1
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Narayanan D, Bartley B, Landes J, Moore SA, Kulkarni V, He Q, Simonette R, Doan HQ, Rady PL, Tyring SK. The effect of selinexor on prostaglandin synthesis in virus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma cell lines. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:312. [PMID: 38822924 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer with high rates of metastasis and mortality. In vitro studies suggest that selinexor (KPT-330), an inhibitor of exportin 1, may be a targeted therapeutic option for MCC. This selective inhibitor prevents the transport of oncogenic mRNA out of the nucleus. Of note, 80% of MCC tumors are integrated with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and virally encoded tumor-antigens, small T (sT) and large T (LT) mRNAs may require an exportin transporter to relocate to the cytoplasm and modulate host tumor-suppressing pathways. To explore selinexor as a targeted therapy for MCC, we examine its ability to inhibit LT and sT antigen expression in vitro and its impact on the prostaglandin synthesis pathway. Protein expression was determined through immunoblotting and quantified by densitometric analysis. Statistical significance was determined with t-test. Treatment of MCPyV-infected cell lines with selinexor resulted in a significant dose-dependent downregulation of key mediators of the prostaglandin synthesis pathway. Given the role of prostaglandin synthesis pathway in MCC, our findings suggest that selinexor, alone or in combination with immunotherapy, could be a promising treatment for MCPyV-infected MCC patients who are resistant to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Narayanan
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Brooke Bartley
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Jennifer Landes
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Stephen A Moore
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Veda Kulkarni
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Qin He
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Rebecca Simonette
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Hung Q Doan
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB Room 1.178, Houston, TX, 77070, USA.
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2
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Wan Q, Tavakoli L, Wang TY, Tucker AJ, Zhou R, Liu Q, Feng S, Choi D, He Z, Gack MU, Zhao J. Hijacking of nucleotide biosynthesis and deamidation-mediated glycolysis by an oncogenic herpesvirus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1442. [PMID: 38365882 PMCID: PMC10873312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and multiple types of B cell malignancies. Emerging evidence demonstrates that KSHV reprograms host-cell central carbon metabolic pathways, which contributes to viral persistence and tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying KSHV-mediated metabolic reprogramming remain poorly understood. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamoylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD) is a key enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and was recently identified to deamidate the NF-κB subunit RelA to promote aerobic glycolysis and cell proliferation. Here we report that KSHV infection exploits CAD for nucleotide synthesis and glycolysis. Mechanistically, KSHV vCyclin binds to and hijacks cyclin-dependent kinase CDK6 to phosphorylate Ser-1900 on CAD, thereby activating CAD-mediated pyrimidine synthesis and RelA-deamidation-mediated glycolytic reprogramming. Correspondingly, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of CDK6 and CAD potently impeded KSHV lytic replication and thwarted tumorigenesis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our work defines a viral metabolic reprogramming mechanism underpinning KSHV oncogenesis, which may spur the development of new strategies to treat KSHV-associated malignancies and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyuan Wan
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Leah Tavakoli
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Wang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Tucker
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ruiting Zhou
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- State Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Diabetes & Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiheng He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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3
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Liu B, Zhao X, Zhang S, Li Q, Li X, Huang D, Xia J, Ma N, Duan Y, Zhang X, Rao J. Targeting ZDHHC21/FASN axis for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2024; 38:351-364. [PMID: 38195819 PMCID: PMC10844076 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is essential for cancer development via regulating protein stability, function and subcellular location, yet the roles S-palmitoylation plays in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) progression remain enigmatic. In this study, we uncovered a novel function of the palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 as a tumor suppressor in DLBCL and identified ZDHHC21 as a key regulator of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) S-palmitoylation for the first time. Specifically, ZDHHC21 was downregulated in DLBCL, and its expression level was associated with the clinical prognosis of patients with DLBCL. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that ZDHHC21 suppressed DLBCL cell proliferation. Mechanistically, ZDHHC21 interacted with FASN and mediated its palmitoylation at Cys1317, resulting in a decrease in FASN protein stability and fatty acid synthesis, consequently leading to the inhibition of DLBCL cell growth. Of note, an FDA-approved small-molecule compound lanatoside C interacted with ZDHHC21, increased ZDHHC21 protein stability and decreased FASN expression, which contributed to the suppression of DLBCL growth in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that ZDHHC21 strongly represses DLBCL cell proliferation by mediating FASN palmitoylation, and suggest that targeting ZDHHC21/FASN axis is a potential therapeutic strategy against DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/genetics
- Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/metabolism
- Fatty Acids
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangdong Liu
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianlan Zhao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dezhi Huang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Naya Ma
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yishuo Duan
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jun Rao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hematology and Microenvironment, Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Bai R, Cui J. Regulation of fatty acid synthase on tumor and progress in the development of related therapies. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-00938. [PMID: 38273440 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is an essential molecule in lipid metabolic pathways, which are crucial for cancer-related studies. Recent studies have focused on a comprehensive understanding of the novel and important regulatory effects of FASN on malignant biological behavior and immune-cell infiltration, which are closely related to tumor occurrence and development, immune escape, and immune response. FASN-targeting antitumor treatment strategies are being developed. Therefore, in this review, we focused on the effects of FASN on tumor and immune-cell infiltration and reviewed the progress of related anti-tumor therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilan Bai
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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5
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Rezaei M, Ghanadian M, Ghezelbash B, Shokouhi A, Bazhin AV, Zamyatnin AA, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. TIM-3/Gal-9 interaction affects glucose and lipid metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267578. [PMID: 38022614 PMCID: PMC10667689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) is a transmembrane molecule first identified as an immunoregulator. This molecule is also expressed on leukemic cells in acute myeloid leukemia and master cell survival and proliferation. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of TIM-3 interaction with its ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) on glucose and lipid metabolism in AML cell lines. Methods HL-60 and THP-1 cell lines, representing M3 and M5 AML subtypes, respectively, were cultured under appropriate conditions. The expression of TIM-3 on the cell surface was ascertained by flow cytometric assay. We used real-time PCR to examine the mRNA expression of GLUT-1, HK-2, PFKFB-3, G6PD, ACC-1, ATGL, and CPT-1A; colorimetric assays to measure the concentration of glucose, lactate, GSH, and the enzymatic activity of G6PD; MTT assay to determine cellular proliferation; and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to designate FFAs. Results We observed the significant upregulated expression of GLUT-1, HK-2, PFKFB-3, ACC-1, CPT-1A, and G6PD and the enzymatic activity of G6PD in a time-dependent manner in the presence of Gal-9 compared to the PMA and control groups in both HL-60 and THP-1 cell lines (p > 0.05). Moreover, the elevation of extracellular free fatty acids, glucose consumption, lactate release, the concentration of cellular glutathione (GSH) and cell proliferation were significantly higher in the presence of Gal-9 compared to the PMA and control groups in both cell lines (p < 0.05). Conclusion TIM-3/Gal-9 ligation on AML cell lines results in aerobic glycolysis and altered lipid metabolism and also protects cells from oxidative stress, all in favor of leukemic cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ghezelbash
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shokouhi
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Ma H, Jiang S, Yuan Y, Li J, Li Y, Lv Y, Du T, Guan J, Jiang X, Tian L, Zheng Q, Yang L, Li Q. RUNX1 promotes proliferation and migration in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines via the mTOR pathway. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23195. [PMID: 37801076 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300687rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RUNX1, a member of the RUNX family of metazoan transcription factors, participates in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, and other processes involved in growth and development. It also functions in the occurrence and development of tumors. However, the role and mechanism of action of RUNX1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are not yet clear. We used a bioinformatics approach as well as in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the role of RUNX1 in NSCLC as the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects. Using the TCGA, GEO, GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis), and Kaplan-Meier databases, we screened the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and found that RUNX1 was highly expressed in lung cancer and was associated with a poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical staining based on tissue chips from 110 samples showed that the expression of RUNX1 in lung cancer tissues was higher than that in adjacent normal tissues and was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. In vitro experiments, we found that RUNX1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and migration functions and affected downstream functional proteins by regulating the activity of the mTOR pathway, as confirmed by an analysis using the mTOR pathway inhibitor rapamycin. In addition, RUNX1 affected PD-L1 expression via the mTOR pathway. These results indicate that RUNX1 is a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Siyu Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinan Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yizhuo Li
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Lv
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tengjiao Du
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingqian Guan
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xizi Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianhe Yang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchang Li
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Qu Y, Wang W, Xiao MZX, Zheng Y, Liang Q. The interplay between lipid droplets and virus infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28967. [PMID: 37496184 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
As an intracellular parasite, the virus usurps cellular machinery and modulates cellular metabolism pathways to replicate itself in cells. Lipid droplets (LDs) are universally conserved energy storage organelles that not only play vital roles in maintaining lipid homeostasis but are also involved in viral replication. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that viruses take advantage of cellular lipid metabolism by targeting the biogenesis, hydrolysis, and lipophagy of LD during viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the modulation of cellular LD by different viruses, with a special emphasis on the Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus, and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Qu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maggie Z X Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuejuan Zheng
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Clark SA, Vazquez A, Furiya K, Splattstoesser MK, Bashmail AK, Schwartz H, Russell M, Bhark SJ, Moreno OK, McGovern M, Owsley ER, Nelson TA, Sanchez EL, Delgado T. Rewiring of the Host Cell Metabolome and Lipidome during Lytic Gammaherpesvirus Infection Is Essential for Infectious-Virus Production. J Virol 2023; 97:e0050623. [PMID: 37191529 PMCID: PMC10308918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00506-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic virus infections are estimated to cause ~15% of all cancers. Two prevalent human oncogenic viruses are members of the gammaherpesvirus family: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). We use murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), which shares significant homology with KSHV and EBV, as a model system to study gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Viruses implement distinct metabolic programs to support their life cycle, such as increasing the supply of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotide materials necessary to replicate. Our data define the global changes in the host cell metabolome and lipidome during gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Our metabolomics analysis found that MHV-68 lytic infection induces glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. We additionally observed an increase in glutamine consumption and glutamine dehydrogenase protein expression. While both glucose and glutamine starvation of host cells decreased viral titers, glutamine starvation led to a greater loss in virion production. Our lipidomics analysis revealed a peak in triacylglycerides early during infection and an increase in free fatty acids and diacylglyceride later in the viral life cycle. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the protein expression of multiple lipogenic enzymes during infection. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibitors of glycolysis or lipogenesis resulted in decreased infectious virus production. Taken together, these results illustrate the global alterations in host cell metabolism during lytic gammaherpesvirus infection, establish essential pathways for viral production, and recommend targeted mechanisms to block viral spread and treat viral induced tumors. IMPORTANCE Viruses are intracellular parasites which lack their own metabolism, so they must hijack host cell metabolic machinery in order to increase the production of energy, proteins, fats, and genetic material necessary to replicate. Using murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) as a model system to understand how similar human gammaherpesviruses cause cancer, we profiled the metabolic changes that occur during lytic MHV-68 infection and replication. We found that MHV-68 infection of host cells increases glucose, glutamine, lipid, and nucleotide metabolic pathways. We also showed inhibition or starvation of glucose, glutamine, or lipid metabolic pathways results in an inhibition of virus production. Ultimately, targeting changes in host cell metabolism due to viral infection can be used to treat gammaherpesvirus-induced cancers and infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Clark
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Angie Vazquez
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsey Furiya
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Haleigh Schwartz
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Makaiya Russell
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shun-Je Bhark
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Osvaldo K. Moreno
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Morgan McGovern
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric R. Owsley
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy A. Nelson
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica L. Sanchez
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Biological Sciences, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Tracie Delgado
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
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9
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Gong Z, Yan Z, Liu W, Luo B. Oncogenic viruses and host lipid metabolism: a new perspective. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37279154 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As noncellular organisms, viruses do not have their own metabolism and rely on the metabolism of host cells to provide energy and metabolic substances for their life cycles. Increasing evidence suggests that host cells infected with oncogenic viruses have dramatically altered metabolic requirements and that oncogenic viruses produce substances used for viral replication and virion production by altering host cell metabolism. We focused on the processes by which oncogenic viruses manipulate host lipid metabolism and the lipid metabolism disorders that occur in oncogenic virus-associated diseases. A deeper understanding of viral infections that cause changes in host lipid metabolism could help with the development of new antiviral agents as well as potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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10
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Liu C, Zhou X, Ju H, Zhang Y. Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase reverses metformin resistance by activating AMPK in pancreatic cancer. Life Sci 2023:121817. [PMID: 37270169 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) plays a key role in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming. Whether metabolic reprogramming and PC are related in PDAC is unclear. Here, the effect of PC expression on PDAC tumorigenesis and metabolic reprogramming were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS PC protein expression in PDAC and precancerous tissues was measured through immunohistochemistry. The maximum standardized uptake (SUVmax) of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-2-d-glucose (18F-FDG) in PDAC patient PET/CT scans before surgical resection was retrospectively determined. Stable PC-knockdown and PC-overexpressing cells were established using lentiviruses, and PDAC progression was assessed in vivo and in vitro. Lactate content, 18F-FDG cell uptake rate, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were measured in cells. RNA sequencing revealed and qPCR verified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after PC knockdown. The signaling pathways involved were determined by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS PC was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues vs. precancerous tissues. A high SUVmax correlated with PC upregulation. PC knockdown significantly inhibited PDAC progression. Lactate content, SUVmax, and ECAR significantly decreased after PC knockdown. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-one alpha (PGC-1α) was upregulated after PC knockdown; and PGC1a expression promoted AMPK phosphorylation to activate mitochondrial metabolism. Metformin significantly inhibited mitochondrial respiration after PC knockdown, further activated AMPK and downstream carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A)-regulated fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and inhibited PDAC cells progression. SIGNIFICANCE PDAC cell uptake of FDG was positively correlated with PC expression. PC promotes PDAC glycolysis, and reducing PC expression can increase PGC1a expression, activate AMPK, and restore metformin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Ju
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Landes JR, Bartley BR, Moore SA, He Q, Simonette R, Rady PL, Doan HQ, Tyring SK. Effect of selinexor on lipogenesis in virus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma cell lines. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023:7164142. [PMID: 37191210 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine cutaneous carcinoma aetiologically linked to the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently the first-line therapy for metastatic MCC; however, the treatment is effective in only about half of patients, highlighting the need for alternative therapies. Selinexor (KPT-330) is a selective inhibitor of nuclear exportin 1 (XPO1) and has been shown to inhibit MCC cell growth in vitro, but the pathogenesis has not been established. Decades of research have established that cancer cells significantly upregulate lipogenesis to meet an increased demand for fatty acids and cholesterol. Treatments that inhibit lipogenic pathways may halt cancer cell proliferation. AIM To determine the effect of increasing doses of selinexor on fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in MCPyV-positive MCC (MCCP) cell lines and aid in elucidating the mechanism by which selinexor prevents and reduces MCC growth. METHODS MKL-1 and MS-1 cell lines were treated with increasing doses of selinexor for 72 h. Protein expression quantification was determined using chemiluminescent Western immunoblotting and densitometric analysis. Fatty acids and cholesterol were quantified using free fatty acid assay and cholesterol ester detection kits. RESULTS Selinexor causes statistically significant reductions of the lipogenic transcription factors sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2, and lipogenic enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, squalene synthase and 3β-hydroxysterol Δ-24-reductase in a dose-dependent manner in two MCCP cell lines. Although inhibiting the fatty acid synthesis pathway results in meaningful decreases in fatty acids, the cellular cholesterol levels did not demonstrate such reductions. CONCLUSION For patients with metastatic MCC refractory to immune checkpoint inhibitors, selinexor may provide clinical benefit through the inhibition of the lipogenesis pathway; however, further research and clinical trials are needed to evaluate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Landes
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brooke R Bartley
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen A Moore
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qin He
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca Simonette
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hung Q Doan
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Vanauberg D, Schulz C, Lefebvre T. Involvement of the pro-oncogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase in the hallmarks of cancer: a promising target in anti-cancer therapies. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:16. [PMID: 36934087 PMCID: PMC10024702 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An accelerated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) flux is a common characteristic of cancer cells required to sustain a high proliferation rate. The DNL enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) is overexpressed in many cancers and is pivotal for the increased production of fatty acids. There is increasing evidences of the involvement of FASN in several hallmarks of cancer linked to its ability to promote cell proliferation via membranes biosynthesis. In this review we discuss about the implication of FASN in the resistance to cell death and in the deregulation of cellular energetics by increasing nucleic acids, protein and lipid synthesis. FASN also promotes cell proliferation, cell invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis by enabling the building of lipid rafts and consequently to the localization of oncogenic receptors such as HER2 and c-Met in membrane microdomains. Finally, FASN is involved in immune escape by repressing the activation of pro-inflammatory cells and promoting the recruitment of M2 macrophages and T regulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide an overview of the involvement of the pro-oncogenic enzyme in the hallmarks of cancer making FASN a promising target in anti-cancer therapy to circumvent resistance to chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Vanauberg
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Céline Schulz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France.
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13
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Pang Y, Lu T, Xu-Monette ZY, Young KH. Metabolic Reprogramming and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065493. [PMID: 36982568 PMCID: PMC10052731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that often require their metabolism program to fulfill the demand of cell proliferation. Features of metabolism in lymphoma cells include high glucose uptake, deregulated expression of enzymes related to glycolysis, dual capacity for glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, elevated glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These aberrant metabolic changes lead to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and resistance to lymphoma chemotherapy. This metabolic reprogramming, including glucose, nucleic acid, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, is a dynamic process caused not only by genetic and epigenetic changes, but also by changes in the microenvironment affected by viral infections. Notably, some critical metabolic enzymes and metabolites may play vital roles in lymphomagenesis and progression. Recent studies have uncovered that metabolic pathways might have clinical impacts on the diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of lymphoma subtypes. However, determining the clinical relevance of biomarkers and therapeutic targets related to lymphoma metabolism is still challenging. In this review, we systematically summarize current studies on metabolism reprogramming in lymphoma, and we mainly focus on disorders of glucose, amino acids, and lipid metabolisms, as well as dysregulation of molecules in metabolic pathways, oncometabolites, and potential metabolic biomarkers. We then discuss strategies directly or indirectly for those potential therapeutic targets. Finally, we prospect the future directions of lymphoma treatment on metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Pang
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Hematology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingxun Lu
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zijun Y. Xu-Monette
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ken H. Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-668-7568; Fax: +1-919-684-1856
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14
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Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Lymphomas Exploit Ectonucleotidase Activity To Limit Immune Responses and Prevent Cell Death. mBio 2023; 14:e0345922. [PMID: 36786572 PMCID: PMC10127690 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03459-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-associated virus that infects more than 90% of adults. Unfortunately, many EBV-driven malignancies, including numerous B cell lymphomas, are highly aggressive and lack acceptable therapeutic outcomes. The concentrations of extracellular purines, namely, ATP and adenosine, are highly dysregulated in the tumor microenvironment and significantly impact the degree of immune responses to the tumor. Additionally, many tumor cells adapt to this dysregulation by overexpressing one or more ectonucleotidases, enzymes that degrade extracellular nucleotides to nucleosides. The degradation of immunostimulatory extracellular ATP to immunosuppressive adenosine through ectonucleotidase activity is one example of tumor cell exploitation of the purinergic signaling pathway. As such, preclinical studies targeting the purinergic signaling pathway have found it to be a promising immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of solid tumors; however, the extent to which purinergic signaling impacts the development and survival of EBV+ B cell lymphoma remains unstudied. Here, we demonstrate robust ectonucleotidase expression on multiple types of EBV-positive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Furthermore, the presence of high concentrations of extracellular ATP resulted in the expression of lytic viral proteins and exhibited cytotoxicity toward EBV+ B cell lines, particularly when CD39 was inhibited. Inhibition of CD39 also significantly prolonged survival in an aggressive cord blood humanized mouse model of EBV-driven lymphomagenesis and was correlated with an enhanced inflammatory immune response and reduced tumor burden. Taken together, these data suggest that EBV+ B cell lymphomas exploit ectonucleotidase activity to circumvent ATP-mediated inflammation and cell death. IMPORTANCE EBV is a ubiquitous pathogen responsible for significant global lymphoma burden, including Hodgkin lymphoma, numerous non-Hodgkin B, T, and NK cell lymphomas, and lymphoproliferative disorders. EBV is also associated with epithelial cancers and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Many of these diseases are highly aggressive and exhibit poor outcomes. As such, new treatments for EBV-driven cancers have the potential to benefit a large number of patients. We use in vitro and in vivo models to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting the purinergic signaling pathway in the context of EBV-driven B cell lymphoma. These findings lend credence to the manipulation of purinergic signaling as a viable therapeutic approach to EBV+ malignancies and support the feasibility of immunotherapeutic treatments for viral lymphoma.
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15
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Altered serum lipid levels are associated with prognosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma and influenced by utility of rituximab. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:393-402. [PMID: 36670246 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the prognosis of the disease varied. This research aims to investigate the impact of serum lipid level on the outcome of DLBCL patients and their interaction with rituximab (RTX). Data of newly diagnosed DLBCL in the third affiliated hospital of Soochow University were retrospectively collected. Baseline serum lipid levels, clinical data, and survival information were simultaneously recorded. Data of healthy controls were collected with age matching. Serum lipid levels significantly differed for the patients. All were transformed into categorical variables for the analysis of survival. During a median follow-up of 58 months, 32.8% patients died. Univariate analysis revealed all serum lipid indicators were associated with overall survival (OS); all except for total cholesterol (TC) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) showed significant impact on progression-free survival (PFS). Multivariable analysis confirmed the adverse effect of triglyceride (TG) on PFS (P = 0.013) and favorable impact of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on OS (P = 0.003). For cases treated without RTX, apolipoprotein A (apoA) had independent favorable effect on both PFS (P = 0.004) and OS (P = 0.001). Comparably, for patients who received RTX, HDL showed remarkably predictive value of PFS (P = 0.011) and OS (P = 0.019). In conclusion, the abnormal serum lipids occurred throughout the course of DLBCL, and the associations of serum lipids and the prognosis of the disease were interfered by RTX. Trial registration: 2022()CL033; June 26, 2022, retrospectively registered.
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16
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Wen KW, Wang L, Menke JR, Damania B. Cancers associated with human gammaherpesviruses. FEBS J 2022; 289:7631-7669. [PMID: 34536980 PMCID: PMC9019786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; human herpesvirus 4; HHV-4) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8; HHV-8) are human gammaherpesviruses that have oncogenic properties. EBV is a lymphocryptovirus, whereas HHV-8/KSHV is a rhadinovirus. As lymphotropic viruses, EBV and KSHV are associated with several lymphoproliferative diseases or plasmacytic/plasmablastic neoplasms. Interestingly, these viruses can also infect epithelial cells causing carcinomas and, in the case of KSHV, endothelial cells, causing sarcoma. EBV is associated with Burkitt lymphoma, classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, leiomyosarcoma, and subsets of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and gastric carcinoma. KSHV is implicated in Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman disease, and KSHV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Pathogenesis by these two herpesviruses is intrinsically linked to viral proteins expressed during the lytic and latent lifecycles. This comprehensive review intends to provide an overview of the EBV and KSHV viral cycles, viral proteins that contribute to oncogenesis, and the current understanding of the pathogenesis and clinicopathology of their related neoplastic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwun Wah Wen
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Joshua R. Menke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology & Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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17
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An Update on the Metabolic Landscape of Oncogenic Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235742. [PMID: 36497226 PMCID: PMC9738352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses play an important role in cancer development as about 12% of cancer types are linked to viral infections. Viruses that induce cellular transformation are known as oncoviruses. Although the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis differ between viruses, all oncogenic viruses share the ability to establish persistent chronic infections with no obvious symptoms for years. During these prolonged infections, oncogenic viruses manipulate cell signaling pathways that control cell cycle progression, apoptosis, inflammation, and metabolism. Importantly, it seems that most oncoviruses depend on these changes for their persistence and amplification. Metabolic changes induced by oncoviruses share many common features with cancer metabolism. Indeed, viruses, like proliferating cancer cells, require increased biosynthetic precursors for virion production, need to balance cellular redox homeostasis, and need to ensure host cell survival in a given tissue microenvironment. Thus, like for cancer cells, viral replication and persistence of infected cells frequently depend on metabolic changes. Here, we draw parallels between metabolic changes observed in cancers or induced by oncoviruses, with a focus on pathways involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and amino acids. We describe whether and how oncoviruses depend on metabolic changes, with the perspective of targeting them for antiviral and onco-therapeutic approaches in the context of viral infections.
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18
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Zandi M, Shokri S, Mahmoudvand S, Hosseinzadeh Adli A, Mohammadi R, Haddadi A. Interplay between cellular metabolism and DNA viruses. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5163-5173. [PMID: 35869415 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses as intracellular pathogens take over the host metabolism and reprogram to facilitate optimal virus production. DNA viruses can cause alterations in several metabolic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis also known as the Warburg effect, pentose phosphate pathway activation, and amino acid catabolism such as glutaminolysis, nucleotide biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. The available energy for productive infection can be increased in infected cells via modification of different carbon source utilization. This review discusses the metabolic alterations of the DNA viruses that will be the basis for future novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shokri
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Mohammadi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Azita Haddadi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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19
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Choi SYC, Ribeiro CF, Wang Y, Loda M, Plymate SR, Uo T. Druggable Metabolic Vulnerabilities Are Exposed and Masked during Progression to Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1590. [PMID: 36358940 PMCID: PMC9687810 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for exploring new actionable targets other than androgen receptor to improve outcome from lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer. Tumor metabolism has reemerged as a hallmark of cancer that drives and supports oncogenesis. In this regard, it is important to understand the relationship between distinctive metabolic features, androgen receptor signaling, genetic drivers in prostate cancer, and the tumor microenvironment (symbiotic and competitive metabolic interactions) to identify metabolic vulnerabilities. We explore the links between metabolism and gene regulation, and thus the unique metabolic signatures that define the malignant phenotypes at given stages of prostate tumor progression. We also provide an overview of current metabolism-based pharmacological strategies to be developed or repurposed for metabolism-based therapeutics for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y. C. Choi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Caroline Fidalgo Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Takuma Uo
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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20
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Concomitant Inhibition of FASN and SREBP Provides a Promising Therapy for CTCL. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184491. [PMID: 36139650 PMCID: PMC9496997 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The biosynthesis of fatty acids catalysed by FASN plays an important oncogenic role in various malignancies but has not been reported in CTCL yet. Here, we show that FASN is highly expressed in both cell lines and primary cells from CTCL patients. The inhibition of FASN impairs cell viability, survival, and proliferation. FASN expression is partly controlled by SREBP, and dual inhibition of FASN and SREBP enhances the impairment of cell proliferation. Overall, our data suggest that the combination of FASN and SREBP inhibitors could be a promising novel strategy in CTCL therapy. Abstract Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a group of non-Hodgkin’s primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas, with Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary syndrome (SS) being the two most common subtypes. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a crucial enzyme that catalyses the biosynthesis of fatty acids, which has been reported to play an oncogenic role in various malignancies but not in CTCL so far. Herein, we show that FASN is highly expressed in CTCL cell lines and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CTCL patients, while it is not in PBMCs from healthy individuals. The inhibition of FASN in CTCL cell lines impairs cell viability, survival, and proliferation, but, interestingly, it also increases FASN expression. However, inhibiting sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), a transcription factor that promotes the expression of FASN, partially reversed the upregulation of FASN induced by FASN inhibitors. Thus, the combination of FASN and SREBP inhibitors enhanced the effects on both CTCL cell lines and PBMCs from SS patients, where a valid inhibition on cell proliferation could be verified. Importantly, compared to non-malignant cells, primary malignant cells are more sensitive to the inhibition of FASN and SREBP, making the combination of FASN and SREBP inhibitors a promising novel therapeutic strategy in CTCL.
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21
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Yu Z, Zhou X, Wang X. Metabolic Reprogramming in Hematologic Malignancies: Advances and Clinical Perspectives. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2955-2963. [PMID: 35771627 PMCID: PMC9437558 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer progression. Metabolic activity supports tumorigenesis and tumor progression, allowing cells to uptake essential nutrients from the environment and use the nutrients to maintain viability and support proliferation. The metabolic pathways of malignant cells are altered to accommodate increased demand for energy, reducing equivalents, and biosynthetic precursors. Activated oncogenes coordinate with altered metabolism to control cell-autonomous pathways, which can lead to tumorigenesis when abnormalities accumulate. Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that targeting metabolic features of hematologic malignancies is an appealing therapeutic approach. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in hematologic malignancies and potential therapeutic strategies to target cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Yu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Corresponding Authors: Xin Wang, Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China. Phone: 8653-1687-76358; Fax: 8653-1870-61197; E-mail: ; Xiangxiang Zhou, Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China. Phone: 8653-1687-76358; E-mail:
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Corresponding Authors: Xin Wang, Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China. Phone: 8653-1687-76358; Fax: 8653-1870-61197; E-mail: ; Xiangxiang Zhou, Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China. Phone: 8653-1687-76358; E-mail:
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Böttcher-Loschinski R, Rial Saborido J, Böttcher M, Kahlfuss S, Mougiakakos D. Lipotoxicity as a Barrier for T Cell-Based Therapies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091182. [PMID: 36139021 PMCID: PMC9496045 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, T-cell-based approaches play an increasing role in cancer treatment. In particular, the use of (genetically engineered) T-cells has heralded a novel era for various diseases with previously poor outcomes. Concurrently, the relationship between the functional behavior of immune cells and their metabolic state, known as immunometabolism, has been found to be an important determinant for the success of immunotherapy. In this context, immune cell metabolism is not only controlled by the expression of transcription factors, enzymes and transport proteins but also by nutrient availability and the presence of intermediate metabolites. The lack of as well as an oversupply of nutrients can be detrimental and lead to cellular dysfunction and damage, potentially resulting in reduced metabolic fitness and/or cell death. This review focusses on the detrimental effects of excessive exposure of T cells to fatty acids, known as lipotoxicity, in the context of an altered lipid tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, implications of T cell-related lipotoxicity for immunotherapy will be discussed, as well as potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Böttcher-Loschinski
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Judit Rial Saborido
- Medical Department 5–Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuss
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- CHaMP, Center for Health and Medical Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Department 5–Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology, and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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23
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Ferroptosis in hematological malignancies and its potential network with abnormal tumor metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112747. [PMID: 35240523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a new type of regulated cell death, displays characteristics that transparently differ from apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. There is growing appreciation that targeting ferroptosis is potentially a novel strategy in anti-tumor therapy, especially for invasive malignancies demonstrating resistance to chemotherapy. Almost all types of cancer cells depend on abnormal metabolic activities to participate in vicious progression, giving the possibility to interfere with underlying metabolic preferences and compromise malignant cells by inducing ferroptosis. In this perspective, we give an overview of potential interactions between ferroptosis and abnormal tumor metabolism, with special focus on systematic researches in hematological malignancies.
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24
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Aliyari SR, Ghaffari AA, Pernet O, Parvatiyar K, Wang Y, Gerami H, Tong AJ, Vergnes L, Takallou A, Zhang A, Wei X, Chilin LD, Wu Y, Semenkovich CF, Reue K, Smale ST, Lee B, Cheng G. Suppressing fatty acid synthase by type I interferon and chemical inhibitors as a broad spectrum anti-viral strategy against SARS-CoV-2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1624-1635. [PMID: 35251918 PMCID: PMC8883762 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging viral pathogen and a major global public health challenge since December of 2019, with limited effective treatments throughout the pandemic. As part of the innate immune response to viral infection, type I interferons (IFN-I) trigger a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of hundreds of genes, known as interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), that collectively foster an antiviral state. We report here the identification of a group of type I interferon suppressed genes, including fatty acid synthase (FASN), which are involved in lipid metabolism. Overexpression of FASN or the addition of its downstream product, palmitate, increased viral infection while knockout or knockdown of FASN reduced infection. More importantly, pharmacological inhibitors of FASN effectively blocked infections with a broad range of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern. Thus, our studies not only suggest that downregulation of metabolic genes may present an antiviral strategy by type I interferon, but they also introduce the potential for FASN inhibitors to have a therapeutic application in combating emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba R. Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amir Ali Ghaffari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Olivier Pernet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- EnViro International Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA 90077, USA
| | - Kislay Parvatiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hoda Gerami
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ann-Jay Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Armin Takallou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adel Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaochao Wei
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Linda D. Chilin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Yuntao Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Clay F. Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington, University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen T. Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+1 310 825 8896; fax: +1 310 206 5553.
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25
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Yano H, Fujiwara Y, Hasita H, Pan C, Kai K, Niino D, Ohsawa K, Higashi M, Nosaka K, Okuno Y, Tamaru JI, Mukasa A, Matsuoka M, Komohara Y. Blocking cholesterol efflux mechanism is a potential target for anti-lymphoma therapy. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2129-2143. [PMID: 35343027 PMCID: PMC9207360 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential plasma membrane lipid for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and cancer cell proliferation. Free cholesterol is harmful to cells; therefore, excessive free cholesterol must be quickly esterified by acetyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acetyltransferase (ACAT) and exported by scavenger receptor class B member I (SR-BI) or ATP-binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) from specific cells such as macrophage foam cells, which contain cholesteryl ester-derived vacuoles. Many vacuoles are present in the cytoplasm of Burkitt's lymphoma cells. In this study, we observed that these "vacuoles" are often seen in high-grade lymphomas. Cell culture study using lymphoma cell lines found that esterified cholesterol is the main component of these "vacuoles." and the expression of cholesterol metabolism-related molecules was significantly upregulated in lymphoma cell lines, with SR-BI and ACAT inhibitors (BLT-1 and CI-976, respectively) impeding lymphoma cell proliferation. Cytoplasmic free cholesterol was increased by ACAT and SR-BI inhibitors, and the accumulation of free cholesterol induced lymphoma cell apoptosis via inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, synergistic effects of SR-BI and ACAT inhibitors were observed in a preclinical study. SR-BI inhibitor administration suppressed lymphoma progression in a tumor-bearing mouse model, whereas ACAT inhibitor did not. Therefore, SR-BI inhibitors are potential new antilymphoma therapeutics that target cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Yano
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Horlad Hasita
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Chang Pan
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daisuke Niino
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu, 101-0048, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ohsawa
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Morihiro Higashi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Rhaumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yutaka Okuno
- Department of Hematology, Rhaumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamaru
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rhaumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.,Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) are traditionally viewed as homogenous regarding viral transcription and lineage of origin, but so far this contention has not been explored at the single-cell level. Single-cell RNA sequencing of latently infected PEL supports the existence of multiple subpopulations even within a single cell line. At most 1% of the cells showed evidence of near-complete lytic transcription. The majority of cells only expressed the canonical viral latent transcripts: those originating from the latency locus, the viral interferon regulatory factor locus, and the viral lncRNA nut-1/Pan/T1.1; however, a significant fraction of cells showed various degrees of more permissive transcription, and some showed no evidence of KSHV transcripts whatsoever. Levels of viral interleukin-6 (IL-6)/K2 mRNA emerged as the most distinguishing feature to subset KSHV-infected PEL. One newly uncovered phenotype is the existence of BCBL-1 cells that readily adhered to fibronectin and that displayed mesenchymal lineage-like characteristics. IMPORTANCE Latency is the defining characteristic of the Herpesviridae and central to the tumorigenesis phenotype of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV-driven primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) rapidly develop resistance to therapy, suggesting tumor instability and plasticity. At any given time, a fraction of PEL cells spontaneously reactivate KSHV, suggesting transcriptional heterogeneity even within a clonal cell line under optimal growth conditions. This study employed single-cell mRNA sequencing to explore the within-population variability of KSHV transcription and how it relates to host cell transcription. Individual clonal PEL cells exhibited differing patterns of viral transcription. Most cells showed the canonical pattern of KSHV latency (LANA, vCyc, vFLIP, Kaposin, and vIRFs), but a significant fraction evidenced extended viral gene transcription, including of the viral IL-6 homolog, open reading frame K2. This study suggests new targets of intervention for PEL. It establishes a conceptual framework to design KSHV cure studies analogous to those for HIV.
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27
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Serquiña AKP, Tagawa T, Oh D, Mahesh G, Ziegelbauer JM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Infections and Activates Inflammatory Cytokine Responses. mBio 2021; 12:e0290721. [PMID: 34781692 PMCID: PMC8593836 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02907-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic gammaherpesviruses express viral products during latent and lytic infection that block the innate immune response. Previously, we found that Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/human herpesvirus-8) viral microRNAs (miRNAs) downregulate cholesterol biogenesis, and we hypothesized that this prevents the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a cholesterol derivative. 25HC blocks KSHV de novo infection of primary endothelial cells at a postentry step and decreases viral gene expression of LANA (latency-associated nuclear antigen) and RTA. Herein we expanded on this observation by determining transcriptomic changes associated with 25HC treatment of primary endothelial cells using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We found that 25HC treatment inhibited KSHV gene expression and induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and several inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 8 [IL-8], IL-1α). Some 25HC-induced genes were partially responsible for the broadly antiviral effect of 25HC against several viruses. Additionally, we found that 25HC inhibited infection of primary B cells by a related oncogenic virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV/human herpesvirus-4) by suppressing key viral genes such as LMP-1 and inducing apoptosis. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that IL-1 and IL-8 pathways were induced by 25HC in both primary endothelial cells and B cells. We also found that the gene encoding cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), which converts cholesterol to 25HC, can be induced by type I interferon (IFN) in human B cell-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We propose a model wherein viral miRNAs target the cholesterol pathway to prevent 25HC production and subsequent induction of antiviral ISGs. Together, these results answer some important questions about a widely acting antiviral (25HC), with implications for multiple viral and bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE A cholesterol derivative, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), has been demonstrated to inhibit infections from widely different bacteria and viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, its mechanism of activity is still not fully understood. In this work, we look at gene expression changes in the host and virus after 25HC treatment to find clues about its antiviral activity. We likewise demonstrate that 25HC is also antiviral against EBV, a common cancer-causing virus. We compared our results with previous data from antiviral screening assays and found the same pathways resulting in antiviral activity. Together, these results bring us closer to understanding how a modified form of cholesterol works against several viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. P. Serquiña
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Oh
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guruswamy Mahesh
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M. Ziegelbauer
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Li T, Gao SJ. Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic sensors in KSHV-induced cancers and KSHV infection. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:176. [PMID: 34579773 PMCID: PMC8475840 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus associated with several human cancers. KSHV infection and KSHV-induced anabolic cell proliferation and cellular transformation depend on reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways, which provide the building blocks and energy for the growth of both the virus and the infected cells. Furthermore, KSHV dysregulates numerous metabolic sensors including mTOR, AMPK, CASTOR1 and sirtuins to maintain cellular energetic homeostasis during infection and in KSHV-induced cancers. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of KSHV hijacking of metabolic pathways and sensors, providing insights into the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis. In addition, we highlight the critical metabolic targets and sensors for developing potential new therapies against KSHV infection and KSHV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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29
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Monocarboxylate transporter antagonism reveals metabolic vulnerabilities of viral-driven lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022495118. [PMID: 34161263 PMCID: PMC8237662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022495118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that typically causes asymptomatic infection but can promote B lymphoid tumors in the immune suppressed. In vitro, EBV infection of primary B cells stimulates glycolysis during immortalization into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Lactate export during glycolysis is crucial for continued proliferation of many cancer cells-part of a phenomenon known as the "Warburg effect"- and is mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). However, the role of MCTs has yet to be studied in EBV-associated malignancies, which display Warburg-like metabolism in vitro. Here, we show that EBV infection of B lymphocytes directly promotes temporal induction of MCT1 and MCT4 through the viral proteins EBNA2 and LMP1, respectively. Functionally, MCT1 was required for early B cell proliferation, and MCT4 up-regulation promoted acquired resistance to MCT1 antagonism in LCLs. However, dual MCT1/4 inhibition led to LCL growth arrest and lactate buildup. Metabolic profiling in LCLs revealed significantly reduced oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) and NAD+/NADH ratios, contrary to previous observations of increased OCR and unaltered NAD+/NADH ratios in MCT1/4-inhibited cancer cells. Furthermore, U-13C6-glucose labeling of MCT1/4-inhibited LCLs revealed depleted glutathione pools that correlated with elevated reactive oxygen species. Finally, we found that dual MCT1/4 inhibition also sensitized LCLs to killing by the electron transport chain complex I inhibitors phenformin and metformin. These findings were extended to viral lymphomas associated with EBV and the related gammaherpesvirus KSHV, pointing at a therapeutic approach for targeting both viral lymphomas.
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30
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HIF1α-Regulated Expression of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein Family Is Important for Hypoxic Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02063-20. [PMID: 33789996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02063-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming are two major contributors to the phenotype of oncogenic virus-infected cells. Infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and reprograms cellular metabolism. We investigated the comparative transcriptional regulation of all major genes involved in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in KSHV-positive and -negative cells grown under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. We show a distinct regulation of genes involved in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in KSHV-positive cells grown in either normoxic or hypoxic conditions, with a particular focus on genes involved in the acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway. The fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family of genes, specifically FABP1, FABP4, and FABP7, was also observed to be synergistically upregulated in hypoxia by KSHV. This pattern of FABP gene expression was also seen in naturally infected KSHV BC3 or BCBL1 cells when compared to KSHV-negative DG75 or BL41 cells. Two KSHV-encoded antigens, which positively regulate HIF1α, the viral G-protein coupled receptor (vGPCR), and the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) were shown to drive upregulation of the FABP gene transcripts. Suppression of FABPs by RNA interference resulted in an adverse effect on hypoxia-dependent viral reactivation. Overall, this study provides new evidence, which supports a rationale for the inhibition of FABPs in KSHV-positive cells as potential strategies, for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting KSHV-associated malignancies.IMPORTANCE Hypoxia is a detrimental stress to eukaryotes and inhibits several cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, translation, and metabolism. Interestingly, the genome of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is known to undergo productive replication in hypoxia. We investigated the comparative transcriptional regulation of all major genes involved in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in KSHV-positive and -negative cells grown under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Several metabolic pathways were observed differentially regulated by KSHV in hypoxia, specifically, the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family genes (FABP1, FABP4, and FABP7). KSHV-encoded antigens, vGPCR and LANA, were shown to drive upregulation of the FABP transcripts. Suppression of FABPs by RNA interference resulted in an adverse effect on hypoxia-dependent viral reactivation. Overall, this study provides new evidence, which supports a rationale for the inhibition of FABPs in KSHV-positive cells as potential strategies, for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting KSHV-associated malignancies.
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31
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Liu X, Zhu C, Wang Y, Wei F, Cai Q. KSHV Reprogramming of Host Energy Metabolism for Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:621156. [PMID: 34055662 PMCID: PMC8153180 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.621156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of energy metabolism is a key for cancer development. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a human oncogenic herpesvirus, is tightly associated with several human malignancies by infecting B-lymphocyte or endothelial cells. Cancer cell energy metabolism is mainly dominated by three pathways of central carbon metabolism, including aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. Increasing evidence has shown that KSHV infection can alter central carbon metabolic pathways to produce biomass for viral replication, as well as the survival and proliferation of infected cells. In this review, we summarize recent studies exploring how KSHV manipulates host cell metabolism to promote viral pathogenesis, which provides the potential therapeutic targets and strategies for KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Liu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) & National Health Committee (NHC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Zhu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) & National Health Committee (NHC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) & National Health Committee (NHC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Ministry of Education (MOE) & National Health Committee (NHC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Increased lipid metabolism impairs NK cell function and mediates adaptation to the lymphoma environment. Blood 2021; 136:3004-3017. [PMID: 32818230 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in protection against hematological malignancies but can acquire a dysfunctional state, which limits antitumor immunity. However, the underlying reasons for this impaired NK cell function remain to be uncovered. We found that NK cells in aggressive B-cell lymphoma underwent substantial transcriptional reprogramming associated with increased lipid metabolism, including elevated expression of the transcriptional regulator peroxisome activator receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Exposure to fatty acids in the lymphoma environment potently suppressed NK cell effector response and cellular metabolism. NK cells from both diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients and Eµ-myc B-cell lymphoma-bearing mice displayed reduced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production. Activation of PPAR-γ partially restored mitochondrial membrane potential and IFN-γ production. Overall, our data indicate that increased lipid metabolism, while impairing their function, is a functional adaptation of NK cells to the fatty-acid rich lymphoma environment.
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33
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Magon KL, Parish JL. From infection to cancer: how DNA tumour viruses alter host cell central carbon and lipid metabolism. Open Biol 2021; 11:210004. [PMID: 33653084 PMCID: PMC8061758 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections cause 13% of all cancers globally, and DNA tumour viruses account for almost 60% of these cancers. All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and hijack host cell functions to replicate and complete their life cycles to produce progeny virions. While many aspects of viral manipulation of host cells have been studied, how DNA tumour viruses manipulate host cell metabolism and whether metabolic alterations in the virus life cycle contribute to carcinogenesis are not well understood. In this review, we compare the differences in central carbon and fatty acid metabolism in host cells following infection, oncogenic transformation, and virus-driven cancer of DNA tumour viruses including: Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini L. Magon
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Sumbria D, Berber E, Mathayan M, Rouse BT. Virus Infections and Host Metabolism-Can We Manage the Interactions? Front Immunol 2021; 11:594963. [PMID: 33613518 PMCID: PMC7887310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When viruses infect cells, they almost invariably cause metabolic changes in the infected cell as well as in several host cell types that react to the infection. Such metabolic changes provide potential targets for therapeutic approaches that could reduce the impact of infection. Several examples are discussed in this review, which include effects on energy metabolism, glutaminolysis and fatty acid metabolism. The response of the immune system also involves metabolic changes and manipulating these may change the outcome of infection. This could include changing the status of herpesviruses infections from productive to latency. The consequences of viral infections which include coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may also differ in patients with metabolic problems, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and endocrine diseases. Nutrition status may also affect the pattern of events following viral infection and examples that impact on the pattern of human and experimental animal viral diseases and the mechanisms involved are discussed. Finally, we discuss the so far few published reports that have manipulated metabolic events in-vivo to change the outcome of virus infection. The topic is expected to expand in relevance as an approach used alone or in combination with other therapies to shape the nature of virus induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Engin Berber
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Manikannan Mathayan
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 1 and B-Cell Growth Transformation Induce Lipogenesis through Fatty Acid Synthase. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01857-20. [PMID: 33208446 PMCID: PMC7851568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01857-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many attempts to develop novel therapies, EBV-specific therapies currently remain largely investigational, and EBV-associated malignancies are often associated with a worse prognosis. Therefore, there is a clear demand for EBV-specific therapies for both prevention and treatment of virus-associated malignancies. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is the major transforming protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is critical for EBV-induced B-cell transformation in vitro. Several B-cell malignancies are associated with latent LMP1-positive EBV infection, including Hodgkin’s and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. We have previously reported that promotion of B cell proliferation by LMP1 coincided with an induction of aerobic glycolysis. To further examine LMP1-induced metabolic reprogramming in B cells, we ectopically expressed LMP1 in an EBV-negative Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cell line preceding a targeted metabolic analysis. This analysis revealed that the most significant LMP1-induced metabolic changes were to fatty acids. Significant changes to fatty acid levels were also found in primary B cells following EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation. Ectopic expression of LMP1- and EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation induced fatty acid synthase (FASN) and increased lipid droplet formation. FASN is a crucial lipogenic enzyme responsible for de novo biogenesis of fatty acids in transformed cells. Furthermore, inhibition of lipogenesis caused preferential killing of LMP1-expressing B cells and significantly hindered EBV immortalization of primary B cells. Finally, our investigation also found that USP2a, a ubiquitin-specific protease, is significantly increased in LMP1-positive BL cells and mediates FASN stability. Our findings demonstrate that ectopic expression of LMP1- and EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation leads to induction of FASN, fatty acids, and lipid droplet formation, possibly pointing to a reliance on lipogenesis. Therefore, the use of lipogenesis inhibitors could be used in the treatment of LMP1+ EBV-associated malignancies by targeting an LMP1-specific dependency on lipogenesis. IMPORTANCE Despite many attempts to develop novel therapies, EBV-specific therapies currently remain largely investigational, and EBV-associated malignancies are often associated with a worse prognosis. Therefore, there is a clear demand for EBV-specific therapies for both prevention and treatment of virus-associated malignancies. Noncancerous cells preferentially obtain fatty acids from dietary sources, whereas cancer cells will often produce fatty acids themselves by de novo lipogenesis, often becoming dependent on the pathway for cell survival and proliferation. LMP1- and EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation leads to induction of FASN, a key enzyme responsible for the catalysis of endogenous fatty acids. Preferential killing of LMP1-expressing B cells following inhibition of FASN suggests that targeting LMP-induced lipogenesis is an effective strategy in treating LMP1-positive EBV-associated malignancies. Importantly, targeting unique metabolic perturbations induced by EBV could be a way to explicitly target EBV-positive malignancies and distinguish their treatment from EBV-negative counterparts.
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Kirsch BJ, Chang SJ, Betenbaugh MJ, Le A. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:103-116. [PMID: 34014537 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms with different biological characteristics. About 90% of all lymphomas in the United States originate from B lymphocytes, while the remaining originate from T cells [1]. The treatment of NHLs depends on the neoplastic histology and stage of the tumor, which will indicate whether radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination is the best suitable treatment [2]. The American Cancer Society describes the staging of lymphoma as follows: Stage I is lymphoma in a single node or area. Stage II is when that lymphoma has spread to another node or organ tissue. Stage III is when it has spread to lymph nodes on two sides of the diaphragm. Stage IV is when cancer has significantly spread to organs outside the lymph system. Radiation therapy is the traditional therapeutic route for localized follicular and mucosa-associated lymphomas. Chemotherapy is utilized for the treatment of large-cell lymphomas and high-grade lymphomas [2]. However, the treatment of indolent lymphomas remains problematic as the patients often have metastasis, for which no standard approach exists [2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian James Kirsch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shu-Jyuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael James Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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De Oliveira MP, Liesa M. The Role of Mitochondrial Fat Oxidation in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival. Cells 2020; 9:E2600. [PMID: 33291682 PMCID: PMC7761891 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors remodel their metabolism to support anabolic processes needed for replication, as well as to survive nutrient scarcity and oxidative stress imposed by their changing environment. In most healthy tissues, the shift from anabolism to catabolism results in decreased glycolysis and elevated fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This change in the nutrient selected for oxidation is regulated by the glucose-fatty acid cycle, also known as the Randle cycle. Briefly, this cycle consists of a decrease in glycolysis caused by increased mitochondrial FAO in muscle as a result of elevated extracellular fatty acid availability. Closing the cycle, increased glycolysis in response to elevated extracellular glucose availability causes a decrease in mitochondrial FAO. This competition between glycolysis and FAO and its relationship with anabolism and catabolism is conserved in some cancers. Accordingly, decreasing glycolysis to lactate, even by diverting pyruvate to mitochondria, can stop proliferation. Moreover, colorectal cancer cells can effectively shift to FAO to survive both glucose restriction and increases in oxidative stress at the expense of decreasing anabolism. However, a subset of B-cell lymphomas and other cancers require a concurrent increase in mitochondrial FAO and glycolysis to support anabolism and proliferation, thus escaping the competing nature of the Randle cycle. How mitochondria are remodeled in these FAO-dependent lymphomas to preferably oxidize fat, while concurrently sustaining high glycolysis and increasing de novo fatty acid synthesis is unclear. Here, we review studies focusing on the role of mitochondrial FAO and mitochondrial-driven lipid synthesis in cancer proliferation and survival, specifically in colorectal cancer and lymphomas. We conclude that a specific metabolic liability of these FAO-dependent cancers could be a unique remodeling of mitochondrial function that licenses elevated FAO concurrent to high glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. In addition, blocking this mitochondrial remodeling could selectively stop growth of tumors that shifted to mitochondrial FAO to survive oxidative stress and nutrient scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pinto De Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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38
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The Crosstalk of Epigenetics and Metabolism in Herpesvirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121377. [PMID: 33271926 PMCID: PMC7760534 DOI: 10.3390/v12121377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a versatile player in manipulating viral infection and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of viral-induced diseases. Both epigenetics and metabolism are crucial in establishing a highly specific transcriptional network, which may promote or suppress virus infection. Human herpesvirus infection can induce a broad range of human malignancies and is largely dependent on the status of cellular epigenetics as well as its related metabolism. However, the crosstalk between epigenetics and metabolism during herpesvirus infection has not been fully explored. Here, we describe how epigenetic regulation of cellular metabolism affects herpesvirus infection and induces viral diseases. This further highlights the importance of epigenetics and metabolism during viral infection and provides novel insights into the development of targeted therapies.
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Holmes DL, Vogt DT, Lagunoff M. A CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies mitochondrial translation as an essential process in latent KSHV infection of human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28384-28392. [PMID: 33122441 PMCID: PMC7668072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011645117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The main proliferating component of KS tumors is a cell of endothelial origin termed the spindle cell. Spindle cells are predominantly latently infected with only a small percentage of cells undergoing viral replication. As there is no direct treatment for latent KSHV, identification of host vulnerabilities in latently infected endothelial cells could be exploited to inhibit KSHV-associated tumor cells. Using a pooled CRISPR-Cas9 lentivirus library, we identified host factors that are essential for the survival or proliferation of latently infected endothelial cells in culture, but not their uninfected counterparts. Among the many host genes identified, there was an enrichment in genes localizing to the mitochondria, including genes involved in mitochondrial translation. Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial and mitochondrial translation specifically inhibited the expansion of latently infected endothelial cells and led to increased cell death in patient-derived PEL cell lines. Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiration or ablation of mitochondrial genomes leads to increased death in latently infected cells. KSHV latent infection decreases mitochondrial numbers, but there are increases in mitochondrial size, genome copy number, and transcript levels. We found that multiple gene products of the latent locus localize to the mitochondria. During latent infection, KSHV significantly alters mitochondrial biology, leading to enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, which provides a potential therapeutic avenue for KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Daniel T Vogt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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40
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Fatty Acid Synthase: An Emerging Target in Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173935. [PMID: 32872164 PMCID: PMC7504791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, lipid metabolism has garnered significant attention as it provides the necessary building blocks required to sustain tumor growth and serves as an alternative fuel source for ATP generation. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) functions as a central regulator of lipid metabolism and plays a critical role in the growth and survival of tumors with lipogenic phenotypes. Accumulating evidence has shown that it is capable of rewiring tumor cells for greater energy flexibility to attain their high energy requirements. This multi-enzyme protein is capable of modulating the function of subcellular organelles for optimal function under different conditions. Apart from lipid metabolism, FASN has functional roles in other cellular processes such as glycolysis and amino acid metabolism. These pivotal roles of FASN in lipid metabolism make it an attractive target in the clinic with several new inhibitors currently being tested in early clinical trials. This article aims to present the current evidence on the emergence of FASN as a target in human malignancies.
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41
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Butler LM, Perone Y, Dehairs J, Lupien LE, de Laat V, Talebi A, Loda M, Kinlaw WB, Swinnen JV. Lipids and cancer: Emerging roles in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:245-293. [PMID: 32711004 PMCID: PMC7736102 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of effective tools to study lipids, including mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, lipids are emerging as central players in cancer biology. Lipids function as essential building blocks for membranes, serve as fuel to drive energy-demanding processes and play a key role as signaling molecules and as regulators of numerous cellular functions. Not unexpectedly, cancer cells, as well as other cell types in the tumor microenvironment, exploit various ways to acquire lipids and extensively rewire their metabolism as part of a plastic and context-dependent metabolic reprogramming that is driven by both oncogenic and environmental cues. The resulting changes in the fate and composition of lipids help cancer cells to thrive in a changing microenvironment by supporting key oncogenic functions and cancer hallmarks, including cellular energetics, promoting feedforward oncogenic signaling, resisting oxidative and other stresses, regulating intercellular communication and immune responses. Supported by the close connection between altered lipid metabolism and the pathogenic process, specific lipid profiles are emerging as unique disease biomarkers, with diagnostic, prognostic and predictive potential. Multiple preclinical studies illustrate the translational promise of exploiting lipid metabolism in cancer, and critically, have shown context dependent actionable vulnerabilities that can be rationally targeted, particularly in combinatorial approaches. Moreover, lipids themselves can be used as membrane disrupting agents or as key components of nanocarriers of various therapeutics. With a number of preclinical compounds and strategies that are approaching clinical trials, we are at the doorstep of exploiting a hitherto underappreciated hallmark of cancer and promising target in the oncologist's strategy to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ylenia Perone
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leslie E Lupien
- Program in Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 037560, USA
| | - Vincent de Laat
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Talebi
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Massimo Loda
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William B Kinlaw
- The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Johannes V Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, KU Leuven Cancer Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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mTOR Regulation of Metabolism in Hematologic Malignancies. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020404. [PMID: 32053876 PMCID: PMC7072383 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic cells rewire their metabolism, acquiring a selective advantage over normal cells and a protection from therapeutic agents. The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in a variety of cellular activities, including the control of metabolic processes. mTOR is hyperactivated in a large number of tumor types, and among them, in many hematologic malignancies. In this article, we summarized the evidence from the literature that describes a central role for mTOR in the acquisition of new metabolic phenotypes for different hematologic malignancies, in concert with other metabolic modulators (AMPK, HIF1α) and microenvironmental stimuli, and shows how these features can be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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43
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Yeh LC, Shyu HW, Jin YR, Chiou YH, Lin KH, Chou MC, Huang MH, Wang YF. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates PDHA1 interfering the metabolic pathways in human herpesvirus 8 harboring primary effusion lymphoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 65:104753. [PMID: 31857147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive neoplasm correlated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancers. The alterations in cellular metabolism are important to the survival of HHV8 latently infected cells. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) controls the flux of metabolites between glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and is a key enzyme in cancer metabolic reprogramming. Glutaminolysis is required for the survival of PEL cells. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1) converts glutamate into α-ketoglutarate supplying the TCA cycle with intermediates to support anaplerosis. Previously we have observed that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can induce PEL cell death and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) attenuates EGCG induced PEL cell death. In this study, results showed that EGCG upregulated the expression of glucose transporter GLUT3, and reduced the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha (PDHA1), the major regulator of PDH, and GDH1. NAC could partially reverse the effects of EGCG in PEL cells. Overexpression of PDHA1 in PEL cells or supplement of α-ketoglutarate attenuated EGCG induced cell death. EGCG also reduced the levels of oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG). These results suggest that EGCG may modulate the metabolism of PEL cells leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chun Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin-University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huey-Wen Shyu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin-University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ru Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung,Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yee-Hsuan Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Hua Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin-University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Miao-Chen Chou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin-University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Han Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin-University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Fen Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin-University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Mechanistic Insights into Chemoresistance Mediated by Oncogenic Viruses in Lymphomas. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121161. [PMID: 31888174 PMCID: PMC6950054 DOI: 10.3390/v11121161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral lymphomagenesis induced by infection with oncogenic viruses, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1), represents a group of aggressive malignancies with a diverse range of pathological features. Combined chemotherapy remains the standard of care for these virus-associated lymphomas; however, frequent chemoresistance is a barrier to achieving successful long-term disease-free survival. There is increasing evidence that indicates virus-associated lymphomas display more resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents than that observed in solid tumors. Although the tumor microenvironment and genetic changes, such as key oncogene mutations, are closely related to chemoresistance, some studies demonstrate that the components of oncogenic viruses themselves play pivotal roles in the multidrug chemoresistance of lymphoma cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms through which oncogenic viruses mediate lymphoma cell chemoresistance, with a particular focus on KSHV and EBV, two major oncogenic viruses. We also discuss the current challenges to overcome these obstacles in the treatment of virus-associated lymphomas.
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45
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Magaway C, Kim E, Jacinto E. Targeting mTOR and Metabolism in Cancer: Lessons and Innovations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121584. [PMID: 31817676 PMCID: PMC6952948 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells support their growth and proliferation by reprogramming their metabolism in order to gain access to nutrients. Despite the heterogeneity in genetic mutations that lead to tumorigenesis, a common alteration in tumors occurs in pathways that upregulate nutrient acquisition. A central signaling pathway that controls metabolic processes is the mTOR pathway. The elucidation of the regulation and functions of mTOR can be traced to the discovery of the natural compound, rapamycin. Studies using rapamycin have unraveled the role of mTOR in the control of cell growth and metabolism. By sensing the intracellular nutrient status, mTOR orchestrates metabolic reprogramming by controlling nutrient uptake and flux through various metabolic pathways. The central role of mTOR in metabolic rewiring makes it a promising target for cancer therapy. Numerous clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of mTOR inhibition for cancer treatment. Rapamycin analogs have been approved to treat specific types of cancer. Since rapamycin does not fully inhibit mTOR activity, new compounds have been engineered to inhibit the catalytic activity of mTOR to more potently block its functions. Despite highly promising pre-clinical studies, early clinical trial results of these second generation mTOR inhibitors revealed increased toxicity and modest antitumor activity. The plasticity of metabolic processes and seemingly enormous capacity of malignant cells to salvage nutrients through various mechanisms make cancer therapy extremely challenging. Therefore, identifying metabolic vulnerabilities in different types of tumors would present opportunities for rational therapeutic strategies. Understanding how the different sources of nutrients are metabolized not just by the growing tumor but also by other cells from the microenvironment, in particular, immune cells, will also facilitate the design of more sophisticated and effective therapeutic regimen. In this review, we discuss the functions of mTOR in cancer metabolism that have been illuminated from pre-clinical studies. We then review key findings from clinical trials that target mTOR and the lessons we have learned from both pre-clinical and clinical studies that could provide insights on innovative therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy to target mTOR signaling and the metabolic network in cancer.
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46
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Cioccoloni G, Aquino A, Notarnicola M, Caruso MG, Bonmassar E, Zonfrillo M, Caporali S, Faraoni I, Villivà C, Fuggetta MP, Franzese O. Fatty acid synthase inhibitor orlistat impairs cell growth and down-regulates PD-L1 expression of a human T-cell leukemia line. J Chemother 2019; 32:30-40. [PMID: 31775585 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2019.1694761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) is responsible for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, which are involved in the preservation of biological membrane structure, energy storage and assembly of factors involved in signal transduction. FASN plays a critical role in supporting tumor cell growth, thus representing a potential target for anti-cancer therapies. Moreover, this enzyme has been recently associated with increased PD-L1 expression, suggesting a role for fatty acids in the impairment of the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Orlistat, a tetrahydrolipstatin used for the treatment of obesity, has been reported to reduce FASN activity, while inducing a sensible reduction of the growth potential in different cancer models. We have analyzed the effect of orlistat on different features involved in the tumor cell biology of the T-ALL Jurkat cell line. In particular, we have observed that orlistat inhibits Jurkat cell growth and induces a perturbation of cell cycle along with a decline of FASN activity and protein levels. Moreover, the drug produces a remarkable impairment of PD-L1 expression. These findings suggest that orlistat interferes with different mechanisms involved in the control of tumor cell growth and can potentially contribute to decrease the tumor-associated immune-pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Cioccoloni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Aquino
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases S. de Bellis, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Caruso
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases S. de Bellis, Bari, Italy
| | - Enzo Bonmassar
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Zonfrillo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Caporali
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Faraoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Villivà
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Fuggetta
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways by human oncogenic viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39:60-69. [PMID: 31766001 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses, like all viruses, relies on host metabolism to provide the metabolites and energy needed for virus replication. Many DNA tumor viruses and retroviruses will reprogram metabolism during infection. Additionally, some viral oncogenes may alter metabolism independent of virus replication. Virus infection and cancer development share many similarities regarding metabolic reprogramming as both processes demand increased metabolic activity to produce biomass: cell proliferation in the case of cancer and virion production in the case of infection. This review discusses the parallels in metabolic reprogramming between human oncogenic viruses and oncogenesis.
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Tetramethylpyrazine Analogue T-006 Exerts Neuroprotective Effects against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Parkinson's Disease In Vitro and In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8169125. [PMID: 31827703 PMCID: PMC6885178 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8169125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and there is no cure for it at present. We have previously reported that the tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) derivative T-006 exhibited beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. However, its effect on PD remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of T-006 against 6-hydroxydopamine- (6-OHDA-) induced lesions in in vivo and in vitro PD models. Our results demonstrated that T-006 alleviated mitochondrial membrane potential loss and restored the energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis that were induced by 6-OHDA in PC12 cells. In addition, animal experiments showed that administration of T-006 significantly attenuated the 6-OHDA-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH-) positive neurons in the SNpc, as well as dopaminergic nerve fibers in the striatum, and also increased the concentration of dopamine and its metabolites (DOPAC, HVA) in the striatum. Functional deficits were restored following T-006 treatment in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice, as demonstrated by improved motor coordination and rotational behavior. In addition, we found that the neuroprotective effects of T-006 were mediated, at least in part, by the activation of both the PKA/Akt/GSK-3β and CREB/PGC-1α/NRF-1/TFAM pathways. In summary, our findings demonstrate that T-006 could be developed as a novel neuroprotective agent for PD, and the two pathways might be promising therapeutic targets for PD.
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Xi Y, Harwood S, Wise LM, Purdy JG. Human Cytomegalovirus pUL37x1 Is Important for Remodeling of Host Lipid Metabolism. J Virol 2019; 93:e00843-19. [PMID: 31391267 PMCID: PMC6803270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00843-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication requires host metabolism. Infection alters the activity in multiple metabolic pathways, including increasing fatty acid elongation and lipid synthesis. The virus-host interactions regulating the metabolic changes associated with replication are essential for infection. While multiple host factors, including kinases and transcription factors, important for metabolic changes that occur following HCMV infection have been identified, little is known about the viral factors required to alter metabolism. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that pUL37x1 is important for the metabolic remodeling that is necessary for HCMV replication using a combination of metabolomics, lipidomics, and metabolic tracers to measure fatty acid elongation. We observed that fibroblast cells infected with wild-type (WT) HCMV had levels of metabolites similar to those in cells infected with a mutant virus lacking the UL37x1 gene, subUL37x1. However, we found that relative to WT-infected cells, subUL37x1-infected cells had reduced levels of two host proteins that were previously demonstrated to be important for lipid metabolism during HCMV infection: fatty acid elongase 7 (ELOVL7) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related kinase PERK. Moreover, we observed that HCMV infection results in an increase in phospholipids with very-long-chain fatty acid tails (PL-VLCFAs) that contain 26 or more carbons in one of their two tails. The levels of many PL-VLCFAs were lower in subUL37x1-infected cells than in WT-infected cells. Overall, we conclude that although pUL37x1 is not necessary for network-wide metabolic changes associated with HCMV infection, it is important for the remodeling of a subset of metabolic changes that occur during infection.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common pathogen that asymptomatically infects most people and establishes a lifelong infection. However, HCMV can cause end-organ disease that results in death in the immunosuppressed and is a leading cause of birth defects. HCMV infection depends on host metabolism, including lipid metabolism. However, the viral mechanisms for remodeling of metabolism are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the viral UL37x1 protein (pUL37x1) is important for infection-associated increases in lipid metabolism, including fatty acid elongation to produce very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Furthermore, we found that HCMV infection results in a significant increase in phospholipids, particularly those with VLCFA tails (PL-VLCFAs). We found that pUL37x1 was important for the high levels of fatty acid elongation and PL-VLCFA accumulation that occur in HCMV-infected cells. Our findings identify a viral protein that is important for changes in lipid metabolism that occur following HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Xi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Samuel Harwood
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lisa M Wise
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - John G Purdy
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Godoy-Lugo JA, Miranda-Cruz MM, Rosas-Rodríguez JA, Adan-Bante NP, Icedo-García R, Soñanez-Organis JG. Hypoxia inducible factor -1 regulates WSSV-induced glycolytic genes in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:165-171. [PMID: 31146006 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor -1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional factor that regulates the expression of several glycolytic genes. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) induces a shift in glycolysis that favors viral replication in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. HIF-1 is related to the pathogenesis of the WSSV infection through the induction of metabolic changes in infected white shrimp. Although the WSSV infection is associated with metabolic changes, the role of HIF-1 on key glycolytic genes during the WSSV infection has not been examined. In this work, we evaluated the effect of HIF-1α silencing on expression and activity of glycolytic enzymes (Hexokinase-HK, phosphofructokinase-PFK and pyruvate kinase-PK) along with the glucose transporter 1 (Glut1), regulatory enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-G6PDH and pyruvate dehydrogenase-PDH), and metabolic intermediates of glycolysis (glucose-6-phosphate-G6P and pyruvate). The expression of Glut1 increased in each tissue evaluated after WSSV infection, while HK, PFK and PK gene expression and enzyme activities increased in a tissue-specific manner. G6PDH activity increased during WSSV infection, and its substrate G6P decreased, while PDH activity decreased and its substrate pyruvate increased. Silencing of HIF-1α blocked the WSSV-induced Glut1 and glycolytic genes upregulation and enzyme activity in a tissue-specific manner. We conclude that HIF-1 regulates the WSSV-induced glycolysis through induction of glycolytic genes contributing to glucose metabolism in tissues of infected shrimp. Also, the inhibition, and activation of regulatory genes are likely to decrease the availability of the raw materials essential for WSSV replication and increase oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa M Miranda-Cruz
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Apartado Postal 85880, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alfredo Rosas-Rodríguez
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Apartado Postal 85880, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Norma Patricia Adan-Bante
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Apartado Postal 85880, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ramona Icedo-García
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Apartado Postal 85880, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - José Guadalupe Soñanez-Organis
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Apartado Postal 85880, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico.
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