficiency and lower scattering efficiency in winter. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) was mostly sensitive to organic matter and mineral dust in winter and spring, respectively; it was relatively high (i.e., 1.68) in winter and moderate (i.e., 1.42) in spring. Unlike in the other seasons, mineral dust contributed to higher mass absorption efficiency in winter. This work reveals the complexity of the relationship between aerosol chemistry and optical properties, and especially the influence of organic matter and mineral dust on aerosol absorption. The results are highly important regarding both regional air pollution and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Naiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xiaolu Fan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi Chang
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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11
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Zhu CS, Qu Y, Dai WT, Su XL, Zhou JM, Wang N, Qu J, Cao JJ. Comparison of black carbon, primary and secondary brown carbon light absorption and direct solar absorption at the foothill and summit of Mt. Hua, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157814. [PMID: 35931170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric black carbon (BC), primary and secondary brown carbon (BrCpri and BrCsec) are the light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosol components. The vertical changes in the BC and BrC distributions are not generally known. Here, we presented a study of the spectral light absorption properties, direct solar absorption, and potential source areas of BC and BrC at the foothill (375 m a.s.l.) and summit (2060 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Hua, China. More than tripled BC and BrC light absorption coefficient were observed at the foothill compared to the summit. The dominant carbonaceous light-absorbing was attributed to BC with the percentages of 77 % (foothill) and 79 % (summit), respectively. The light absorption coefficient and direct solar absorption of BrCpri were much higher than those of BrCsec at foothill, especially in winter. The enhancing contributions of BrCsec light absorption coefficient and direct solar absorption were observed with high RH and visibility at the summit. The light absorption properties of BC, BrCpri, and BrCsec may be attributed to the emissions, meteorological conditions, and photochemical oxidation. The inferred potential source spatial distributions of BC and BrCpri showed different patterns at the foothill and summit. The results underlined the primary emission effects (including BC and BrCpri) at the foothill and the importance of BrCsec at the summit, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shu Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yao Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wen-Ting Dai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Li Su
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia-Mao Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Xi'an Meteorological Administration, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - Jun-Ji Cao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, SKLLQG, and KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
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12
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Boreddy SKR, Hegde P, Arun BS, Aswini AR, Babu SS. Molecular composition and light-absorbing properties of organic aerosols from west-coast of tropical India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157163. [PMID: 35798104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropical coastal regions may provide a unique feature to study the photooxidation of various organic aerosols and their climatic effects because of high humid atmosphere and intense solar radiation. However, knowledge about organic molecular composition and its light absorption properties remains concealed, particularly over tropical Indian regions. The present study is an investigation on water-soluble dicarboxylic acids, ω-oxoacids, pyruvic acid, α-dicarbonyls, brown carbon (BrC), and other chemical species in PM1.1 collected at a coastal urban location (Kochi) on the west coast of tropical India under distinct air masses. Molecular distribution of dicarboxylic acids was characterized by the predominance of oxalic acid (C2) in all the air masses followed by adipic (C6) or terephthalic (tPh) and phthalic (Ph) acids. On average, total diacids-C accounted for 5.03 ± 1.01 % of TC. Total diacid concentration showed strong linear relationships with organic (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and non-sea-salt potassium (nss-K+). Except for the northwest (NW) air mass period, the concentration of C2 diacid and its ratios (C2/total diacids, C2/ωC2, C2/Gly) showed a strong linear relationship with nss-SO42-. By combining all these results together with Pearson correlation analysis, the present study demonstrates that organic aerosols over the study region were predominantly produced by aqueous-phase oxidation of precursor compounds derived from biomass burning and combustion-related emissions. The mass absorption coefficient of BrC (babs-BrC-365nm) was strongly correlated with nss-K+, implying that biomass burning emissions are major sources of BrC. The absorption angstrom exponent (AÅE) values of water (methanol) extracts ranged from 3.20 to 3.83 (3.05-4.55) during the entire sampling period, indicating the substantial contribution of BrC chromophores to light absorption over the region. On average, BrC absorbs 10.6 ± 6.4 % and 22.4 ± 5.75 % of solar radiation compared to BC in water and methanol extracts, respectively, suggesting that BrC is a significant aerosol climate forcing agent over the west coast of tropical India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K R Boreddy
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India; Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
| | - B S Arun
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - A R Aswini
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
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13
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Xiong R, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Jiang K, Zheng H, Kong S, Shen H, Cheng H, Shen G, Tao S. Global brown carbon emissions from combustion sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 12:100201. [PMID: 36157345 PMCID: PMC9500369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), sometimes known as Brown Carbon (BrC), has been recognized as an important fraction of carbonaceous aerosols substantially affecting radiative forcing. This study firstly developed a bottom-up estimate of global primary BrC, and discussed its spatiotemporal distribution and source contributions from 1960 to 2010. The global total primary BrC emission from both natural and anthropogenic sources in 2010 was 7.26 (5.98-8.93 as an interquartile range) Tg, with 43.5% from anthropogenic sources. High primary BrC emissions were in regions such as Africa, South America, South and East Asia with natural sources (wild fires and deforestation) contributing over 70% in the former two regions, while in East Asia, anthropogenic sources, especially residential solid fuel combustion, accounted for over 80% of the regional total BrC emissions. Globally, the historical trend was mainly driven by anthropogenic sources, which increased from 1960 to 1990 and then started to decline. Residential emissions significantly impacted on emissions and temporal trends that varied by region. In South and Southeast Asia, the emissions increased obviously due to population growth and a slow transition from solid fuels to clean modern energies in the residential sector. It is estimated that in primary OC, the global average was about 20% BrC, but this ratio varied from 13% to 47%, depending on sector and region. In areas with high residential solid fuel combustion emissions, the ratio was generally twice the value in other areas. Uncertainties in the work are associated with the concept of BrC and measurement technologies, pointing to the need for more studies on BrC analysis and quantification in both emissions and the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Corresponding author. Peking University, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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14
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Jiang X, Liu D, Li Q, Tian P, Wu Y, Li S, Hu K, Ding S, Bi K, Li R, Huang M, Ding D, Chen Q, Kong S, Li W, Pang Y, He D. Connecting the Light Absorption of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols with Oxidation State and Polarity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12873-12885. [PMID: 36083258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The light-absorbing organic aerosol (OA) constitutes an important fraction of absorbing components, counteracting major cooling effect of aerosols to climate. The mechanisms in linking the complex and changeable chemistry of OA with its absorbing properties remain to be elucidated. Here, by using solvent extraction, ambient OA from an urban environment was fractionated according to polarity, which was further nebulized and online characterized with compositions and absorbing properties. Water extracted high-polar compounds with a significantly higher oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) than methanol extracts. A transition O/C of about 0.6 was found, below and above which the enhancement and reduction of OA absorptivity were observed with increasing O/C, occurring on the less polar and high polar compounds, respectively. In particular, the co-increase of nitrogen and oxygen elements suggests the important role of nitrogen-containing functional groups in enhancing the absorptivity of the less polar compounds (e.g., forming nitrogen-containing aromatics), while further oxidation (O/C > 0.6) on high-polar compounds likely led to fragmentation and bleaching chromophores. The results here may reconcile the previous observations about darkening or whitening chromophores of brown carbon, and the parametrization of O/C has the potential to link the changing chemistry of OA with its polarity and absorbing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Bi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Deping Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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15
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Fan F, Feng Y, Wang S, Fu Q, Feng J. Deconvolving light absorption properties and influencing factors of carbonaceous aerosol in Shanghai. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156280. [PMID: 35644399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) have intensive impacts on atmospheric visibility and global climate change. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at Pudong (PD) and Qingpu (QP) of Shanghai in 2017, and characterized typical organic molecular tracers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The light absorption (Abs) of carbonaceous aerosol and water-soluble organic matter was analyzed by a multi-wavelength thermal/optical carbon analyzer and a long-range ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. An improved two-component model integrated with both optical and chemical fingerprints of carbonaceous aerosol was applied to analyze the Abs of BC, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WISOC), with which the potential influencing factors including emission source and atmospheric aging were investigated. Results indicated that BrC contributed 19% at PD and 16% at QP of the total light absorption of the carbonaceous aerosol at 405 nm wavelength. Meanwhile, AbsWSOC(405)/AbsBrC(405) showed significant seasonal variations (27-50%) at both sites. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis showed that vehicle emissions (60-61%) and biomass combustion (38-39%) were the major contributors to AbsBC(405), while biomass burning (34-40%), nitrate-relevant secondary processes (22-23%), vehicle emissions (18-19%) and biogenic SOA (13-19%) were major contributors to AbsWSOC(405). Hybrid combustion source (94-96%) had a predominant contribution to AbsWISOC(405). Statistical analysis showed that biomass burning had a great impact on the enhancement of AbsWISOC. Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of each factor (source) using PMF analysis indicated that WSOC from combustion sources had higher AAEWSOC(350-550) values (8.11 and 8.29 for coal and biomass burning, respectively) and MAEWSOC(365) values (0.63-0.99) compared to other sources. Atmospheric aging process can lower the MAEWSOC(365) value (0.24-0.52). Overall, our study facilitates a better understanding of the relationships among source, optical properties, and atmospheric transformation processes of the carbonaceous aerosols in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junwei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fan Fan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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16
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Zhu S, Zhang H, Zhou C, Wei X, Liu Y. Optical properties of mixed black and brown carbon aerosols. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:33588-33602. [PMID: 36242390 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on actual atmospheric observations of internal mixing of light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC)-coated black carbon (BC), the optical properties of mixed black and brown carbon aerosols (BBC) were calculated using four mixing models (external mixing, core-shell, Bruggeman, and Maxwell-Garnett models), and changes in their optical properties with wavelength were compared and analyzed. Under the assumption of different volumetric mixing ratios (VR=VBC/VBBC), there is little difference in volumetric absorptive coefficient (Kab) of BBC in these models in the ultraviolet band where both BC and BrC have strong absorption, particularly in the ultraviolet A band. In visible and near-infrared bands, the three internal mixing models significantly reduce the single scattering albedo compared to the external mixing scenario. In addition, the widely used core-shell model was used to evaluate the effects of BrC shell thickness and environmental relative humidity (RH) on the optical properties of BBC. The impacts of these factors are mainly seen in ultraviolet and visible bands. The volumetric extinction coefficient (Kex) decreases with BrC shell thickness under a fixed BC core radius (0.12 µm) in these bands. This is because the radiation reaching the surface of BC particles is reduced under the absorption of less efficient BrC shells (known as the blocking effect), which is different from the BC and light-scattering aerosols internal mixing scenario. Moreover, the Kex and Kab of BBC decrease with RH, which is mainly due to both the increasing thickness of the BrC shell and the change in the complex refractive index of the BrC shell. Based on the assumptions of unchanged BC core parameters and actual observations, the extinction ability increases when BrC particles are more light-scattering in the ultraviolet and visible bands. The increase in extinction is mainly from scattering, rather than absorption. However, the situation is the opposite in the near-infrared band.
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17
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Characterizing Atmospheric Brown Carbon and Its Emission Sources during Wintertime in Shanghai, China. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a kind of organic aerosol that efficiently absorbs ultraviolet-visible light and has an impact on climate forcing. We conducted an in-depth field study on ambient aerosols at a monitoring point in Shanghai, China, aiming to investigate the potential emission sources, molecular structures, and the contributions to light absorptions of ambient BrC chromophores. The results indicated that nine molecules were identified as nitroaromatic compounds, five of which (4-nitrophenol, 4-nitrocatechol, 2-nitro-1-naphthol, 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol, and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol) usually came from biomass burning or were produced from the photo-oxidation of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (e.g., toluene, benzene) under high-NOx conditions. 4-nitrophenol was the strongest BrC chromophore and accounted for 13% of the total aerosol light absorption at λ = 365 nm. The estimated light absorption of black carbon was approximately three times the value of methanol-soluble BrC at λ = 365 nm. The ratios of K+/OC and K+/EC, and the correlations with WSOC, OC, HULIS-C and K+, and MAE values of methanol extracts also indicated that the primary emissions from biomass burning contributed more aerosol light absorption compared to the secondary formation during the wintertime in Shanghai. Therefore, biomass burning control is still the most urgent strategy for reducing BrC in Shanghai.
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Using Multi-Platform Satellite Observations to Study the Atmospheric Evolution of Brown Carbon in Siberian Biomass Burning Plumes. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A bulk of evidence from in situ observations and lab experiments suggests that brown carbon (light-absorbing organic compounds in particles) can provide a significant yet highly variable contribution to the overall light absorption by aerosol particles from biomass burning (BB). Partly stemming from the complexity of the atmospheric evolution of organic aerosol (OA), the variability in brown carbon (BrC) absorption makes it difficult to partition the radiative effects of BrC and black carbon (BC) in atmospheric and climate models; as such, there are calls for satellite-based methods that could provide a statistical characterization of BrC absorption and its evolution in different regions of the world, especially in remote BB regions, such as Siberia. This study examined the feasibility of the statistical characterization of the evolution of BrC absorption and related parameters of BB aerosol in smoke plumes from intense wildfires in Siberia through the analysis of a combination of data from three satellite instruments: OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), MISR (Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer), and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). Using a Monte Carlo method, which related the satellite retrievals of the absorption and extinction aerosol optical depths to Mie theory calculations of the optical properties of BB aerosol, we found that the BrC absorption, as well as the imaginary refractive index for the OA, decreased significantly in Siberian BB smoke plumes during about 30 h of the daylight evolution, nevertheless remaining considerable until at least 70 h of the daylight evolution. Overall, the study indicated that the analysis of multi-platform satellite observations of BB plumes can provide useful insights into the atmospheric evolution of BrC absorption and the partitioning of BrC and BC contributions to the total light absorption by BB aerosol.
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Yang Z, Tsona NT, George C, Du L. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Enhance Light Absorption of Aromatic-Derived Brown Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4005-4016. [PMID: 35192318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary brown carbon (BrC) is chemically complex, leading to an unclear relationship between its molecular composition and optical properties. Here, we present an in-depth investigation of molecular-specific optical properties and aging of secondary BrC produced from the photooxidation of ethylbenzene at varied NOx levels for the first time. Due to the pronounced formation of unsaturated products, the mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosols (ESOA) at 365 nm was higher than that of biogenic SOA by a factor of 10. A high NOx level ([ethylbenzene]0/[NOx]0 < 10 ppbC ppb-1) was found to significantly increase the average MAC300-700nm of ESOA by 0.29 m2 g-1. The data from two complementary high-resolution mass spectrometers and quantum chemical calculations suggested that nitrogen-containing compounds were largely responsible for the enhanced light absorption of high-NOx ESOA, and multifunctional nitroaromatic compounds (such as C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4) were identified as important BrC chromophores. High-NOx ESOA underwent photobleaching upon direct exposure to ultraviolet light. Photolysis did not lead to the significant decomposition of C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4, indicating that nitroaromatic compounds may serve as relatively stable nitrogen reservoirs and would effectively absorb solar radiation during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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20
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Retrieval of Black Carbon Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth from AERONET Observations over the World during 2000–2018. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) absorption aerosol optical depth (AAODBC) defines the contribution of BC in light absorption and is retrievable using sun/sky radiometer measurements provided by Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) inversion products. In this study, we utilized AERONET-retrieved depolarization ratio (DPR, δp), single scattering albedo (SSA, ω), and Ångström Exponent (AE, å) of version 3 level 2.0 products as indicators to estimate the contribution of BC to the absorbing fractions of AOD. We applied our methodology to the AERONET sites, including North and South America, Europe, East Asia, Africa, India, and the Middle East, during 2000–2018. The long-term AAODBC showed a downward tendency over Sao Paulo (−0.001 year−1), Thessaloniki (−0.0004 year−1), Beijing (−0.001 year−1), Seoul (−0.0015 year−1), and Cape Verde (−0.0009 year−1) with the highest values over the populous sites. This declining tendency in AAODBC can be attributable to the successful emission control policies over these sites, particularly in Europe, America, and China. The AAODBC at the Beijing, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, and the Indian sites showed a clear seasonality indicating the notable role of residential heating in BC emissions over these sites during winter. We found a higher correlation between AAODBC and fine mode AOD at 440 nm at all sites except for Beijing. High pollution episodes, BC emission from different sources, and aggregation properties seem to be the main drivers of higher AAODBC correlation with coarse particles over Beijing.
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Cho C, Kim SW, Choi W, Kim MH. Significant light absorption of brown carbon during the 2020 California wildfires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152453. [PMID: 34942247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the contribution of brown carbon (BrC) to the absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) during the August to October 2020 California wildfires in Fresno, Monterey, and the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) was investigated using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) column measurements with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire pixel counts. There was an approximate three to five times increase in AAOD and fine-mode aerosols during intensive wildfires in August-October 2020 compared to the wildfires in the previous 18 years (2002-2019). Substantial daily variation in the contribution of BrC to AAOD was correlated with the fire pixel counts (correlation coefficients of 0.63, 0.40, and 0.57 at Fresno, Monterey, and UCSB, respectively). This variation was influenced by regional topography, atmospheric conditions, and distance from the fire. Between August and October 2020, the average contribution of BrC to AAOD at 440 nm due to wildfires was 35.3 ± 5.6, 35.1 ± 6.8, and 40.6 ± 9.5% at Fresno, Monterey, and UCSB, respectively. This was approximately twice as high as for those sites without a direct wildfire influence. The BrC contribution with direct wildfire influence over the period of January-December 2020 at Fresno, Monterey, and UCSB (32.8 ± 7.5, 31.6 ± 7.9, and 40.0 ± 3.5%, respectively) and from 2002 to 2019 (30.7 ± 8.3, 28.5 ± 4.8, and 35.7 ± 14.6%, respectively) was approximately 20% greater than other BrC sources including vehicles, fossil fuel combustion, and residential heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoon Cho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woosuk Choi
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Hae Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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22
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Zhang X, Li L, Chen C, Zheng Y, Dubovik O, Derimian Y, Lopatin A, Gui K, Wang Y, Zhao H, Liang Y, Holben B, Che H, Zhang X. Extensive characterization of aerosol optical properties and chemical component concentrations: Application of the GRASP/Component approach to long-term AERONET measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152553. [PMID: 34952070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed GRASP/Component approach (GRASP: Generalized Retrieval of Atmosphere and Surface Properties) was applied to AERONET (Aeronet Robotic Network) sun photometer measurements in this study. Unlike traditional aerosol component retrieval, this approach allows the inference of some information about aerosol composition directly from measured radiance, rather than indirectly through the inversion of optical parameters, and has been integrated into the GRASP algorithm. The newly developed GRASP/Component approach was applied to 13 AERONET sites for different aerosol types under the assumption of aerosol internal mixing rules to analyze the characteristics of aerosol components and their distribution patterns. The results indicate that the retrievals can characterize well the spatial and temporal variability of the component concentration for different aerosol types. A reasonable agreement between GRASP BC retrievals and MERRA-2 BC products is found for all different aerosol types. In addition, the relationships between aerosol component content and aerosol optical parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), fine-mode fraction (FMF), absorption Ångström exponent (AAE), scattering Ångström exponent (SAE), and single scattering albedo (SSA) are also analyzed for indirect verifying the reliability of the component retrieval. It was demonstrated the GRASP/Component optical retrievals are in good agreement with AERONET standard products [e.g., correlation coefficient (R) of 0.93-1.0 for AOD, fine-mode AOD (AODF), coarse-mode AOD (AODC) and Ångström exponent (AE); R = ~ 0.8 for absorption AOD (AAOD) and SSA; RMSE (root mean square error) < 0.03 for AOD, AODF, AODC, AAOD and SSA]. Thus, it is demonstrated the GRASP/Component approach can provide aerosol optical products with comparable accuracy as the AERONET standard products from the ground-based sun photometer measurements as well as some additional important inside on aerosol composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, 59000 Lille, France; GRASP-SAS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Oleg Dubovik
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yevgeny Derimian
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518 - LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Ke Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hujia Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Brent Holben
- Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (LASW) and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, CMA, Beijing 100081, China
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Pani SK, Lee CT, Griffith SM, Lin NH. Humic-like substances (HULIS) in springtime aerosols at a high-altitude background station in the western North Pacific: Source attribution, abundance, and light-absorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151180. [PMID: 34699812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) are important components of biomass-burning (BB) emissions and highly associated with light-absorbing organic aerosols (often referred to as brown carbon). This study highlights the importance of BB-emitted HULIS aerosols in peninsular Southeast Asian outflow to the subtropical western North Pacific. We determined various key light-absorbing characteristics of HULIS i.e. mass absorption cross-section (MACHULIS), absorbing component of the refractive index (kHULIS), and absorption Ångström exponent (AAEHULIS) based on ground-based aerosol light absorption measurements along with HULIS concentrations in springtime aerosols at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS; 2862 m above mean sea level), which is a representative high-altitude remote site in the western North Pacific. Daily variations of HULIS (0.58-12.92 μg m-3) at LABS were mostly linked with the influence from incoming air-masses, while correlations with BB tracers and secondary aerosols indicated the attribution of primary and secondary sources. Stronger light absorption capability of HULIS was clearly evident from MACHULIS and kHULIS values at 370 nm, which were about ~1.5 times higher during BB-dominated days (1.16 ± 0.75 m2 g-1 and 0.05 ± 0.03, respectively) than that during non-BB days (0.77 ± 0.89 m2 g-1 and 0.03 ± 0.04, respectively). Estimates from a simple radiative transfer model showed that HULIS absorption can add as much as 15.13 W g-1 to atmospheric warming, and ~46% more during BB-dominated than non-BB period, highlighting that HULIS light absorption may significantly affect the Earth-atmosphere system and tropospheric photochemistry over the western North Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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24
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Olson MR, Yuqin W, de Foy B, Li Z, Bergin MH, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ. Source attribution of black and Brown carbon near-UV light absorption in Beijing, China and the impact of regional air-mass transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150871. [PMID: 34634351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black and Brown Carbon (BC, BrC) are key parameters of climate forcing, yet significant challenges exist assigning emission source contributions to light-absorption by carbonaceous aerosols. Additionally, BC and BrC emissions add to extreme air pollution events in Chinese mega-cities, which harm human health and detract from the natural and built environment. To address these concerns, the ability to estimate atmospheric light absorption related to emission sources and global inventories is a highly valuable tool for climate modelers and policy makers. Three months of BC and BrC data was collected using an Aethalometer in parallel to PM2.5 filter sampling during a stringent emission controls period and post controls period, including during the regional heating season. In this study reconstructed 370 nm wavelength absorption was calculated by applying source specific Mass Absorption Cross-Sections to PMF apportioned EC and OC results. Reconstructed absorption showed good agreement with the ambient measured absorption for both BC and BrC. In Beijing, the major contributor to near-UV absorption was mobile sources, which accounted for 45-54% of absorption by BC and 14-18% by BrC. BrC absorption from secondary aerosols, biomass burning, and soil dust was also estimated, with these sources contributing from 1 to 9% individually. Meteorological cluster analysis showed that air mass origin did not impact the absorption reconstruction and that the highest regional contribution to near-UV light absorption originated primarily in areas south and east of Beijing. The study shows ambient near-UV light absorption can be predicted using BC and BrC MAC values from sources. However, the current number of multi-wavelength and source specific BrC MAC values reported in the literature is limited. The reconstruction approach allows for a more robust method of assigning light absorption to source categories, allowing the expansion of aethalometer derived BrC apportionment to multiple sources, including biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Olson
- Water Science and Engineering Laboratory, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America; California Air Resources Board, 8340 Ferguson Ave, Sacramento, CA 95828, United States of America.
| | - Wang Yuqin
- Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Weiyang Universities Zone, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China.
| | - Benjamin de Foy
- Saint Louis University, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, 3642 Lindell Blvd., Room 300E, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America.
| | - Zhengqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Duke University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 127B Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America.
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibei Town, Huairou District, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - James Jay Schauer
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Water Science and Engineering Laboratory, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America.
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Faria T, Martins V, Canha N, Diapouli E, Manousakas M, Fetfatzis P, Gini MI, Almeida SM. Assessment of children's exposure to carbonaceous matter and to PM major and trace elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151021. [PMID: 34662608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution is one of the major environmental concerns due to its harmful effects on human health. As children are particularly vulnerable to particle exposure, this study integrates the concentration of PM chemical compounds measured in the micro-environments (MEs) where children spend most of their time to assess the daily exposure and inhaled dose. PM samples were analysed for organic and elemental carbon and for major and trace elements. Results showed that the MEs that contribute most to the children's daily exposure (80%) and inhaled dose (65%) were homes and schools. Results indicated that the high contribution of particulate organic matter (POM) indoors indicate high contributions of indoor sources to the organic fraction of the particles. The highest concentrations of PM chemical compounds and the highest Indoor/Outdoor ratios were measured in schools, where the contribution of mineral elements stands out due to the resuspension of dust caused by the students and to the chalk used in blackboards. The contribution of the outdoor particles to inhaled dose (24%) was higher than to the exposure (12%), due to the highest inhalation rates associated with the activities performed outdoor. This study indicates the importance of indoor air quality for the children's exposure and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Faria
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal.
| | - V Martins
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - N Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - E Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - M Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - P Fetfatzis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - M I Gini
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - S M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
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Gao Y, Wang Q, Li L, Dai W, Yu J, Ding L, Li J, Xin B, Ran W, Han Y, Cao J. Optical properties of mountain primary and secondary brown carbon aerosols in summertime. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150570. [PMID: 34582869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) can affect atmospheric radiation due to its strong absorption ability from the near ultraviolet to the visible range, thereby influencing global climate. However, given the complexity of BrC's chemical composition, its optical properties are still poorly understood, especially in mountainous areas. In this study, the black carbon (BC) tracer method is used to explore the light-absorbing properties of primary and secondary BrC at Mount Hua, China during the 2018 summer period. The primary BrC absorption contributes to 10-15% of the total BrC absorption at a wavelength of 370 nm. From the positive matrix factorization analysis, traffic emissions are found to be a major source of primary BrC absorption (44%), followed by industry and biomass-burning emissions (29%). The secondary BrC accounts for 87% of the total BrC absorption at a wavelength of 370 nm, indicating that BrC is dominated by secondary formation. The observation of a higher secondary BrC absorption diurnal pattern at Mount Hua can be affected by secondary BrC in the residual layer after sunrise and the formation of light-absorbing chromophores by photochemical oxidation in the afternoon. The estimated average mass absorption efficiencies of primary and secondary BrC (MAE_pri and MAE_sec, respectively) are 0.4 m2/g and 2.1 m2/g at wavelengths of 370 nm, respectively, indicating a stronger light-absorbing ability for secondary BrC than for primary BrC. There is no significant difference in MAE_pri within a daily variation, but the daytime MAE_sec value is higher than that during the night. Our study shows that secondary BrC is important to light absorption in mountainous areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, China.
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jinjiang Yu
- Huashan Meteorological Station, Weinan 714000, China
| | - Limin Ding
- Huashan Meteorological Station, Weinan 714000, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bo Xin
- Weinan Meteorological Administration, Weinan 714000, China
| | - Weikang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
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27
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Lidar Ratio Regional Transfer Method for Extinction Coefficient Accuracy Improvement in Lidar Networks. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lidar networks are essential to study the three-dimensional distribution of aerosols on a regional scale. At present, both Mie-scattering lidar (ML) and advanced lidars are being used in lidar networks. The latter can retrieve extinction coefficients without strict assumptions of the lidar ratio, such as Raman lidar (RL) or high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL). In order to balance the data quality and instrument costs for the lidar network, the lidar ratio regional transfer method in a lidar network is proposed in this paper. We developed a Lidar Ratio and Aerosol Fraction Non-linear Regression (LR-AFNR) model between the lidar ratio and corresponding absorbing aerosol fraction (this paper studied two types of absorbing aerosols: dust and carbonaceous). The aerosol fraction of the sun photometer retrieval was used as a medium to transfer the lidar ratio of HSRL retrieval to a certain range of MLs. This lidar ratio can be the input parameter for ML retrieval and enables the improvement of the extinction coefficient accuracy. The results show that the LR-APNR model is applicable to atmospheric conditions with high mineral dust or carbonaceous aerosol loading, and the maximum relative error of the ML extinction coefficient can be reduced from 46% (dust) and 64% (carbonaceous aerosol) to 20%.
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Li W, Duan F, Zhao Q, Song W, Cheng Y, Wang X, Li L, He K. Investigating the effect of sources and meteorological conditions on wintertime haze formation in Northeast China: A case study in Harbin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149631. [PMID: 34467910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy haze pollution has occurred frequently in the past few years in Northeast China during winters, which was distinct from other regions in China because of the particular meteorological conditions. In this study, we analyzed the temporal variation, source appointment, and influencing factors of PM2.5 from December 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019 in Harbin. The results showed obvious differences between the non-haze and haze periods. The source appointment based on a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer showed that coal combustion, vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) were the major contributors of PM2.5. It is interesting that from the non-haze to the haze period, contributions of coal combustion and SIAs increased (from 20.2% to 27.3%, and from 17.3% to 18.9%, respectively) while other sources decreased or increased little. It indicated the primary pollutants from heating supply were the most important contributor to haze formation due to the low temperature. Furthermore, from levels I (0 < PM2.5 ≤ 75 μg m-3) to III (115 < PM2.5 ≤ 150 μg m-3), SIAs increased from 15.3% to 19.4% (increased 4.1%), while coal combustion from 23.7% to 27.1% and increased 3.4%. It implied clearly that SIAs played a comparable role in the early stage of the evolution of haze episode as that of coal combustion. Combining data on prevailing winds and results of potential source contribution function indicated that PM2.5 during the haze period was primarily influenced by the air masses originating from the southwestern areas via regional transport. A positive correlation was observed between relative humidity (RH) and haze pollution when RH ≥ 60%, indicating that hygroscopic growth may be the principal factor promoting secondary formation. CAPSULE: Coal combustion was the most important source in Harbin due to the low temperature, and secondary aerosols promoted the early stage of the haze evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsing-huan smart source (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Weiwei Song
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Environment Monitoring Center, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Li
- Environment Monitoring Center, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Li H, Ariya PA. Black Carbon Particles Physicochemical Real-Time Data Set in a Cold City: Trends of Fall-Winter BC Accumulation and COVID-19. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD035265. [PMID: 34926105 PMCID: PMC8667652 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in climate and health sciences. Using the combination of a year real-time BC observation (photoacoustic extinctiometer) and data for PM2.5 and selected co-pollutants, we herein show that annual BC Mass concentration has a bi-modal distribution, in a cold-climate city of Montreal. In addition to the summer peak, a winter BC peak was observed (up to 0.433 μg/m3), lasting over 3 months. A comparative study between two air pollution hotspots, downtown and Montreal international airport indicated that airborne average BC Mass concentration in downtown was 0.344 μg/m3, whereas in the residential areas around Montreal airport BC Mass values were over 400% higher (1.487 μg/m3). During the numerous snowfall events, airborne BC Mass concentration decreased. High-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the snow samples provided evidence that airborne BC particles or carbon nanomaterials were indeed transferred from polluted air to snow. During the COVID-19 lockdown, the BC concentration and selected co-pollutants, decreased up to 72%, confirming the predominance of anthropogenic activities in BC emission. This first cold-climate BC data set can be essential for more accurate air quality and climate modeling. About one-third of the Earth's land surface receive snow annually, the impact of this study on air quality, health and climate change is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjie Li
- Department of ChemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Parisa A. Ariya
- Department of ChemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
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30
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Zhu C, Miyakawa T, Irie H, Choi Y, Taketani F, Kanaya Y. Light-absorption properties of brown carbon aerosols in the Asian outflow: Implications of a combination of filter and ground remote-sensing observations at Fukue Island, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149155. [PMID: 34346377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) aerosols have important warming effects on Earth's radiative forcing. However, information on the evolution of the light-absorption properties of BrC aerosols in the Asian outflow region is limited. In this study, we evaluated the light-absorption properties of BrC using in-situ filter measurements and sky radiometer observations of the ground-based remote sensing network SKYradiometer NETwork (SKYNET) made on Fukue Island, western Japan in 2018. The light-absorption coefficient of BrC obtained from filter measurements had a temporal trend similar to that of the ambient concentration of black carbon (BC), indicating that BrC and BC have common combustion sources. The absorption Angstrom exponent in the wavelength range of 340-870 nm derived from the SKYNET observations was 15% higher in spring (1.81 ± 0.30) than through the whole year (1.53 ± 0.50), suggesting that the Asian outflow carries light-absorbing aerosols to Fukue Island and the western North Pacific. After eliminating the contributions of BC, the absorption Angstrom exponent of BrC alone obtained from filter observations had a positive Spearman correlation (rs = 0.77, p < 0.1) with that derived from SKYNET observations but 33% higher values, indicating that the light-absorption properties of BrC were successfully captured using the two methods. Using the atmospheric transport model FLEXPART and fire hotspots obtained from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite product, we identified a high-BrC event related to an air mass originating from regions with consistent fossil fuel combustion and sporadic open biomass burning in central East China. The results of the study may help to clarify the dynamics and climatic effects of BrC aerosols in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmao Zhu
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan.
| | - Takuma Miyakawa
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Irie
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 2638522, Japan
| | - Yongjoo Choi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Taketani
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Yugo Kanaya
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama 2360001, Japan
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31
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Dust Criteria Derived from Long-Term Filter and Online Observations at Gosan in South Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dust and pollution are frequently mixed together in East Asia, causing large uncertainties in assessing climate change and environmental influence and in relevant policymaking. To discern the dust effect on particle mass, we carried out long-term measurements of the mass and key chemical compositions of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 from August 2007 to February 2012 and collected hourly data of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations from January 2012 to October 2020 at Gosan, South Korea. The principal component analysis of measured species reveals two dominant factors, pollution and dust, accounting for 46% and 16% of the total variance, respectively. The mode distribution of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass in addition to the dust events helps to provide a robust criterion of the dust impact. Dust can be identified by the mean + standard deviation (σ) of PM10, while the threshold is down to the mean concentration when dust particles experience precipitation. High PM2.5 concentration also presents dust impact; however, the criterion decreases from mean + σ in 2007–2012 to mean in 2012–2020. It indicates that dust is no longer a high-concentration event of PM2.5, but its influence gradually appears in low-concentration particles. Therefore, the dust criterion obtained from long-term PM10 concentration data is robust; however, the standard is based on PM2.5 changes over time and still needs to be determined by follow-up long-term observations.
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32
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Wang H, Zhang L, Cheng I, Yao X, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Spatiotemporal trends of PM 2.5 and its major chemical components at urban sites in Canada. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 103:1-11. [PMID: 33743892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of emission control regulations designed for reducing air pollution, chemically resolved PM2.5 data have been collected across Canada through the National Air Pollution Surveillance network in the past decade. 24-hr time integrated PM2.5 collected at seven urban and two rural sites during 2010-2016 were analyzed to characterize geographical and seasonal patterns and associated potential causes. Site-specific seven-year mean gravimetric PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 5.7 to 9.6 µg/m3. Seven-year mean concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were in the range of 0.68 to 1.6, 0.21 to 1.5, 0.27 to 0.71, 1.1 to 1.9, and 0.37 to 0.71 µg /m3, accounting for 10.8%-18.1%, 3.7%-16.7%, 4.7%-7.4%, 18.4%-21.0%, and 6.4%-10.6%, respectively, of gravimetric PM2.5 mass. PM2.5 and its five major chemical components showed higher concentrations in southeastern Canada and lower values in Atlantic Canada, with the seven-year mean ratios between the two regions being on the order of 1.7 for PM2.5 and 1.8-7.1 for its chemical components. When comparing the concentrations between urban and rural sites within the same region, those of SO42- and NH4+ were comparable, while those of NO3-, OC, and EC were around 20%, 40%-50%, and 70%-80%, respectively, higher at urban than rural sites, indicating the regional scale impacts of SO42- and NH4+ and effects of local sources on OC and EC. Monthly variations generally showed summertime peaks for SO42- and wintertime peaks for NO3-, but those of NH4+, OC, and EC exhibited different seasonality at different locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Irene Cheng
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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33
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Pani SK, Lin NH, Griffith SM, Chantara S, Lee CT, Thepnuan D, Tsai YI. Brown carbon light absorption over an urban environment in northern peninsular Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116735. [PMID: 33611195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic carbon (or brown carbon, BrC) has been recognized as a critical driver in regional-to-global climate change on account of its significant contribution to light absorption. BrC sources vary from primary combustion processes (burning of biomass, biofuel, and fossil fuel) to secondary formation in the atmosphere. This paper investigated the light-absorbing properties of BrC such as site-specific mass absorption cross-section (MACBrC), absorption Ångström exponent (AAEBrC), and the absorbing component of the refractive index (kBrC) by using light absorption measurements from a 7-wavelength aethalometer over an urban environment of Chiang Mai, Thailand in northern peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA), from March to April 2016. The contribution of BrC to total aerosol absorption (mean ± SD) was 46 ± 9%, 29 ± 7%, 24 ± 6%, 20 ± 4%, and 15 ± 3% at 370, 470, 520, 590, and 660 nm, respectively, highlighting the significant influence of BrC absorption on the radiative imbalance over northern PSEA. Strong and significant associations between BrC light absorption and biomass-burning (BB) organic tracers highlighted the influence of primary BB emissions. The median MACBrC and kBrC values at 370 nm were 2.4 m2 g-1 and 0.12, respectively. The fractional contribution of solar radiation absorbed by BrC relative to BC (mean ± SD) in the 370-950 nm range was estimated to be 34 ± 7%, which can significantly influence the regional radiation budget and consequently atmospheric photochemistry. This study provides valuable information to understand BrC absorption over northern PSEA and can be used in model simulations to reassess the regional climatic impact with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Duangduean Thepnuan
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
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34
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Dumka UC, Kaskaoutis DG, Mihalopoulos N, Sheoran R. Identification of key aerosol types and mixing states in the central Indian Himalayas during the GVAX campaign: the role of particle size in aerosol classification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143188. [PMID: 33143923 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies in aerosol properties, types and sources in the Himalayas are important for atmospheric and climatic issues due to high aerosol loading in the neighboring plains. This study uses in situ measurements of aerosol optical and microphysical properties obtained during the Ganges Valley Aerosol eXperiment (GVAX) at Nainital, India over the period June 2011-March 2012, aiming to identify key aerosol types and mixing states for two particle sizes (PM1 and PM10). Using a classification matrix based on SAE vs. AAE thresholds (scattering vs. absorption Ångström exponents, respectively), seven aerosol types are identified, which are highly dependent on particle size. An aerosol type named "large/BC mix" dominates in both PM1 (45.4%) and PM10 (46.9%) mass, characterized by aged BC mixed with other aerosols, indicating a wide range of particle sizes and mixing states. Small particles with low spectral dependence of the absorption (AAE < 1) account for 31.6% and BC-dominated aerosols for 14.8% in PM1, while in PM10, a large fraction (39%) corresponds to "large/low-absorbing" aerosols and only 3.9% is characterized as "BC-dominated". The remaining types consist of mixtures of dust and local emissions from biofuel burning and display very small fractions. The main optical properties e.g. spectral scattering, absorption, single scattering albedo, activation ratio, as well as seasonality and dependence on wind speed and direction of identified types are examined, revealing a large influence of air masses originating from the Indo-Gangetic Plains. This indicates that aerosols over the central Himalayas are mostly composed by mixtures of processed and transported polluted plumes from the plains. This is the first study that identifies key aerosol populations in the central Indian Himalayas based on in situ measurements and the results are highly important for aerosol-type inventories, chemical transport models and reducing the uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing over the third pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece.
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - Rahul Sheoran
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India
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35
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The 2017 Mega-Fires in Central Chile: Impacts on Regional Atmospheric Composition and Meteorology Assessed from Satellite Data and Chemistry-Transport Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In January 2017, historic forest fires occurred in south-central Chile. Although their causes and consequences on health and ecosystems were studied, little is known about their atmospheric effects. Based on chemistry-transport modeling with WRF-CHIMERE, the impact of the 2017 Chilean mega-fires on regional atmospheric composition, and the associated meteorological feedback, are investigated. Fire emissions are found to increase pollutants surface concentration in the capital city, Santiago, by +150% (+30 µg/m3) for PM2.5 and +50% (+200 ppb) for CO on average during the event. Satellite observations show an intense plume extending over 2000 km, well reproduced by the simulations, with Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 nm as high as 4 on average during the days of fire activity, as well as dense columns of CO and O3. In addition to affecting atmospheric composition, meteorology is also modified through aerosol direct and indirect effects, with a decrease in surface radiation by up to 100 W/m2 on average, leading to reductions in surface temperatures by 1 K and mixing layer heights over land by 100 m, and a significant increase in cloud optical depth along the plume. Large deposition fluxes of pollutants over land, the Pacific ocean and the Andes cordillera are found, signaling potential damages to remote ecosystems.
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36
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Hettiyadura APS, Garcia V, Li C, West CP, Tomlin J, He Q, Rudich Y, Laskin A. Chemical Composition and Molecular-Specific Optical Properties of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Associated with Biomass Burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2511-2521. [PMID: 33499599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study provides molecular insights into the light absorption properties of biomass burning (BB) brown carbon (BrC) through the chemical characterization of tar condensates generated from heated wood pellets at oxidative and pyrolysis conditions. Both liquid tar condensates separated into "darker oily" and "lighter aqueous" immiscible phases. The molecular composition of these samples was investigated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The results revealed two sets of BrC chromophores: (1) common to all four samples and (2) specific to the "oily" fractions. The common BrC chromophores consist of polar, monoaromatic species. The oil-specific BrC chromophores include less-polar and nonpolar polyaromatic compounds. The most-light-absorbing pyrolysis oily phase (PO) was aerosolized and size-separated using a cascade impactor to compare the composition and optical properties of the bulk versus the aerosolized BrC. The mass absorption coefficient (MAC300-500 nm) of aerosolized PO increased compared to that of the bulk, due to gas-phase partitioning of more volatile and less absorbing chromophores. The optical properties of the aerosolized PO were consistent with previously reported ambient BB BrC measurements. These results suggest the darkening of atmospheric BrC following non-reactive evaporation that transforms the optical properties and composition of aged BrC aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | - Quanfu He
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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37
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Wu Y, Li J, Jiang C, Xia Y, Tao J, Tian P, Zhou C, Wang C, Xia X, Huang RJ, Zhang R. Spectral absorption properties of organic carbon aerosol during a polluted winter in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142600. [PMID: 33045607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fraction of organic carbon (OC) is found to exhibit the capability to absorb solar radiation. However, the absorption properties of OC remain poorly characterized partly due to uncertainties in determination methods. In this study, the absorption coefficient (bap) of OC (bap,OC) in Beijing during a polluted winter was estimated on the basis of the combined measurements of black carbon (BC) size distribution and total aerosol bap (bap,meas). The bare BC bap (bap,bareBC) calculated using Mie theory on the basis of measured size distribution exhibited weak wavelength dependence, with a mean absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of 0.56 ± 0.04 within the 470-660 nm wavelength range, which was lower than the value of 1 commonly used for freshly emitted BC. The calculated bap,bareBC was compared with bap,meas at 950 nm to derive the coating thickness of BC, from which the calculation of coated BC bap (bap,coatBC) within 370-660 nm was based using the core-shell Mie model. Given the thick coatings, the AAE of coated BC, with a mean of 0.53 ± 0.12, was slightly lower than that of bare BC. Subsequently, bap,OC was obtained by subtracting bap,coatBC from bap,meas, accounting for 59.57 ± 4.82% of bap,meas at 370 nm on average. The average mass absorption efficiency of OC was estimated to be 1.48 ± 0.36 m2 g-1 at 370 nm. bap,OC significantly decreased as wavelength increased, deriving an AAE of OC with a mean of 2.72 ± 0.32 within the 370-660 nm range. The level of bap,OC estimated on the basis of a widely used attribution method assuming a constant BC AAE of 1 was ~60% lower than the currently presented value, probably underestimating OC radiative effect by a factor of >3. More accurate estimations of bap,OC based on more advanced measurements and suitable theory calculations are recommended to provide more reliable assessments of OC radiative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Xianghe Observatory of Whole Atmosphere, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xianghe 065400, China
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38
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Kong X, Salvador CM, Carlsson S, Pathak R, Davidsson KO, Le Breton M, Gaita SM, Mitra K, Hallquist ÅM, Hallquist M, Pettersson JBC. Molecular characterization and optical properties of primary emissions from a residential wood burning boiler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142143. [PMID: 32898781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modern small-scale biomass burners have been recognized as an important renewable energy source because of the economic and environmental advantages of biomass over fossil fuels. However, the characteristics of their gas and particulate emissions remain incompletely understood, and there is substantial uncertainty concerning their health and climate impacts. Here, we present online measurements conducted during the operation of a residential wood-burning boiler. The measured parameters include gas and particle concentrations, optical absorption and chemical characteristics of gases and particles. Positive matrix factorization was performed to analyze data from a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) equipped with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO). Six factors were identified and interpreted. Three factors were related to the chemical composition of the fuel representing lignin pyrolysis products, cellulose/hemicellulose pyrolysis products, and nitrogen-containing organics, while three factor were related to the physical characteristics of the emitted compounds: volatile compounds, semi-volatile compounds, and filter-derived compounds. An ordinal analysis was performed based on the factor fractions to identify the most influential masses in each factor, and by deconvoluting high-resolution mass spectra fingerprint molecules for each factor were identified. Results from the factor analysis were linked to the optical properties of the emissions, and lignin and cellulose/hemicellulose pyrolysis products appeared to be the most important sources of brown carbon under the tested burning conditions. It is concluded that the emissions from the complex combustion process can be described by a limited set of physically meaningful factors, which will help to rationalize subsequent transformation and tracing of emissions in the atmosphere and associated impacts on health and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Christian Mark Salvador
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Ravikant Pathak
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Mwaniki Gaita
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa M Hallquist
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan B C Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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June N, Wang X, Chen LWA, Chow JC, Watson JG, Wang X, Henderson BH, Zheng Y, Mao J. Spatial and temporal variability of brown carbon in United States: implications for direct radiative effects. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 47:10.1029/2020gl090332. [PMID: 34381286 PMCID: PMC8353956 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed dataset from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) observation network, combined with a 3-D chemical transport model, is used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of brown carbon (BrC) in the United States. The model with BrC emitted from biomass burning and biofuel emissions agrees with the seasonal and spatial variability of BrC planetary boundary layer (PBL) absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) observations within a factor of 2. The model without whitening, the tendency for absorption to decrease with aerosol aging, overestimates the observed BrC PBL AAOD, and does not reflect the measured BrC PBL AAOD spatial variability. The model shows higher absorption direct radiative effects (DRE) from BrC at northern high latitudes than at mid-latitudes in spring and summer, due to boreal fire emissions, long whitening lifetimes and high surface albedos. These findings highlight the need to study BrC over the Arctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole June
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L.-W. Antony Chen
- Department of Environmental and Operational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Judith C. Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - John G. Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yiqi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Bai Z, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Zhang W, Mao J, Chen H, Li L, Wang L, Chen J. Water/Methanol-Insoluble Brown Carbon Can Dominate Aerosol-Enhanced Light Absorption in Port Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14889-14898. [PMID: 32790286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light absorption enhancement (Eabs) of black carbon (BC) is a key factor in global climate models and is impacted by brown carbon (BrC) and the lensing effect of coatings. We conducted an in-depth field study on Eabs for ambient aerosols at a monitoring point in Shanghai, China, by real-time aerosol optical property monitoring and high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/Q-ToF-MS) analysis. The results showed Eabs at λ = 530 nm caused by the lensing effect was about 1.39 ± 027, accounting for 18.84% of the total light absorption. In this study, BrC is classified as soluble BrC (soluble in both water and methanol) or insoluble BrC (insoluble in both water and methanol). Soluble BrC accounted for 13.68 ± 11.15% of the total aerosol light absorption. For the first time, we concluded that insoluble BrC can contribute more than 60 and 97% of total aerosol and BrC light absorption in port cities, respectively. The molecular analysis of soluble BrC identified N-containing aromatic compounds (4-nitrophenol, 4-nitrocatechol, methyl nitrophenol, methyl nitrocatechols, and nitro-1-naphthol) commonly observed in biomass burning emissions or biomass burning-impacted atmospheres. A series of components (C16H26O3S, C17H28O3S, C18H30O3S, and C19H32O3S) were determined to be emissions from nearby cargo ships filled with heavy fuel oil (HFO), which further confirmed that insoluble BrC emitted from cargo ships could be the largest contributor to Eabs. This study confirms the global significance of evaluating HFO used in port cities in climate models. The control measures of cargo ship emission should be considered for the related environmental and health issues in port cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junfang Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Estimation of Surface Concentrations of Black Carbon from Long-Term Measurements at Aeronet Sites over Korea. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12233904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We estimated fine-mode black carbon (BC) concentrations at the surface using AERONET data from five AERONET sites in Korea, representing urban, rural, and background. We first obtained the columnar BC concentrations by separating the refractive index (RI) for fine-mode aerosols from AERONET data and minimizing the difference between separated RIs and calculated RIs using a mixing rule that can represent a real aerosol mixture (Maxwell Garnett for water-insoluble components and volume average for water-soluble components). Next, we acquired the surface BC concentrations by establishing a multiple linear regression (MLR) between in-situ BC concentrations from co-located or adjacent measurement sites, and columnar BC concentrations, by linearly adding meteorological parameters, month, and land-use type as the independent variables. The columnar BC concentrations estimated from AERONET data using a mixing rule well reproduced site-specific monthly variations of the in-situ measurement data, such as increases due to heating and/or biomass burning and long-range transport associated with prevailing westerlies in the spring and winter, and decreases due to wet scavenging in the summer. The MLR model exhibited a better correlation between measured and predicted BC concentrations than those based on columnar concentrations only, with a correlation coefficient of 0.64. The performance of our MLR model for BC was comparable to that reported in previous studies on the relationship between aerosol optical depth and particulate matter concentration in Korea. This study suggests that the MLR model with properly selected parameters is useful for estimating the surface BC concentration from AERONET data during the daytime, at sites where BC monitoring is not available.
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Park S, Yu GH, Bae MS. Effects of combustion condition and biomass type on the light absorption of fine organic aerosols from fresh biomass burning emissions over Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114841. [PMID: 32454360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the light absorption properties of fine organic aerosols from the burning emissions of four biomass materials were examined using UV-spectrophotometry and Aethalometer-measurements, respectively. For wood chips and palm trees, the burning experiments were carried out with different combustion temperatures (200, 250, and 300 οC) in an adjustable, electrically heated combustor. The light absorptions of water and methanol extracts of aerosols, and smoke particles showed strong spectral dependence on the burning emissions of all biomass materials. However, the burning aerosols of wood chips showed stronger absorption than those of the other biomass burning (BB) emissions. For the burning aerosols of wood chips and palm trees, organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) decreased as the combustion temperature increased from 200 to 300 °C. Absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values tended to decrease when combustion temperature increased for smoke aerosols and methanol extracts in smoke samples. The mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365, m2 g-1∙C-1) of water- and methanol-extractable OC fractions was highest in wood chip burning smoke samples. MAE365 values of methanol extracts for rice straw, pine needles, wood chips, and palm trees burning emission samples were 1.35, 0.92, 2.36-3.37, and 0.86-1.42, respectively. For wood chip and palm tree burning emissions, AAE320-430nm values of methanol extracts were strongly correlated with OC/EC (i.e., combustion temperature) with slopes of 0.11 (p < 0.001) and 0.02 (p < 0.001), and R2 values of 0.87 and 0.74, respectively. Moreover, a linear regression between MAE365 of methanol extractable OC and OC/EC showed slopes of -0.05 (p < 0.001) and -0.004 (p < 0.001) and R2 of 0.72 and 0.74, respectively. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that burning condition and biomass type influence the light absorption properties of organic aerosols from BB emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungshik Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun-Hye Yu
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, 1666 Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeollanamdo, 58554, Republic of Korea
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43
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Bikkina P, Bikkina S, Kawamura K, Sudheer AK, Mahesh G, Kumar SK. Evidence for brown carbon absorption over the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon season: a possible oceanic source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1743-1758. [PMID: 32686798 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00111b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The near UV-visible light-absorbing organic carbon (OC) of ambient aerosols, referred to here as brown carbon (BrC), significantly influences the atmospheric radiative forcing on both regional and global scales. Here, we documented BrC absorption in the aqueous and methanol extracts of marine aerosols collected over the Bay of Bengal (BoB: September-October 2017) and a city, Visakhapatnam (May-June 2018), in southern India during the southwest monsoon (i.e., a transition period with weak continental impact). The absorption spectra of BrC over the BoB showed several peaks around 300-400 nm and differ from those observed over Visakhapatnam. The absorption coefficient of BrC over the BoB, unlike Visakhapatnam data, does not seem to covary with other chemical proxies of biomass burning (non-sea-salt or nss-K+) and coal combustion (nss-SO42-) in the continental outflows, suggesting a different source of BrC over the BoB. Besides, we observed higher proportions of water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC/OC: 0.89 ± 0.02) and significant enrichment of Mg2+ over Na+ (i.e., relative to seawater) in BoB aerosols. This result and the backward air mass trajectories both hinted their major source of OC from marine-derived organic matter. In contrast, the absorption spectra of BrC over Visakhapatnam are like those from biomass burning emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This observation is further supported by the satellite-based fire counts and backward air mass trajectories. Therefore, our study underscores the BrC aerosols from the oceanic sources and southern India, hitherto unknown, and can improve our understanding of the regional climate effects of carbonaceous aerosols if included in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bikkina
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Waltair, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530017, India.
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - A K Sudheer
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - G Mahesh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - S Kuswanth Kumar
- National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Waltair, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530017, India. and University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana State, India
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Huang RJ, Yang L, Shen J, Yuan W, Gong Y, Guo J, Cao W, Duan J, Ni H, Zhu C, Dai W, Li Y, Chen Y, Chen Q, Wu Y, Zhang R, Dusek U, O'Dowd C, Hoffmann T. Water-Insoluble Organics Dominate Brown Carbon in Wintertime Urban Aerosol of China: Chemical Characteristics and Optical Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7836-7847. [PMID: 32479722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chromophores responsible for light absorption in atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) are not well characterized, which hinders our understanding of BrC chemistry, the links with optical properties, and accurate model representations of BrC to global climate and atmospheric oxidative capacity. In this study, the light absorption properties and chromophore composition of three BrC fractions of different polarities were characterized for urban aerosol collected in Xi'an and Beijing in winter 2013-2014. These three BrC fractions show large differences in light absorption and chromophore composition, but the chromophores responsible for light absorption are similar in Xi'an and Beijing. Water-insoluble BrC (WI-BrC) fraction dominates the total BrC absorption at 365 nm in both Xi'an (51 ± 5%) and Beijing (62 ± 13%), followed by a humic-like fraction (HULIS-BrC) and high-polarity water-soluble BrC. The major chromophores identified in HULIS-BrC are nitrophenols and carbonyl oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with 2-3 aromatic rings (in total 18 species), accounting for 10% and 14% of the light absorption of HULIS-BrC at 365 nm in Xi'an and Beijing, respectively. In comparison, the major chromophores identified in WI-BrC are PAHs and OPAHs with 4-6 aromatic rings (in total 16 species), contributing 6% and 8% of the light absorption of WI-BrC at 365 nm in Xi'an and Beijing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Detection Technology R & D on Food Safety, Food Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs, Shenzhen 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91CF50, Ireland
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Tiwari S, Kun L, Chen B. Spatial variability of sedimentary carbon in South Yellow Sea, China: impact of anthropogenic emission and long-range transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23812-23823. [PMID: 32301087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the last few decades, sedimentary carbons gain great concerns of research interest among the scientific committee worldwide due to their adverse impact on aquatic chemistry, ecology, and hence human health along with global climate change. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution of mass concentration of sedimentary carbon (viz. black carbon: BC, and its components, char and soot) along with their burial fluxes in the surface sediments of the South Yellow Sea (SYS). The concentration of sedimentary carbon is measured by using an emerging method of thermal/optical reflectance. The observed BC concentration is found in the range of 0.02-1.02 mg g-1 with a mean value of 0.49 ± 0.26 mg g-1. The mean burial fluxes of BC, char, and soot also have a similar spatial variation to their concentration with the mean value along with relative standard deviation (in bracket) 22.43 ± 12.49 (~ 56%), 5.90 ± 3.99 (~ 68%), and 16.53 ± 10.67 (65%), respectively. Relatively lower value of char/soot ratio, i.e., 0.48 ± 0.22, indicates the dominance of soot in surface sediments that could be mainly derived from the fossil fuel combustion which is further confirmed from emission inventory data suggesting maximum contribution, i.e., ~ 66-80%, of the total BC emission emitted from residential and industrial emission sources. The back trajectories analysis revealed a significant impact of long-range transportation on BC concentration in the surface sediments of SYS. Further study of BC concentrations in sea sediments and their interaction with other organic/inorganic compounds in continental shelves is highly needed for a better understanding of the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Tiwari
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Liu Kun
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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46
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Peng C, Yang F, Tian M, Shi G, Li L, Huang RJ, Yao X, Luo B, Zhai C, Chen Y. Brown carbon aerosol in two megacities in the Sichuan Basin of southwestern China: Light absorption properties and implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137483. [PMID: 32120102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The light absorption of brown carbon (BrC) makes a significant contribution to aerosol light absorption (Abs) and affects the radiative forcing. In this study, we analyzed and evaluated the light absorption and radiative forcing of BrC samples collected from December 2016 to January 2017 in Chongqing and Chengdu in the Sichuan Basin of Southwest China. Based on a two-component model, we estimated that BrC light absorption at 405 nm was 19.9 ± 17.1 Mm-1 and 19.2 ± 12.3 Mm-1 in Chongqing and Chengdu, contributing 19.0 ± 5.0% and 17.8 ± 3.7% to Abs respectively. Higher Abs405,BrC, MAE405,BrC, and AAE405-980 values were observed during the pollution period over the clean period in both cities. The major sources of BrC were biomass burning (BB) and secondary organic aerosol in Chongqing, and coal combustion (CC) and secondary organic aerosol in Chengdu. During the pollution period, aged BrC formed from anthropogenic precursors via its aqueous reactions with NH4+ and NOx had impacts on BrC absorption in both cities. BB led to higher Abs405,BrC, MAE405,BrC, and AAE405-980 values in Chongqing than Chengdu during the pollution period. The fractional contribution of radiation absorbed by BrC relative to BC in the wavelengths of 405-445 nm was 60.2 ± 17.0% and 64.2 ± 11.6% in Chongqing and Chengdu, significantly higher than that in the range of 405-980 nm (26.2 ± 6.7% and 27.7 ± 4.6% respectively) (p < 0.001). This study is useful for understanding the characterization, sources, and impacts of BrC in the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mi Tian
- School of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Xiaojiang Yao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chongzhi Zhai
- Chongqing Academy of Environmental Science, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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Chen P, Kang S, Tripathee L, Ram K, Rupakheti M, Panday AK, Zhang Q, Guo J, Wang X, Pu T, Li C. Light absorption properties of elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: A 5-year study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114239. [PMID: 32114124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and particularly the light absorption characteristics of EC and water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) in total suspended particles in the Kathmandu Valley from April 2013 to January 2018. The mean OC, EC, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentrations were 34.8 ± 27.1, 9.9 ± 5.8, and 17.4 ± 12.5 μg m-3, respectively. A clear seasonal variation was observed for all carbonaceous components with higher concentrations occurring during colder months and lower concentrations in the monsoon season. The relatively low OC/EC ratio (3.6 ± 2.0) indicates fossil fuel combustion as the primary source of carbonaceous components. The optical attenuation (ATN) at 632 nm was significantly connected with EC loading (ECS) below 15 μg cm-2 but ceased as ECS increased, reflecting the increased influence of the shadowing effect. The derived average mass absorption cross-section of EC (MACEC) (7.0 ± 4.2 m2 g-1) is comparable to that of freshly emitted EC particles, further attesting that EC was mainly produced from local sources with minimal atmospheric aging processes. Relatively intensive coating with organic aerosols and/or salts (e.g., sulfate, nitrate) was probably the reason for the slightly higher MACEC during the monsoon season, whereas increased biomass burning was a major factor leading to lower MACEC in other seasons. The average MACWS-BrC at 365 nm was 1.4 ± 0.3 m2 g-1 with minimal seasonal variations. In contrast to MACEC, biomass burning was the main reason for a higher MACWS-BrC in the non-monsoon season. The relative light absorption contribution of WS-BrC to EC was 9.9% over the 300-700 nm wavelength range, with a slightly higher ratio (13.6%) in the pre-monsoon season. Therefore, both EC and WS-BrC should be considered in the study of optical properties and radiative forcing of carbonaceous aerosols in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 44700, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
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Chen P, Kang S, Gul C, Tripathee L, Wang X, Hu Z, Li C, Pu T. Seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol composition and light absorption properties in Karachi, Pakistan. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 90:286-296. [PMID: 32081324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol (CA) and its light absorption properties are limited in Karachi, which is one of the most polluted metropolitan cities in South Asia. This study presents a comprehensive measurement of seasonality of CA compositions and mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in total suspended particles (TSP) collected from February 2015 to March 2017 in the southwest part of Karachi. The average TSP, organic carbon (OC), and EC concentrations were extremely high with values as 391.0 ± 217.0, 37.2 ± 28.0, and 8.53 ± 6.97 μg/m3, respectively. These components showed clear seasonal variations with high concentrations occurring during fall and winter followed by spring and summer. SO42-, NO3-, K+, and NH4+ showed similar variations with CA, implying the significant influence on atmospheric pollutants from anthropogenic activities. Relatively lower OC/EC ratio (4.20 ± 2.50) compared with remote regions further indicates fossil fuel combustion as a primary source of CA. Meanwhile, sea salt and soil dust are important contribution sources for TSP. The average MAC of EC (632 nm) and WSOC (365 nm) were 6.56 ± 2.70 and 0.97 ± 0.37 m2/g, respectively. MACEC is comparable to that in urban areas but lower than that in remote regions, indicating the significant influence of local emissions. MACWSOC showed opposite distribution with EC, further suggesting that OC was significantly affected by local fossil fuel combustion. In addition, dust might be an important factor increasing MACWSOC particularly during spring and summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chaman Gul
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaofu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, China
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Chen P, Kang S, Tripathee L, Panday AK, Rupakheti M, Rupakheti D, Zhang Q, Guo J, Li C, Pu T. Severe air pollution and characteristics of light-absorbing particles in a typical rural area of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10617-10628. [PMID: 31940147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particles (TSP) were collected in Lumbini from April 2013 to March 2016 to better understand the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol (CA) concentrations, compositions and sources and their light absorption properties in rural region of severe polluted Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Extremely high TSP (203.9 ± 109.6 μg m-3), organic carbon (OC 32.1 ± 21.7 μg m-3), elemental carbon (EC 6.44 ± 3.17 μg m-3) concentrations were observed in Lumbini particularly during winter and post-monsoon seasons, reflecting the combined influences of emission sources and weather conditions. SO42- (7.34 ± 4.39 μg m-3) and Ca2+ (5.46 ± 5.20 μg m-3) were the most dominant anion and cation in TSP. These components were comparable to those observed in urban areas in South and East Asia but significantly higher than those in remote regions over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau, suggesting severe air pollution in the study region. Various combustion activities including industry, vehicle emission, and biomass burning are the main reasons for high pollutant concentrations. The variation of OC/EC ratio further suggested that biomass such as agro-residue burning contributed a lot for CA, particularly during the non-monsoon season. The average mass absorption cross-section of EC (MACEC) and water-soluble organic carbon (MACWSOC) were 7.58 ± 3.39 and 1.52 ± 0.41 m2 g-1, respectively, indicating that CA in Lumbini was mainly affected by local emissions. Increased biomass burning decreased MACEC; whereas, it could result in high MACWSOC during the non-monsoon season. Furthermore, dust is one important factor causing higher MACWSOC during the pre-monsoon season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, DongGangXi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, DongGangXi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of CAS, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, DongGangXi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Arnico K Panday
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, 44700, Nepal
| | | | - Dipesh Rupakheti
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, DongGangXi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, DongGangXi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, DongGangXi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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50
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Liakakou E, Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Stavroulas I, Tsagkaraki M, Paraskevopoulou D, Bougiatioti A, Dumka UC, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Long-term brown carbon spectral characteristics in a Mediterranean city (Athens). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135019. [PMID: 31791764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses 4-years of continuous 7-λ Aethalometer (AE-33) measurements in an urban-background environment of Athens, to resolve the spectral absorption coefficients (babs) for black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC). An important BrC contribution (23.7 ± 11.6%) to the total babs at 370 nm is estimated for the period May 2015-April 2019, characterized by a remarkable seasonality with winter maximum (33.5 ± 13.6%) and summer minimum (18.5 ± 8.1%), while at longer wavelengths the BrC contribution is significantly reduced (6.8 ± 3.6% at 660 nm). The wavelength dependence of the total babs gives an annual-mean AAE370-880 of 1.31, with higher values in winter night-time. The BrC absorption and its contribution to babs presents a large increase reaching up to 39.1 ± 13.6% during winter nights (370 nm), suggesting residential wood burning (RWB) emissions as a dominant source for BrC. This is supported by strong correlations of the BrC absorption with OC, EC, the fragment ion m/z 60 derived from ACSM and PMF-analyzed organic fractions related to biomass burning (e.g. BBOA). In contrast, BrC absorption decreases significantly during daytime as well as in the warm period, reaching to a minimum during the early-afternoon hours in all seasons due to photo-chemical degradation. Estimated secondary BrC absorption is practically evident only during winter night-time, implying the fast oxidation of BrC species from RWB emissions. Changes in mixing-layer height do not significantly affect the BrC absorption in winter, while they play a major role in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - M Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - D Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - U C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece.
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