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Xu S, Wei X, Yang Q, Hu D, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Kang F, Wu Z, Yan Z, Luo X, Sun Y, Wang S, Feng Y, Xu Q, Zhang M, Yang Y. A KNOX Ⅱ transcription factor suppresses the NLR immune receptor BRG8-mediated immunity in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:101001. [PMID: 38863209 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are activated by detecting pathogen effectors, which in turn trigger host defenses and cell death. Although many NLRs have been identified, the mechanisms responsible for NLR-triggered defense responses are still poorly understood. In this study, through a genome-wide association study approach, we identified a novel NLR gene, Blast Resistance Gene 8 (BRG8), which confers resistance to rice blast and bacterial blight diseases. BRG8 overexpression and complementation lines exhibit enhanced resistance to both pathogens. Subcellular localization assays showed that BRG8 is localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Additional evidence revealed that nuclear-localized BRG8 can enhance rice immunity without a hypersensitive response (HR)-like phenotype. We also demonstrated that the coiled-coil domain of BRG8 not only physically interacts with itself but also interacts with the KNOX Ⅱ protein HOMEOBOX ORYZA SATIVA59 (HOS59). Knockout mutants of HOS59 in the BRG8 background show enhanced resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae strain CH171 and Xoo strain CR4, similar to that of the BRG8 background. By contrast, overexpression of HOS59 in the BRG8 background will compromise the HR-like phenotype and resistance response. Further analysis revealed that HOS59 promotes the degradation of BRG8 via the 26S proteasome pathway. Collectively, our study highlights HOS59 as an NLR immune regulator that fine-tunes BRG8-mediated immune responses against pathogens, providing new insights into NLR associations and functions in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Xu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xinghua Wei
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Qinqin Yang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Dongxiu Hu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoping Yuan
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fengyu Kang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhaozhong Wu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhiqin Yan
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xueqin Luo
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yanfei Sun
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shan Wang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yue Feng
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qun Xu
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Mengchen Zhang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Yaolong Yang
- China National Center for Rice Improvement/State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
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2
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Sun Y, Utpal H, Wu Y, Sun Q, Feng Z, Shen Y, Zhang R, Zhou X, Wu J. Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses of two Pectobacterium brasiliense strains revealed distinct virulence determinants and phenotypic features. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1362283. [PMID: 38800750 PMCID: PMC11116658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1362283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Potato soft rot caused by Pectobacterium spp. are devastating diseases of potato which cause severe economic losses worldwide. Pectobacterium brasiliense is considered as one of the most virulent species. However, the virulence mechanisms and pathogenicity factors of this strain have not been fully elucidated. Here, through pathogenicity screening, we identified two Pectobacterium brasiliense isolates, SM and DQ, with distinct pathogenicity levels. SM exhibits higher virulence compared to DQ in inducing aerial stem rot, blackleg and tuber soft rot. Our genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that SM encodes strain specific genes with regard to plant cell wall degradation and express higher level of genes associated with bacterial motility and secretion systems. Our plate assays verified higher pectinase, cellulase, and protease activities, as well as fast swimming and swarming motility in SM. Importantly, a unique endoglucanase S specific to SM was identified. Expression of this cellulase in DQ greatly enhances its virulence compared to wild type strain. Our study sheds light on possible determinants causing different pathogenicity of Pectobacterium brasiliense species with close evolutionary distance and provides new insight into the direction of genome evolution in response to host variation and environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Handique Utpal
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yajuan Wu
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhiwen Feng
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | | | - Ruofang Zhang
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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3
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Kim H, Kim J, Choi DS, Kim MS, Deslandes L, Jayaraman J, Sohn KH. Molecular basis for the interference of the Arabidopsis WRKY54-mediated immune response by two sequence-unrelated bacterial effectors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:839-855. [PMID: 38271178 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY proteins are potential targets of pathogen-secreted effectors. RESISTANT TO RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM 1 (RRS1; AtWRKY52) is a well-studied Arabidopsis nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor carrying a C-terminal WRKY domain that functions as an integrated decoy. RRS1-R recognizes the effectors AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and PopP2 from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum by direct interaction through its WRKY domain. AvrRps4 and PopP2 were previously shown to interact with several AtWRKYs. However, how these effectors selectively interact with their virulence targets remains unknown. Here, we show that several members of subgroup IIIb of the AtWRKY family are targeted by AvrRps4 and PopP2. We demonstrate that several AtWRKYs induce cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, indicating the activation of immune responses. AtWRKY54 was the only cell death-inducing AtWRKY that interacted with both AvrRps4 and PopP2. We found that AvrRps4 and PopP2 specifically suppress AtWRKY54-induced cell death. We also demonstrate that the amino acid residues required for the avirulence function of AvrRps4 and PopP2 are critical for suppressing AtWRKY54-induced cell death. AtWRKY54 residues predicted to form a binding interface with AvrRps4 were predominantly located in the DNA binding domain and necessary for inducing cell death. Notably, one AtWRKY54 residue, E164, contributes to affinity with AvrRps4 and is exclusively present among subgroup IIIb AtWRKYs, yet is located outside of the DNA-binding domain. Surprisingly, AtWRKY54 mutated at E164 evaded AvrRps4-mediated cell death suppression. Taking our observations together, we propose that AvrRp4 and PopP2 specifically target AtWRKY54 to suppress plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Seok Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Jones JDG, Staskawicz BJ, Dangl JL. The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment. Cell 2024; 187:2095-2116. [PMID: 38670067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. Plant breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance to specific pathogen isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for disease resistance underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence and focus on model plants for genetics and genomics research, has provided rich resources for molecular biological exploration over the last 50 years. These studies led to the identification of extracellular and intracellular receptors that convert recognition of extracellular microbe-encoded molecular patterns or intracellular pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. These receptor systems, and downstream responses, define plant immune systems that have evolved since the migration of plants to land ∼500 million years ago. Our current understanding of plant immune systems provides the platform for development of rational resistance enhancement to control the many diseases that continue to plague crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D G Jones
- Sainsbury Lab, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Lauber E, González-Fuente M, Escouboué M, Vicédo C, Luneau JS, Pouzet C, Jauneau A, Gris C, Zhang ZM, Pichereaux C, Carrère S, Deslandes L, Noël LD. Bacterial host adaptation through sequence and structural variations of a single type III effector gene. iScience 2024; 27:109224. [PMID: 38439954 PMCID: PMC10909901 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying quantitative variations of pathogenicity remain elusive. Here, we identified the Xanthomonas campestris XopJ6 effector that triggers disease resistance in cauliflower and Arabidopsis thaliana. XopJ6 is a close homolog of the Ralstoniapseudosolanacearum PopP2 YopJ family acetyltransferase. XopJ6 is recognized by the RRS1-R/RPS4 NLR pair that integrates a WRKY decoy domain mimicking effector targets. We identified a XopJ6 natural variant carrying a single residue substitution in XopJ6 WRKY-binding site that disrupts interaction with WRKY proteins. This mutation allows XopJ6 to evade immune perception while retaining some XopJ6 virulence functions. Interestingly, xopJ6 resides in a Tn3-family transposon likely contributing to xopJ6 copy number variation (CNV). Using synthetic biology, we demonstrate that xopJ6 CNV tunes pathogen virulence on Arabidopsis through gene dosage-mediated modulation of xopJ6 expression. Together, our findings highlight how sequence and structural genetic variations restricted at a particular effector gene contribute to bacterial host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Manuel González-Fuente
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Escouboué
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Vicédo
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julien S. Luneau
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- TRI-FRAIB Imaging Platform Facilities, FRAIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- TRI-FRAIB Imaging Platform Facilities, FRAIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carine Gris
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FRAIB), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université de Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
- Infrastructure nationale de protéomique, ProFI, FR 2048, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Balamurugan A, Mallikarjuna MG, Bansal S, Nayaka SC, Rajashekara H, Chellapilla TS, Prakash G. Genome-wide identification and characterization of NBLRR genes in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) and their expression in response to Magnaporthe grisea infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:75. [PMID: 38281915 PMCID: PMC10823742 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (NBLRR) genes significantly regulate defences against phytopathogens in plants. The genome-wide identification and analysis of NBLRR genes have been performed in several species. However, the detailed evolution, structure, expression of NBLRRs and functional response to Magnaporthe grisea are unknown in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). RESULTS The genome-wide scanning of the finger millet genome resulted in 116 NBLRR (EcNBLRRs1-116) encompassing 64 CC-NB-LRR, 47 NB-LRR and 5 CCR-NB-LRR types. The evolutionary studies among the NBLRRs of five Gramineae species, viz., purple false brome (Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P.Beauv.), finger millet (E. coracana), rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.) showed the evolution of NBLRRs in the ancestral lineage of the target species and subsequent divergence through gene-loss events. The purifying selection (Ka/Ks < 1) shaped the expansions of NBLRRs paralogs in finger millet and orthologs among the target Gramineae species. The promoter sequence analysis showed various stress- and phytohormone-responsive cis-acting elements besides growth and development, indicating their potential role in disease defence and regulatory mechanisms. The expression analysis of 22 EcNBLRRs in the genotypes showing contrasting responses to Magnaporthe grisea infection revealed four and five EcNBLRRs in early and late infection stages, respectively. The six of these nine candidate EcNBLRRs proteins, viz., EcNBLRR21, EcNBLRR26, EcNBLRR30, EcNBLRR45, EcNBLRR55 and EcNBLRR76 showed CC, NB and LRR domains, whereas the EcNBLRR23, EcNBLRR32 and EcNBLRR83 showed NB and LRR somains. CONCLUSION The identification and expression analysis of EcNBLRRs showed the role of EcNBLRR genes in assigning blast resistance in finger millet. These results pave the foundation for in-depth and targeted functional analysis of EcNBLRRs through genome editing and transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Balamurugan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Shilpi Bansal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Department of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - S Chandra Nayaka
- Department of Studies in Applied Botany and Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, 570005, India
| | | | | | - Ganesan Prakash
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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7
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Zavaliev R, Dong X. NPR1, a key immune regulator for plant survival under biotic and abiotic stresses. Mol Cell 2024; 84:131-141. [PMID: 38103555 PMCID: PMC10929286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was discovered in Arabidopsis as an activator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses nearly 30 years ago. How NPR1 confers resistance against a variety of pathogens and stresses has been extensively studied; however, only in recent years have the underlying molecular mechanisms been uncovered, particularly NPR1's role in SA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming, stress protein homeostasis, and cell survival. Structural analyses ultimately defined NPR1 and its paralogs as SA receptors. The SA-bound NPR1 dimer induces transcription by bridging two TGA transcription factor dimers, forming an enhanceosome. Moreover, NPR1 orchestrates its multiple functions through the formation of distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. Furthermore, NPR1 plays a central role in plant health by regulating the crosstalk between SA and other defense and growth hormones. In this review, we focus on these recent advances and discuss how NPR1 can be utilized to engineer resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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8
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Liu K, Shi L, Luo H, Zhang K, Liu J, Qiu S, Li X, He S, Liu Z. Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAK suppresses homodimerization of the host transcription factor ERF098 to enhance susceptibility and the sensitivity of pepper plants to dehydration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:121-144. [PMID: 37738430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to defend against invasion by pathogens. In response, pathogens deploy copious effectors to evade the immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms used by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity remain unclear. Herein, we report that an effector secreted by Ralstonia solanacearum, RipAK, modulates the transcriptional activity of the ethylene-responsive factor ERF098 to suppress immunity and dehydration tolerance, which causes bacterial wilt in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Silencing ERF098 enhances the resistance of pepper plants to R. solanacearum infection not only by inhibiting the host colonization of R. solanacearum but also by increasing the immunity and tolerance of pepper plants to dehydration and including the closure of stomata to reduce the loss of water in an abscisic acid signal-dependent manner. In contrast, the ectopic expression of ERF098 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances wilt disease. We also show that RipAK targets and inhibits the ERF098 homodimerization to repress the expression of salicylic acid-dependent PR1 and dehydration tolerance-related OSR1 and OSM1 by cis-elements in their promoters. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism used by the R. solanacearum effector RipAK to increase virulence by specifically inhibiting the homodimerization of ERF098 and reprogramming the transcription of PR1, OSR1, and OSM1 to boost susceptibility and dehydration sensitivity. Thus, our study sheds light on a previously unidentified strategy by which a pathogen simultaneously suppresses plant immunity and tolerance to dehydration by secreting an effector to interfere with the activity of a transcription factor and manipulate plant transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lanping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Kim B, Yu W, Kim H, Dong Q, Choi S, Prokchorchick M, Macho AP, Sohn KH, Segonzac C. A plasma membrane nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor mediates the recognition of the Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum effector RipY in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100640. [PMID: 37349986 PMCID: PMC10721487 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt disease caused by several Ralstonia species is one of the most destructive diseases in Solanaceae crops. Only a few functional resistance genes against bacterial wilt have been cloned to date. Here, we show that the broadly conserved type III secreted effector RipY is recognized by the Nicotiana benthamiana immune system, leading to cell death induction, induction of defense-related gene expression, and restriction of bacterial pathogen growth. Using a multiplexed virus-induced gene-silencing-based N. benthamiana nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NbNLR) library, we identified a coiled-coil (CC) nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (CNL) required for recognition of RipY, which we named RESISTANCE TO RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM RIPY (RRS-Y). Genetic complementation assays in RRS-Y-silenced plants and stable rrs-y knockout mutants demonstrated that RRS-Y is sufficient to activate RipY-induced cell death and RipY-induced immunity to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. RRS-Y function is dependent on the phosphate-binding loop motif of the nucleotide-binding domain but independent of the characterized signaling components ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1, ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1, and N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 and the NLR helpers NB-LRR REQUIRED FOR HR-ASSOCIATED CELL DEATH-2, -3, and -4 in N. benthamiana. We further show that RRS-Y localization at the plasma membrane is mediated by two cysteine residues in the CC domain and is required for RipY recognition. RRS-Y also broadly recognizes RipY homologs across Ralstonia species. Lastly, we show that the C-terminal region of RipY is indispensable for RRS-Y activation. Together, our findings provide an additional effector/receptor pair system to deepen our understanding of CNL activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjia Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian Dong
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchick
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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10
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von Bongartz K, Sabelleck B, Baquero Forero A, Kuhn H, Leissing F, Panstruga R. Comprehensive comparative assessment of the Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2-CALMODULIN2 interaction by various in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. Biochem J 2023; 480:1615-1638. [PMID: 37767715 PMCID: PMC10586775 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mildew resistance locus o (MLO) proteins are heptahelical integral membrane proteins of which some isoforms act as susceptibility factors for the powdery mildew pathogen. In many angiosperm plant species, loss-of-function mlo mutants confer durable broad-spectrum resistance against the fungal disease. Barley Mlo is known to interact via a cytosolic carboxyl-terminal domain with the intracellular calcium sensor calmodulin (CAM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Site-directed mutagenesis has revealed key amino acid residues in the barley Mlo calmodulin-binding domain (CAMBD) that, when mutated, affect the MLO-CAM association. We here tested the respective interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2 and CAM2 using seven different types of in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. In each assay, we deployed a wild-type version of either the MLO2 carboxyl terminus (MLO2CT), harboring the CAMBD, or the MLO2 full-length protein and corresponding mutant variants in which two key residues within the CAMBD were substituted by non-functional amino acids. We focused in particular on the substitution of two hydrophobic amino acids (LW/RR mutant) and found in most protein-protein interaction experiments reduced binding of CAM2 to the corresponding MLO2/MLO2CT-LW/RR mutant variants in comparison with the respective wild-type versions. However, the Ura3-based yeast split-ubiquitin system and in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays failed to indicate reduced CAM2 binding to the mutated CAMBD. Our data shed further light on the interaction of MLO and CAM proteins and provide a comprehensive comparative assessment of different types of protein-protein interaction assays with wild-type and mutant versions of an integral membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira von Bongartz
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Sabelleck
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anežka Baquero Forero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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11
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Tahir ul Qamar M, Sadaqat M, Zhu XT, Li H, Huang X, Fatima K, Almutairi MM, Chen LL. Comparative genomics profiling revealed multi-stress responsive roles of the CC-NBS-LRR genes in three mango cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1285547. [PMID: 37965009 PMCID: PMC10642748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1285547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene family is the largest group of disease resistance (R) genes in plants and is active in response to viruses, bacteria, and fungi usually involved in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Pangenome-wide studies allow researchers to analyze the genetic diversity of multiple species or their members simultaneously, providing a comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary relationships and diversity present among them. The draft pan-genome of three Mangifera indica cultivars (Alphonso, Hong Xiang Ya, and Tommy atkins) was constructed and Presence/absence variants (PAVs) were filtered through the ppsPCP pipeline. As a result, 2823 genes and 5907 PAVs from H. Xiang Ya, and 1266 genes and 2098 PAVs from T. atkins were added to the reference genome. For the identification of CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) genes in these mango cultivars, this draft pan-genome study has successfully identified 47, 27, and 36 members in Alphonso, H. Xiang Ya, and T. atkins respectively. The phylogenetic analysis divided MiCNL proteins into four distinct subgroups. All MiCNL genes are unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Both tandem and segmental duplication events played a significant role in the expansion of the CNL gene family. These genes contain cis-elements related to light, stress, hormone, and development. The analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI) revealed that MiCNL proteins interacted with other defense-responsive proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that MiCNL genes play a role in defense mechanisms within the organism. The expression level of the identified genes in fruit peel was observed under disease and cold stress which showed that Mi_A_CNL13 and 14 were up-regulated while Mi_A_CNL15, 25, 30, 31, and 40 were down-regulated in disease stress. On the other hand, Mi_A_CNL2, 14, 41, and 45 were up-regulated and Mi_A_CNL47 is down-regulated in cold stress. Subsequently, the Random Forest (RF) classifier was used to assess the multi-stress response of MiCNLs. It was found that Mi_A_CNL14 is a gene that responds to multiple stress conditions. The CNLs have similar protein structures which show that they are involved in the same function. The above findings provide a foundation for a deeper understanding of the functional characteristics of the mango CNL gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Muhammad Sadaqat
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xi-Tong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Kinza Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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12
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Demirjian C, Razavi N, Yu G, Mayjonade B, Zhang L, Lonjon F, Chardon F, Carrere S, Gouzy J, Genin S, Macho AP, Roux F, Berthomé R, Vailleau F. An atypical NLR gene confers bacterial wilt susceptibility in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100607. [PMID: 37098653 PMCID: PMC10504594 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) remains the most prevalent form of plant resistance in crop fields and wild habitats. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proved to be successful in deciphering the quantitative genetic basis of complex traits such as QDR. To unravel the genetics of QDR to the devastating worldwide bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, we performed a GWAS by challenging a highly polymorphic local mapping population of Arabidopsis thaliana with four R. solanacearum type III effector (T3E) mutants, identified as key pathogenicity determinants after a first screen on an A. thaliana core collection of 25 accessions. Although most quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were highly specific to the identity of the T3E mutant (ripAC, ripAG, ripAQ, and ripU), we finely mapped a common QTL located on a cluster of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes that exhibited structural variation. We functionally validated one of these NLRs as a susceptibility factor in response to R. solanacearum, named it Bacterial Wilt Susceptibility 1 (BWS1), and cloned two alleles that conferred contrasting levels of QDR. Further characterization indicated that expression of BWS1 leads to suppression of immunity triggered by different R. solanacearum effectors. In addition, we showed a direct interaction between BWS1 and RipAC T3E, and BWS1 and SUPPRESSOR OF G2 ALLELE OF skp1 (SGT1b), the latter interaction being suppressed by RipAC. Together, our results highlight a putative role for BWS1 as a quantitative susceptibility factor directly targeted by the T3E RipAC, mediating negative regulation of the SGT1-dependent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choghag Demirjian
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Narjes Razavi
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fabien Lonjon
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabien Chardon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sébastien Carrere
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jérome Gouzy
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabienne Vailleau
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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13
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Landry D, Mila I, Sabbagh CRR, Zaffuto M, Pouzet C, Tremousaygue D, Dabos P, Deslandes L, Peeters N. An NLR integrated domain toolkit to identify plant pathogen effector targets. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1443-1457. [PMID: 37248633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune receptors, known as NOD-like receptors (NLRs), possess unique integrated decoy domains that enable plants to attract pathogen effectors and initiate a specific immune response. The present study aimed to create a library of these integrated domains (IDs) and screen them with pathogen effectors to identify targets for effector virulence and NLR-effector interactions. This works compiles IDs found in NLRs from seven different plant species and produced a library of 78 plasmid clones containing a total of 104 IDs, representing 43 distinct InterPro domains. A yeast two-hybrid assay was conducted, followed by an in planta interaction test, using 32 conserved effectors from Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum type III. Through these screenings, three interactions involving different IDs (kinase, DUF3542, WRKY) were discovered interacting with two unrelated type III effectors (RipAE and PopP2). Of particular interest was the interaction between PopP2 and ID#85, an atypical WRKY domain integrated into a soybean NLR gene (GmNLR-ID#85). Using a Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy technique to detect protein-protein interactions in living plant cells, PopP2 was demonstrated to physically associate with ID#85 in the nucleus. However, unlike the known WRKY-containing Arabidopsis RRS1-R NLR receptor, GmNLR-ID#85 could not be acetylated by PopP2 and failed to activate RPS4-dependent immunity when introduced into the RRS1-R immune receptor. The generated library of 78 plasmid clones, encompassing these screenable IDs, is publicly available through Addgene. This resource is expected to be valuable for the scientific community with respect to discovering targets for effectors and potentially engineering plant immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Landry
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Isabelle Mila
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Cyrus Raja Rubenstein Sabbagh
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Matilda Zaffuto
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- Plateforme imagerie TRI-FRAIB, FR AIB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31320, France
| | - Dominique Tremousaygue
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Patrick Dabos
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Nemo Peeters
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
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14
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Camuel A, Teulet A, Carcagno M, Haq F, Pacquit V, Gully D, Pervent M, Chaintreuil C, Fardoux J, Horta-Araujo N, Okazaki S, Ratu STN, Gueye F, Zilli J, Nouwen N, Arrighi JF, Luo H, Mergaert P, Deslandes L, Giraud E. Widespread Bradyrhizobium distribution of diverse Type III effectors that trigger legume nodulation in the absence of Nod factor. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1416-1429. [PMID: 37355742 PMCID: PMC10432411 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis is generally based on plant perception of Nod factors (NFs) synthesized by the bacteria. However, some Bradyrhizobium strains can nodulate certain legume species, such as Aeschynomene spp. or Glycine max, independently of NFs, and via two different processes that are distinguished by the necessity or not of a type III secretion system (T3SS). ErnA is the first known type III effector (T3E) triggering nodulation in Aeschynomene indica. In this study, a collection of 196 sequenced Bradyrhizobium strains was tested on A. indica. Only strains belonging to the photosynthetic supergroup can develop a NF-T3SS-independent symbiosis, while the ability to use a T3SS-dependent process is found in multiple supergroups. Of these, 14 strains lacking ernA were tested by mutagenesis to identify new T3Es triggering nodulation. We discovered a novel T3E, Sup3, a putative SUMO-protease without similarity to ErnA. Its mutation in Bradyrhizobium strains NAS96.2 and WSM1744 abolishes nodulation and its introduction in an ernA mutant of strain ORS3257 restores nodulation. Moreover, ectopic expression of sup3 in A. indica roots led to the formation of spontaneous nodules. We also report three other new T3Es, Ubi1, Ubi2 and Ubi3, which each contribute to the nodulation capacity of strain LMTR13. These T3Es have no homology to known proteins but share with ErnA three motifs necessary for ErnA activity. Together, our results highlight an unsuspected distribution and diversity of T3Es within the Bradyrhizobium genus that may contribute to their symbiotic efficiency by participating in triggering legume nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Camuel
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Albin Teulet
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Mélanie Carcagno
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fazal Haq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Pacquit
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Djamel Gully
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Marjorie Pervent
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Clémence Chaintreuil
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Fardoux
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Natasha Horta-Araujo
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Shin Okazaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Safirah Tasa Nerves Ratu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Fatou Gueye
- Carrefour International, Bureau Régional Afrique de l'Ouest, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Jerri Zilli
- Embrapa Agrobiologia, Bairro Ecologia, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nico Nouwen
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Arrighi
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Haiwei Luo
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
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15
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Newman TE, Kim H, Khentry Y, Sohn KH, Derbyshire MC, Kamphuis LG. The broad host range pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces multiple effector proteins that induce host cell death intracellularly. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:866-881. [PMID: 37038612 PMCID: PMC10346375 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a broad host range necrotrophic fungal pathogen, which causes disease on many economically important crop species. S. sclerotiorum has been shown to secrete small effector proteins to kill host cells and acquire nutrients. We set out to discover novel necrosis-inducing effectors and characterize their activity using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Five intracellular necrosis-inducing effectors were identified with differing host subcellular localization patterns, which were named intracellular necrosis-inducing effector 1-5 (SsINE1-5). We show for the first time a broad host range pathogen effector, SsINE1, that uses an RxLR-like motif to enter host cells. Furthermore, we provide preliminary evidence that SsINE5 induces necrosis via an NLR protein. All five of the identified effectors are highly conserved in globally sourced S. sclerotiorum isolates. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of the virulence mechanisms employed by S. sclerotiorum and reveal potential avenues for enhancing genetic resistance to this damaging fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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16
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Harris W, Kim S, Vӧlz R, Lee YH. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens: Distinct strategies to be one step ahead. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:637-650. [PMID: 36942744 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear effector proteins released by bacteria, oomycete, nematode, and fungi burden the global environment and crop yield. Microbial effectors are key weapons in the evolutionary arms race between plants and pathogens, vital in determining the success of pathogenic colonization. Secreted effectors undermine a multitude of host cellular processes depending on their target destination. Effectors are classified by their localization as either extracellular (apoplastic) or intracellular. Intracellular effectors can be further subclassified by their compartment such as the nucleus, cytoplasm or chloroplast. Nuclear effectors bring into question the role of the plant nucleus' intrinsic defence strategies and their vulnerability to effector-based manipulation. Nuclear effectors interfere with multiple nuclear processes including the epigenetic regulation of the host chromatin, the impairment of the trans-kingdom antifungal RNAi machinery, and diverse classes of immunity-associated host proteins. These effector-targeted pathways are widely conserved among different hosts and regulate a broad array of plant cellular processes. Thus, these nuclear sites constitute meaningful targets for effectors to subvert the plant defence system and acquire resources for pathogenic propagation. This review provides an extensive and comparative compilation of diverse plant microbe nuclear effector libraries, thereby highlighting the distinct and conserved mechanisms these effectors employ to modulate plant cellular processes for the pathogen's profit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Vӧlz
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Miao Y, Wu L, Xue Q, Zhang Q, Zou H. Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector RipAA targets chloroplastic AtpB to modulate an incompatible interaction on Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1179824. [PMID: 37275133 PMCID: PMC10232776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1179824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The type III effector RipAA of Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 plays a critical role in the incompatible interaction on Nicotiana benthamiana. Methods The RipAA was transiently expressed in N. benthamiana by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Chemical staining with trypan blue and DAB were conducted to examine the cell death and the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively. The expression of the marker genes for salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The proteins interacted with RipAA was identified from N. benthamiana by yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. A TRV-mediated gene silencing was used to assess the role of host gene in response to RipAA expression and R. solanacearum infection. Results and discussion RipAA induced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and genome DNA degradation in N. benthamiana, which were accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction. Simultaneously, the marker genes for salicylic acid (SA) signaling were induced and those for jasmonic acid (JA) signaling were reduced. N. benthamiana chloroplastic AtpB, the ATPase β subunit, was identified as an interactor with RipAA. The silencing of atpB in N. benthamiana resulted in the inability of RipAA to induce a hypersensitive response, a compatible interaction with GMI1000, and an enhanced sensitivity to bacterial wilt. Our data support the concept that RipAA determines host-range specificity by targeting the host chloroplastic AtpB.
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18
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Tehrani N, Mitra RM. Plant pathogens and symbionts target the plant nucleus. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 72:102284. [PMID: 36868049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
In plant-microbe interactions, symbionts and pathogens live within plants and attempt to avoid triggering plant defense responses. In order to do so, these microbes have evolved multiple mechanisms that target components of the plant cell nucleus. Rhizobia-induced symbiotic signaling requires the function of specific legume nucleoporins within the nuclear pore complex. Symbiont and pathogen effectors harbor nuclear localization sequences that facilitate movement across nuclear pores, allowing these proteins to target transcription factors that function in defense. Oomycete pathogens introduce proteins that interact with plant pre-mRNA splicing components in order to alter host splicing of defense-related transcripts. Together, these functions indicate that the nucleus is an active site of symbiotic and pathogenic functioning in plant-microbe interactions.
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19
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Lovelace AH, Dorhmi S, Hulin MT, Li Y, Mansfield JW, Ma W. Effector Identification in Plant Pathogens. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:637-650. [PMID: 37126080 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0337-kd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Effectors play a central role in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. As key virulence proteins, effectors are collectively indispensable for disease development. By understanding the virulence mechanisms of effectors, fundamental knowledge of microbial pathogenesis and disease resistance have been revealed. Effectors are also considered double-edged swords because some of them activate immunity in disease resistant plants after being recognized by specific immune receptors, which evolved to monitor pathogen presence or activity. Characterization of effector recognition by their cognate immune receptors and the downstream immune signaling pathways is instrumental in implementing resistance. Over the past decades, substantial research effort has focused on effector biology, especially concerning their interactions with virulence targets or immune receptors in plant cells. A foundation of this research is robust identification of the effector repertoire from a given pathogen, which depends heavily on bioinformatic prediction. In this review, we summarize methodologies that have been used for effector mining in various microbial pathogens which use different effector delivery mechanisms. We also discuss current limitations and provide perspectives on how recently developed analytic tools and technologies may facilitate effector identification and hence generation of a more complete vision of host-pathogen interactions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Dorhmi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | | | - Yufei Li
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - John W Mansfield
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BX, U.K
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K
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20
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Wei W, Wu X, Garcia A, McCoppin N, Viana JPG, Murad PS, Walker DR, Hartman GL, Domier LL, Hudson ME, Clough SJ. An NBS-LRR protein in the Rpp1 locus negates the dominance of Rpp1-mediated resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:915-933. [PMID: 36424366 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The soybean Rpp1 locus confers resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi, causal agent of rust, and resistance is usually dominant over susceptibility. However, dominance of Rpp1-mediated resistance is lost when a resistant genotype (Rpp1 or Rpp1b) is crossed with susceptible line TMG06_0011, and the mechanism of this dominant susceptibility (DS) is unknown. Sequencing the Rpp1 region reveals that the TMG06_0011 Rpp1 locus has a single nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene (DS-R), whereas resistant PI 594760B (Rpp1b) is similar to PI 200492 (Rpp1) and has three NBS-LRR resistance gene candidates. Evidence that DS-R is the cause of DS was reflected in virus-induced gene silencing of DS-R in Rpp1b/DS-R or Rpp1/DS-R heterozygous plants with resistance partially restored. In heterozygous Rpp1b/DS-R plants, expression of Rpp1b candidate genes was not significantly altered, indicating no effect of DS-R on transcription. Physical interaction of the DS-R protein with candidate Rpp1b resistance proteins was supported by yeast two-hybrid studies and in silico modeling. Thus, we conclude that suppression of resistance most likely does not occur at the transcript level, but instead probably at the protein level, possibly with Rpp1 function inhibited by binding to the DS-R protein. The DS-R gene was found in other soybean lines, with an estimated allele frequency of 6% in a diverse population, and also found in wild soybean (Glycine soja). The identification of a dominant susceptible NBS-LRR gene provides insight into the behavior of NBS-LRR proteins and serves as a reminder to breeders that the dominance of an R gene can be influenced by a susceptibility allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Ave # 266, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Alexandre Garcia
- Tropical Melhoramento e Genética, LTDA, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 87, Cambé, PR, CEP: 86183-600, Brazil
| | - Nancy McCoppin
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - João Paulo Gomes Viana
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Praerona S Murad
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David R Walker
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Glen L Hartman
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Leslie L Domier
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, 1101 W. Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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21
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De Ryck J, Van Damme P, Goormachtig S. From prediction to function: Current practices and challenges towards the functional characterization of type III effectors. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113442. [PMID: 36846751 PMCID: PMC9945535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a well-studied pathogenicity determinant of many bacteria through which effectors (T3Es) are translocated into the host cell, where they exercise a wide range of functions to deceive the host cell's immunity and to establish a niche. Here we look at the different approaches that are used to functionally characterize a T3E. Such approaches include host localization studies, virulence screenings, biochemical activity assays, and large-scale omics, such as transcriptomics, interactomics, and metabolomics, among others. By means of the phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) as a case study, the current advances of these methods will be explored, alongside the progress made in understanding effector biology. Data obtained by such complementary methods provide crucial information to comprehend the entire function of the effectome and will eventually lead to a better understanding of the phytopathogen, opening opportunities to tackle it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren De Ryck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium,*Correspondence: Sofie Goormachtig,
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22
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von Bongartz K, Sabelleck B, Forero AB, Kuhn H, Leissing F, Panstruga R. Comprehensive comparative assessment of the Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2-calmodulin interaction by various in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525488. [PMID: 36747653 PMCID: PMC9900802 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mildew resistance locus o (MLO) proteins are heptahelical integral membrane proteins of which some isoforms act as susceptibility factors for the fungal powdery mildew pathogen. In many angiosperm plant species, loss-of-function mlo mutants confer durable broad-spectrum resistance against the powdery mildew disease. Barley Mlo is known to interact via a cytosolic carboxyl-terminal domain with the intracellular calcium sensor calmodulin (CAM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Site-directed mutagenesis has revealed key amino acid residues in the barley Mlo calcium-binding domain (CAMBD) that, when mutated, affect the MLO-CAM association. We here tested the respective interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2 and CAM2 using seven different types of in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. In each assay, we deployed a wild-type version of either the MLO2 carboxyl terminus (MLO2 CT ), harboring the CAMBD, or the MLO2 full-length protein and corresponding mutant variants in which two key residues within the CAMBD were substituted by non-functional amino acids. We focused in particular on the substitution of two hydrophobic amino acids (LW/RR mutant) and found in most protein-protein interaction experiments reduced binding of CAM2 to the corresponding MLO2/MLO2 CT LW/RR mutant variants in comparison to the respective wild-type versions. However, the Ura3-based yeast split-ubiquitin system and in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays failed to indicate reduced CAM2 binding to the mutated CAMBD. Our data shed further light on the interaction of MLO and CAM proteins and provide a comprehensive comparative assessment of different types of protein-protein interaction assays with wild-type and mutant versions of an integral membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira von Bongartz
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Sabelleck
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anežka Baquero Forero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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23
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Jose J, Éva C, Bozsó Z, Hamow KÁ, Fekete Z, Fábián A, Bánfalvi Z, Sági L. Global transcriptome and targeted metabolite analyses of roots reveal different defence mechanisms against Ralstonia solanacearum infection in two resistant potato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1065419. [PMID: 36733596 PMCID: PMC9889091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease in an unusually wide range of host plants, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), is one of the most destructive phytopathogens that seriously reduces crop yields worldwide. Identification of defence mechanisms underlying bacterial wilt resistance is a prerequisite for biotechnological approaches to resistance breeding. Resistance to Rs has been reported only in a few potato landraces and cultivars. Our in vitro inoculation bioassays confirmed that the cultivars 'Calalo Gaspar' (CG) and 'Cruza 148' (CR) are resistant to Rs infection. Comparative transcriptome analyses of CG and CR roots, as well as of the roots of an Rs-susceptible cultivar, 'Désirée' (DES), were carried out two days after Rs infection, in parallel with their respective noninfected controls. In CR and DES, the upregulation of chitin interactions and cell wall-related genes was detected. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism pathways were induced only in CR, as confirmed by high levels of lignification over the whole stele in CR roots six days after Rs infection. At the same time, Rs infection greatly increased the concentrations of chlorogenic acid and quercetin derivatives in CG roots as it was detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Characteristic increases in the expression of MAP kinase signalling pathway genes and in the concentrations of jasmonic, salicylic, abscisic and indoleacetic acid were measured in DES roots. These results indicate different Rs defence mechanisms in the two resistant potato cultivars and a different response to Rs infection in the susceptible cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny Jose
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Csaba Éva
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozsó
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Fekete
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Attila Fábián
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
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24
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Zhang C, Xie W, Fu H, Chen Y, Chen H, Cai T, Yang Q, Zhuang Y, Zhong X, Chen K, Gao M, Liu F, Wan Y, Pandey MK, Varshney RK, Zhuang W. Whole genome resequencing identifies candidate genes and allelic diagnostic markers for resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum infection in cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1048168. [PMID: 36684803 PMCID: PMC9845939 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt disease (BWD), caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major challenge for peanut production in China and significantly affects global peanut field productivity. It is imperative to identify genetic loci and putative genes controlling resistance to R. solanacearum (RRS). Therefore, a sequencing-based trait mapping approach termed "QTL-seq" was applied to a recombination inbred line population of 581 individuals from the cross of Yueyou 92 (resistant) and Xinhuixiaoli (susceptible). A total of 381,642 homozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 98,918 InDels were identified through whole genome resequencing of resistant and susceptible parents for RRS. Using QTL-seq analysis, a candidate genomic region comprising of 7.2 Mb (1.8-9.0 Mb) was identified on chromosome 12 which was found to be significantly associated with RRS based on combined Euclidean Distance (ED) and SNP-index methods. This candidate genomic region had 180 nonsynonymous SNPs and 14 InDels that affected 75 and 11 putative candidate genes, respectively. Finally, eight nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) putative resistant genes were identified as the important candidate genes with high confidence. Two diagnostic SNP markers were validated and revealed high phenotypic variation in the different resistant and susceptible RIL lines. These findings advocate the expediency of the QTL-seq approach for precise and rapid identification of candidate genomic regions, and the development of diagnostic markers that are applicable in breeding disease-resistant peanut varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Wenping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tiecheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meijia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fengzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yongshan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- Center of Excellence in Genomics and Systems Biology (CEGSB), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Murdoch’s Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Institute of Oil Crops Research, Research Center for Genetics and Systems Biology of Leguminous Oil Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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An Y, Chen J, Xu Z, Ouyang X, Cao P, Wang R, Liu P, Zhang M. Three amino acid residues are required for the recognition of Ralstonia solanacearum RipTPS in Nicotiana tabacum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1040826. [PMID: 36311066 PMCID: PMC9606615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes devastating diseases in a wide range of economically important crops. It secretes a large number of virulence factors, also known as effectors, to promote its infection, and some of them are recognized when the host plant contains corresponding resistance genes. In this study we showed that a type III effector RipTPS from the avirulent R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 (RipTPSG) specifically induced cell death in Nicotiana tabacum, but not in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas the RipTPS homolog in the virulent strain CQPS-1 (RipTPSC) induced cell death in neither N. tabacum nor N. benthamiana. These results indicated that RipTPSG is recognized in N. tabacum. Expression of RipTPSG induced upregulation of hypersensitive response (HR) -related genes in N. tabacum. The virulence of CQPS-1 was reduced when RipTPSG was genetically introduced into CQPS-1, further confirming that RipTPSG functions as an avirulence determinant. Protein sequence alignment indicated that there are only three amino acid polymorphisms between RipTPSG and RipTPSC. Site-directed mutagenesis analyses confirmed that the three amino acid residues are jointly required for the recognition of RipTPSG in N. tabacum. Expression of either RipTPSG or RipTPSC suppressed flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in N. benthamiana, suggesting that RipTPS contributes to pathogen virulence. Mutating the conserved residues in RipTPS's trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) domain did not block its HR induction and defense suppression activity, indicating that the TPS activity is not required for RipTPS's avirulence and virulence function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangyan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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26
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Lüdke D, Yan Q, Rohmann PFW, Wiermer M. NLR we there yet? Nucleocytoplasmic coordination of NLR-mediated immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:24-42. [PMID: 35794845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) perceive the activity of pathogen-secreted effector molecules that, when undetected, promote colonisation of hosts. Signalling from activated NLRs converges with and potentiates downstream responses from activated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microbial signatures at the cell surface. Efficient signalling of both receptor branches relies on the host cell nucleus as an integration point for transcriptional reprogramming, and on the macromolecular transport processes that mediate the communication between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. Studies on nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), the nucleoporin proteins (NUPs) that compose NPCs, and nuclear transport machinery constituents that control nucleocytoplasmic transport, have revealed that they play important roles in regulating plant immune responses. Here, we discuss the contributions of nucleoporins and nuclear transport receptor (NTR)-mediated signal transduction in plant immunity with an emphasis on NLR immune signalling across the nuclear compartment boundary and within the nucleus. We also highlight and discuss cytoplasmic and nuclear functions of NLRs and their signalling partners and further consider the potential implications of NLR activation and resistosome formation in both cellular compartments for mediating plant pathogen resistance and programmed host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüdke
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yan
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Xi Y, Cesari S, Kroj T. Insight into the structure and molecular mode of action of plant paired NLR immune receptors. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:513-526. [PMID: 35735291 PMCID: PMC9528088 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The specific recognition of pathogen effectors by intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) is an important component of plant immunity. NLRs have a conserved modular architecture and can be subdivided according to their signaling domain that is mostly a coiled-coil (CC) or a Toll/Interleukin1 receptor (TIR) domain into CNLs and TNLs. Single NLR proteins are often sufficient for both effector recognition and immune activation. However, sometimes, they act in pairs, where two different NLRs are required for disease resistance. Functional studies have revealed that in these cases one NLR of the pair acts as a sensor (sNLR) and one as a helper (hNLR). The genes corresponding to such resistance protein pairs with one-to-one functional co-dependence are clustered, generally with a head-to-head orientation and shared promoter sequences. sNLRs in such functional NLR pairs have additional, non-canonical and highly diverse domains integrated in their conserved modular architecture, which are thought to act as decoys to trap effectors. Recent structure-function studies on the Arabidopsis thaliana TNL pair RRS1/RPS4 and on the rice CNL pairs RGA4/RGA5 and Pik-1/Pik-2 are unraveling how such protein pairs function together. Focusing on these model NLR pairs and other recent examples, this review highlights the distinctive features of NLR pairs and their various fascinating mode of action in pathogen effector perception. We also discuss how these findings on NLR pairs pave the way toward improved plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xi
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Stella Cesari
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Kroj
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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28
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Marchal C, Michalopoulou VA, Zou Z, Cevik V, Sarris PF. Show me your ID: NLR immune receptors with integrated domains in plants. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:527-539. [PMID: 35635051 PMCID: PMC9528084 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are intracellular plant immune receptors that recognize pathogen effectors secreted into the plant cell. Canonical NLRs typically contain three conserved domains including a central nucleotide binding (NB-ARC) domain, C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and an N-terminal domain. A subfamily of plant NLRs contain additional noncanonical domain(s) that have potentially evolved from the integration of the effector targets in the canonical NLR structure. These NLRs with extra domains are thus referred to as NLRs with integrated domains (NLR-IDs). Here, we first summarize our current understanding of NLR-ID activation upon effector binding, focusing on the NLR pairs Pik-1/Pik-2, RGA4/RGA5, and RRS1/RPS4. We speculate on their potential oligomerization into resistosomes as it was recently shown for certain canonical plant NLRs. Furthermore, we discuss how our growing understanding of the mode of action of NLR-ID continuously informs engineering approaches to design new resistance specificities in the context of rapidly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Marchal
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vassiliki A Michalopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Zhou Zou
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Volkan Cevik
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 714 09 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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29
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Direct recognition of pathogen effectors by plant NLR immune receptors and downstream signalling. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:471-483. [PMID: 35731245 PMCID: PMC9528080 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants deploy extracellular and intracellular immune receptors to sense and restrict pathogen attacks. Rapidly evolving pathogen effectors play crucial roles in suppressing plant immunity but are also monitored by intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs), leading to effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we review how NLRs recognize effectors with a focus on direct interactions and summarize recent research findings on the signalling functions of NLRs. Coiled-coil (CC)-type NLR proteins execute immune responses by oligomerizing to form membrane-penetrating ion channels after effector recognition. Some CC-NLRs function in sensor-helper networks with the sensor NLR triggering oligomerization of the helper NLR. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-type NLR proteins possess catalytic activities that are activated upon effector recognition-induced oligomerization. Small molecules produced by TIR activity are detected by additional signalling partners of the EDS1 lipase-like family (enhanced disease susceptibility 1), leading to activation of helper NLRs that trigger the defense response.
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30
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Adhikari TB, Aryal R, Redpath LE, Van den Broeck L, Ashrafi H, Philbrick AN, Jacobs RL, Sozzani R, Louws FJ. RNA-Seq and Gene Regulatory Network Analyses Uncover Candidate Genes in the Early Defense to Two Hemibiotrophic Colletorichum spp. in Strawberry. Front Genet 2022; 12:805771. [PMID: 35360413 PMCID: PMC8960243 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.805771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hemibiotrophic pathogens, Colletotrichum acutatum (Ca) and C. gloeosporioides (Cg), cause anthracnose fruit rot and anthracnose crown rot in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne), respectively. Both Ca and Cg can initially infect through a brief biotrophic phase, which is associated with the production of intracellular primary hyphae that can infect host cells without causing cell death and establishing hemibiotrophic infection (HBI) or quiescent (latent infections) in leaf tissues. The Ca and Cg HBI in nurseries and subsequent distribution of asymptomatic infected transplants to fruit production fields is the major source of anthracnose epidemics in North Carolina. In the absence of complete resistance, strawberry varieties with good fruit quality showing rate-reducing resistance have frequently been used as a source of resistance to Ca and Cg. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the rate-reducing resistance or susceptibility to Ca and Cg are still unknown. We performed comparative transcriptome analyses to examine how rate-reducing resistant genotype NCS 10-147 and susceptible genotype ‘Chandler’ respond to Ca and Cg and identify molecular events between 0 and 48 h after the pathogen-inoculated and mock-inoculated leaf tissues. Although plant response to both Ca and Cg at the same timepoint was not similar, more genes in the resistant interaction were upregulated at 24 hpi with Ca compared with those at 48 hpi. In contrast, a few genes were upregulated in the resistant interaction at 48 hpi with Cg. Resistance response to both Ca and Cg was associated with upregulation of MLP-like protein 44, LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, and auxin signaling pathway, whereas susceptibility was linked to modulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Gene regulatory network inference analysis revealed candidate transcription factors (TFs) such as GATA5 and MYB-10, and their downstream targets were upregulated in resistant interactions. Our results provide valuable insights into transcriptional changes during resistant and susceptible interactions, which can further facilitate assessing candidate genes necessary for resistance to two hemibiotrophic Colletotrichum spp. in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika B. Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Tika B. Adhikari, ; Frank J. Louws,
| | - Rishi Aryal
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren E. Redpath
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hamid Ashrafi
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ashley N. Philbrick
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Raymond L. Jacobs
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank J. Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Tika B. Adhikari, ; Frank J. Louws,
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31
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Nounurai P, Afifah A, Kittisenachai S, Roytrakul S. Phosphorylation of CAD1, PLDdelta, NDT1, RPM1 Proteins Induce Resistance in Tomatoes Infected by Ralstonia solanacearum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060726. [PMID: 35336608 PMCID: PMC8954572 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacaerum is one of the most devastating bacteria causing bacterial wilt disease in more than 200 species of plants, especially those belonging to the family Solanaceae. To cope with this pathogen, plants have evolved different resistance mechanisms depending on signal transduction after perception. Phosphorylation is the central regulatory component of the signal transduction pathway. We investigated a comparative phosphoproteomics analysis of the stems of resistant and susceptible tomatoes at 15 min and 30 min after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum to determine the phosphorylated proteins involved in induced resistance. Phosphoprotein profiling analyses led to the identification of 969 phosphoproteins classified into 10 functional categories. Among these, six phosphoproteins were uniquely identified in resistant plants including cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (CAD1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 18 (MAPKKK18), phospholipase D delta (PLDDELTA), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide transporter 1 (NDT1), B3 domain-containing transcription factor VRN1, and disease resistance protein RPM1 (RPM1). These proteins are typically involved in defense mechanisms across different plant species. qRT-PCR analyses were performed to evaluate the level of expression of these genes in resistant and susceptible tomatoes. This study provides useful data, leading to an understanding of the early defense mechanisms of tomatoes against R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachumporn Nounurai
- Innovative Plant Biotechnology and Precision Agriculture Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-25646700 (P.N. & S.R.)
| | - Anis Afifah
- Molecular and Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Diponegoro University, Jawa Tengah 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Suthathip Kittisenachai
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (S.R.); Tel.: +66-25646700 (P.N. & S.R.)
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32
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Role of the Sw5 Gene Cluster in the Fight against Plant Viruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0208421. [PMID: 34985996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02084-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sw5 gene cluster furnishes robust resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus in tomato, which has led to its widespread applicability in agriculture. Among the five orthologs, Sw5b functions as a resistance gene against a broad-spectrum tospovirus and is linked with tospovirus resistance. However, its paralog Sw5a has been recently implicated in providing resistance against Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, broadening the relevance of the Sw5 gene cluster in promoting defense against plant viruses. We propose that plants have established modifications within the homologs of R genes that permit identification of different effector proteins and provide broad and robust resistance against different pathogens through activation of the hypersensitive response and cell death.
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33
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Demirjian C, Razavi N, Desaint H, Lonjon F, Genin S, Roux F, Berthomé R, Vailleau F. Study of natural diversity in response to a key pathogenicity regulator of Ralstonia solanacearum reveals new susceptibility genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:321-338. [PMID: 34939305 PMCID: PMC8828461 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium exerts its virulence through a type III secretion system (T3SS) that translocates type III effectors (T3Es) directly into the host cells. T3E secretion is finely controlled at the posttranslational level by helper proteins, T3SS control proteins, and type III chaperones. The HpaP protein, one of the type III secretion substrate specificity switch (T3S4) proteins, was previously highlighted as a virulence factor on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 accession. In this study, we set up a genome-wide association analysis to explore the natural diversity of response to the hpaP mutant of two A. thaliana mapping populations: a worldwide collection and a local population. Quantitative genetic variation revealed different genetic architectures in both mapping populations, with a global delayed response to the hpaP mutant compared to the GMI1000 wild-type strain. We have identified several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the hpaP mutant inoculation. The genes underlying these QTLs are involved in different and specific biological processes, some of which were demonstrated important for R. solanacearum virulence. We focused our study on four candidate genes, RKL1, IRE3, RACK1B, and PEX3, identified using the worldwide collection, and validated three of them as susceptibility factors. Our findings demonstrate that the study of the natural diversity of plant response to a R. solanacearum mutant in a key regulator of virulence is an original and powerful strategy to identify genes directly or indirectly targeted by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narjes Razavi
- LIPME, Université de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Henri Desaint
- LIPME, Université de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- SYNGENTA SeedsSarriansFrance
| | - Fabien Lonjon
- LIPME, Université de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
- Present address:
Department of Cell & Systems BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPME, Université de ToulouseINRAECNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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Yan L, Jin H, Raza A, Huang Y, Gu D, Zou X. WRKY genes provide novel insights into their role against Ralstonia solanacearum infection in cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:986673. [PMID: 36204053 PMCID: PMC9531958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.986673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important and largest transcription factors, WRKY plays a critical role in plant disease resistance. However, little is known regarding the functions of the WRKY family in cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). In this study, a total of 174 WRKY genes (AhWRKY) were identified from the genome of cultivated peanuts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AhWRKY proteins could be divided into four groups, including 35 (20.12%) in group I, 107 (61.49%) in group II, 31 (17.82%) in group III, and 1 (0.57%) in group IV. This division is further supported by the conserved motif compositions and intron/exon structures. All AhWRKY genes were unevenly located on all 20 chromosomes, among which 132 pairs of fragment duplication and seven pairs of tandem duplications existed. Eighteen miRNAs were found to be targeting 50 AhWRKY genes. Most AhWRKY genes from some groups showed tissue-specific expression. AhWRKY46, AhWRKY94, AhWRKY156, AhWRKY68, AhWRKY41, AhWRKY128, AhWRKY104, AhWRKY19, AhWRKY62, AhWRKY155, AhWRKY170, AhWRKY78, AhWRKY34, AhWRKY12, AhWRKY95, and AhWRKY76 were upregulated in ganhua18 and kainong313 genotypes after Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Ten AhWRKY genes (AhWRKY34, AhWRKY76, AhWRKY78, AhWRKY120, AhWRKY153, AhWRKY155, AhWRKY159, AhWRKY160, AhWRKY161, and AhWRKY162) from group III displayed different expression patterns in R. solanacearum sensitive and resistant peanut genotypes infected with the R. solanacearum. Two AhWRKY genes (AhWRKY76 and AhWRKY77) from group III obtained the LRR domain. AhWRKY77 downregulated in both genotypes; AhWRKY76 showed lower-higher expression in ganhua18 and higher expression in kainong313. Both AhWRKY76 and AhWRKY77 are targeted by ahy-miR3512, which may have an important function in peanut disease resistance. This study identified candidate WRKY genes with possible roles in peanut resistance against R. solanacearum infection. These findings not only contribute to our understanding of the novel role of WRKY family genes but also provide valuable information for disease resistance in A. hypogaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Institute of Crops, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Haotian Jin
- Institute of Crops, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Ali Raza
- College of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Institute of Crops, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Deping Gu
- Institute of Crops, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Deping Gu
| | - Xiaoyun Zou
- Institute of Crops, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyun Zou
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35
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Ameen G, Solanki S, Sager-Bittara L, Richards J, Tamang P, Friesen TL, Brueggeman RS. Mutations in a barley cytochrome P450 gene enhances pathogen induced programmed cell death and cutin layer instability. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009473. [PMID: 34914713 PMCID: PMC8769293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease lesion mimic mutants (DLMMs) are characterized by the spontaneous development of necrotic spots with various phenotypes designated as necrotic (nec) mutants in barley. The nec mutants were traditionally considered to have aberrant regulation of programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, which have roles in plant immunity and development. Most barley nec3 mutants express cream to orange necrotic lesions contrasting them from typical spontaneous DLMMs that develop dark pigmented lesions indicative of serotonin/phenolics deposition. Barley nec3 mutants grown under sterile conditions did not exhibit necrotic phenotypes until inoculated with adapted pathogens, suggesting that they are not typical DLMMs. The F2 progeny of a cross between nec3-γ1 and variety Quest segregated as a single recessive susceptibility gene post-inoculation with Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of the disease spot blotch. Nec3 was genetically delimited to 0.14 cM representing 16.5 megabases of physical sequence containing 149 annotated high confidence genes. RNAseq and comparative analysis of the wild type and five independent nec3 mutants identified a single candidate cytochrome P450 gene (HORVU.MOREX.r2.6HG0460850) that was validated as nec3 by independent mutations that result in predicted nonfunctional proteins. Histology studies determined that nec3 mutants had an unstable cutin layer that disrupted normal Bipolaris sorokiniana germ tube development. At the site of pathogen infection, plant defense mechanisms rely on controlled programmed cell death (PCD) to sequester biotrophic pathogens that require living cells to extract nutrients from the host. However, these defense mechanisms are hijacked by necrotrophic plant pathogens that purposefully induce PCD to feed on the dead cells, thus facilitating further disease development. Thus, understanding PCD responses is important for resistance to both classes of pathogens. We characterized five independent disease lesion mimic mutants of barley designated necrotic 3 (nec3) that show aberrant regulation of PCD responses upon pathogen challenge. A cytochrome P450 gene was identified as Nec3 encoding a Tryptamine 5-Hydroxylase that functions as a terminal serotonin biosynthetic enzyme in the Tryptophan pathway of plants. We posit that nec3 mutants have disrupted serotonin biosynthesis resulting in expanded PCD, necrotrophic pathogen susceptibility and cutin layer instability. The nec3 mutants show expanded PCD and disease susceptibility of pathogen-induced necrotic lesions, suggesting a role of serotonin to sequester PCD and suppress pathogen colonization. The identification of Nec3 will facilitate functional analysis to elucidate the role that serotonin plays in the elicitation or suppression of PCD immunity responses to diverse pathogens and the effects it has on cutin layer biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Ameen
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture & Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Shyam Solanki
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture & Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Lauren Sager-Bittara
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Prabin Tamang
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Oxford, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Friesen
- USDA-ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Brueggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mukhi N, Brown H, Gorenkin D, Ding P, Bentham AR, Stevenson CEM, Jones JDG, Banfield MJ. Perception of structurally distinct effectors by the integrated WRKY domain of a plant immune receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2113996118. [PMID: 34880132 PMCID: PMC8685902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113996118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants use intracellular nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing immune receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogen-derived effector proteins. The Arabidopsis NLR pair RRS1-R/RPS4 confers disease resistance to different bacterial pathogens by perceiving the structurally distinct effectors AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and PopP2 from Ralstonia solanacearum via an integrated WRKY domain in RRS1-R. How the WRKY domain of RRS1 (RRS1WRKY) perceives distinct classes of effector to initiate an immune response is unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of the in planta processed C-terminal domain of AvrRps4 (AvrRps4C) in complex with RRS1WRKY Perception of AvrRps4C by RRS1WRKY is mediated by the β2-β3 segment of RRS1WRKY that binds an electronegative patch on the surface of AvrRps4C Structure-based mutations that disrupt AvrRps4C-RRS1WRKY interactions in vitro compromise RRS1/RPS4-dependent immune responses. We also show that AvrRps4C can associate with the WRKY domain of the related but distinct RRS1B/RPS4B NLR pair, and the DNA-binding domain of AtWRKY41, with similar binding affinities and how effector binding interferes with WRKY-W-box DNA interactions. This work demonstrates how integrated domains in plant NLRs can directly bind structurally distinct effectors to initiate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Mukhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Brown
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Danylo Gorenkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Adam R Bentham
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E M Stevenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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Huh SU. PopP2 interacts with PAD4 in an acetyltransferase activity-dependent manner and affects plant immunity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:2017631. [PMID: 34978271 PMCID: PMC9208800 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2017631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria inject many of the effector proteins into host cell to manipulate host protein and promote pathogen development. Only a few effectors can be recognized by plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs). Enhanced disease susceptibility1 (EDS1) is an important regulator of plant basal and NLR receptor-triggered immunity. EDS1/PAD4 or EDS1/SAG101 heterodimers are recruited by Toll-interleukin1-receptor domain NLRs (TNLs) to transcriptionally mobilize resistance pathways. Type III effector PopP2 contributes to Ralstonia solanacearum virulence. PopP2 has an acetyltransferase activity and is recognized by Arabidopsis NLR pair RPS4/RRS1-R. On the other hand, PopP2 avirulence function is dependent on its enzymatic activity but target proteins in the host cell are still largely unknown. In this study, we found EDS1 and PAD4 are new host targets of PopP2 effector. Arabidopsis PAD4 lipase-like domain protein physically associates with enzymatic active PopP2 protein but not inactive PopP2C321A. PAD4-PopP2 interaction is disrupted by EDS1 immune regulator but not SAG101. We propose that acetyltransferase activity of PopP2 might confer specificity to PAD4 to manipulate plant immunity. As a counter strategy, EDS1 associates with PAD4 to form heterodimeric immune regulator complexes for activating basal resistance and interfering PopP2 physical interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Un Huh
- Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
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Laili N, Mukaihara T, Matsui H, Yamamoto M, Noutoshi Y, Toyoda K, Ichinose Y. Role of Trehalose Synthesis in Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis PW1001 in Inducing Hypersensitive Response on Eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Senryo-nigou). THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:566-579. [PMID: 34897249 PMCID: PMC8666247 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.06.2021.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis (Rsi, former name: Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IV) PW1001, a causal agent of potato wilt disease, induces hypersensitive response (HR) on its non-host eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Senryo-nigou). The disaccharide trehalose is involved in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in many organisms. We found that trehalose is required for eliciting HR on eggplant by plant pathogen Rsi PW1001. In R. solanacearum, it is known that the OtsA/OtsB pathway is the dominant trehalose synthesis pathway, and otsA and otsB encode trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase and T6P phosphatase, respectively. We generated otsA and otsB mutant strains and found that these mutant strains reduced the bacterial trehalose concentration and HR induction on eggplant leaves compared to wild-type. Trehalose functions intracellularly in Rsi PW1001 because addition of exogenous trehalose did not affect the HR level and ion leakage. Requirement of trehalose in HR induction is not common in R. solanacearum species complex because mutation of otsA in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (former name: Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I) RS1002 did not affect HR on the leaves of its non-host tobacco and wild eggplant Solanum torvum. Further, we also found that each otsA and otsB mutant had reduced ability to grow in a medium containing NaCl and sucrose, indicating that trehalose also has an important role in osmotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Laili
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
- Research Center for Biology, Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911,
Indonesia
| | - Takafumi Mukaihara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241,
Japan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | - Mikihiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Toyoda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
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Denne NL, Hiles RR, Kyrysyuk O, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Mitra RM. Ralstonia solanacearum Effectors Localize to Diverse Organelles in Solanum Hosts. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2213-2226. [PMID: 33720750 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-20-0483-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete type III effector (T3E) proteins directly into host plant cells. T3Es can interact with plant proteins and frequently manipulate plant host physiological or developmental processes. The proper subcellular localization of T3Es is critical for their ability to interact with plant targets, and knowledge of T3E localization can be informative for studies of effector function. Here we investigated the subcellular localization of 19 T3Es from the phytopathogenic bacteria Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Ralstonia solanacearum. Approximately 45% of effectors in our library localize to both the plant cell periphery and the nucleus, 15% exclusively to the cell periphery, 15% exclusively to the nucleus, and 25% to other organelles, including tonoplasts and peroxisomes. Using tomato hairy roots, we show that T3E localization is similar in both leaves and roots and is not impacted by Solanum species. We find that in silico prediction programs are frequently inaccurate, highlighting the value of in planta localization experiments. Our data suggest that Ralstonia targets a wide diversity of cellular organelles and provides a foundation for developing testable hypotheses about Ralstonia effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Denne
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
| | - Rachel R Hiles
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Raka M Mitra
- Department of Biology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057
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40
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Alam M, Tahir J, Siddiqui A, Magzoub M, Shahzad-Ul-Hussan S, Mackey D, Afzal AJ. RIN4 homologs from important crop species differentially regulate the Arabidopsis NB-LRR immune receptor, RPS2. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2341-2356. [PMID: 34486076 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE RIN4 homologs from important crop species differ in their ability to prevent ectopic activity of the nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat resistance protein, RPS2. Pathogens deploy virulence effectors to perturb host processes. Plants utilize intracellular resistance (R) proteins to recognize pathogen effectors either by direct interaction or indirectly via effector-mediated perturbations of host components. RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4) is a plant immune regulator that mediates the indirect activation of multiple, independently evolved R-proteins by multiple, unrelated effector proteins. One of these, RPS2 (RESISTANT TO P. SYRINGAE2), is activated upon cleavage of Arabidopsis (At)RIN4 by the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrRpt2. To gain insight into the AvrRpt2-RIN4-RPS2 defense-activation module, we compared the function of AtRIN4 with RIN4 homologs present in a diverse range of plant species. We selected seven homologs containing conserved features of AtRIN4, including two NOI (Nitrate induced) domains, each containing a predicted cleavage site for AvrRpt2, and a C-terminal palmitoylation site predicted to mediate membrane tethering of the proteins. Palmitoylation-mediated tethering of AtRIN4 to the plasma membrane and cleavage by AvrRpt2 are required for suppression and activation of RPS2, respectively. While all seven homologs are localized at the plasma membrane, only four suppress RPS2 when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. All seven homologs are cleaved by AvrRpt2 and, for those homologs that are able to suppress RPS2, cleavage relieves suppression of RPS2. Further, we demonstrate that the membrane-tethered, C-terminal AvrRpt2-generated cleavage fragment is sufficient for the suppression of RPS2. Lastly, we show that the membrane localization of RPS2 is unaffected by its suppression or activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen Alam
- Department of Biology, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Sector U, DHA, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jibran Tahir
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92-169, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Anam Siddiqui
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL52JQ, UK
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Syed Shahzad-Ul-Hussan
- Department of Biology, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Sector U, DHA, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - A J Afzal
- Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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41
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Bettgenhaeuser J, Hernández-Pinzón I, Dawson AM, Gardiner M, Green P, Taylor J, Smoker M, Ferguson JN, Emmrich P, Hubbard A, Bayles R, Waugh R, Steffenson BJ, Wulff BBH, Dreiseitl A, Ward ER, Moscou MJ. The barley immune receptor Mla recognizes multiple pathogens and contributes to host range dynamics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6915. [PMID: 34824299 PMCID: PMC8617247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop losses caused by plant pathogens are a primary threat to stable food production. Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops that causes significant, persistent yield loss. Stripe rust exhibits host species specificity, with lineages that have adapted to infect wheat and barley. While wheat stripe rust and barley stripe rust are commonly restricted to their corresponding hosts, the genes underlying this host specificity remain unknown. Here, we show that three resistance genes, Rps6, Rps7, and Rps8, contribute to immunity in barley to wheat stripe rust. Rps7 cosegregates with barley powdery mildew resistance at the Mla locus. Using transgenic complementation of different Mla alleles, we confirm allele-specific recognition of wheat stripe rust by Mla. Our results show that major resistance genes contribute to the host species specificity of wheat stripe rust on barley and that a shared genetic architecture underlies resistance to the adapted pathogen barley powdery mildew and non-adapted pathogen wheat stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bettgenhaeuser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
- KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, 37574, Einbeck, Germany
| | | | - Andrew M Dawson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
| | - Matthew Gardiner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
| | - Phon Green
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
| | - Jodie Taylor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
| | - Matthew Smoker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
| | - John N Ferguson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Peter Emmrich
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Amelia Hubbard
- NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, England, UK
| | - Rosemary Bayles
- NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, England, UK
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Brian J Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Brande B H Wulff
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonín Dreiseitl
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Agrotest Fyto Ltd, Havlíčkova 2787, CZ-767 01, Kroměříž, Czech Republic
| | - Eric R Ward
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK
- AgBiome, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UK, England, UK.
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42
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The Same against Many: AtCML8, a Ca 2+ Sensor Acting as a Positive Regulator of Defense Responses against Several Plant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910469. [PMID: 34638807 PMCID: PMC8508799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signals are crucial for the activation and coordination of signaling cascades leading to the establishment of plant defense mechanisms. Here, we studied the contribution of CML8, an Arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein in response to Ralstonia solanacearum and to pathogens with different lifestyles, such as Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Phytophtora capsici. We used pathogenic infection assays, gene expression, RNA-seq approaches, and comparative analysis of public data on CML8 knockdown and overexpressing Arabidopsis lines to demonstrate that CML8 contributes to defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria and oomycetes. CML8 gene expression is finely regulated at the root level and manipulated during infection with Ralstonia, and CML8 overexpression confers better plant tolerance. To understand the processes controlled by CML8, genes differentially expressed at the root level in the first hours of infection have been identified. Overexpression of CML8 also confers better tolerance against Xanthomonas and Phytophtora, and most of the genes differentially expressed in response to Ralstonia are differentially expressed in these different pathosystems. Collectively, CML8 acts as a positive regulator against Ralstonia solanaceraum and against other vascular or root pathogens, suggesting that CML8 is a multifunctional protein that regulates common downstream processes involved in the defense response of plants to several pathogens.
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Chen H, Qian X, Chen X, Yang T, Feng M, Chen J, Cheng R, Hong H, Zheng Y, Mei Y, Shen D, Xu Y, Zhu M, Ding XS, Tao X. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to confer full host defense against tospovirus infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2262-2281. [PMID: 34096619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play critical roles in mediating host immunity to pathogen attack. We use tomato Sw-5b::tospovirus as a model system to study the specific role of the compartmentalized plant NLR in dictating host defenses against the virus at different infection steps. We demonstrated here that tomato NLR Sw-5b distributes to the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, to play different roles in inducing host resistances against tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) infection. The cytoplasmic-enriched Sw-5b induces a strong cell death response to inhibit TSWV replication. This host response is, however, insufficient to block viral intercellular and long-distance movement. The nuclear-enriched Sw-5b triggers a host defense that weakly inhibits viral replication but strongly impedes virus intercellular and systemic movement. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b act synergistically to dictate a full host defense of TSWV infection. We further demonstrated that the extended N-terminal Solanaceae domain (SD) of Sw-5b plays critical roles in cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning. Sw-5b NLR controls its cytoplasm localization. Strikingly, the SD but not coil-coil domain is crucial for Sw-5b receptor to import into the nucleus to trigger the immunity. The SD was found to interact with importins. Silencing both importin α and β expression disrupted Sw-5b nucleus import and host immunity against TSWV systemic infection. Collectively, our findings suggest that Sw-5b bifurcates disease resistances by cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning to block different infection steps of TSWV. The findings also identified a new regulatory role of extra domain of a plant NLR in mediating host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai Region in Jiangsu, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Tongqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruixiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hanghzou, 310029, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Shun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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44
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Bi G, Zhou JM. Regulation of Cell Death and Signaling by Pore-Forming Resistosomes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:239-263. [PMID: 33957051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are the largest class of immune receptors in plants. They play a key role in the plant surveillance system by monitoring pathogen effectors that are delivered into the plant cell. Recent structural biology and biochemical analyses have uncovered how NLRs are activated to form oligomeric resistosomes upon the recognition of pathogen effectors. In the resistosome, the signaling domain of the NLR is brought to the center of a ringed structure to initiate immune signaling and regulated cell death (RCD). The N terminus of the coiled-coil (CC) domain of the NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 likely forms a pore in the plasma membrane to trigger RCD in a way analogous to animal pore-forming proteins that trigger necroptosis or pyroptosis. NLRs that carry TOLL-INTERLEUKIN1-RECEPTOR as a signaling domain may also employ pore-forming resistosomes for RCD execution. In addition, increasing evidence supports intimate connections between NLRs and surface receptors in immune signaling. These new findings are rapidly advancing our understanding of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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45
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Wang J, Ding Y, Cao Y, Xu W, Zhang Y. Rhizosheath microbes induce root immune response under soil drying. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1920752. [PMID: 33906570 PMCID: PMC8244757 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1920752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosheath is an important drought-adaptive trait in roots of many angiosperms and has been regarded as a potential trait for future agricultural sustainability. In recent studies, we found that rice roots could form a pronounced rhizosheath under moderate soil drying (MSD) but not under continuous flooding irrigation (CF). The formation of rhizosheaths substantially changes the microbial community structure in endosphere root tissues and the rhizosphere in rice, which may induce a plant immune response. However, the manner by which the formation of rhizosheaths regulates the immune system of roots remains largely unknown. Here, we have analyzed the root transcriptomes of drought-tolerant rice and drought-sensitive rice under both MSD (rhizosheath-root) and CF (root without rhizosheath) conditions. Our results suggest that rhizosheath-associated microbes may trigger plant immune pathways in root under MSD, including the first line of defense component pattern-triggered immunity and the second line of defense component effector-triggered immunity. These data expand our understanding of rhizosheath-associated microbes and plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Center for Plant Water–use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yexin Ding
- Center for Plant Water–use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiying Cao
- Center for Plant Water–use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water–use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingjiao Zhang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Center for Plant Water–use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Gopalan-Nair R, Jardinaud MF, Legrand L, Landry D, Barlet X, Lopez-Roques C, Vandecasteele C, Bouchez O, Genin S, Guidot A. Convergent Rewiring of the Virulence Regulatory Network Promotes Adaptation of Ralstonia solanacearum on Resistant Tomato. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1792-1808. [PMID: 33306125 PMCID: PMC8097285 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary and adaptive potential of a pathogen is a key determinant for successful host colonization and proliferation but remains poorly known for most of the pathogens. Here, we used experimental evolution combined with phenotyping, genomics, and transcriptomics to estimate the adaptive potential of the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum to overcome the quantitative resistance of the tomato cultivar Hawaii 7996. After serial passaging over 300 generations, we observed pathogen adaptation to within-plant environment of the resistant cultivar but no plant resistance breakdown. Genomic sequence analysis of the adapted clones revealed few genetic alterations, but we provide evidence that all but one were gain of function mutations. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that even if different adaptive events occurred in independently evolved clones, there is convergence toward a global rewiring of the virulence regulatory network as evidenced by largely overlapping gene expression profiles. A subset of four transcription regulators, including HrpB, the activator of the type 3 secretion system regulon and EfpR, a global regulator of virulence and metabolic functions, emerged as key nodes of this regulatory network that are frequently targeted to redirect the pathogen’s physiology and improve its fitness in adverse conditions. Significant transcriptomic variations were also detected in evolved clones showing no genomic polymorphism, suggesting that epigenetic modifications regulate expression of some of the virulence network components and play a major role in adaptation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ludovic Legrand
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - David Landry
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Xavier Barlet
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Bouchez
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRAE, US 1426, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alice Guidot
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Schreiber KJ, Chau-Ly IJ, Lewis JD. What the Wild Things Do: Mechanisms of Plant Host Manipulation by Bacterial Type III-Secreted Effector Proteins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1029. [PMID: 34064647 PMCID: PMC8150971 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III secretion system (T3SS) delivers type III-secreted effector proteins (T3SEs) from bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and various Xanthomonas species. These T3SEs interact with and modify a range of intracellular host targets to alter their activity and thereby attenuate host immune signaling. Pathogens have evolved T3SEs with diverse biochemical activities, which can be difficult to predict in the absence of structural data. Interestingly, several T3SEs are activated following injection into the host cell. Here, we review T3SEs with documented enzymatic activities, as well as T3SEs that facilitate virulence-promoting processes either indirectly or through non-enzymatic mechanisms. We discuss the mechanisms by which T3SEs are activated in the cell, as well as how T3SEs modify host targets to promote virulence or trigger immunity. These mechanisms may suggest common enzymatic activities and convergent targets that could be manipulated to protect crop plants from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Ilea J. Chau-Ly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; (K.J.S.); (I.J.C.-L.)
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
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48
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Liu Y, Li D, Yang N, Zhu X, Han K, Gu R, Bai J, Wang A, Zhang Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of CC-NBS-LRR Family in Response to Downy Mildew and Black Rot in Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4266. [PMID: 33924035 PMCID: PMC8074028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene family is the largest group of plant disease resistance (R) genes widespread in response to viruses, bacteria, and fungi usually involved in effector triggered immunity (ETI). Forty members of the Chinese cabbage CC type NBS-LRR family were investigated in this study. Gene and protein characteristics, such as distributed locations on chromosomes and gene structures, were explored through comprehensive analysis. CC-NBS-LRR proteins were classified according to their conserved domains, and the phylogenetic relationships of CC-NBS-LRR proteins in Brassica rapa, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa were compared. Moreover, the roles of BrCC-NBS-LRR genes involved in pathogenesis-related defense were studied and analyzed. First, the expression profiles of BrCC-NBS-LRR genes were detected by inoculating with downy mildew and black rot pathogens. Second, sensitive and resistant Chinese cabbage inbred lines were screened by downy mildew and black rot. Finally, the differential expression levels of BrCC-NBS-LRR genes were monitored at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h for short and 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days for long inoculation time. Our study provides information on BrCC-NBS-LRR genes for the investigation of the functions and mechanisms of CC-NBS-LRR genes in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dalong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kexin Han
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ran Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China; (Y.L.); (D.L.); (N.Y.); (X.Z.); (K.H.); (R.G.); (J.B.)
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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49
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Saucet SB, Esmenjaud D, Van Ghelder C. Integrity of the Post-LRR Domain Is Required for TIR-NB-LRR Function. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:286-296. [PMID: 33197377 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0156-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants trigger appropriate defense responses, notably, through intracellular nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptors (NLRs) that detect secreted pathogen effector proteins. In NLR resistance genes, the toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-NB-LRR proteins (TNLs) are an important subfamily, out of which approximately half the members carry a post-LRR (PL) domain of unknown role. We first investigated the requirement of the PL domain for TNL-mediated immune response by mutating the most conserved amino acids across PL domains of Arabidopsis thaliana TNLs. We identified several amino acids in the PL domain of RPS4, required for its ability to trigger a hypersensitive response to AvrRps4 in a Nicotiana tabacum transient assay. Mutating the corresponding amino acids within the PL domain of the tobacco TNL gene N also affected its function. Consequently, our results indicate that the integrity of the PL domain at conserved positions is crucial for at least two unrelated TNLs. We then tested the PL domain specificity for function by swapping PL domains between the paralogs RPS4 and RPS4B. Our results suggest that the PL domain is involved in their TNL pair specificity, 'off state' stability, and NLR complex activation. Considering genetically paired Arabidopsis TNLs, we finally compared the PL and TIR domains of their sensor and executor sequences, respectively. While TIR and PL domains from executors present complete motifs, sensors showed a lack of conservation with degenerated motifs. We here provide a contribution to the functional analysis of the PL domain in order to decipher its role for TNL function.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Saucet
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Daniel Esmenjaud
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Cyril Van Ghelder
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRAE, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
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50
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Moon H, Pandey A, Yoon H, Choi S, Jeon H, Prokchorchik M, Jung G, Witek K, Valls M, McCann HC, Kim M, Jones JDG, Segonzac C, Sohn KH. Identification of RipAZ1 as an avirulence determinant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Solanum americanum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:317-333. [PMID: 33389783 PMCID: PMC7865085 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in many plant species. Type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) play crucial roles in bacterial pathogenesis. However, some T3Es are recognized by corresponding disease resistance proteins and activate plant immunity. In this study, we identified the R. solanacearum T3E protein RipAZ1 (Ralstonia injected protein AZ1) as an avirulence determinant in the black nightshade species Solanum americanum. Based on the S. americanum accession-specific avirulence phenotype of R. solanacearum strain Pe_26, 12 candidate avirulence T3Es were selected for further analysis. Among these candidates, only RipAZ1 induced a cell death response when transiently expressed in a bacterial wilt-resistant S. americanum accession. Furthermore, loss of ripAZ1 in the avirulent R. solanacearum strain Pe_26 resulted in acquired virulence. Our analysis of the natural sequence and functional variation of RipAZ1 demonstrated that the naturally occurring C-terminal truncation results in loss of RipAZ1-triggered cell death. We also show that the 213 amino acid central region of RipAZ1 is sufficient to induce cell death in S. americanum. Finally, we show that RipAZ1 may activate defence in host cell cytoplasm. Taken together, our data indicate that the nucleocytoplasmic T3E RipAZ1 confers R. solanacearum avirulence in S. americanum. Few avirulence genes are known in vascular bacterial phytopathogens and ripAZ1 is the first one in R. solanacearum that is recognized in black nightshades. This work thus opens the way for the identification of disease resistance genes responsible for the specific recognition of RipAZ1, which can be a source of resistance against the devastating bacterial wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Moon
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Ankita Pandey
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Yoon
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Jeon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Jung
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Marc Valls
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)BellaterraSpain
| | - Honour C. McCann
- New Zealand Institute of Advanced StudiesMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Min‐Sung Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteAgricultural Life Science Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
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