1
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Lee J, Bao X. Comparative Review on Cancer Pathology from Aberrant Histone Chaperone Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6403. [PMID: 38928110 PMCID: PMC11203986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone chaperones are integral to chromatin dynamics, facilitating the assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes, thereby playing a crucial role in regulating gene expression and maintaining genomic stability. Moreover, they prevent aberrant histone interactions prior to chromatin assembly. Disruption in histone chaperone function may result in genomic instability, which is implicated in pathogenesis. This review aims to elucidate the role of histone chaperones in cancer pathologies and explore their potential as therapeutic targets. Histone chaperones have been found to be dysregulated in various cancers, with alterations in expression levels, mutations, or aberrant interactions leading to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In addition, this review intends to highlight the molecular mechanisms of interactions between histone chaperones and oncogenic factors, underscoring their roles in cancer cell survival and proliferation. The dysregulation of histone chaperones is significantly correlated with cancer development, establishing them as active contributors to cancer pathology and viable targets for therapeutic intervention. This review advocates for continued research into histone chaperone-targeted therapies, which hold potential for precision medicine in oncology. Future advancements in understanding chaperone functions and interactions are anticipated to lead to novel cancer treatments, enhancing patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiucong Bao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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2
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Naren P, Samim KS, Tryphena KP, Vora LK, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Microtubule acetylation dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37150812 PMCID: PMC10165769 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter-neuronal communication occurring in extensively branched neuronal cells is achieved primarily through the microtubule (MT)-mediated axonal transport system. This mechanistically regulated system delivers cargos (proteins, mRNAs and organelles such as mitochondria) back and forth from the soma to the synapse. Motor proteins like kinesins and dynein mechanistically regulate polarized anterograde (from the soma to the synapse) and retrograde (from the synapse to the soma) commute of the cargos, respectively. Proficient axonal transport of such cargos is achieved by altering the microtubule stability via post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, core components constructing the MTs. Occurring within the lumen of MTs, K40 acetylation of α-tubulin via α-tubulin acetyl transferase and its subsequent deacetylation by HDAC6 and SIRT2 are widely scrutinized PTMs that make the MTs highly flexible, which in turn promotes their lifespan. The movement of various motor proteins, including kinesin-1 (responsible for axonal mitochondrial commute), is enhanced by this PTM, and dyshomeostasis of neuronal MT acetylation has been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and is closely associated with impaired MT dynamics and deregulated tubulin acetylation levels. Although the relationship between status of MT acetylation and progression of PD pathogenesis has become a chicken-and-egg question, our review aims to provide insights into the MT-mediated axonal commute of mitochondria and dyshomeostasis of MT acetylation in PD. The enzymatic regulators of MT acetylation along with their synthetic modulators have also been briefly explored. Moving towards a tubulin-based therapy that enhances MT acetylation could serve as a disease-modifying treatment in neurological conditions that lack it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Khan Sabiya Samim
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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3
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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4
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Tsuji C, Dodding MP. Lumenal components of cytoplasmic microtubules. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1953-1962. [PMID: 36524962 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The lumen of cytoplasmic microtubules is a poorly explored expanse of intracellular space. Although typically represented in textbooks as a hollow tube, studies over several decades have shown that the microtubule lumen is occupied by a range of morphologically diverse components. These are predominantly globular particles of varying sizes which appear to exist either in isolation, bind to the microtubule wall, or form discontinuous columns that extend through the lumenal space. Actin filaments with morphologies distinct from the canonical cytoplasmic forms have also now been found within the microtubule lumen. In this review, we examine the historic literature that observed these lumenal components in tissues from diverse species and integrate it with recent cryo-electron tomography studies that have begun to identify lumenal proteins. We consider their cell and tissue distribution, possible mechanisms of incorporation, and potential functions. It is likely that continuing work in this area will open a new frontier in cytoskeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Tsuji
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Mark P Dodding
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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5
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Deb Roy A, Gross EG, Pillai GS, Seetharaman S, Etienne-Manneville S, Inoue T. Non-catalytic allostery in α-TAT1 by a phospho-switch drives dynamic microtubule acetylation. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213540. [PMID: 36222836 PMCID: PMC9565784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporally dynamic microtubule acetylation underlies diverse physiological and pathological events. Despite its ubiquity, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sole microtubule acetylating agent, α-tubulin-N-acetyltransferase-1 (α-TAT1), remain obscure. Here, we report that dynamic intracellular localization of α-TAT1 along with its catalytic activity determines efficiency of microtubule acetylation. Specifically, we newly identified a conserved signal motif in the intrinsically disordered C-terminus of α-TAT1, consisting of three competing regulatory elements-nuclear export, nuclear import, and cytosolic retention. Their balance is tuned via phosphorylation by CDK1, PKA, and CK2, and dephosphorylation by PP2A. While the unphosphorylated form binds to importins and resides both in cytosol and nucleus, the phosphorylated form binds to specific 14-3-3 adapters and accumulates in the cytosol for maximal substrate access. Unlike other molecules with a similar phospho-regulated signal motif, α-TAT1 uniquely uses the nucleus as a hideout. This allosteric spatial regulation of α-TAT1 function may help uncover a spatiotemporal code of microtubule acetylation in normal and aberrant cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Deb Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Shailaja Seetharaman
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Lin G, Lin H, Zhuo R, He W, Ma C, Liu Y, Liu M. GCN5/KAT2A contributes to axon growth and neurogenesis. Neurosci Lett 2022; 784:136742. [PMID: 35716963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification (PTM) of tubulin proteins is involved in microtubule dynamics. Acetylation, an important alpha-tubulin PTM, which is regarded as a hallmark event of stable microtubules, often occurs in neurogenesis and axon outgrowth. GCN5/KAT2A is a well-known histone acetyltransferase and has also been reported to hold the activity of nonhistone acetyltransferases, such as acetylated tubulin (Ace-tubulin). In this study, we investigated the role of GCN5/KAT2A in axon growth and neurogenesis. E18 cortical neurons obtained from day 18 embryos of pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were cultured and transfected with GCN5 siRNA or treated with the GCN5 inhibitor MB-3. Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from the cerebral cortexes of E14 SD rats were cultured and differentiated. During differentiation, MB-3 was applied to investigate the effect of GCN5 dysfunction on neurogenesis. The axonal length and the ratio and distribution of acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin (Tyr-tubulin) were evaluated by immunostaining assay. The expression levels of Nestin, Tuj1, acetylated tubulin, and tyrosinated tubulin proteins were analyzed by Western blotting assays. In primary neurons, both GCN5 siRNA and MB-3 treatment reduced acetylated tubulin protein, changed the ratio of acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin, and decreased axonal length. During NSC differentiation, MB-3 application reduced axon outgrowth, decreased acetylated tubulin and altered the distribution of acetylated tubulin and tyrosinated tubulin. This study revealed for the first time that the acetyltransferase GCN5/KAT2A could contribute to axon outgrowth by altering the ratio and distribution of acetylated tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Lin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Haixu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Run Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China.
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China.
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7
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Morales-Tarré O, Alonso-Bastida R, Arcos-Encarnación B, Pérez-Martínez L, Encarnación-Guevara S. Protein lysine acetylation and its role in different human pathologies: a proteomic approach. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:949-975. [PMID: 34791964 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.2007766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysine acetylation is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) regulated through the action of specific types of enzymes: lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and lysine deacetylases (HDACs), in addition to bromodomains, which are a group of conserved domains which identify acetylated lysine residues, several of the players in the process of protein acetylation, including enzymes and bromodomain-containing proteins, have been related to the progression of several diseases. The combination of high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and immunoprecipitation to enrich acetylated peptides has contributed in recent years to expand the knowledge about this PTM described initially in histones and nuclear proteins, and is currently reported in more than 5000 human proteins, that are regulated by this PTM. AREAS COVERED This review presents an overview of the main participant elements, the scenario in the development of protein lysine acetylation, and its role in different human pathologies. EXPERT OPINION Acetylation targets are practically all cellular processes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes organisms. Consequently, this modification has been linked to many pathologies like cancer, viral infection, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular, and nervous system-associated diseases, to mention a few relevant examples. Accordingly, some intermediate mediators in the acetylation process have been projected as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Morales-Tarré
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Alonso-Bastida
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Bolivar Arcos-Encarnación
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular Y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular Y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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8
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Post-translational modifications of tubulin: their role in cancers and the regulation of signaling molecules. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 30:521-528. [PMID: 34671113 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play an important role in regulating several vital cellular activities, including cell division and tissue organization, through their dynamic protofilament network. In addition to forming the cytoskeleton, microtubules regulate the intracellular trafficking of cytoplasmic components and various signaling molecules, depending on the presence of post-transitional modifications (PTMs) and binding proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates the significant role of microtubule PTMs on cancer behavior. The PTMs that frequently occur on microtubules include acetylation, detyrosination, tyrosination, polyglutamylation, and polyglycylation. Alterations in these PTMs cause global effects on intracellular signal transduction, strongly linked to cancer pathogenesis. This review provides an update on the role of microtubule PTMs in cancer aggressiveness, particularly regarding cell death, sensitivity to chemotherapy, cell migration, and invasion. Additionally, it provides a mechanistic explanation of the molecular signaling pathways involved. This information might prove useful for predictive or therapeutic purposes.
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Hsu NY, Pathak N, Chen YT, Hsu YC, Yang JM. Pharmacophore anchor models of ATAT1 to discover potential inhibitors and lead optimization. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 93:107513. [PMID: 34052673 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-translation modification of microtubules is associated with many diseases like cancer. Alpha Tubulin Acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1) is a major enzyme that acetylates 'Lys-40' in alpha-tubulin on the luminal side of microtubules and is a drug target that lacks inhibitors. Here, we developed pharmacophore anchor models of ATAT1 which were constructed statistically using thousands of docked compounds, for drug design and investigating binding mechanisms. Our models infer the compound moiety preferences with the physico-chemical properties for the ATAT1 binding site. The results from the pharmacophore anchor models show the three main sub-pockets, including S1 acetyl site, S2 adenine site, and S3 diphosphate site with anchors, where conserved moieties interact with respective sub-pocket residues in each site and help in guiding inhibitor discovery. We validated these key anchors by analyzing 162 homologous protein sequences (>99 species) and over 10 structures with various bound ligands and mutations. Our results were consistent with previous works also providing new interesting insights. Our models applied in virtual screening predicted several ATAT1 potential inhibitors. We believe that our model is useful for future inhibitor discovery and for guiding lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nung-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan
| | - Nikhil Pathak
- TIGP-Bioinformatics, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ti Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chao Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Moon Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan.
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10
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Wattanathamsan O, Thararattanobon R, Rodsiri R, Chanvorachote P, Vinayanuwattikun C, Pongrakhananon V. Tubulin acetylation enhances lung cancer resistance to paclitaxel-induced cell death through Mcl-1 stabilization. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:67. [PMID: 33824297 PMCID: PMC8024319 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of microtubules have been reported to play an important role in cancer aggressiveness, including apoptosis resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological role of microtubule PTMs in the regulation of paclitaxel responsiveness. The acetylated tubulin (Ace-tub) level was strongly associated with paclitaxel sensitivity, as observed in patient-derived primary lung cancer cells and xenografted immunodeficient mice. We showed that paclitaxel-resistant H460 lung cancer cells, generated by a stepwise increase in paclitaxel, exhibited markedly increased tubulin acetylation and consequently acquired paclitaxel resistance. Upregulation of tubulin acetylation by overexpression of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 wild-type (αTAT1wt), an enzyme required for acetylation, or by treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor, significantly attenuated paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that the levels of antiapoptotic Mcl-1 appeared to increase in αTAT1wt-overexpressing and TSA-treated cells compared to control cells, whereas the levels of other antiapoptotic regulatory proteins were unchanged. On the other hand, decreased tubulin acetylation by αTAT1 RNA interference downregulated Mcl-1 expression in patient-derived primary lung cancer and paclitaxel-resistant lung cancer cells. A microtubule sedimentation assay demonstrated that Mcl-1 binds to microtubules preferentially at Ace-type, which prolongs the Mcl-1 half-life (T1/2). Furthermore, immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that polyubiquitination of Mcl-1 was extensively decreased in response to TSA treatment. These data indicate that tubulin acetylation enhances the resistance to paclitaxel-induced cell death by stabilizing Mcl-1 and protecting it from ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Inter-department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rawikorn Thararattanobon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rodsiri
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Cell-based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanida Vinayanuwattikun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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11
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Coleman AK, Joca HC, Shi G, Lederer WJ, Ward CW. Tubulin acetylation increases cytoskeletal stiffness to regulate mechanotransduction in striated muscle. J Gen Physiol 2021; 153:211904. [PMID: 33740038 PMCID: PMC7988512 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules tune cytoskeletal stiffness, which affects cytoskeletal mechanics and mechanotransduction of striated muscle. While recent evidence suggests that microtubules enriched in detyrosinated α-tubulin regulate these processes in healthy muscle and increase them in disease, the possible contribution from several other α-tubulin modifications has not been investigated. Here, we used genetic and pharmacologic strategies in isolated cardiomyocytes and skeletal myofibers to increase the level of acetylated α-tubulin without altering the level of detyrosinated α-tubulin. We show that microtubules enriched in acetylated α-tubulin increase cytoskeletal stiffness and viscoelastic resistance. These changes slow rates of contraction and relaxation during unloaded contraction and increased activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) by mechanotransduction. Together, these findings add to growing evidence that microtubules contribute to the mechanobiology of striated muscle in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Coleman
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Humberto C Joca
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Guoli Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - W Jonathan Lederer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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12
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Kores K, Konc J, Bren U. Mechanistic Insights into Side Effects of Troglitazone and Rosiglitazone Using a Novel Inverse Molecular Docking Protocol. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:315. [PMID: 33670968 PMCID: PMC7997210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones form drugs that treat insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Troglitazone represents the first drug from this family, which was removed from use by the FDA due to its hepatotoxicity. As an alternative, rosiglitazone was developed, but it was under the careful watch of FDA for a long time due to suspicion, that it causes cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and stroke. We applied a novel inverse molecular docking protocol to discern the potential protein targets of both drugs. Troglitazone and rosiglitazone were docked into predicted binding sites of >67,000 protein structures from the Protein Data Bank and examined. Several new potential protein targets with successfully docked troglitazone and rosiglitazone were identified. The focus was devoted to human proteins so that existing or new potential side effects could be explained or proposed. Certain targets of troglitazone such as 3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase, neutrophil collagenase, stromelysin-1, and VLCAD were pinpointed, which could explain its hepatoxicity, with additional ones indicating that its application could lead to the treatment/development of cancer. Results for rosiglitazone discerned its interaction with members of the matrix metalloproteinase family, which could lead to cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The concerning cardiovascular side effects of rosiglitazone could also be explained. We firmly believe that our results deepen the mechanistic understanding of the side effects of both drugs, and potentially with further development and research maybe even help to minimize them. On the other hand, the novel inverse molecular docking protocol on the other hand carries the potential to develop into a standard tool to predict possible cross-interactions of drug candidates potentially leading to adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kores
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Janez Konc
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
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13
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Yanai R, Yamashita Y, Umezu K, Hiradate Y, Hara K, Tanemura K. Expression and localization of alpha-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 in the reproductive system of male mice. J Reprod Dev 2020; 67:59-66. [PMID: 33390366 PMCID: PMC7902212 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of microtubules is essential for the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. Acetylation of α-tubulin plays an important role in flagellar elongation
and spermatozoa motility. Previous reports have suggested that alpha-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1) is the main acetyltransferase involved in the
acetylation of α-tubulin. Although ATAT1 is reported to express in the testis, no information is available regarding its expression in elongated spermatids,
epididymis, and mature spermatozoa. Hence, it remains unclear whether ATAT1 is involved in spermatozoa maturation and capacitation. Therefore, we evaluated the
expression of ATAT1 in the mouse male reproductive system using immunostaining and western blotting. Our results showed that ATAT1 was expressed in spermatids
during spermiogenesis in mouse testes, but its expression varied according to the seminiferous tubule stage. We observed ATAT1 in the cytoplasm of round
spermatids, the flagella of elongated spermatids, and in the cytoplasm of step 16 spermatids, just before its release into the lumen. In addition, ATAT1 was
expressed in epithelial cells of the epididymis. In spermatozoa of the cauda epididymis, ATAT1 expression was primarily observed in the midpiece of the
spermatozoa. The localization of ATAT1 protein in the male germline was observed during spermiogenesis as well as during spermatozoa maturation. Our results
suggest that ATAT1 may be involved in the formation of flagella and in the acetylation process, which has attracted attention in recent years regarding male
infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rin Yanai
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yudai Yamashita
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kohei Umezu
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hiradate
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanemura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Development, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
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14
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Sun J, Cui K, Li ZP, Gao B, Huang B, Liu Q, Shi D. Improved early development potence of in vitro fertilization embryos by treatment with tubacin increasing acetylated tubulin of matured porcine oocytes. Mech Dev 2020; 164:103631. [PMID: 32828904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2020.103631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To improve the developmental potential of in vitro embryos is a long-term concern field for human assisted reproduction and animal in vitro embryo production practice. In the current study, we examined the effects and mechanism of an HDAC6 inhibitor, tubacin, on the maturation of porcine oocytes and in vitro development of porcine IVF embryos. It has been demonstrated the effect of tubacin on the acetylation level of α-tubulin in porcine oocytes. As a result, the maturation rate of porcine oocytes was significantly improved (P < 0.05), and the following development potent of blastocysts forming rate was also significantly increased (P < 0.05). We found that the increased acetylation of α-tubulin significantly reduced the abnormal rate of microtubule, furthermore, the proportion of mitochondria in the vicinity of in vitro fertilization (IVF) nucleus was significantly enhanced in Metaphase I (MI) and Metaphase II (MII) stages. The expression levels of microtubule assembly genes (TUBA1A, αTAT1 and MAP2) significantly up-regulated in MI and MII stages. Together, these results suggest that treatment of porcine oocytes during maturation with tubacin could promote their IVF embryos developmental competence by altering spindle formation, mitochondrial concentration and genes expression patterns of matured porcine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunMing Sun
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - KuiQing Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Zhi Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - BangJun Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Ben Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - QingYou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - DeShun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
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15
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Fiorentino F, Mai A, Rotili D. Lysine Acetyltransferase Inhibitors From Natural Sources. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1243. [PMID: 32903408 PMCID: PMC7434864 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation of histone and non-histone protein lysine residues has been widely described as a critical modulator of several cell functions in humans. Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) catalyse the transfer of acetyl groups on substrate proteins and are involved in multiple physiological processes such as cell signalling, metabolism, gene regulation, and apoptosis. Given the pivotal role of acetylation, the alteration of KATs enzymatic activity has been clearly linked to various cellular dysfunctions leading to several inflammatory, metabolic, neurological, and cancer diseases. Hence, the use KAT inhibitors (KATi) has been suggested as a potentially successful strategy to reverse or prevent these conditions. To date, only a few KATi have proven to be potential drug candidates, and there is still a keen interest in designing molecules showing drug-like properties from both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics point of view. Increasing literature evidence has been highlighting natural compounds as a wide source of molecular scaffolds for developing therapeutic agents, including KATi. In fact, several polyphenols, catechins, quinones, and peptides obtained from natural sources (including nuts, oils, root extracts, and fungi metabolites) have been described as promising KATi. Here we summarize the features of this class of compounds, describing their modes of action, structure-activity relationships and (semi)-synthetic derivatives, with the aim of assisting the development of novel more potent, isoform selective and drug-like KATi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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J S A, Padinhateeri R, Das D. Regulation of microtubule disassembly by spatially heterogeneous patterns of acetylation. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3125-3136. [PMID: 32159199 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are bio-polymers, composed of tubulin proteins, involved in several functions such as cell division, transport of cargoes within cells, maintaining cellular structures etc. Their kinetics are often affected by chemical modifications on the filament known as Post Translational Modifications (PTMs). Acetylation is a PTM which occurs on the luminal surface of the MT lattice and has been observed to reduce the lateral interaction between tubulins on adjacent protofilaments. Depending on the properties of the acetylase enzyme αTAT1 and the structural features of MTs, the patterns of acetylation formed on MTs are observed to be quite diverse. In this study, we present a multi-protofilament model with spatially heterogeneous patterns of acetylation, and investigate how the local kinetic differences arising from heterogeneity affect the global kinetics of MT filaments. From the computational study we conclude that a filament with spatially uniform acetylation is least stable against disassembly, while ones with more clustered acetylation patterns may provide better resistance against disassembly. The increase in disassembly times for clustered pattern as compared to uniform pattern can be up to fifty percent for identical amounts of acetylation. Given that acetylated MTs affect several cellular functions as well as diseases such as cancer, our study indicates that spatial patterns of acetylation need to be focused on, apart from the overall amount of acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna J S
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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17
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Khalifa AAZ, Ichikawa M, Dai D, Kubo S, Black CS, Peri K, McAlear TS, Veyron S, Yang SK, Vargas J, Bechstedt S, Trempe JF, Bui KH. The inner junction complex of the cilia is an interaction hub that involves tubulin post-translational modifications. eLife 2020; 9:e52760. [PMID: 31951202 PMCID: PMC6994238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures involved in stability, transport and organization in the cell. The building blocks, the α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, form protofilaments that associate laterally into the hollow microtubule. Microtubule also exists as highly stable doublet microtubules in the cilia where stability is needed for ciliary beating and function. The doublet microtubule maintains its stability through interactions at its inner and outer junctions where its A- and B-tubules meet. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, bioinformatics and mass spectrometry of the doublets of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Tetrahymena thermophila, we identified two new inner junction proteins, FAP276 and FAP106, and an inner junction-associated protein, FAP126, thus presenting the complete answer to the inner junction identity and localization. Our structural study of the doublets shows that the inner junction serves as an interaction hub that involves tubulin post-translational modifications. These interactions contribute to the stability of the doublet and hence, normal ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abdelzaher Zaki Khalifa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | | | - Daniel Dai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Shintaroh Kubo
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of ScienceKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Corbin Steven Black
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Katya Peri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Thomas S McAlear
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Simon Veyron
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Javier Vargas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
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18
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Coombes CE, Saunders HAJ, Mannava AG, Johnson-Schlitz DM, Reid TA, Parmar S, McClellan M, Yan C, Rogers SL, Parrish JZ, Wagenbach M, Wordeman L, Wildonger J, Gardner MK. Non-enzymatic Activity of the α-Tubulin Acetyltransferase αTAT Limits Synaptic Bouton Growth in Neurons. Curr Biol 2020; 30:610-623.e5. [PMID: 31928876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal axons terminate as synaptic boutons that form stable yet plastic connections with their targets. Synaptic bouton development relies on an underlying network of both long-lived and dynamic microtubules that provide structural stability for the boutons while also allowing for their growth and remodeling. However, a molecular-scale mechanism that explains how neurons appropriately balance these two microtubule populations remains a mystery. We hypothesized that α-tubulin acetyltransferase (αTAT), which both stabilizes long-lived microtubules against mechanical stress via acetylation and has been implicated in promoting microtubule dynamics, could play a role in this process. Using the Drosophila neuromuscular junction as a model, we found that non-enzymatic dαTAT activity limits the growth of synaptic boutons by affecting dynamic, but not stable, microtubules. Loss of dαTAT results in the formation of ectopic boutons. These ectopic boutons can be similarly suppressed by resupplying enzyme-inactive dαTAT or by treatment with a low concentration of the microtubule-targeting agent vinblastine, which acts to suppress microtubule dynamics. Biophysical reconstitution experiments revealed that non-enzymatic αTAT1 activity destabilizes dynamic microtubules but does not substantially impact the stability of long-lived microtubules. Further, during microtubule growth, non-enzymatic αTAT1 activity results in increasingly extended tip structures, consistent with an increased rate of acceleration of catastrophe frequency with microtubule age, perhaps via tip structure remodeling. Through these mechanisms, αTAT enriches for stable microtubules at the expense of dynamic ones. We propose that the specific suppression of dynamic microtubules by non-enzymatic αTAT activity regulates the remodeling of microtubule networks during synaptic bouton development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Coombes
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harriet A J Saunders
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anirudh G Mannava
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Taylor A Reid
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sneha Parmar
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark McClellan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Connie Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology, Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jay Z Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Wagenbach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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19
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Teets FD, Watanabe T, Hahn KM, Kuhlman B. A Computational Protocol for Regulating Protein Binding Reactions with a Light-Sensitive Protein Dimer. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:805-814. [PMID: 31887287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Light-sensitive proteins can be used to perturb signaling networks in living cells and animals with high spatiotemporal resolution. We recently engineered a protein heterodimer that dissociates when irradiated with blue light and demonstrated that by fusing each half of the dimer to termini of a protein that it is possible to selectively block binding surfaces on the protein when in the dark. On activation with light, the dimer dissociates and exposes the binding surface, allowing the protein to bind its partner. Critical to the success of this system, called Z-lock, is that the linkers connecting the dimer components to the termini are engineered so that the dimer forms over the appropriate binding surface. Here, we develop and test a protocol in the Rosetta molecular modeling program for designing linkers for Z-lock. We show that the protocol can predict the most effective linker sets for three different light-sensitive switches, including a newly designed switch that binds the Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 on stimulation with blue light. This protocol represents a generalized computational approach to placing a wide variety of proteins under optogenetic control with Z-lock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Teets
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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20
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Optogenetic control of cofilin and αTAT in living cells using Z-lock. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:1183-1190. [PMID: 31740825 PMCID: PMC6873228 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we introduce Z-lock, an optogenetic approach for reversible, light-controlled steric inhibition of protein active sites. The LOV domain and Zdk, a small protein that binds LOV selectively in the dark, are appended to the protein of interest where they sterically block the active site. Irradiation causes LOV to change conformation and release Zdk, exposing the active site. Computer-assisted protein design was used to optimize linkers and Zdk-LOV affinity, for both effective binding in the dark, and effective light-induced release of the intramolecular interaction. Z-lock cofilin was shown to have actin severing ability in vitro, and in living cancer cells it produced protrusions and invadopodia. An active fragment of the tubulin acetylase αTAT was similarly modified and shown to acetylate tubulin upon irradiation.
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21
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Dan Wei, Gao N, Li L, Zhu JX, Diao L, Huang J, Han QJ, Wang S, Xue H, Wang Q, Wu QF, Zhang X, Bao L. α-Tubulin Acetylation Restricts Axon Overbranching by Dampening Microtubule Plus-End Dynamics in Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3332-3346. [PMID: 28968698 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth is tightly controlled to establish functional neural circuits during brain development. Despite the belief that cytoskeletal dynamics is critical for cell morphology, how microtubule acetylation regulates axon development in the mammalian central nervous system remains unclear. Here, we report that loss of α-tubulin acetylation by ablation of MEC-17 in mice predisposes neurons to axon overbranching and overgrowth. Introduction of MEC-17F183A lacking α-tubulin acetyltransferase activity into MEC-17-deficient neurons failed to rescue axon defects. Moreover, loss of α-tubulin acetylation led to increases in microtubule debundling, microtubule invasion into filopodia and growth cones, and microtubule plus-end dynamics along the axon. Taxol application dampened microtubule hyperdynamics and suppressed axon overbranching and overgrowth in MEC-17-deficient neurons. Thus, our study reveals that α-tubulin acetylation acts as a brake for axon overbranching and overgrowth by dampening microtubule dynamics, providing insight into the role of microtubule post-translational modifications in regulating neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Xiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiansong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaqing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Simon RP, Rumpf T, Linkuviene V, Matulis D, Akhtar A, Jung M. Cofactor Analogues as Active Site Probes in Lysine Acetyltransferases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2582-2597. [PMID: 30785747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetyltransferases (KATs, also termed histone acetyltransferases, HATs) catalyze the acetylation of substrate lysine residues by employing the cofactor acetyl-coenzyme A (AcCoA), thereby providing a dynamic control mechanism of protein function. Because of their major involvement in cell development and homeostasis, small-molecule modulators of KAT activity are urgently needed to assess their therapeutic potential and for probing their underlying biology. Recent advances in the field suggest that targeting the cofactor binding site represents a promising strategy for identifying potent and selective ligands. Here, we present the synthesis of two functional cofactor-based chemical probes and their usage as mechanistic tools in a broadly applicable assay platform. A fluorescence polarization (FP)-based binding assay was combined with biolayer interferometry competition analysis and a FP competition activity immunoassay to enable easy, reliable, and profound evaluation of ligands that target the KAT cofactor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Simon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Tobias Rumpf
- Department of Chromatin Regulation , Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics , Stuebeweg 51 , 79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Vaida Linkuviene
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center , Vilnius University , Saulėtekio 7 , 10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center , Vilnius University , Saulėtekio 7 , 10257 Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation , Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics , Stuebeweg 51 , 79108 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25 , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
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23
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Emerging Role of Histone Acetyltransferase in Stem Cells and Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:8908751. [PMID: 30651738 PMCID: PMC6311713 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8908751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein acetylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications catalyzed by acetyltransferases and deacetylases, through the addition and removal of acetyl groups to lysine residues. Lysine acetylation can affect protein-nucleic acid or protein-protein interactions and protein localization, transport, stability, and activity. It regulates the function of a large variety of proteins, including histones, oncoproteins, tumor suppressors, and transcription factors, thus representing a crucial regulator of several biological processes with particular prominent roles in transcription and metabolism. Thus, it is unsurprising that alteration of protein acetylation is involved in human disease, including metabolic disorders and cancers. In this context, different hematological and solid tumors are characterized by deregulation of the protein acetylation pattern as a result of genetic or epigenetic changes. The imbalance between acetylation and deacetylation of histone or nonhistone proteins is also involved in the modulation of the self-renewal and differentiation ability of stem cells, including cancer stem cells. Here, we summarize a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, undertaken on a set of acetyltransferases, and discuss the physiological and pathological roles of this class of enzymes. We also review the available data on the involvement of acetyltransferases in the regulation of stem cell renewal and differentiation in both normal and cancer cell population.
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24
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Candidates for reproductive biomarkers: Protein phosphorylation and acetylation positively related to selected parameters of boar spermatozoa quality. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 197:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Fernández-Barrera J, Alonso MA. Coordination of microtubule acetylation and the actin cytoskeleton by formins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3181-3191. [PMID: 29947928 PMCID: PMC11105221 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acetylation of the lysine 40 residue of α-tubulin was described more than 30 years ago and has been the subject of intense research ever since. Although the exact function of this covalent modification of tubulin in the cell remains unknown, it has been established that tubulin acetylation confers resilience to mechanical stress on the microtubules. Formins have a dual role in the fate of the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons. On the one hand, they catalyze the formation of actin filaments, and on the other, they bind microtubules, act on their stability, and regulate their acetylation and alignment with actin fibers. Recent evidence indicates that formins coordinate the actin cytoskeleton and tubulin acetylation by modulating the levels of free globular actin (G-actin). G-actin, in turn, controls the activity of the myocardin-related transcription factor-serum response factor transcriptional complex that regulates the expression of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (α-TAT1) gene, which encodes the main enzyme responsible for tubulin acetylation. The effect of formins on tubulin acetylation is the combined result of their ability to activate α-TAT1 gene transcription and of their capacity to regulate microtubule stabilization. The contribution of these two mechanisms in different formins is discussed, particularly with respect to INF2, a formin that is mutated in hereditary human renal and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Morelli G, Even A, Gladwyn-Ng I, Le Bail R, Shilian M, Godin JD, Peyre E, Hassan BA, Besson A, Rigo JM, Weil M, Brône B, Nguyen L. p27Kip1 Modulates Axonal Transport by Regulating α-Tubulin Acetyltransferase 1 Stability. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2429-2442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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27
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Lysine acetyltransferase inhibitors: structure-activity relationships and potential therapeutic implications. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1067-1091. [PMID: 29676588 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a post-translational modification of both histone and nonhistone proteins that is catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases and plays a key role in numerous biological contexts. The dysregulation of this enzyme activity is implicated in many human pathologies such as cancer, neurological and inflammatory disorders. Many lysine acetyltransferase inhibitors (KATi) have been developed so far, but there is still the need for new, more potent, metabolically stable and selective KATi as chemical tools for studying KAT biology and/or as potential therapeutic agents. This review will examine the features of KAT enzymes and related diseases, with particular emphasis on KATi (bisubstrate analogs, natural compounds and synthetic derivatives), analyzing their mechanism of action, structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties and potential future applications.
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28
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Ali I, Conrad RJ, Verdin E, Ott M. Lysine Acetylation Goes Global: From Epigenetics to Metabolism and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1216-1252. [PMID: 29405707 PMCID: PMC6609103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational acetylation of lysine residues has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism in all eukaryotic organisms. Originally discovered in 1963 as a unique modification of histones, acetylation marks are now found on thousands of nonhistone proteins located in virtually every cellular compartment. Here we summarize key findings in the field of protein acetylation over the past 20 years with a focus on recent discoveries in nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial compartments. Collectively, these findings have elevated protein acetylation as a major post-translational modification, underscoring its physiological relevance in gene regulation, cell signaling, metabolism, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Ali
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ryan J. Conrad
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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29
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Di Martile M, Del Bufalo D, Trisciuoglio D. The multifaceted role of lysine acetylation in cancer: prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55789-55810. [PMID: 27322556 PMCID: PMC5342454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a post-translational modification that regulates gene transcription by targeting histones as well as a variety of transcription factors in the nucleus. Recently, several reports have demonstrated that numerous cytosolic proteins are also acetylated and that this modification, affecting protein activity, localization and stability has profound consequences on their cellular functions. Interestingly, most non-histone proteins targeted by acetylation are relevant for tumorigenesis. In this review, we will analyze the functional implications of lysine acetylation in different cellular compartments, and will examine our current understanding of lysine acetyltransferases family, highlighting the biological role and prognostic value of these enzymes and their substrates in cancer. The latter part of the article will address challenges and current status of molecules targeting lysine acetyltransferase enzymes in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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30
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Rayevsky AV, Sharifi M, Samofalova DA, Karpov PA, Blume YB. Structural and functional features of lysine acetylation of plant and animal tubulins. Cell Biol Int 2017; 43:1040-1048. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Rayevsky
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and GenomicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyiv04123 Ukraine
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Medway School of PharmacyUniversities of Kent and GreenwichKent ME4 4TB UK
| | - Dariya A. Samofalova
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and GenomicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyiv04123 Ukraine
| | - Pavel A. Karpov
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and GenomicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyiv04123 Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav B. Blume
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and GenomicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyiv04123 Ukraine
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31
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Human histone deacetylase 6 shows strong preference for tubulin dimers over assembled microtubules. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11547. [PMID: 28912522 PMCID: PMC5599508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is the major deacetylase responsible for removing the acetyl group from Lys40 of α-tubulin (αK40), which is located lumenally in polymerized microtubules. Here, we provide a detailed kinetic analysis of tubulin deacetylation and HDAC6/microtubule interactions using individual purified components. Our data unequivocally show that free tubulin dimers represent the preferred HDAC6 substrate, with a K M value of 0.23 µM and a deacetylation rate over 1,500-fold higher than that of assembled microtubules. We attribute the lower deacetylation rate of microtubules to both longitudinal and lateral lattice interactions within tubulin polymers. Using TIRF microscopy, we directly visualized stochastic binding of HDAC6 to assembled microtubules without any detectable preferential binding to microtubule tips. Likewise, indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that microtubule deacetylation by HDAC6 is carried out stochastically along the whole microtubule length, rather than from the open extremities. Our data thus complement prior studies on tubulin acetylation and further strengthen the rationale for the correlation between tubulin acetylation and microtubule age.
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32
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Parab S, Dalvi V, Mylavaram S, Kishore A, Idicula-Thomas S, Sonawane S, Parte P. Tubulin acetylation: A novel functional avenue for CDYL in sperm. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:331-342. [PMID: 28681565 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motility in sperm is driven by the flagella, the principal component of which is the axoneme. The microtubules which make up the 9 + 2 axoneme are composed of heterodimers of alpha and beta tubulins and undergo several post-translational modifications. We have earlier reported that HDAC6 functions as tubulin deacetylase in sperm and has a role in sperm movement. While exploring the specific tubulin acetyltransferase (TAT) in sperm, we observed the presence of Chromodomain Y-Like (CDYL), on the principal piece of rat spermatozoa which compelled us to explore its function in sperm. CDYL was observed to be colocalized with acetylated alpha-tubulin (Ac α Tubulin) in sperm flagella. Sperm axonemal fraction showed the presence of CDYL protein indicating its strong association with flagellar microtubules. Sequence alignment of CDYL chromo domain and Alpha tubulin acetyltransferase (αTAT1) revealed that of the 10 residues of αTAT1 known to be involved in α-tubulin binding, 5 residues were identical and 1 was conserved between the two proteins. Docking of CDYL chromo domain and α-tubulin showed that 6 of the 11 important binding residues of α-tubulin showed an interaction with CDYL chromo domain. The putative CDYL chromodomain -α-tubulin interaction was further confirmed by Microscale Thermophoresis. We further asserted the ability of recombinant CDYL and Sperm CDYL to acetylate soluble tubulin and microtubules in vitro. Acetylation of tubulin was increased over twofold in cells overexpressing CDYL. Thus, our studies convincingly demonstrate the ability of CDYL to moonlight as a tubulin acetyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Parab
- Department of Gamete Immunobiology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Veena Dalvi
- Department of Gamete Immunobiology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sushma Mylavaram
- Department of Gamete Immunobiology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Abhipriya Kishore
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health(ICMR), Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health(ICMR), Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Shobha Sonawane
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Confocal Microscopy Lab, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health(ICMR), Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Priyanka Parte
- Department of Gamete Immunobiology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, 400012, India
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33
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Wloga D, Joachimiak E, Louka P, Gaertig J. Posttranslational Modifications of Tubulin and Cilia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028159. [PMID: 28003186 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin undergoes several highly conserved posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including acetylation, detyrosination, glutamylation, and glycylation. These PTMs accumulate on a subset of microtubules that are long-lived, including those in the basal bodies and axonemes. Tubulin PTMs are distributed nonuniformly. In the outer doublet microtubules of the axoneme, the B-tubules are highly enriched in the detyrosinated, polyglutamylated, and polyglycylated tubulin, whereas the A-tubules contain mostly unmodified tubulin. The nonuniform patterns of tubulin PTMs may functionalize microtubules in a position-dependent manner. Recent studies indicate that tubulin PTMs contribute to the assembly, disassembly, maintenance, and motility of cilia. In particular, tubulin glutamylation has emerged as a key PTM that affects ciliary motility through regulation of axonemal dynein arms and controls the stability and length of the axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Panagiota Louka
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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34
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Buuh ZY, Lyu Z, Wang RE. Interrogating the Roles of Post-Translational Modifications of Non-Histone Proteins. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3239-3252. [PMID: 28505447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allot versatility to the biological functions of highly conserved proteins. Recently, modifications to non-histone proteins such as methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and many more have been linked to the regulation of pivotal pathways related to cellular response and stability. Due to the roles these dynamic modifications assume, their dysregulation has been associated with cancer and many other important diseases such as inflammatory disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. For this reason, we present a review and perspective on important post-translational modifications on non-histone proteins, with emphasis on their roles in diseases and small molecule inhibitors developed to target PTM writers. Certain PTMs' contribution to epigenetics has been extensively expounded; yet more efforts will be needed to systematically dissect their roles on non-histone proteins, especially for their relationships with nononcological diseases. Finally, current research approaches for PTM study will be discussed and compared, including limitations and possible improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakey Yusuf Buuh
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Zhigang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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35
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Rivera-Colón Y, Maguire A, Liszczak GP, Olia AS, Marmorstein R. Molecular Basis for Cohesin Acetylation by Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion N-Acetyltransferase ESCO1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26468-26477. [PMID: 27803161 PMCID: PMC5159507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein acetylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification that is regulated by diverse acetyltransferase enzymes. Although histone acetyltransferases (HATs) have been well characterized both structurally and mechanistically, far less is known about non-histone acetyltransferase enzymes. The human ESCO1 and ESCO2 paralogs acetylate the cohesin complex subunit SMC3 to regulate the separation of sister chromatids during mitosis and meiosis. Missense mutations within the acetyltransferase domain of these proteins correlate with diseases, including endometrial cancers and Roberts syndrome. Despite their biological importance, the mechanisms underlying acetylation by the ESCO proteins are not understood. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the highly conserved zinc finger-acetyltransferase moiety of ESCO1 with accompanying structure-based mutagenesis and biochemical characterization. We find that the ESCO1 acetyltransferase core is structurally homologous to the Gcn5 HAT, but contains unique additional features including a zinc finger and an ∼40-residue loop region that appear to play roles in protein stability and SMC3 substrate binding. We identify key residues that play roles in substrate binding and catalysis, and rationalize the functional consequences of disease-associated mutations. Together, these studies reveal the molecular basis for SMC3 acetylation by ESCO1 and have broader implications for understanding the structure/function of non-histone acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadilette Rivera-Colón
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Andrew Maguire
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Glen P Liszczak
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Adam S Olia
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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36
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Voelzmann A, Hahn I, Pearce SP, Sánchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. A conceptual view at microtubule plus end dynamics in neuronal axons. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:226-237. [PMID: 27530065 PMCID: PMC5090033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Axons are the cable-like protrusions of neurons which wire up the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) constitute their structural backbones and are highways for life-sustaining transport between proximal cell bodies and distal synapses. Any morphogenetic changes of axons during development, plastic rearrangement, regeneration or degeneration depend on dynamic changes of these MT bundles. A key mechanism for implementing such changes is the coordinated polymerisation and depolymerisation at the plus ends of MTs within these bundles. To gain an understanding of how such regulation can be achieved at the cellular level, we provide here an integrated overview of the extensive knowledge we have about the molecular mechanisms regulating MT de/polymerisation. We first summarise insights gained from work in vitro, then describe the machinery which supplies the essential tubulin building blocks, the protein complexes associating with MT plus ends, and MT shaft-based mechanisms that influence plus end dynamics. We briefly summarise the contribution of MT plus end dynamics to important cellular functions in axons, and conclude by discussing the challenges and potential strategies of integrating the existing molecular knowledge into conceptual understanding at the level of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Voelzmann
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ines Hahn
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon P Pearce
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; The University of Manchester, School of Mathematics, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Sánchez-Soriano
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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37
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The growing landscape of tubulin acetylation: lysine 40 and many more. Biochem J 2016; 473:1859-68. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin heterodimers are the building block of microtubules, which are major elements of the cytoskeleton. Several types of post-translational modifications are found on tubulin subunits as well as on the microtubule polymer to regulate the multiple roles of microtubules. Acetylation of lysine 40 (K40) of the α-tubulin subunit is one of these post-translational modifications which has been extensively studied. We summarize the current knowledge about the structural aspects of K40 acetylation, the functional consequences, the enzymes involved and their regulation. Most importantly, we discuss the potential importance of the recently discovered additional acetylation acceptor lysines in tubulin subunits and highlight the urgent need to study tubulin acetylation in a more integrated perspective.
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38
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Salah Ud-Din AIM, Tikhomirova A, Roujeinikova A. Structure and Functional Diversity of GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNAT). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1018. [PMID: 27367672 PMCID: PMC4964394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. This review of the currently available data acquired on GNAT enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the GNAT superfamily, with an emphasis on the mechanistic insights obtained from the analysis of the complexes with substrates or inhibitors. It discusses the structural basis for the common acetyltransferase mechanism, outlines the factors important for the substrate recognition, and describes the mechanism of action of inhibitors of these enzymes. It is anticipated that understanding of the structural basis behind the reaction and substrate specificity of the enzymes from this superfamily can be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics to treat human diseases and combat emerging multidrug-resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Iftiaf Md Salah Ud-Din
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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39
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Simon RP, Robaa D, Alhalabi Z, Sippl W, Jung M. KATching-Up on Small Molecule Modulators of Lysine Acetyltransferases. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1249-70. [PMID: 26701186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reversible acetylation of lysines is one of the best characterized epigenetic modifications. Its involvement in many key physiological and pathological processes has been documented in numerous studies. Lysine deacetylases (KDACs) and acetyltransferases (KATs) maintain the acetylation equilibrium at histones but also many other proteins. Besides acetylation, also other acyl groups are reversibly installed at the side chain of lysines in proteins. Because of their involvement in disease, KDACs and KATs were proposed to be promising drug targets, and for KDACs, indeed, five inhibitors are now approved for human use. While there is a similar level of evidence for the potential of KATs as drug targets, no inhibitor is in clinical trials. Here, we review the evidence for the diverse roles of KATs in disease pathology, provide an overview of structural features and the available modulators, including those targeting the bromodomains of KATs, and present an outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Simon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Zayan Alhalabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle/Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 25, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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Intracellular localization of α-tubulin acetyltransferase ATAT1 in rat ciliated cells. Med Mol Morphol 2015; 49:133-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-015-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Erburu M, Muñoz-Cobo I, Domínguez-Andrés J, Beltran E, Suzuki T, Mai A, Valente S, Puerta E, Tordera RM. Chronic stress and antidepressant induced changes in Hdac5 and Sirt2 affect synaptic plasticity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2036-48. [PMID: 26433268 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in histone acetylation could contribute to the pathogenesis of depression and antidepressant therapy. Using the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression and different antidepressant treatments we studied the regulation of histone deacetylases (Hdac׳s) and synaptic plasticity markers in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Further, functional implication of identified Hdac׳s in brain plasticity was explored. Mice were exposed to CSDS (10 days) followed by saline or imipramine (4 weeks). PFC Hdac׳s mRNA abundance was studied and compared to human׳s. Further, protein expression of acetylated histones (AcH3 and AcH4), neuroplasticity markers (CREB and pro-BDNF) and selected Hdac׳s were analyzed. Moreover, other antidepressants (fluoxetine and reboxetine) and selective HDAC inhibitors were studied. CSDS increased Hdac5 and Sirt2 mRNA whereas repeated imipramine did the opposite. Accordingly, stress and imipramine induced opposite changes on AcH3, AcH4 and CREB expression. At protein level, CSDS upregulated nuclear fraction of Hdac5 and repeated imipramine and reboxetine increased its phosphorylated form (p-Hdac5), mainly located in the cytoplasm. Moreover, Sirt2 was downregulated by all monoaminergic antidepressants. Further, repeated treatment with the class IIa Hdac inhibitor MC1568 and the Sirt2 inhibitor 33i for three weeks increased synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Our results suggest that Hdac5 and Sirt2 upregulation could constitute stable stress-induced neuronal adaptations. Noteworthy, the SIRT2 upregulation in depressed patients supports the interest of this target for therapeutic intervention. On the other hand, cytoplasmic Hdac5 export and Sirt2 downregulation induced by monoaminergic antidepressants could contribute to the well-known beneficial effects of antidepressants on brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erburu
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology (University of Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - I Muñoz-Cobo
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology (University of Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Domínguez-Andrés
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology (University of Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - E Beltran
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology (University of Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - T Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A Mai
- Dept. Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Valente
- Dept. Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Puerta
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology (University of Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - R M Tordera
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology (University of Navarra), Pamplona, Spain.
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Li L, Yang XJ. Tubulin acetylation: responsible enzymes, biological functions and human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4237-55. [PMID: 26227334 PMCID: PMC11113413 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have important functions ranging from maintenance of cell morphology to subcellular transport, cellular signaling, cell migration, and formation of cell polarity. At the organismal level, microtubules are crucial for various biological processes, such as viral entry, inflammation, immunity, learning and memory in mammals. Microtubules are subject to various covalent modifications. One such modification is tubulin acetylation, which is associated with stable microtubules and conserved from protists to humans. In the past three decades, this reversible modification has been studied extensively. In mammals, its level is mainly governed by opposing actions of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Knockout studies of the mouse enzymes have yielded new insights into biological functions of tubulin acetylation. Abnormal levels of this modification are linked to neurological disorders, cancer, heart diseases and other pathological conditions, thereby yielding important therapeutic implications. This review summarizes related studies and concludes that tubulin acetylation is important for regulating microtubule architecture and maintaining microtubule integrity. Together with detyrosination, glutamylation and other modifications, tubulin acetylation may form a unique 'language' to regulate microtubule structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Structural basis of cofactor-mediated stabilization and substrate recognition of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase αTAT1. Biochem J 2015; 467:103-13. [PMID: 25602620 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The functions of microtubules are controlled in part by tubulin post-translational modification including acetylation of Lys⁴⁰ in α-tubulin. αTAT1 (α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1), an enzyme evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes, has recently been identified as the major α-tubulin Lys⁴⁰ acetyltransferase, in which AcCoA (acetyl-CoA) serves as an acetyl group donor. The regulation and substrate recognition of this enzyme, however, have not been fully understood. In the present study, we show that AcCoA and CoA each form a stable complex with human αTAT1 to maintain the protein integrity both in vivo and in vitro. The invariant residues Arg¹³² and Ser¹⁶⁰ in αTAT1 participate in the stable interaction not only with AcCoA but also with CoA, which is supported by analysis of the present crystal structures of the αTAT1 catalytic domain in complex with CoA. Alanine substitution for Arg¹³² or Ser¹⁶⁰ leads to a drastic misfolding of the isolated αTAT1 catalytic domain in the absence of CoA and AcCoA but not in the presence of excess amounts of either cofactor. A mutant αTAT1 carrying the R132A or S160A substitution is degraded much faster than the wild-type protein when expressed in mammalian Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Furthermore, alanine-scanning experiments using Lys⁴⁰-containing peptides reveal that α-tubulin Ser³⁸ is crucial for substrate recognition of αTAT1, whereas Asp³⁹, Ile⁴², the glycine stretch (amino acid residues 43-45) and Asp⁴⁶ are also involved. The requirement for substrate selection is totally different from that in various histone acetyltransferases, which appears to be consistent with the inability of αTAT1 to acetylate histones.
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Rao Y, Hao R, Wang B, Yao TP. A Mec17-Myosin II Effector Axis Coordinates Microtubule Acetylation and Actin Dynamics to Control Primary Cilium Biogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114087. [PMID: 25494100 PMCID: PMC4262394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are specialized, acetylated microtubule-based signaling processes. Cilium assembly is activated by cellular quiescence and requires reconfiguration of microtubules, the actin cytoskeleton, and vesicular trafficking machinery. How these components are coordinated to activate ciliogenesis remains unknown. Here we identify the microtubule acetyltransferase Mec-17 and myosin II motors as the key effectors in primary cilium biogenesis. We found that myosin IIB (Myh10) is required for cilium formation; however, myosin IIA (Myh9) suppresses it. Myh10 binds and antagonizes Myh9 to increase actin dynamics, which facilitates the assembly of the pericentrosomal preciliary complex (PPC) that supplies materials for cilium growth. Importantly, Myh10 expression is upregulated by serum-starvation and this induction requires Mec-17, which is itself accumulated upon cellular quiescence. Pharmacological stimulation of microtubule acetylation also induces Myh10 expression and cilium formation. Thus cellular quiescence induces Mec17 to couple the production of acetylated microtubules and Myh10, whose accumulation overcomes the inhibitory role of Myh9 and initiates ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rui Hao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tso-Pang Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Szyk A, Deaconescu AM, Spector J, Goodman B, Valenstein ML, Ziolkowska NE, Kormendi V, Grigorieff N, Roll-Mecak A. Molecular basis for age-dependent microtubule acetylation by tubulin acetyltransferase. Cell 2014; 157:1405-1415. [PMID: 24906155 PMCID: PMC4726456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acetylation of α-tubulin Lys40 by tubulin acetyltransferase (TAT) is the only known posttranslational modification in the microtubule lumen. It marks stable microtubules and is required for polarity establishment and directional migration. Here, we elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings for TAT activity and its preference for microtubules with slow turnover. 1.35 Å TAT cocrystal structures with bisubstrate analogs constrain TAT action to the microtubule lumen and reveal Lys40 engaged in a suboptimal active site. Assays with diverse tubulin polymers show that TAT is stimulated by microtubule interprotofilament contacts. Unexpectedly, despite the confined intraluminal location of Lys40, TAT efficiently scans the microtubule bidirectionally and acetylates stochastically without preference for ends. First-principles modeling and single-molecule measurements demonstrate that TAT catalytic activity, not constrained luminal diffusion, is rate limiting for acetylation. Thus, because of its preference for microtubules over free tubulin and its modest catalytic rate, TAT can function as a slow clock for microtubule lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Spector
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Goodman
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Max L Valenstein
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natasza E Ziolkowska
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vasilisa Kormendi
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikolaus Grigorieff
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Davenport AM, Collins LN, Chiu H, Minor PJ, Sternberg PW, Hoelz A. Structural and functional characterization of the α-tubulin acetyltransferase MEC-17. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2605-16. [PMID: 24846647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin protomers undergo an extensive array of post-translational modifications to tailor microtubules to specific tasks. One such modification, the acetylation of lysine 40 of α-tubulin, located in the lumen of microtubules, is associated with stable, long-living microtubule structures. MEC-17 was recently identified as the acetyltransferase that mediates this event. We have determined the crystal structure of the catalytic core of human MEC-17 in complex with its cofactor acetyl-CoA at 1.7Å resolution. The structure reveals that the MEC-17 core adopts a canonical Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) fold that is decorated with extensive surface loops. An enzymatic analysis of 33 MEC-17 surface mutants identifies hot-spot residues for catalysis and substrate recognition. A large, evolutionarily conserved hydrophobic surface patch that is critical for enzymatic activity is identified, suggesting that specificity is achieved by interactions with the α-tubulin substrate that extend outside of the modified surface loop. An analysis of MEC-17 mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans shows that enzymatic activity is dispensable for touch sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Davenport
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leslie N Collins
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hui Chiu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Paul J Minor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - André Hoelz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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The elongation of primary cilia via the acetylation of α-tubulin by the treatment with lithium chloride in human fibroblast KD cells. Med Mol Morphol 2014; 48:44-53. [PMID: 24760594 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-014-0076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilium, an organelle found on nearly every cell in the human body, typically serves as the mechanical sensor of the cell. Lithium ion is known to promote the elongation of primary cilia in a variety of cell types, but it is unknown whether lithium is involved in the acetylation of α-tubulin which is essential for the assembly of primary cilia. In order to reveal the relationship between the elongation of primary cilia with lithium and the acetylation of α-tubulin, we first observed the formation and structure of primary cilia in KD cells, a cell line deriving fibroblasts in human labium. Subsequently, by immunohistochemical and western blot analysis we elucidated that the length of primary cilia and acetylation of α-tubulin are regulated by lithium chloride (LiCl) in the medium in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. We next performed the RT-PCR, RNAi-based experiments and biochemical study using an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3βGSK-3β). We found that LiCl mobilizes the α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 (αTAT1) in the signaling pathway mediating GSK-3β and adenylate cyclase III. In conclusion, our results suggested that LiCl treatments activate αTAT1 by the inhibition of GSK-3β and promote the α-tubulin acetylation, and then elongate the primary cilia.
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48
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Aguilar A, Becker L, Tedeschi T, Heller S, Iomini C, Nachury MV. Α-tubulin K40 acetylation is required for contact inhibition of proliferation and cell-substrate adhesion. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1854-66. [PMID: 24743598 PMCID: PMC4055265 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation of α-tubulin on lysine 40 is a mark of long-lived microtubules, but its function is elusive. Knocking out the tubulin acetyltransferase αTAT1 shows that α-tubulin K40 acetylation is critical for contact inhibition of proliferation. It is proposed that acetylated microtubules facilitate transport of the Hippo regulator Merlin. Acetylation of α-tubulin on lysine 40 marks long-lived microtubules in structures such as axons and cilia, and yet the physiological role of α-tubulin K40 acetylation is elusive. Although genetic ablation of the α-tubulin K40 acetyltransferase αTat1 in mice did not lead to detectable phenotypes in the developing animals, contact inhibition of proliferation and cell–substrate adhesion were significantly compromised in cultured αTat1−/− fibroblasts. First, αTat1−/− fibroblasts kept proliferating beyond the confluent monolayer stage. Congruently, αTat1−/− cells failed to activate Hippo signaling in response to increased cell density, and the microtubule association of the Hippo regulator Merlin was disrupted. Second, αTat1−/− cells contained very few focal adhesions, and their ability to adhere to growth surfaces was greatly impaired. Whereas the catalytic activity of αTAT1 was dispensable for monolayer formation, it was necessary for cell adhesion and restrained cell proliferation and activation of the Hippo pathway at elevated cell density. Because α-tubulin K40 acetylation is largely eliminated by deletion of αTAT1, we propose that acetylated microtubules regulate contact inhibition of proliferation through the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lars Becker
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas Tedeschi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Carlo Iomini
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Mackeh R, Lorin S, Ratier A, Mejdoubi-Charef N, Baillet A, Bruneel A, Hamaï A, Codogno P, Poüs C, Perdiz D. Reactive oxygen species, AMP-activated protein kinase, and the transcription cofactor p300 regulate α-tubulin acetyltransferase-1 (αTAT-1/MEC-17)-dependent microtubule hyperacetylation during cell stress. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11816-11828. [PMID: 24619423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond its presence in stable microtubules, tubulin acetylation can be boosted after UV exposure or after nutrient deprivation, but the mechanisms of microtubule hyperacetylation are still unknown. In this study, we show that this hyperacetylation is a common response to several cellular stresses that involves the stimulation of the major tubulin acetyltransferase MEC-17. We also demonstrate that the acetyltransferase p300 negatively regulates MEC-17 expression and is sequestered on microtubules upon stress. We further show that reactive oxygen species of mitochondrial origin are required for microtubule hyperacetylation by activating the AMP kinase, which in turn mediates MEC-17 phosphorylation upon stress. Finally, we show that preventing microtubule hyperacetylation by knocking down MEC-17 affects cell survival under stress conditions and starvation-induced autophagy, thereby pointing out the importance of this rapid modification as a broad cell response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafah Mackeh
- Université Paris Sud, EA4530, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Séverine Lorin
- Université Paris Sud, EA4530, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ameetha Ratier
- Université Paris Sud, EA4530, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Anita Baillet
- Université Paris Sud, EA4530, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Arnaud Bruneel
- Université Paris Sud, EA4530, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, Hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Hamaï
- INSERM U845, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- INSERM U845, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Christian Poüs
- Université Paris Sud, EA4530, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Biochimie-Hormonologie, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 92141 Clamart, France.
| | - Daniel Perdiz
- Université Paris Sud, EA4530, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Kalebic N, Sorrentino S, Perlas E, Bolasco G, Martinez C, Heppenstall PA. αTAT1 is the major α-tubulin acetyltransferase in mice. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1962. [PMID: 23748901 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of tubulin serves as a powerful means for rapidly adjusting the functional diversity of microtubules. Acetylation of the ε-amino group of K40 in α-tubulin is one such modification that is highly conserved in ciliated organisms. Recently, αTAT1, a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase, was identified as an α-tubulin acetyltransferase in Tetrahymena and C. elegans. Here we generate mice with a targeted deletion of Atat1 to determine its function in mammals. Remarkably, we observe a loss of detectable K40 α-tubulin acetylation in these mice across multiple tissues and in cellular structures such as cilia and axons where acetylation is normally enriched. Mice are viable and develop normally, however, the absence of Atat1 impacts upon sperm motility and male mouse fertility, and increases microtubule stability. Thus, αTAT1 has a conserved function as the major α-tubulin acetyltransferase in ciliated organisms and has an important role in regulating subcellular specialization of subsets of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Mouse Biology Unit, EMBL, Via Ramarini 32, Monterotondo 00015, Italy
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