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Zhao Y, Feng Y, Wu L. Nonlinear effects of dual-frequency focused ultrasound on the on-demand regulation of acoustic droplet vaporization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 104:106848. [PMID: 38490060 PMCID: PMC10955418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Dual-frequency ultrasound has been widely employed to enhance and regulate acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) but the role of ultrasonic nonlinear effects on it remains unclear. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of nonlinear effects on the control of ADV nucleation under different dual-frequency focused ultrasound conditions. ADV nucleation of PFC nanodroplets activated by nonlinear dual-frequency ultrasound was modeled and parametric studies were conducted to investigate the influence of dual-frequency ultrasound frequency and acoustic power on the degree of nonlinearity (DoN), nucleation rates and dimensions of the nucleation region in a wide parameter range. The results showed that the ultrasonic nonlinearity caused a significant decrease in peak negative pressure due to waveform distortion, which leads to a lower nucleation rate in the nonlinear model compared to that in the linear model. Furthermore, the distributions of nucleation regions were also affected by the interaction between waves of different frequencies and cloud-like spatial distributions were produced, which could be modulated by the dual-frequency ultrasound parameters and have great potentials in the spatial regulation of the ADV and customized treatment protocols in clinical applications. In addition, represented by 1.5 MHz + 3 MHz, such a dual-frequency combination of fundamental and second harmonic could effectively enhance ultrasonic nonlinear effects with relatively lower peak negative pressure and higher DoN. Therefore, nonlinear effect of the dual-frequency ultrasound plays an important role in the ADV regulation, which should be considered in the numerical model and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Shakya G, Cattaneo M, Guerriero G, Prasanna A, Fiorini S, Supponen O. Ultrasound-responsive microbubbles and nanodroplets: A pathway to targeted drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115178. [PMID: 38199257 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound-responsive agents have shown great potential as targeted drug delivery agents, effectively augmenting cell permeability and facilitating drug absorption. This review focuses on two specific agents, microbubbles and nanodroplets, and provides a sequential overview of their drug delivery process. Particular emphasis is given to the mechanical response of the agents under ultrasound, and the subsequent physical and biological effects on the cells. Finally, the state-of-the-art in their pre-clinical and clinical implementation are discussed. Throughout the review, major challenges that need to be overcome in order to accelerate their clinical translation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazendra Shakya
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cattaneo
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Anunay Prasanna
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Fiorini
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Outi Supponen
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
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3
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Abeid BA, Fabiilli ML, Estrada JB, Aliabouzar M. Ultra-high-speed dynamics of acoustic droplet vaporization in soft biomaterials: Effects of viscoelasticity, frequency, and bulk boiling point. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 103:106754. [PMID: 38252981 PMCID: PMC10830863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Phase-shift droplets are a highly adaptable platform for biomedical applications of ultrasound. The spatiotemporal response of phase-shift droplets to focused ultrasound above a certain pressure threshold, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), is influenced by intrinsic features (e.g., bulk boiling point) and extrinsic factors (e.g., driving frequency and surrounding media). A deep understanding of ADV dynamics is critical to ensure the robustness and repeatability of an ADV-assisted application. Here, we integrated ultra-high-speed imaging, at 10 million frames per second, and confocal microscopy for a full-scale (i.e., from nanoseconds to seconds) characterization of ADV. Experiments were conducted in fibrin-based hydrogels to mimic soft tissue environments. Effects of fibrin concentration (0.2 to 8 % (w/v)), excitation frequency (1, 2.5, and 9.4 MHz), and perfluorocarbon core (perfluoropentane, perfluorohexane, and perfluorooctane) on ADV dynamics were studied. Several fundamental parameters related to ADV dynamics, such as expansion ratio, expansion velocity, collapse radius, collapse time, radius of secondary rebound, resting radius, and equilibrium radius of the generated bubbles were extracted from the radius vs time curves. Diffusion-driven ADV-bubble growth was fit to a modified Epstein-Plesset equation, adding a material stress term, to estimate the growth rate. Our results indicated that ADV dynamics were significantly impacted by fibrin concentration, frequency, and perfluorocarbon liquid core. This is the first study to combine ultra-high-speed and confocal microscopy techniques to provide insights into ADV bubble dynamics in tissue-mimicking hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir A Abeid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan B Estrada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Pellow C, Jafari Sojahrood A, Zhao X, Kolios MC, Exner AA, Goertz DE. Synchronous Intravital Imaging and Cavitation Monitoring of Antivascular Focused Ultrasound in Tumor Microvasculature Using Monodisperse Low Boiling Point Nanodroplets. ACS NANO 2024; 18:410-427. [PMID: 38147452 PMCID: PMC10786165 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles can induce blood flow shutdown and ischemic necrosis at higher pressures in an approach termed antivascular ultrasound. Combined with conventional therapies of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy, this approach has demonstrated tumor growth inhibition and profound synergistic antitumor effects. However, the lower cavitation threshold of microbubbles can potentially yield off-target damage that the polydispersity of clinical agent may further exacerbate. Here we investigate the use of a monodisperse nanodroplet formulation for achieving antivascular effects in tumors. We first develop stable low boiling point monodisperse lipid nanodroplets and examine them as an alternative agent to mediate antivascular ultrasound. With synchronous intravital imaging and ultrasound monitoring of focused ultrasound-stimulated nanodroplets in tumor microvasculature, we show that nanodroplets can trigger blood flow shutdown and do so with a sharper pressure threshold and with fewer additional events than conventionally used microbubbles. We further leverage the smaller size and prolonged pharmacokinetic profile of nanodroplets to allow for potential passive accumulation in tumor tissue prior to antivascular ultrasound, which may be a means by which to promote selective tumor targeting. We find that vascular shutdown is accompanied by inertial cavitation and complex-order sub- and ultraharmonic acoustic signatures, presenting an opportunity for effective feedback control of antivascular ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Pellow
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Amin Jafari Sojahrood
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital, a site of Unity Health Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - David E Goertz
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
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5
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Deng L, Lea-Banks H, Jones RM, O’Reilly MA, Hynynen K. Three-dimensional super resolution ultrasound imaging with a multi-frequency hemispherical phased array. Med Phys 2023; 50:7478-7497. [PMID: 37702919 PMCID: PMC10872837 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High resolution imaging of the microvasculature plays an important role in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the brain. However, ultrasound pulse-echo sonography imaging the brain vasculatures has been limited to narrow acoustic windows and low frequencies due to the distortion of the skull bone, which sacrifices axial resolution since it is pulse length dependent. PURPOSE To overcome the detect limit, a large aperture 256-module sparse hemispherical transmit/receive array was used to visualize the acoustic emissions of ultrasound-vaporized lipid-coated decafluorobutane nanodroplets flowing through tube phantoms and within rabbit cerebral vasculature in vivo via passive acoustic mapping and super resolution techniques. METHODS Nanodroplets were vaporized with 55 kHz burst-mode ultrasound (burst length = 145 μs, burst repetition frequency = 9-45 Hz, peak negative acoustic pressure = 0.10-0.22 MPa), which propagates through overlying tissues well without suffering from severe distortions. The resulting emissions were received at a higher frequency (612 or 1224 kHz subarray) to improve the resulting spatial resolution during passive beamforming. Normal resolution three-dimensional images were formed using a delay, sum, and integrate beamforming algorithm, and super-resolved images were extracted via Gaussian fitting of the estimated point-spread-function to the normal resolution data. RESULTS With super resolution techniques, the mean lateral (axial) full-width-at-half-maximum image intensity was 16 ± 3 (32 ± 6) μm, and 7 ± 1 (15 ± 2) μm corresponding to ∼1/67 of the normal resolution at 612 and 1224 kHz, respectively. The mean positional uncertainties were ∼1/350 (lateral) and ∼1/180 (axial) of the receive wavelength in water. In addition, a temporal correlation between nanodroplet vaporization and the transmit waveform shape was observed, which may provide the opportunity to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in future studies. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of vaporizing nanodroplets via low frequency ultrasound and simultaneously performing spatial mapping via passive beamforming at higher frequencies to improve the resulting spatial resolution of super resolution imaging techniques. This method may enable complete four-dimensional vascular mapping in organs where a hemispherical array could be positioned to surround the target, such as the brain, breast, or testicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Deng
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Harriet Lea-Banks
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ryan M. Jones
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Meaghan A. O’Reilly
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada
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Feng K, Li X, Huang A, Wan M, Zong Y. Effect of tissue viscoelasticity and adjacent phase-changed microbubbles on vaporization process and direct growth threshold of nanodroplet in an ultrasonic field. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106665. [PMID: 37922720 PMCID: PMC10643523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior of nanodroplets converted into microbubbles with applied ultrasound is an important problem in tumor therapeutical and diagnostic applications. In this study, a comprehensive model is proposed to investigate the vaporization process and the direct growth threshold of the nanodroplet by following the vapor bubble growth, especially attention devoted to the effect of tissue viscoelasticity and adjacent phase-changed microbubbles (PCMBs). It is shown that the ultrasonic energy must be sufficiently strong to counterbalance the natural condensation of the vapor bubble and the tissue stiffness-inhibitory effect. The softer tissue with a lower shear modulus favors the vaporization process, and the nanodroplet has a lower direct growth threshold in the softer tissue. Moreover, the adjacent PCMBs show a suppression effect on the vaporization process due to the negative value of the secondary Bjerknes force, implying an attractive force, preventing the nanodroplet from escaping from the constraint of the adjacent PCMBs. However, according to the linear scattering theory, the attractive force signifies that the constraint is weak, causing the direct growth threshold to increase in the range of 0.09-0.24 MPa. The weak increase in threshold demonstrates that the direct growth threshold is relatively unaffected by the adjacent PCMBs. The prediction results of our model are in good agreement with the experiment results obtained by the echo enhancement method, in which the threshold is relatively independent of the intermediate concentration. The findings presented here provide physical insight that will be further helpful in understanding the complex behavior of the nanodroplet responses to ultrasound in practical medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyi Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yujin Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China.
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Ramesh R, Thimonier C, Desgranges S, Faugeras V, Coulouvrat F, Laurent J, Marrelec G, Contino-Pépin C, Urbach W, Tribet C, Taulier N. Acoustic Droplet Vaporization of Perfluorohexane Emulsions Induced by Heterogeneous Nucleation at an Ultrasonic Frequency of 1.1 MHz. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15716-15729. [PMID: 37889478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Droplets made of liquid perfluorocarbon undergo a phase transition and transform into microbubbles when triggered by ultrasound of intensity beyond a critical threshold; this mechanism is called acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). It has been shown that if the intensity of the signal coming from high ultrasonic harmonics are sufficiently high, superharmonic focusing is the mechanism leading to ADV for large droplets (>3 μm) and high frequencies (>1.5 MHz). In such a scenario, ADV is initiated due to a nucleus occurring at a specific location inside the droplet volume. But the question on what induces ADV in the case of nanometer-sized droplets and/or at low ultrasonic frequencies (<1.5 MHz) still remains. We investigated ADV of perfluorohexane (PFH) nano- and microdroplets at a frequency of 1.1 MHz and at conditions where there is no superharmonic focusing. Three types of droplets produced by microfluidics were studied: plain PFH droplets, PFH droplets containing many nanometer-sized water droplets, and droplets made of a PFH corona encapsulating a single micron-sized water droplet. The probability to observe a vaporization event was measured as a function of acoustic pressure. As our experiments were performed on droplet suspensions containing a population of monodisperse droplets, we developed a statistical model to extrapolate, from our experimental curves, the ADV pressure thresholds in the case where only one droplet would be insonified. We observed that the value of ADV pressure threshold decreases as the radius of a plain PFH droplet increases. This value was further reduced when a PFH droplet encapsulates a micron-sized water droplet, while the encapsulation of many nanometer-sized water droplets did not modify the threshold. These results cannot be explained by a model of homogeneous nucleation. However, we developed a heterogeneous nucleation model, where the nucleus appears at the surface in contact with PFH, that successfully predicts our experimental ADV results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramesh
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - C Thimonier
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
- Département de Chimie, P.A.S.T.E.U.R., École Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - S Desgranges
- Équipe Systèmes Amphiphiles Bioactifs et Formulations Eco-compatibles, UPRI, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - V Faugeras
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Coulouvrat
- Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J Laurent
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogénes, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - G Marrelec
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - C Contino-Pépin
- Équipe Systèmes Amphiphiles Bioactifs et Formulations Eco-compatibles, UPRI, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France
| | - W Urbach
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - C Tribet
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - N Taulier
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France
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8
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Aliabouzar M, Abeid BA, Kripfgans OD, Fowlkes JB, Estrada JB, Fabiilli ML. Real-time spatiotemporal characterization of mechanics and sonoporation of acoustic droplet vaporization in acoustically responsive scaffolds. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2023; 123:114101. [PMID: 37705893 PMCID: PMC10497320 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase-shift droplets provide a flexible and dynamic platform for therapeutic and diagnostic applications of ultrasound. The spatiotemporal response of phase-shift droplets to focused ultrasound, via the mechanism termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), can generate a range of bioeffects. Although ADV has been used widely in theranostic applications, ADV-induced bioeffects are understudied. Here, we integrated ultra-high-speed microscopy, confocal microscopy, and focused ultrasound for real-time visualization of ADV-induced mechanics and sonoporation in fibrin-based, tissue-mimicking hydrogels. Three monodispersed phase-shift droplets-containing perfluoropentane (PFP), perfluorohexane (PFH), or perfluorooctane (PFO)-with an average radius of ∼6 μm were studied. Fibroblasts and tracer particles, co-encapsulated within the hydrogel, were used to quantify sonoporation and mechanics resulting from ADV, respectively. The maximum radial expansion, expansion velocity, induced strain, and displacement of tracer particles were significantly higher in fibrin gels containing PFP droplets compared to PFH or PFO. Additionally, cell membrane permeabilization significantly depended on the distance between the droplet and cell (d), decreasing rapidly with increasing d. Significant membrane permeabilization occurred when d was smaller than the maximum radius of expansion. Both ultra-high-speed and confocal images indicate a hyper-local region of influence by an ADV bubble, which correlated inversely with the bulk boiling point of the phase-shift droplets. The findings provide insight into developing optimal approaches for therapeutic applications of ADV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bachir A. Abeid
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan B. Estrada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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9
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Yao L, Luo T, Yang G, Yin J, Li H, Liu Z. An Experimental Study: Treatment of Subcutaneous C6 Glioma in Rats Using Acoustic Droplet Vaporization. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2023; 42:1951-1963. [PMID: 36916667 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) on tumors. METHODS Experiments were conducted on subcutaneous C6 glioma implanted in 37 rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups treated by ultrasound (US) + dodecafluoropentane (DDFP), US + microbubble (MB), US, DDFP, or saline, respectively. ADV was performed using DDFP droplets (2-5 μm) triggered by non-focused pulsed ultrasound. Macroscopic and histological changes of the tumor were compared with investigation of the tumor ablation effect of ADV. Tumor temperature was measured before and immediately after treatment to explore temperature changes. Furthermore, another 12 rats with bilateral tumors were divided into two groups. Six animals received ADV treatment on unilateral tumor, while another six received saline injection on unilateral tumor. The tumor blood perfusion, tumor volume and related immune response were measured. RESULTS The tumors treated by ADV were partially damaged without significant temperature rise. For the animals with bilateral tumors, the tumor blood perfusion around the damaged area on the side receiving ADV still existed. Additionally, the bilateral tumors of animals treated with ADV were smaller than those of animals treated with saline, along with stronger immune response and more tumor cell apoptosis in tumors on both sides. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that ADV treatment could damage subcutaneous glioma in rats by mechanical effect and enhance systemic immune response to furtherly inhibit the tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoliang Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiabei Yin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Aliabouzar M, Kripfgans OD, Brian Fowlkes J, Fabiilli ML. Bubble nucleation and dynamics in acoustic droplet vaporization: a review of concepts, applications, and new directions. Z Med Phys 2023; 33:387-406. [PMID: 36775778 PMCID: PMC10517405 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of phase-shift droplets has broadened the scope of ultrasound-based biomedical applications. When subjected to sufficient acoustic pressures, the perfluorocarbon phase in phase-shift droplets undergoes a phase-transition to a gaseous state. This phenomenon, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), has been the subject of substantial research over the last two decades with great progress made in design of phase-shift droplets, fundamental physics of bubble nucleation and dynamics, and applications. Here, we review experimental approaches, carried out via high-speed microscopy, as well as theoretical models that have been proposed to study the fundamental physics of ADV including vapor nucleation and ADV-induced bubble dynamics. In addition, we highlight new developments of ADV in tissue regeneration, which is a relatively recently exploited application. We conclude this review with future opportunities of ADV for advanced applications such as in situ microrheology and pressure estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Yang S, Rufo J, Zhong R, Rich J, Wang Z, Lee LP, Huang TJ. Acoustic tweezers for high-throughput single-cell analysis. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:2441-2458. [PMID: 37468650 PMCID: PMC11052649 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic tweezers provide an effective means for manipulating single cells and particles in a high-throughput, precise, selective and contact-free manner. The adoption of acoustic tweezers in next-generation cellular assays may advance our understanding of biological systems. Here we present a comprehensive set of instructions that guide users through device fabrication, instrumentation setup and data acquisition to study single cells with an experimental throughput that surpasses traditional methods, such as atomic force microscopy and micropipette aspiration, by several orders of magnitude. With acoustic tweezers, users can conduct versatile experiments that require the trapping, patterning, pairing and separation of single cells in a myriad of applications ranging across the biological and biomedical sciences. This procedure is widely generalizable and adaptable for investigations in materials and physical sciences, such as the spinning motion of colloids or the development of acoustic-based quantum simulations. Overall, the device fabrication requires ~12 h, the experimental setup of the acoustic tweezers requires 1-2 h and the cell manipulation experiment requires ~30 min to complete. Our protocol is suitable for use by interdisciplinary researchers in biology, medicine, engineering and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Yang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ruoyu Zhong
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Luke P Lee
- Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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12
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Biasiori-Poulanges L, Bourquard C, Lukić B, Broche L, Supponen O. Synchrotron X-ray imaging of the onset of ultrasonic horn cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 92:106286. [PMID: 36599280 PMCID: PMC9817168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-power ultrasonic horns operating at low frequency are known to generate a cone-shaped cavitation bubble cloud beneath them. The exact physical processes resulting in the conical structure are still unclear mainly due to challenges associated with their visualization. Herein, we address the onset of the cavitation cloud by exploiting high-speed X-ray phase contrast imaging. It reveals that the cone formation is not immediate but results from a three-step phenomenology: (i) inception and oscillation of single bubbles, (ii) individual cloud formation under splitting or lens effects, and (iii) cloud merging leading to the formation of a bubble layer and, eventually, to the cone structure due to the radial pressure gradient on the horn tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Biasiori-Poulanges
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Claire Bourquard
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; Silicon Austria Labs GmbH, Villach A-9524, Austria
| | - Bratislav Lukić
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - Ludovic Broche
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - Outi Supponen
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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13
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Li H, Li X, Collado-Lara G, Lattwein KR, Mastik F, Beurskens R, van der Steen AFW, Verweij MD, de Jong N, Kooiman K. Coupling Two Ultra-high-Speed Cameras to Elucidate Ultrasound Contrast-Mediated Imaging and Therapy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:388-397. [PMID: 36241587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast-mediated medical imaging and therapy both rely on the dynamics of micron- and nanometer-sized ultrasound cavitation nuclei, such as phospholipid-coated microbubbles and phase-change droplets. Ultrasound cavitation nuclei respond non-linearly to ultrasound on a nanosecond time scale that necessitates the use of ultra-high-speed imaging to fully visualize these dynamics in detail. In this study, we developed an ultra-high-speed optical imaging system that can record up to 20 million frames per second (Mfps) by coupling two small-sized, commercially available, 10-Mfps cameras. The timing and reliability of the interleaved cameras needed to achieve 20 Mfps was validated using two synchronized light-emitting diode strobe lights. Once verified, ultrasound-activated microbubble responses were recorded and analyzed. A unique characteristic of this coupled system is its ability to be reconfigured to provide orthogonal observations at 10 Mfps. Acoustic droplet vaporization was imaged from two orthogonal views, by which the 3-D dynamics of the phase transition could be visualized. This optical imaging system provides the temporal resolution and experimental flexibility needed to further elucidate the dynamics of ultrasound cavitation nuclei to potentiate the clinical translation of ultrasound-mediated imaging and therapy developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Collado-Lara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirby R Lattwein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Mastik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Beurskens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius F W van der Steen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin D Verweij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nico de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Welch PJ, Li DS, Forest CR, Pozzo LD, Shi C. Perfluorocarbon nanodroplet size, acoustic vaporization, and inertial cavitation affected by lipid shell composition in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:2493. [PMID: 36319242 PMCID: PMC9812515 DOI: 10.1121/10.0014934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are ultrasound contrast agents that phase-transition from liquid nanodroplets to gas microbubbles when activated by laser irradiation or insonated with an ultrasound pulse. The dynamics of PFCnDs can vary drastically depending on the nanodroplet composition, including the lipid shell properties. In this paper, we investigate the effect of varying the ratio of PEGylated to non-PEGylated phospholipids in the outer shell of PFCnDs on the acoustic nanodroplet vaporization (liquid to gas phase transition) and inertial cavitation (rapid collapse of the vaporized nanodroplets) dynamics in vitro when insonated with focused ultrasound. Nanodroplets with a high concentration of PEGylated lipids had larger diameters and exhibited greater variance in size distribution compared to nanodroplets with lower proportions of PEGylated lipids in the lipid shell. PFCnDs with a lipid shell composed of 50:50 PEGylated to non-PEGylated lipids yielded the highest B-mode image intensity and duration, as well as the greatest pressure difference between acoustic droplet vaporization onset and inertial cavitation onset. We demonstrate that slight changes in lipid shell composition of PFCnDs can significantly impact droplet phase transitioning and inertial cavitation dynamics. These findings can help guide researchers to fabricate PFCnDs with optimized compositions for their specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe J Welch
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - Craig R Forest
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Lilo D Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Chengzhi Shi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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15
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Xi L, Han Y, Liu C, Liu Y, Wang Z, Wang R, Zheng Y. Sonodynamic therapy by phase-transition nanodroplets for reducing epidermal hyperplasia in psoriasis. J Control Release 2022; 350:435-447. [PMID: 36030991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cross-talk between hyperproliferative keratinocytes and activated immune cells is responsible for the progression of psoriasis. The strategy to alleviate psoriasis through inhibiting the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes remains challenging due to limited therapeutic effects and low skin penetration of drugs. Herein we designed an ultrasound-triggered phase-transition nanodroplet that could produce cavitation to enhance skin penetration and effectively generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce keratinocyte apoptosis for psoriasis treatment. After ultrasound stimulation, the perfluoro-n-pentane (PFP) liquid core of the nanodroplets vaporized, and the Haematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) encapsulated in the nanodroplets generated plenty of intracellular ROS which caused the apoptosis of HaCat cells through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the blank nanodroplets successfully inhibited the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro due to the anti-inflammatory effect of POPG. For the skin penetration test, the phase-transition nanodroplets could effectively accumulate in the epidermis of the skin and generate intracellular ROS. The in-vivo anti-psoriasis experiment demonstrated that the phase-transition nanodroplets relieved the symptoms of psoriasis lesion and inhibited epidermal hyperplasia through induction of cell apoptosis under ultrasound irritation. Meanwhile, the inflammatory cytokines in the skin lesion almost decreased to the normal baseline level after SDT. Collectively, this study demonstrated a new strategy to inhibit keratinocyte hyperproliferation for psoriasis management based on sonodynamic responded nanodroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yunfeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
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16
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Aliabouzar M, Kripfgans OD, Estrada JB, Brian Fowlkes J, Fabiilli ML. Multi-time scale characterization of acoustic droplet vaporization and payload release of phase-shift emulsions using high-speed microscopy. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 88:106090. [PMID: 35835060 PMCID: PMC9287562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the phase-transitioning of perfluorocarbon emulsions, termed phase-shift emulsions, into bubbles using focused ultrasound. ADV has been utilized in many biomedical applications. For localized drug release, phase-shift emulsions with a bioactive payload can be incorporated within a hydrogel to yield an acoustically-responsive scaffold (ARS). The dynamics of ADV and associated drug release within hydrogels are not well understood. Additionally, emulsions used in ARSs often contain high molecular weight perfluorocarbons, which is unique relative to other ADV applications. In this study, we used ultra-high-speed brightfield and fluorescence microscopy, at frame rates up to 30 million and 0.5 million frames per second, respectively, to elucidate ADV dynamics and payload release kinetics in fibrin-based ARSs containing phase-shift emulsions with three different perfluorocarbons: perfluoropentane (PFP), perfluorohexane (PFH), and perfluorooctane (PFO). At an ultrasound excitation frequency of 2.5 MHz, the maximum expansion ratio, defined as the maximum bubble diameter during ADV normalized by the initial emulsion diameter, was 4.3 ± 0.8, 4.1 ± 0.6, and 3.6 ± 0.4, for PFP, PFH, PFO emulsions, respectively. ADV yielded stable bubble formation in PFP and PFH emulsions, though the bubble growth rate post-ADV was three orders of magnitudes slower in the latter emulsion. Comparatively, ADV generated bubbles in PFO emulsions underwent repeated vaporization/recondensation or fragmentation. Different ADV-generated bubble dynamics resulted in distinct release kinetics in phase-shift emulsions carrying fluorescently-labeled payloads. The results provide physical insight enabling the modulation of bubble dynamics with ADV and hence release kinetics, which can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan B Estrada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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Heymans SV, Collado-Lara G, Rovituso M, Vos HJ, D'hooge J, de Jong N, Van Abeele KD. Acoustic Modulation Enables Proton Detection With Nanodroplets at Body Temperature. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:2028-2038. [PMID: 35385380 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3164805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Superheated nanodroplet (ND) vaporization by proton radiation was recently demonstrated, opening the door to ultrasound-based in vivo proton range verification. However, at body temperature and physiological pressures, perfluorobutane nanodroplets (PFB-NDs), which offer a good compromise between stability and radiation sensitivity, are not directly sensitive to primary protons. Instead, they are vaporized by infrequent secondary particles, which limits the precision for range verification. The radiation-induced vaporization threshold (i.e., sensitization threshold) can be reduced by lowering the pressure in the droplet such that ND vaporization by primary protons can occur. Here, we propose to use an acoustic field to modulate the pressure, intermittently lowering the proton sensitization threshold of PFB-NDs during the rarefactional phase of the ultrasound wave. Simultaneous proton irradiation and sonication with a 1.1 MHz focused transducer, using increasing peak negative pressures (PNPs), were applied on a dilution of PFB-NDs flowing in a tube, while vaporization was acoustically monitored with a linear array. Sensitization to primary protons was achieved at temperatures between [Formula: see text] and 40 °C using acoustic PNPs of relatively low amplitude (from 800 to 200 kPa, respectively), while sonication alone did not lead to ND vaporization at those PNPs. Sensitization was also measured at the clinically relevant body temperature (i.e., 37 °C) using a PNP of 400 kPa. These findings confirm that acoustic modulation lowers the sensitization threshold of superheated NDs, enabling a direct proton response at body temperature.
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18
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Improved hybrid-shelled perfluorocarbon microdroplets as ultrasound- and laser-activated phase-change platform. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Durham PG, Kim J, Eltz KM, Caskey CF, Dayton PA. Polyvinyl Alcohol Cryogels for Acoustic Characterization of Phase-Change Contrast Agents. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:954-960. [PMID: 35246338 PMCID: PMC9012345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) consisting of lipid-encapsulated low-boiling-point perfluorocarbons can be used in conjunction with ultrasound for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. One benefit of PCCAs is site-specific activation, whereby the liquid core is acoustically vaporized into a bubble detectable via ultrasound imaging. For further evaluation of PCCAs in a variety of applications, it is useful to disperse these nanodroplets into an acoustically compatible stationary matrix. However, many traditional phantom preparations require heating, which causes premature thermal activation of low-boiling-point PCCAs. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cryogels do not require heat to set. Here we propose a simple method for the incorporation of the low-boiling-point PCCAs using octafluoropropane (OFP) and decafluorobutane (DFB) into PVA cryogels for a variety of acoustic characterization applications. We determined the utility of the phantoms by activating droplets with a focused transducer, visualizing the lesions with ultrasound imaging. At 1 MHz, droplet activation was consistently observed at 2.0 and 4.0 MPa for OFP and DFB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Durham
- Department of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Jinwook Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine M Eltz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles F Caskey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Department of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Mitcham TM, Nevozhay D, Chen Y, Nguyen LD, Pinton GF, Lai SY, Sokolov KV, Bouchard RR. Effect of Perfluorocarbon Composition on Activation of Phase-Changing Ultrasound Contrast Agents. Med Phys 2022; 49:2212-2219. [PMID: 35195908 PMCID: PMC9041204 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While microbubble contrast agents (MCAs) are commonly used in ultrasound (US), they are inherently limited to vascular targets due to their size. Alternatively, phase‐changing nanodroplet contrast agents (PNCAs) can be delivered as nanoscale agents (i.e., small enough to extravasate), but when exposed to a US field of sufficient mechanical index (MI), they convert to MCAs, which can be visualized with high contrast using nonlinear US. Purpose To investigate the effect of perfluorocarbon (PFC) core composition and presence of cholesterol in particle coatings on stability and image contrast generated from acoustic activation of PNCAs using high‐frequency US suitable for clinical imaging. Methods PNCAs with varied core compositions (i.e., mixtures of perfluoropentane [C5] and/or perfluorohexane [C6]) and two coating formulations (i.e., with and without cholesterol) were characterized and investigated for thermal/temporal stability and postactivation, nonlinear US contrast in phantom and in vivo environments. Through hydrophone measurements and nonlinear numerical modeling, MI was estimated for pulse sequences used for PNCA activation. Results All PNCA compositions were characterized to have similar diameters (249–267 nm) and polydispersity (0.151–0.185) following fabrication. While PNCAs with majority C5 core composition showed higher levels of spontaneous signal (i.e., not due to US activation) in phantoms than C6‐majority PNCAs, all compositions were stable during imaging experiments. When activating PNCAs with a 12.3‐MHz US pulse (MI = 1.1), C6‐core particles with cholesterol‐free coatings (i.e., CF‐C6‐100 particles) generated a median contrast of 3.1, which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than other formulations. Further, CF‐C6‐100 particles were activated in a murine model, generating US contrast ≥3.4. Conclusion C6‐core PNCAs can provide high‐contrast US imaging with minimal nonspecific activation in phantom and in vivo environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Mitcham
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dmitry Nevozhay
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linh D Nguyen
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gianmarco F Pinton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen Y Lai
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Konstantin V Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Richard R Bouchard
- Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Liu WW, Ko HC, Li PC. Sonoporation based on repeated vaporization of gold nanodroplets. Med Phys 2022; 49:2761-2773. [PMID: 35172015 PMCID: PMC9450513 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gold nanodroplets (AuNDs) have been proposed as agents for photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging. Previously, we demonstrated that the sonoporation can be more effectively achieved with synchronized optical and acoustic droplet vaporization. By applying a laser pulse at the rarefactional phase of the ultrasound (US) pulse, the vaporization threshold can be reached at a considerably lower laser average power. However, a large loading quantity of the AuNDs may increase the risk of air embolism. The destruction of phase‐shifted AuNDs at the inertial cavitation stage leads to a reduced drug delivery performance. And it also causes instability of echogenicity during therapeutic monitoring. Purpose In this study, we propose to further improve the sonoporation effectiveness with repeated vaporization. In other words, the AuNDs repeatedly undergo vaporization and recondensation so that sonoporation effects are accumulated over time at lower energy requirements. Previously, repeated vaporization has been demonstrated as an imaging contrast agent. In this study, we aim to adopt this repeated vaporization scheme for sonoporation. Methods Perfluoropentane NDs with a shell made of human serum albumin were used as the US contrast agents. Laser pulses at 808 nm and US pulses of 1 MHz were delivered for triggering vaporization and inertial cavitation of NDs. We detected the vaporization and cavitation effects under different activation firings, US peak negative pressures (PNPs), and laser fluences using 5‐ and 10‐MHz focused US receivers. Numbers of calcein‐AM and propidium iodide signals uptake by BNL hepatocarcinoma cancer cells were used to evaluate the sonoporation and cell death rate of the cells. Results We demonstrate that sonoporation can be realized based on repeatable vaporization instead of the commonly adopted inertial cavitation effects. In addition, it is found that the laser fluence and the acoustic pressure can be reduced. As an example, we demonstrate that the acoustic and optical energy for achieving a similar level of sonoporation rate can be as low as 0.44 MPa for the US PNP and 4.01 mJ/cm2 for the laser fluence, which are lower than those with our previous approach (0.53 MPa and 4.95 mJ/cm2, respectively). Conclusion We demonstrated the feasibility of vaporization‐based sonoporation at a lower optical and acoustic energy. It is an advantageous method that can enhance drug delivery efficiency, therapeutic safety and potentially deliver an upgraded gene therapy strategy for improved theragnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Ko
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chi Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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22
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Ghasemi M, Yu ACH, Sivaloganathan S. An enhanced, rational model to study acoustic vaporization dynamics of a bubble encapsulated within a nonlinearly elastic shell. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105948. [PMID: 35151989 PMCID: PMC8841372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is a new approach to generate vapor bubbles that have potentially broad medical applications. ADV-generated bubbles can be used as contrast agents in acoustic imaging, as drug carriers to deliver drugs to particular targets, and also in embolotherapy, thermal therapy, and histotripsy. However, despite much progress, ADV dynamics have still not been well understood and properly modeled. In this paper, we present a theoretical study of ultrasound-induced evaporation of a droplet encapsulated by a shell. The main emphasis of this theoretical study is on a proper description of the supercritical state occurring after bubble collapse. For this purpose, an isentropic equation of state for a van der Waals gas is used to describe the bubble behavior in the supercritical state. Sensitivity of the vaporization process is investigated for different acoustic and geometrical parameters and mechanical properties of the shell. Results show that the value of the minimum pressure required for direct vaporization (without any oscillatory behavior) depends on shell elasticity and initial size of the droplet, especially at high frequencies (greater than 2[MHz]). Moreover, it has been shown that applying an acoustic wave with proper phase such that thermal equilibrium of the bubble temperature with the surrounding liquid is attained, results in direct vaporization at lower acoustic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemi
- Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Univ. Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Spatiotemporal control of myofibroblast activation in acoustically-responsive scaffolds via ultrasound-induced matrix stiffening. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:133-143. [PMID: 34808418 PMCID: PMC8738148 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are often used to study the impact of biomechanical and topographical cues on cell behavior. Conventional hydrogels are designed a priori, with characteristics that cannot be dynamically changed in an externally controlled, user-defined manner. We developed a composite hydrogel, termed an acoustically-responsive scaffold (ARS), that enables non-invasive, spatiotemporally controlled modulation of mechanical and morphological properties using focused ultrasound. An ARS consists of a phase-shift emulsion distributed in a fibrin matrix. Ultrasound non-thermally vaporizes the emulsion into bubbles, which induces localized, radial compaction and stiffening of the fibrin matrix. In this in vitro study, we investigate how this mechanism can control the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a transition correlated with substrate stiffness on 2D substrates. Matrix compaction and stiffening was shown to be highly localized using confocal and atomic force microscopies, respectively. Myofibroblast phenotype, evaluated by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunocytochemistry, significantly increased in matrix regions proximal to bubbles compared to distal regions, irrespective of the addition of exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Introduction of the TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor SB431542 abrogated the proximal enhancement. This approach providing spatiotemporal control over biophysical signals and resulting cell behavior could aid in better understanding fibrotic disease progression and the development of therapeutic interventions for chronic wounds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels are used in cell culture to recapitulate both biochemical and biophysical aspects of the native extracellular matrix. Biophysical cues like stiffness can impact cell behavior. However, with conventional hydrogels, there is a limited ability to actively modulate stiffness after polymerization. We have developed an ultrasound-based method of spatiotemporally-controlling mechanical and morphological properties within a composite hydrogel, termed an acoustically-responsive scaffold (ARS). Upon exposure to ultrasound, bubbles are non-thermally generated within the fibrin matrix of an ARS, thereby locally compacting and stiffening the matrix. We demonstrate how ARSs control the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in 2D. This approach could assist with the study of fibrosis and the development of therapies for chronic wounds.
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Investigation of the different parameters contributing to bubble sticking inside physiological bifurcations. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:599-618. [PMID: 35029813 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gas embolotherapy (GE) is a developing medical method which can be utilized either as an autonomous therapeutic method to treat vascularized solid tumors, or it can be combined with other medical procedures-such as high-intensity focused ultrasound-to improve their efficiency. This paper is dedicated to investigating the different parameters which influence bubble lodging inside human vasculature via 2D-modeling of bubble dynamics in arteries' and arterioles' bifurcations which are potential sticking positions. Values used in the simulations are in accordance with the non-dimensional physiological numbers. It is found out that inlet pressure plays a decisive role in bubble lodging; the lower the value, the higher the possibility of bubble sticking. On the other hand, gravity has a counteracting effect on bubble lodging in arteries, but not on arterioles. The initial length of the bubble is not a determining factor in sticking behavior, even though it affects the flow rate behavior. Surface tension, another critical factor, has a semi-linear impact on bubble resisting power; lowering the surface tension will reduce bubble resistance to the flow, diminishing the possibility of bubble lodging. Finally, it is shown that lower values for the static contact angle impose higher resistance to the flow.
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25
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Namen AV, Jandhyala S, Jordan T, Luke GP. Repeated Acoustic Vaporization of Perfluorohexane Nanodroplets for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:3497-3506. [PMID: 34191726 PMCID: PMC8667194 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3093828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Superheated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets are emerging ultrasound imaging contrast agents that boast biocompatible components, unique phase-change dynamics, and therapeutic loading capabilities. Upon exposure to a sufficiently high-intensity pulse of acoustic energy, the nanodroplet's perfluorocarbon core undergoes a liquid-to-gas phase change and becomes an echogenic microbubble, providing ultrasound contrast. The controllable activation leads to high-contrast images, while the small size of the nanodroplets promotes longer circulation times and better in vivo stability. One drawback, however, is that the nanodroplets can only be vaporized a single time, limiting their versatility. Recently, we and others have addressed this issue by using a perfluorohexane core, which has a boiling point above body temperature. Thus after vaporization, the microbubbles recondense back into their stable nanodroplet form. Previous work with perfluorohexane nanodroplets relied on optical activation via pulsed laser absorption of an encapsulated dye. This strategy limits the imaging depth and temporal resolution of the method. In this study, we overcome these limitations by demonstrating acoustic droplet vaporization with 1.1-MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). A short-duration, high-amplitude pulse of focused ultrasound provides a sufficiently strong peak negative pressure to initiate vaporization. A custom imaging sequence was developed to enable the synchronization of a HIFU transducer and a linear array imaging transducer. We show a visualization of repeated acoustic activation of perfluorohexane nanodroplets in polyacrylamide tissue-mimicking phantoms. We further demonstrate the detection of hundreds of vaporization events from individual nanodroplets with activation thresholds well below the tissue cavitation limit. Overall, this approach has the potential to result in reliable and repeatable contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging at clinically relevant depths.
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Athanassiadis AG, Ma Z, Moreno-Gomez N, Melde K, Choi E, Goyal R, Fischer P. Ultrasound-Responsive Systems as Components for Smart Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5165-5208. [PMID: 34767350 PMCID: PMC8915171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Smart materials can
respond to stimuli and adapt their responses
based on external cues from their environments. Such behavior requires
a way to transport energy efficiently and then convert it for use
in applications such as actuation, sensing, or signaling. Ultrasound
can carry energy safely and with low losses through complex and opaque
media. It can be localized to small regions of space and couple to
systems over a wide range of time scales. However, the same characteristics
that allow ultrasound to propagate efficiently through materials make
it difficult to convert acoustic energy into other useful forms. Recent
work across diverse fields has begun to address this challenge, demonstrating
ultrasonic effects that provide control over physical and chemical
systems with surprisingly high specificity. Here, we review recent
progress in ultrasound–matter interactions, focusing on effects
that can be incorporated as components in smart materials. These techniques
build on fundamental phenomena such as cavitation, microstreaming,
scattering, and acoustic radiation forces to enable capabilities such
as actuation, sensing, payload delivery, and the initiation of chemical
or biological processes. The diversity of emerging techniques holds
great promise for a wide range of smart capabilities supported by
ultrasound and poses interesting questions for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G Athanassiadis
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Moreno-Gomez
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Melde
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rahul Goyal
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Micro, Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Osborn J, Anderson MS, Beddingfield M, Zhang LG, Sarkar K. Acoustic Droplet Vaporization of Perfluorocarbon Droplets in 3D-Printable Gelatin Methacrylate Scaffolds. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:3263-3274. [PMID: 34456086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Scientists face a significant challenge in creating effective biomimetic constructs in tissue engineering with sustained and controlled delivery of growth factors. Recently, the addition of phase-shift droplets inside the scaffolds is being explored for temporal and spatial control of biologic delivery through vaporization using external ultrasound stimulation. Here, we explore acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) in gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), a popular hydrogel used for tissue engineering applications because of its biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties and rapid reproducibility. We embedded phase-shift perfluorocarbon droplets within the GelMA resin before crosslinking and characterized ADV and inertial cavitation (IC) thresholds of the embedded droplets. We were successful in vaporizing two different perfluorocarbon---perfluoropentane (PFP) and perfluorohexane (PFH)--cores at 2.25- and 5-MHz frequencies and inside hydrogels with varying mechanical properties. The ADV and IC thresholds for PFP droplets in GelMA scaffolds increased with frequency and in stiffer scaffolds. The PFH droplets exhibited ADV and IC activity only at 5 MHz for the range of excitations below 3MPa investigated here and at threshold values higher than those of PFP droplets. The results provide a proof of concept for the possible use of ADV in hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Osborn
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Megan S Anderson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Morgan Beddingfield
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Kausik Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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28
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Park S, Son G. Numerical study of the effect of liquid compressibility on acoustic droplet vaporization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 79:105769. [PMID: 34598104 PMCID: PMC8487100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), a cavitated bubble grows and collapses depending on the pressure amplitude of the acoustic pulse. During the bubble collapse, the surrounding liquid is compressed to high pressure, and liquid compressibility can have a significant impact on bubble behavior and ADV threshold. In this work, a one-dimensional numerical model considering liquid compressibility is presented for ADV of a volatile microdroplet, extending our previous Rayleigh-Plesset based model [Ultrason. Chem. 71 (2021) 105361]. The numerical results for bubble motion and liquid energy change in ADV show that the liquid compressibility highly inhibits bubble growth during bubble collapse and rebound, especially under high acoustic frequency conditions. The liquid compressibility effect on the ADV threshold is quantified with varying acoustic frequencies and amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukwon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gihun Son
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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29
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Kuriakose M, Borden MA. Microbubbles and Nanodrops for photoacoustic tomography. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging of Laser-Activated Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are emerging phase-change contrast agents that showed promising potential in ultrasound and photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging. Unlike monophase gaseous microbubbles, PFCnDs shift their state from liquid to gas via optical activation and can provide high US/PA contrast on demand. Depending on the choice of perfluorocarbon core, the vaporization and condensation dynamics of the PFCnDs are controllable. Therefore, these configurable properties of activation and deactivation of PFCnDs are employed to enable various imaging approaches, including contrast-enhanced imaging and super-resolution imaging. In addition, synchronous application of both acoustic and optical pulses showed a promising outcome vaporizing PFCnDs with lower activation thresholds. Furthermore, due to their sub-micrometer size, PFCnDs can be used for molecular imaging of extravascular tissue. PFCnDs can also be an effective therapeutic tool. As PFCnDs can carry therapeutic drugs or other particles, they can be used for drug delivery, as well as photothermal and photodynamic therapies. Blood barrier opening for neurological applications was recently demonstrated with optically-triggered PFCnDs. This paper specifically focuses on the activation and deactivation properties of laser-activated PFCnDs and associated US/PA imaging approaches, and briefly discusses their theranostic potential and future directions.
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31
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Tehrani Fateh S, Moradi L, Kohan E, Hamblin MR, Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A. Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:808-862. [PMID: 34476167 PMCID: PMC8372309 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of theranostics has been rapidly growing in recent years and nanotechnology has played a major role in this growth. Nanomaterials can be constructed to respond to a variety of different stimuli which can be internal (enzyme activity, redox potential, pH changes, temperature changes) or external (light, heat, magnetic fields, ultrasound). Theranostic nanomaterials can respond by producing an imaging signal and/or a therapeutic effect, which frequently involves cell death. Since ultrasound (US) is already well established as a clinical imaging modality, it is attractive to combine it with rationally designed nanoparticles for theranostics. The mechanisms of US interactions include cavitation microbubbles (MBs), acoustic droplet vaporization, acoustic radiation force, localized thermal effects, reactive oxygen species generation, sonoluminescence, and sonoporation. These effects can result in the release of encapsulated drugs or genes at the site of interest as well as cell death and considerable image enhancement. The present review discusses US-responsive theranostic nanomaterials under the following categories: MBs, micelles, liposomes (conventional and echogenic), niosomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan nanocapsules, dendrimers, hydrogels, nanogels, gold nanoparticles, titania nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, fuel-free nano/micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepand Tehrani Fateh
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lida Moradi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Kohan
- Department of Science, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Guo R, Xu N, Liu Y, Ling G, Yu J, Zhang P. Functional ultrasound-triggered phase-shift perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for cancer therapy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2064-2079. [PMID: 33992473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, because of their unique properties, the use of perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFC NDs) in ultrasound-mediated tumor theranostics has attracted increasing interest. PFC is one of the most stable organic compounds with high hydrophobicity. Phase-shift PFC NDs can be transformed into highly echogenic microbubbles for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging by ultrasound and laser light. In addition, in the process of acoustic droplet vaporization, PFC NDs with cavitation nuclei can be combined with a variety of ultrasound technologies to produce cavitation effects for tumor ablation, antivascular therapy and release of therapeutic agents loaded in nanodroplets. Moreover, they can also be used to overcome tumor hypoxia by virtue of high oxygen solubility. In this review, first the preparation and stabilization of PFC NDs are summarized and then the issues and outlook are discussed. More importantly, multifunctional platforms based on PFC NDs for cancer diagnostics, therapy and theranostics are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Guo
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guixia Ling
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. Therapeutic oxygen delivery by perfluorocarbon-based colloids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 294:102407. [PMID: 34120037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After the protocol-related indecisive clinical trial of Oxygent, a perfluorooctylbromide/phospholipid nanoemulsion, in cardiac surgery, that often unduly assigned the observed untoward effects to the product, the development of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based O2 nanoemulsions ("blood substitutes") has come to a low. Yet, significant further demonstrations of PFC O2-delivery efficacy have continuously been reported, such as relief of hypoxia after myocardial infarction or stroke; protection of vital organs during surgery; potentiation of O2-dependent cancer therapies, including radio-, photodynamic-, chemo- and immunotherapies; regeneration of damaged nerve, bone or cartilage; preservation of organ grafts destined for transplantation; and control of gas supply in tissue engineering and biotechnological productions. PFC colloids capable of augmenting O2 delivery include primarily injectable PFC nanoemulsions, microbubbles and phase-shift nanoemulsions. Careful selection of PFC and other colloid components is critical. The basics of O2 delivery by PFC nanoemulsions will be briefly reminded. Improved knowledge of O2 delivery mechanisms has been acquired. Advanced, size-adjustable O2-delivering nanoemulsions have been designed that have extended room-temperature shelf-stability. Alternate O2 delivery options are being investigated that rely on injectable PFC-stabilized microbubbles or phase-shift PFC nanoemulsions. The latter combine prolonged circulation in the vasculature, capacity for penetrating tumor tissues, and acute responsiveness to ultrasound and other external stimuli. Progress in microbubble and phase-shift emulsion engineering, control of phase-shift activation (vaporization), understanding and control of bubble/ultrasound/tissue interactions is discussed. Control of the phase-shift event and of microbubble size require utmost attention. Further PFC-based colloidal systems, including polymeric micelles, PFC-loaded organic or inorganic nanoparticles and scaffolds, have been devised that also carry substantial amounts of O2. Local, on-demand O2 delivery can be triggered by external stimuli, including focused ultrasound irradiation or tumor microenvironment. PFC colloid functionalization and targeting can help adjust their properties for specific indications, augment their efficacy, improve safety profiles, and expand the range of their indications. Many new medical and biotechnological applications involving fluorinated colloids are being assessed, including in the clinic. Further uses of PFC-based colloidal nanotherapeutics will be briefly mentioned that concern contrast diagnostic imaging, including molecular imaging and immune cell tracking; controlled delivery of therapeutic energy, as for noninvasive surgical ablation and sonothrombolysis; and delivery of drugs and genes, including across the blood-brain barrier. Even when the fluorinated colloids investigated are designed for other purposes than O2 supply, they will inevitably also carry and deliver a certain amount of O2, and may thus be considered for O2 delivery or co-delivery applications. Conversely, O2-carrying PFC nanoemulsions possess by nature a unique aptitude for 19F MR imaging, and hence, cell tracking, while PFC-stabilized microbubbles are ideal resonators for ultrasound contrast imaging and can undergo precise manipulation and on-demand destruction by ultrasound waves, thereby opening multiple theranostic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean G Riess
- Harangoutte Institute, 68160 Ste Croix-aux-Mines, France
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Wu Q, Mannaris C, May JP, Bau L, Polydorou A, Ferri S, Carugo D, Evans ND, Stride E. Investigation of the Acoustic Vaporization Threshold of Lipid-Coated Perfluorobutane Nanodroplets Using Both High-Speed Optical Imaging and Acoustic Methods. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1826-1843. [PMID: 33820668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A combination of ultrahigh-speed optical imaging (5 × 106 frames/s), B-mode ultrasound and passive cavitation detection was used to study the vaporization process and determine both the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) and inertial cavitation (IC) thresholds of phospholipid-coated perfluorobutane nanodroplets (PFB NDs, diameter = 237 ± 16 nm). PFB NDs have not previously been studied with ultrahigh-speed imaging and were observed to form individual microbubbles (1-10 μm) within two to three cycles and subsequently larger bubble clusters (10-50 μm). The ADV and IC thresholds did not statistically significantly differ and decreased with increasing pulse length (20-20,000 cycles), pulse repetition frequency (1-100 Hz), concentration (108-1010 NDs/mL), temperature (20°C-45°C) and decreasing frequency (1.5-0.5 MHz). Overall, the results indicate that at frequencies of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MHz, PFB NDs can be vaporized at moderate peak negative pressures (<2.0 MPa), pulse lengths and pulse repetition frequencies. This finding is encouraging for the use of PFB NDs as cavitation agents, as these conditions are comparable to those required to achieve therapeutic effects with microbubbles, unlike those reported for higher-boiling-point NDs. The differences between the optically and acoustically determined ADV thresholds, however, suggest that application-specific thresholds should be defined according to the biological/therapeutic effect of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christophoros Mannaris
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P May
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Bau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Polydorou
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Ferri
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Carugo
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Chen YS, Zhao Y, Beinat C, Zlitni A, Hsu EC, Chen DH, Achterberg F, Wang H, Stoyanova T, Dionne J, Gambhir SS. Ultra-high-frequency radio-frequency acoustic molecular imaging with saline nanodroplets in living subjects. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:717-724. [PMID: 33782588 PMCID: PMC8454903 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a crucial technique in clinical diagnostics but it relies on radioactive tracers or strong magnetic fields that are unsuitable for many patients, particularly infants and pregnant women. Ultra-high-frequency radio-frequency acoustic (UHF-RF-acoustic) imaging using non-ionizing RF pulses allows deep-tissue imaging with sub-millimetre spatial resolution. However, lack of biocompatible and targetable contrast agents has prevented the successful in vivo application of UHF-RF-acoustic imaging. Here we report our development of targetable nanodroplets for UHF-RF-acoustic molecular imaging of cancers. We synthesize all-liquid nanodroplets containing hypertonic saline that are stable for at least 2 weeks and can produce high-intensity UHF-RF-acoustic signals. Compared with concentration-matched iron oxide nanoparticles, our nanodroplets produce at least 1,600 times higher UHF-RF-acoustic signals at the same imaging depth. We demonstrate in vivo imaging using the targeted nanodroplets in a prostate cancer xenograft mouse model expressing gastrin release protein receptor (GRPR), and show that targeting specificity is increased by more than 2-fold compared with untargeted nanodroplets or prostate cancer cells not expressing this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Corinne Beinat
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aimen Zlitni
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - En-Chi Hsu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dong-Hua Chen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Friso Achterberg
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hanwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jennifer Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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36
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Aliabouzar M, Kripfgans OD, Wang WY, Baker BM, Brian Fowlkes J, Fabiilli ML. Stable and transient bubble formation in acoustically-responsive scaffolds by acoustic droplet vaporization: theory and application in sequential release. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 72:105430. [PMID: 33401189 PMCID: PMC7803826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustically-responsive scaffolds (ARSs), which are fibrin hydrogels containing monodispersed perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions, respond to ultrasound in an on-demand, spatiotemporally-controlled manner via a mechanism termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). Previously, ADV has been used to control the release of bioactive payloads from ARSs to stimulate regenerative processes. In this study, we used classical nucleation theory (CNT) to predict the nucleation pressure in emulsions of different PFC cores as well as the corresponding condensation pressure of the ADV-generated bubbles. According to CNT, the threshold bubble radii above which ADV-generated bubbles remain stable against condensation were 0.4 µm and 5.2 µm for perfluoropentane (PFP) and perfluorohexane (PFH) bubbles, respectively, while ADV-generated bubbles of any size in perfluorooctane (PFO) condense back to liquid at ambient condition. Additionally, consistent with the CNT findings, stable bubble formation from PFH emulsion was experimentally observed using confocal imaging while PFO emulsion likely underwent repeated vaporization and recondensation during ultrasound pulses. In further experimental studies, we utilized this unique feature of ADV in generating stable or transient bubbles, through tailoring the PFC core and ultrasound parameters (excitation frequency and pulse duration), for sequential delivery of two payloads from PFC emulsions in ARSs. ADV-generated stable bubbles from PFH correlated with complete release of the payload while transient ADV resulted in partial release, where the amount of payload release increased with the number of ultrasound exposure. Overall, these results can be used in developing drug delivery strategies using ARSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William Y Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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37
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Park S, Son G. Numerical investigation of acoustic vaporization threshold of microdroplets. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 71:105361. [PMID: 33160151 PMCID: PMC7786634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A numerical model is presented for the acoustic vaporization threshold of a dodecafluoropentane (or perfluoropentane) microdroplet. The model is based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation and is improved by properly treating the supercritical state that occurs when a bubble collapses rapidly and by employing the van der Waals equation of state to consider the supercritical state. The present computations demonstrate that the microdroplet vaporization behavior depends intricately on bubble compressibility, liquid inertia and phase-change heat transfer under acoustic excitation conditions. We present acoustic pressure-frequency diagrams for bubble growth regimes and the ADV threshold conditions. The effects of acoustic parameters, fluid properties and the droplet radius on the ADV threshold are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukwon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gihun Son
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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38
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Lajoinie G, Segers T, Versluis M. High-Frequency Acoustic Droplet Vaporization is Initiated by Resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:034501. [PMID: 33543968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.034501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaporization of low-boiling point droplets has numerous applications in combustion, process engineering, and in recent years, in clinical medicine. However, the physical mechanisms governing the phase conversion are only partly explained. Here, we show that an acoustic resonance can arise from the large speed of sound mismatch between a perfluorocarbon microdroplet and its surroundings. The fundamental resonance mode obeys a unique relationship kR∼0.65 between droplet size and driving frequency that leads to a threefold pressure amplification inside the droplet. Classical nucleation theory shows that this pressure amplification increases the nucleation rate by several orders of magnitude. These findings are confirmed by high-speed imaging performed at a timescale of 10 ns. The optical recordings demonstrate that droplets exposed to intense acoustic waves generated by interdigital transducers nucleate only if they match the theoretical resonance size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Tim Segers
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
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39
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Borden MA, Shakya G, Upadhyay A, Song KH. Acoustic Nanodrops for Biomedical Applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 50:101383. [PMID: 33100885 PMCID: PMC7581261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic nanodrops are designed to vaporize into ultrasound-responsive microbubbles, which presents certain challenges nonexistent for conventional nano-emulsions. The requirements of biocompatibility, vaporizability and colloidal stability has focused research on perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Shorter PFCs yield better vaporizability via their lower critical temperature, but they also dissolve more easily owing to their higher vapor pressure and solubility. Thus, acoustic nanodrops have required a tradeoff between vaporizability and colloidal stability in vivo. The recent advent of vaporizable endoskeletal droplets, which are both stable and vaporizable, may have solved this problem. The purpose of this review is to justify this premise by pointing out the beneficial properties of acoustic nanodrops, providing an analysis of vaporization and dissolution mechanisms, and reviewing current biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Borden
- Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Gazendra Shakya
- Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Awaneesh Upadhyay
- Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Kang-Ho Song
- Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
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40
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Li DS, Jeng GS, Pitre JJ, Kim M, Pozzo LD, O’Donnell M. Spatially localized sono-photoacoutic activation of phase-change contrast agents. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100202. [PMID: 32817821 PMCID: PMC7424230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sono-photoacoustic (SPA) activation lowers the threshold of phase-change contrast agents by timing a laser shot to coincide with the arrival of an acoustic wave at a region of interest. The combination of photothermal heating from optical absorption and negative pressure from the acoustic wave greatly reduces the droplet's combined vaporization threshold compared to using laser energy or acoustic energy alone. In previous studies, SPA imaging used a broadly illuminated optical pulse combined with plane wave acoustic pulses transmitted from a linear ultrasound array. Acoustic plane waves cover a wide lateral field of view, enabling direct visualization of the contrast agent distribution. In contrast, we demonstrate here that localized SPA activation is possible using electronically steered/focused ultrasound pulses. The focused SPA activation region is defined axially by the number of cycles in the acoustic pulse and laterally by the acoustic beam width. By reducing the spot size and enabling rapid electronic steering, complex activation patterns are possible, which may be particularly useful in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Geng-Shi Jeng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - John J. Pitre
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - MinWoo Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Lilo D. Pozzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Matthew O’Donnell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
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41
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Recent Advances on Ultrasound Contrast Agents for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening with Focused Ultrasound. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111125. [PMID: 33233374 PMCID: PMC7700476 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is the primary obstacle to efficient intracerebral drug delivery. Focused ultrasound, in conjunction with microbubbles, is a targeted and non-invasive way to disrupt the blood-brain barrier. Many commercially available ultrasound contrast agents and agents specifically designed for therapeutic purposes have been investigated in ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening studies. The new generation of sono-sensitive agents, such as liquid-core droplets, can also potentially disrupt the blood-brain barrier after their ultrasound-induced vaporization. In this review, we describe the different compositions of agents used for ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening in recent studies, and we discuss the challenges of the past five years related to the optimal formulation of agents.
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Helfield BL, Yoo K, Liu J, Williams R, Sheeran PS, Goertz DE, Burns PN. Investigating the Accumulation of Submicron Phase-Change Droplets in Tumors. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2861-2870. [PMID: 32732167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submicron phase-change droplets are an emerging class of ultrasound contrast agent. Compared with microbubbles, their relatively small size and increased stability offer the potential to passively extravasate and accumulate in solid tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Under exposure to sufficiently powerful ultrasound, these droplets can convert into in situ gas microbubbles and thus be used as an extravascular-specific contrast agent. However, in vivo imaging methods to detect extravasated droplets have yet to be established. Here, we develop an ultrasound imaging pulse sequence within diagnostic safety limits to selectively detect droplet extravasation in tumors. Tumor-bearing mice were injected with submicron perfluorobutane droplets and interrogated with our imaging-vaporization-imaging sequence. By use of a pulse subtraction method, median droplet extravasation signal relative to the total signal within the tumor was estimated to be Etumor=37±5% compared with the kidney Ekidney=-2±8% (p < 0.001). This work contributes toward the advancement of volatile phase-shift droplets as a next-generation ultrasound agent for imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Helfield
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Kimoon Yoo
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ross Williams
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul S Sheeran
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David E Goertz
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter N Burns
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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43
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44
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Lu X, Jin H, Quesada C, Farrell EC, Huang L, Aliabouzar M, Kripfgans OD, Fowlkes JB, Franceschi RT, Putnam AJ, Fabiilli ML. Spatially-directed cell migration in acoustically-responsive scaffolds through the controlled delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:217-227. [PMID: 32553916 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are commonly used in regenerative medicine for the delivery of growth factors (GFs). The spatial and temporal presentations of GFs are critical for directing regenerative processes, yet conventional hydrogels do not enable such control. We have developed a composite hydrogel, termed an acoustically-responsive scaffold (ARS), where release of a GF is non-invasively and spatiotemporally-controlled using focused ultrasound. The ARS consists of a fibrin matrix doped with a GF-loaded, phase-shift emulsion. The GF is released when the ARS is exposed to suprathreshold ultrasound via a mechanism termed acoustic droplet vaporization. In this study, we investigate how different spatial patterns of suprathreshold ultrasound can impact the biological response upon in vivo implantation of an ARS containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). ARSs were fabricated with either perfluorohexane (bFGF-C6-ARS) or perflurooctane (bFGF-C8-ARS) within the phase-shift emulsion. Ultrasound generated stable bubbles in bFGF-C6-ARS, which inhibited matrix compaction, whereas transiently stable bubbles were generated in bFGF-C8-ARS, which decreased in height by 44% within one day of implantation. The rate of bFGF release and distance of host cell migration were up to 6.8-fold and 8.1-fold greater, respectively, in bFGF-C8-ARS versus bFGF-C6-ARS. Ultrasound increased the formation of macropores within the fibrin matrix of bFGF-C8-ARS by 2.7-fold. These results demonstrate that spatially patterning suprathreshold ultrasound within bFGF-C8-ARS can be used to elicit a spatially-directed response from the host. Overall, these findings can be used in developing strategies to spatially pattern regenerative processes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Hydrogels are commonly used in regenerative medicine for the delivery of growth factors (GFs). The spatial and temporal presentations of GFs are critical for directing regenerative processes, yet conventional hydrogels do not enable such control. We have developed a composite hydrogel, termed an acoustically-responsive scaffold (ARS), where GF release is non-invasively and spatiotemporally-controlled using focused ultrasound. The ARS consists of a fibrin matrix doped with a phase-shift emulsion loaded with GF, which is released when the ARS is exposed to ultrasound. In this in vivo study, we demonstrate that spatially patterning ultrasound within an ARS containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can elicit a spatially-directed response from the host. Overall, these findings can be used in developing strategies to spatially pattern regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Lu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hai Jin
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carole Quesada
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Easton C Farrell
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leidan Huang
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Dental School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew J Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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45
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Versluis M, Stride E, Lajoinie G, Dollet B, Segers T. Ultrasound Contrast Agent Modeling: A Review. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2117-2144. [PMID: 32546411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is extensively used in medical imaging, being safe and inexpensive and operating in real time. Its scope of applications has been widely broadened by the use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) in the form of microscopic bubbles coated by a biocompatible shell. Their increased use has motivated a large amount of research to understand and characterize their physical properties as well as their interaction with the ultrasound field and their surrounding environment. Here we review the theoretical models that have been proposed to study and predict the behavior of UCAs. We begin with a brief introduction on the development of UCAs. We then present the basics of free-gas-bubble dynamics upon which UCA modeling is based. We review extensively the linear and non-linear models for shell elasticity and viscosity and present models for non-spherical and asymmetric bubble oscillations, especially in the presence of surrounding walls or tissue. Then, higher-order effects such as microstreaming, shedding and acoustic radiation forces are considered. We conclude this review with promising directions for the modeling and development of novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guillaume Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Dollet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (LIPhy), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Tim Segers
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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46
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Cimorelli M, Flynn MA, Angel B, Reimold E, Fafarman A, Huneke R, Kohut A, Wrenn S. A Voltage-Sensitive Ultrasound Enhancing Agent for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in a Rat Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2388-2399. [PMID: 32593498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Echocardiographers with specialized expertise sometimes perform myocardial perfusion imaging using U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved microbubbles in an off-label capacity, correlating microbubble replenishment in the near field with blood flow through the myocardium. This study reports the in vivo clinical feasibility of a voltage-sensitive ultrasound enhancing agent (UEA) for myocardial perfusion imaging. Four UEAs were injected into Sprague-Dawley rats while ultrasound images were collected to quantify brightness in the left ventricular (LV) cavity, septal wall, and posterior wall in systole and diastole. Formulation IV, a phase change agent nested within a negatively charged phospholipid bilayer, increased the tissue-to-cavity ratio in both systole and diastole in the septal wall, 6 dB, and in the posterior wall, 5 dB, while leaving the LV cavity at baseline. This outcome improves the signal of the myocardium relative to the LV cavity and shows promise as a myocardial perfusion UEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cimorelli
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Flynn
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brett Angel
- Cardiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Reimold
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron Fafarman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Huneke
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Kohut
- Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Wrenn
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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47
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Cimorelli M, Flynn MA, Angel B, Fafarman A, Kohut A, Wrenn S. An Ultrasound Enhancing Agent with Nonlinear Acoustic Activity that Depends on the Presence of an Electric Field. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2370-2387. [PMID: 32616427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear acoustic properties of microbubble ultrasound enhancing agents have allowed for the development of subharmonic, second harmonic, and contrast-pulse sequence ultrasound imaging modes, which enhance the quality, reduce the noise, and improve the diagnostic capabilities of clinical ultrasound. This study details acoustic scattering responses of perfluorobutane (PFB) microbubbles, an un-nested perfluoropentane (PFP) nanoemulsion, and two nested PFP nanoemulsions-one comprising a negatively charged phospholipid bilayer and another comprising a zwitterionic phospholipid bilayer-when excited at 1 or 2.25 MHz over a peak negative pressure range of 200 kPa to 4 MPa in the absence and presence of a 1-Hz, 1-V/cm electric field. The only sample that exhibited an increase in nonlinear activity in the presence of an electric field at both excitation frequencies was the negatively charged nested PFP nanoemulsion; the most pronounced effect was observed at an excitation of 2.25 MHz. Interestingly, the application of an electric field not only increased the nonlinear acoustic activity of the negatively charged nested PFP nanoemulsion but increased it beyond that seen when the nanoemulsion is un-nested and on the same scale as PFB microbubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cimorelli
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Flynn
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brett Angel
- Cardiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron Fafarman
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew Kohut
- Cardiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Wrenn
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ishijima A, Yamaguchi S, Azuma T, Kobayashi E, Shibasaki Y, Nagamune T, Sakuma I. Selective intracellular delivery of perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for cytotoxicity threshold reduction on ultrasound-induced vaporization. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 2:e1165. [PMID: 32721118 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase-change nanodroplets (PCNDs), which are liquid perfluorocarbon nanoparticles, have garnered much attention as ultrasound-responsive nanomedicines. The vaporization phenomenon has been employed to treat tumors mechanically. However, the ultrasound pressure applied to induce vaporization must be low to avoid damage to nontarget tissues. AIMS Here, we report that the pressure threshold for vaporization to induce cytotoxicity can be significantly reduced by selective intracellular delivery of PCNDs into targeted tumors. METHODS AND RESULTS In vitro experiments revealed that selective intracellular delivery of PCNDs induced PCND aggregation specifically inside the targeted cells. This close-packed configuration decreased the pressure threshold for vaporization to induce cytotoxicity. Moreover, following ultrasound exposure, significant decrease was observed in the viability of cells that incorporated PCNDs (35%) but not in the viability of cells that did not incorporate PCNDs (88%). CONCLUSIONS Intracellular delivery of PCNDs reduced ultrasound pressure applied for vaporization to induce cytotoxicity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that prolonged PCND-cell incubation increased PCND uptake and aggregation. This aggregation effect might have contributed to the cytotoxicity threshold reduction effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Ishijima
- Medical Device Development and Regulation Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Azuma
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kobayashi
- Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shibasaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakuma
- Medical Device Development and Regulation Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Precision Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kooiman K, Roovers S, Langeveld SAG, Kleven RT, Dewitte H, O'Reilly MA, Escoffre JM, Bouakaz A, Verweij MD, Hynynen K, Lentacker I, Stride E, Holland CK. Ultrasound-Responsive Cavitation Nuclei for Therapy and Drug Delivery. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:1296-1325. [PMID: 32165014 PMCID: PMC7189181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic ultrasound strategies that harness the mechanical activity of cavitation nuclei for beneficial tissue bio-effects are actively under development. The mechanical oscillations of circulating microbubbles, the most widely investigated cavitation nuclei, which may also encapsulate or shield a therapeutic agent in the bloodstream, trigger and promote localized uptake. Oscillating microbubbles can create stresses either on nearby tissue or in surrounding fluid to enhance drug penetration and efficacy in the brain, spinal cord, vasculature, immune system, biofilm or tumors. This review summarizes recent investigations that have elucidated interactions of ultrasound and cavitation nuclei with cells, the treatment of tumors, immunotherapy, the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers, sonothrombolysis, cardiovascular drug delivery and sonobactericide. In particular, an overview of salient ultrasound features, drug delivery vehicles, therapeutic transport routes and pre-clinical and clinical studies is provided. Successful implementation of ultrasound and cavitation nuclei-mediated drug delivery has the potential to change the way drugs are administered systemically, resulting in more effective therapeutics and less-invasive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klazina Kooiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Silke Roovers
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Lab for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simone A G Langeveld
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert T Kleven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Lab for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Meaghan A O'Reilly
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ayache Bouakaz
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Martin D Verweij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Acoustical Wavefield Imaging, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Kullervo Hynynen
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Lab for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christy K Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Li Y, Liu R, Liu L, Zhang Y, Sun J, Ma P, Wu Y, Duan S, Zhang L. Study on phase transition and contrast-enhanced imaging of ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets with polymer shells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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