1
|
Hale KRS, Curlis JD, Auteri GG, Bishop S, French RLK, Jones LE, Mills KL, Scholtens BG, Simons M, Thompson C, Tourville J, Valdovinos FS. A highly resolved network reveals the role of terrestrial herbivory in structuring aboveground food webs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230180. [PMID: 39034695 PMCID: PMC11293847 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies suggest remarkable similarities among food webs across habitats, including systematic changes in their structure with diversity and complexity (scale-dependence). However, historic aboveground terrestrial food webs (ATFWs) have coarsely grouped plants and insects such that these webs are generally small, and herbivory is disproportionately under-represented compared to vertebrate predator-prey interactions. Furthermore, terrestrial herbivory is thought to be structured by unique processes compared to size-structured feeding in other systems. Here, we present the richest ATFW to date, including approximately 580 000 feeding links among approximately 3800 taxonomic species, sourced from approximately 27 000 expert-vetted interaction records annotated as feeding upon one of six different resource types: leaves, flowers, seeds, wood, prey and carrion. By comparison to historical ATFWs and null ecological hypotheses, we show that our temperate forest web displays a potentially unique structure characterized by two properties: (i) a large fraction of carnivory interactions dominated by a small number of hyper-generalist, opportunistic bird and bat predators; and (ii) a smaller fraction of herbivory interactions dominated by a hyper-rich community of insects with variably sized but highly specific diets. We attribute our findings to the large-scale, even resolution of vertebrate, insect and plant guilds in our food web.This article is part of the theme issue 'Connected interactions: enriching food web research by spatial and social interactions'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla R. S. Hale
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John David Curlis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Giorgia G. Auteri
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Sasha Bishop
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rowan L. K. French
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lance E. Jones
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, UrbanaIL, USA
| | - Kirby L. Mills
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Meagan Simons
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cody Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jordon Tourville
- Department of Environmental Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Research Department, Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernanda S. Valdovinos
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frolov AV, Vishnevskaya MS, Viljanen H, Montreuil O, Akhmetova LA. New data on trophic associations of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) and lemurs (Primates, Lemuroidea) in Madagascar revealed by metabarcoding. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e130400. [PMID: 39184367 PMCID: PMC11342379 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e130400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Resource use and diet specialisation of Madagascan dung beetles have been little studied especially concerning the possible associations between specific dung beetle and lemur species. Pilot studies have demonstrated that amplicon sequencing is a promising tool for the lemur inventories. In the present contribution, we report the results of the gut content analysis of three endemic Madagascan dung beetles species: Helictopleurusclouei (Harold), Epilissusapotolamproides (Lebis) and Nanosdubitatus (Lebis). Amplicon metagenomics revealed trophic associations of these species with Eulemursanfordi (Archbold), Eu.fulvus (É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) and Cheirogaleuscrossleyi (Grandidier), respectively. The reads of other mammal species, revealed by the analysis, including putative contaminations, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Frolov
- Zoological Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute RASSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Maria S. Vishnevskaya
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, RussiaSaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Heidi Viljanen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, FinlandFinnish Museum of Natural HistoryHelsinkiFinland
| | - Olivier Montreuil
- Département AVIV, UMR 7179, MECADEV, MNHN/CNRS, Entomologie, Paris, FranceDépartement AVIV, UMR 7179, MECADEV, MNHN/CNRS, EntomologieParisFrance
| | - Lilia A. Akhmetova
- Zoological Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute RASSaint PetersburgRussia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frolov AV, Akhmetova LA, Vishnevskaya MS, Kiriukhin BA, Montreuil O, Lopes F, Tarasov SI. Amplicon metagenomics of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) as a proxy for lemur (Primates, Lemuroidea) studies in Madagascar. Zookeys 2023; 1181:29-39. [PMID: 37810459 PMCID: PMC10556875 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1181.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) are among the most cost-effective and informative biodiversity indicator groups, conveying rich information about the status of habitats and faunas of an area. Yet their use for monitoring the mammal species, that are the main providers of the food for the dung beetles, has only recently been recognized. In the present work, we studied the diet of four endemic Madagascan dung beetles (Helictopleurusfissicollis (Fairmaire), H.giganteus (Harold), Nanosagaboides (Boucomont), and Epilissussplendidus Fairmaire) using high-throughput sequencing and amplicon metagenomics. For all beetle species, the ⅔-¾ of reads belonged to humans, suggesting that human feces are the main source of food for the beetles in the examined areas. The second most abundant were the reads of the cattle (Bostaurus Linnaeus). We also found lower but significant number of reads of six lemur species belonging to three genera. Our sampling localities agree well with the known ranges of these lemur species. The amplicon metagenomics method proved a promising tool for the lemur inventories in Madagascar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Frolov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Lilia A. Akhmetova
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Maria S. Vishnevskaya
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint PetersburgRussia
- Department of Entomology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, RussiaSaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Bogdan A. Kiriukhin
- AquaBioSafe Laboratory, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, RussiaUniversity of TyumenTyumenRussia
| | - Olivier Montreuil
- National Museum of Natural History, Paris, FranceNational Museum of Natural HistoryParisFrance
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sergei I. Tarasov
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tomanović Ž, Kavallieratos NG, Ye Z, Nika EP, Petrović A, Vollhardt IMG, Vorburger C. Cereal Aphid Parasitoids in Europe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae): Taxonomy, Biodiversity, and Ecology. INSECTS 2022; 13:1142. [PMID: 36555052 PMCID: PMC9785021 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are very common and widespread crops in Europe. Aphids are a diverse group of herbivorous pests on cereals and one of the most important limiting factors of cereal production. Here, we present an overview of knowledge about the taxonomy, biodiversity, and ecology of cereal aphid parasitoids in Europe, an important group of natural enemies contributing to cereal aphid control. We review the knowledge obtained from the integrative taxonomy of 26 cereal aphid primary parasitoid species, including two allochthonous species (Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Trioxys sunnysidensis) and two recently described species (Lipolexis labialis and Paralipsis brachycaudi). We further review 28 hyperparasitoid species belonging to three hymenopteran superfamilies and four families (Ceraphronoidea: Megaspillidae; Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae; Cynipoidea: Figitidae). We also compile knowledge on the presence of secondary endosymbionts in cereal aphids, as these are expected to influence the community composition and biocontrol efficiency of cereal aphid parasitoids. To study aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs more effectively, we present two kinds of DNA-based approach: (i) diagnostic PCR (mainly multiplex PCR), and (ii) DNA sequence-based methods. Finally, we also review the effects of landscape complexity on the different trophic levels in the food webs of cereal aphids and their associated parasitoids, as well as the impacts of agricultural practices and environmental variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Željko Tomanović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Zhengpei Ye
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Erifili P. Nika
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Andjeljko Petrović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ines M. G. Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Science, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garrison JA, Motwani NH, Broman E, Nascimento FJA. Molecular diet analysis enables detection of diatom and cyanobacteria DNA in the gut of Macoma balthica. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278070. [PMID: 36417463 PMCID: PMC9683582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Detritivores are essential to nutrient cycling, but are often neglected in trophic networks, due to difficulties with determining their diet. DNA analysis of gut contents shows promise of trophic link discrimination, but many unknown factors limit its usefulness. For example, DNA can be rapidly broken down, especially by digestion processes, and DNA provides only a snapshot of the gut contents at a specific time. Few studies have been performed on the length of time that prey DNA can be detected in consumer guts, and none so far using benthic detritivores. Eutrophication, along with climate change, is altering the phytoplankton communities in aquatic ecosystems, on which benthic detritivores in aphotic soft sediments depend. Nutrient-poor cyanobacteria blooms are increasing in frequency, duration, and magnitude in many water bodies, while nutrient-rich diatom spring blooms are shrinking in duration and magnitude, creating potential changes in diet of benthic detritivores. We performed an experiment to identify the taxonomy and quantify the abundance of phytoplankton DNA fragments on bivalve gut contents, and how long these fragments can be detected after consumption in the Baltic Sea clam Macoma balthica. Two common species of phytoplankton (the cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena or the diatom Skeletonema marinoi) were fed to M. balthica from two regions (from the northern and southern Stockholm archipelago). After removing the food source, M. balthica gut contents were sampled every 24 hours for seven days to determine the number of 23S rRNA phytoplankton DNA copies and when the phytoplankton DNA could no longer be detected by quantitative PCR. We found no differences in diatom 18S rRNA gene fragments of the clams by region, but the southern clams showed significantly more cyanobacteria 16S rRNA gene fragments in their guts than the northern clams. Interestingly, the cyanobacteria and diatom DNA fragments were still detectable by qPCR in the guts of M. balthica one week after removal from its food source. However, DNA metabarcoding of the 23S rRNA phytoplankton gene found in the clam guts showed that added food (i.e. N. spumigena and S. marinoi) did not make up a majority of the detected diet. Our results suggest that these detritivorous clams therefore do not react as quickly as previously thought to fresh organic matter inputs, with other phytoplankton than large diatoms and cyanobacteria constituting the majority of their diet. This experiment demonstrates the viability of using molecular methods to determine feeding of detritivores, but further studies investigating how prey DNA signals can change over time in benthic detritivores will be needed before this method can be widely applicable to both models of ecological functions and conservation policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Garrison
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Nisha H. Motwani
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias Broman
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco J. A. Nascimento
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan ZC, Hua HQ, Qi GY, Li YX. Early Detection and Identification of Parasitoid Wasps Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Their Host Eggs Using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1095-1101. [PMID: 35746894 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are invaluable agents in pest biological control. Early detection and identification of parasitoid immatures are vital in characterizing parasitoid-host interactions and for evaluating parasitism rates accurately in the field. Trichogramma is the most widely used parasitoid wasp, and several studies have been performed for its molecular identification. However, those studies were mainly focused on Trichogramma adults and rarely on immatures. Here, we report a method to detect and identify Trichogramma larvae in their host eggs. We designed a pair of Trichogramma-specific primers that amplified Trichogramma mtCOI sequences from Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs parasitized by any of eight Trichogramma species tested but not from nonparasitized eggs of four lepidopteran hosts. This PCR method reliably detected Trichogramma immatures in parasitized eggs as early as 1 h after parasitism. We further developed an RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) assay using restriction enzymes SspI and VspI to differentiate eight Trichogramma species at their immature stage. Overall, we developed a sensitive and reliable PCR-RFLP method to detect and identify immature-stage Trichogramma in their lepidopteran hosts. This method shows promise for conveniently identifying Trichogramma in insectaries and accurately evaluating parasitism rates in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Yan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hai-Qing Hua
- Yangzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center, 460 Wenchang, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Qi
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan-Xi Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Toro-Delgado E, Hernández-Roldán J, Dincă V, Vicente JC, Shaw MR, Quicke DL, Vodă R, Albrecht M, Fernández-Triana J, Vidiella B, Valverde S, Dapporto L, Hebert PDN, Talavera G, Vila R. Butterfly–parasitoid–hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The study of ecological interactions between plants, phytophagous insects and their natural enemies is an essential but challenging component for understanding ecosystem dynamics. Molecular methods such as DNA barcoding can help elucidate these interactions. In this study, we employed DNA barcoding to establish hostplant and parasitoid interactions with hesperiid butterflies, using a complete reference library for Hesperiidae of continental Europe and north-western Africa (53 species, 100% of those recorded) based on 2934 sequences from 38 countries. A total of 233 hostplant and parasitoid interactions are presented, some recovered by DNA barcoding larval remains or parasitoid cocoons. Combining DNA barcode results with other lines of evidence allowed 94% species-level identification for Hesperiidae, but success was lower for parasitoids, in part due to unresolved taxonomy. Potential cases of cryptic diversity, both in Hesperiidae and Microgastrinae, are discussed. We briefly analyse the resulting interaction networks. Future DNA barcoding initiatives in this region should focus attention on north-western Africa and on parasitoids, because in these cases barcode reference libraries and taxonomy are less well developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Hernández-Roldán
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) , 03008 Barcelona , Spain
- Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , c/ Darwin, 2, ES - 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, University of Oulu , 90014 Oulu , Finland
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | | | - Mark R Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Donald Lj Quicke
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Blai Vidiella
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica , Edifici C , Campus de Bellaterra, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Sergi Valverde
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) , 03008 Barcelona , Spain
- European Centre for Living Technology , Venice , Italy
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Florence , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona , Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) , 03008 Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Distribution Pattern of Woody Plants in a Mountain Forest Ecosystem Influenced by Topography and Monsoons. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many areas are affected by the monsoon because of different sea and land positions. At the same time, the blocking effect of a mountain range forms different habitats on both sides of the mountain range. However, the distribution mechanism of woody plants is unclear in mountain forest ecosystems influenced by topography and monsoons. In this study, 10 plots, each with an area of 1 hm2 (100 m × 100 m), were randomly established on the south and north aspects of a mountain forest. We examined community structure differences and distribution preferences of woody plants on both sides of the mountain. Our findings were as follows: (1) The characteristics of woody plant assemblages differed among various aspects. (2) Network analysis showed that specialization index was 0.186 and modularity index was 0.235, and the torus translation test showed that a total of 45 species were detected to be associated with at least one of the habitats (45/106, 42.45%). (3) The community stability of the south aspect was higher than that of the north aspect. Our findings suggest that the distribution of woody plants among different aspects was specialized and not random in alpine forest ecosystems. This study contributes to a clear understanding of the distribution mechanism of woody plants in mountain forest ecosystems influenced by topography and monsoons.
Collapse
|
9
|
De-la-Cruz IM, Batsleer F, Bonte D, Diller C, Hytönen T, Muola A, Osorio S, Posé D, Vandegehuchte ML, Stenberg JA. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant-Arthropod Interactions in Light of the "Omics" Sciences: A Broad Guide. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:808427. [PMID: 35548276 PMCID: PMC9084618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.808427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aboveground plant-arthropod interactions are typically complex, involving herbivores, predators, pollinators, and various other guilds that can strongly affect plant fitness, directly or indirectly, and individually, synergistically, or antagonistically. However, little is known about how ongoing natural selection by these interacting guilds shapes the evolution of plants, i.e., how they affect the differential survival and reproduction of genotypes due to differences in phenotypes in an environment. Recent technological advances, including next-generation sequencing, metabolomics, and gene-editing technologies along with traditional experimental approaches (e.g., quantitative genetics experiments), have enabled far more comprehensive exploration of the genes and traits involved in complex ecological interactions. Connecting different levels of biological organization (genes to communities) will enhance the understanding of evolutionary interactions in complex communities, but this requires a multidisciplinary approach. Here, we review traditional and modern methods and concepts, then highlight future avenues for studying the evolution of plant-arthropod interactions (e.g., plant-herbivore-pollinator interactions). Besides promoting a fundamental understanding of plant-associated arthropod communities' genetic background and evolution, such knowledge can also help address many current global environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M. De-la-Cruz
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Femke Batsleer
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolina Diller
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Timo Hytönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- NIAB EMR, West Malling, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Muola
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Posé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Martijn L. Vandegehuchte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johan A. Stenberg
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernandes Magalhães de Oliveira H, Pinheiro RBP, Varassin IG, Rodríguez-Herrera B, Kuzmina M, Rossiter SJ, Clare EL. The structure of tropical bat-plant interaction networks during an extreme El Niño-Southern Oscillation event. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1892-1906. [PMID: 35064726 PMCID: PMC9305221 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interaction network structure reflects the ecological mechanisms acting within biological communities, which are affected by environmental conditions. In tropical forests, higher precipitation usually increases fruit production, which may lead frugivores to increase specialization, resulting in more modular and less nested animal–plant networks. In these ecosystems, El Niño is a major driver of precipitation, but we still lack knowledge of how species interactions change under this influence. To understand bat–plant network structure during an extreme El Niño‐Southern Oscillation event, we determined the links between plantivorous bat species and the plants they consume by DNA barcoding seeds and pulp in bat faeces. These interactions were recorded in the dry forest and rainforest of Costa Rica, during the dry and the wet seasons of an extreme El Niño year. From these we constructed seasonal and whole‐year bat–plant networks and analysed their structures and dissimilarities. In general, networks had low nestedness, had high modularity, and were dominated by one large compartment which included most species and interactions. Contrary to our expectations, networks were less nested and more modular in drier conditions, both in the comparison between forest types and between seasons. We suggest that increased competition, when resources are scarce during drier seasons and habitats, lead to higher resource partitioning among bats and thus higher modularity. Moreover, we have found similar network structures between dry and rainforests during El Niño and non‐El Niño years. Finally, most interaction dissimilarity among networks occurred due to interaction rewiring among species, potentially driven by seasonal changes in resource availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Kuzmina
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Stephen James Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Lloyd Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cuff JP, Windsor FM, Tercel MPTG, Kitson JJN, Evans DM. Overcoming the pitfalls of merging dietary metabarcoding into ecological networks. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P. Cuff
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Fredric M. Windsor
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Maximillian P. T. G. Tercel
- School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Jersey Channel Islands
| | - James J. N. Kitson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hutchinson MC, Dobson AP, Pringle RM. Dietary abundance distributions: Dominance and diversity in vertebrate diets. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:992-1008. [PMID: 34967090 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diet composition is among the most important yet least understood dimensions of animal ecology. Inspired by the study of species abundance distributions (SADs), we tested for generalities in the structure of vertebrate diets by characterising them as dietary abundance distributions (DADs). We compiled data on 1167 population-level diets, representing >500 species from six vertebrate classes, spanning all continents and oceans. DADs near-universally (92.5%) followed a hollow-curve shape, with scant support for other plausible rank-abundance-distribution shapes. This strong generality is inherently related to, yet incompletely explained by, the SADs of available food taxa. By quantifying dietary generalisation as the half-saturation point of the cumulative distribution of dietary abundance (sp50, minimum number of foods required to account for 50% of diet), we found that vertebrate populations are surprisingly specialised: in most populations, fewer than three foods accounted for at least half the diet. Variation in sp50 was strongly associated with consumer type, with carnivores being more specialised than herbivores or omnivores. Other methodological (sampling method and effort, taxonomic resolution), biological (body mass, frugivory) and biogeographic (latitude) factors influenced sp50 to varying degrees. Future challenges include identifying the mechanisms underpinning the hollow-curve DAD, its generality beyond vertebrates, and the biological determinants of dietary generalisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew P Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert M Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
O'Connell DP, Fusi M, Djamaluddin R, Rajagukguk BB, Bachmid F, Kitson JJN, Dunnett Z, Trianto A, Tjoa AB, Diele K, Evans DM. Assessing mangrove restoration practices using species‐interaction networks. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren P. O'Connell
- School of Biology and Environmental Science University College Dublin Dublin D04 N2E5 Ireland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Marco Fusi
- School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University Edinburg EH11 4BN U.K
| | - Rignolda Djamaluddin
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi 95115 Indonesia
| | - Bulfrit B. Rajagukguk
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi 95115 Indonesia
| | - Fihri Bachmid
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi 95115 Indonesia
| | - James J. N. Kitson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Zoe Dunnett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Agus Trianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Diponegoro University Semarang Central Java 50275 Indonesia
| | - Aiyen B. Tjoa
- Faculty of Agriculture Tadulako University Palu Central Sulawesi 94148 Indonesia
| | - Karen Diele
- School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University Edinburg EH11 4BN U.K
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ollivier M, Lesieur V, Tavoillot J, Bénetière F, Tixier M, Martin J. An innovative approach combining metabarcoding and ecological interaction networks for selecting candidate biological control agents. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ollivier
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Vincent Lesieur
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity European Laboratory Montferrier sur Lez France
| | - Johannes Tavoillot
- CBGP IRD CIRAD INRAE Montpellier SupAgro Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Fanny Bénetière
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miller‐ter Kuile A, Apigo A, Young HS. Effects of consumer surface sterilization on diet DNA metabarcoding data of terrestrial invertebrates in natural environments and feeding trials. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12025-12034. [PMID: 34522358 PMCID: PMC8427582 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding is an emerging tool used to quantify diet in environments and consumer groups where traditional approaches are unviable, including small-bodied invertebrate taxa. However, metabarcoding of small taxa often requires DNA extraction from full body parts (without dissection), and it is unclear whether surface contamination from body parts alters presumed diet presence or diversity.We examined four different measures of diet (presence, rarefied read abundance, richness, and species composition) for a terrestrial invertebrate consumer (the spider Heteropoda venatoria) both collected in its natural environment and fed an offered diet item in contained feeding trials using DNA metabarcoding of full body parts (opisthosomas). We compared diet from consumer individuals surface sterilized to remove contaminants in 10% commercial bleach solution followed by deionized water with a set of unsterilized individuals.We found that surface sterilization did not significantly alter any measure of diet for consumers in either a natural environment or feeding trials. The best-fitting model predicting diet detection in feeding trial consumers included surface sterilization, but this term was not statistically significant (β = -2.3, p-value = .07).Our results suggest that surface contamination does not seem to be a significant concern in this DNA diet metabarcoding study for consumers in either a natural terrestrial environment or feeding trials. As the field of diet DNA metabarcoding continues to progress into new environmental contexts with various molecular approaches, we suggest ongoing context-specific consideration of the possibility of surface contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miller‐ter Kuile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Austen Apigo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Hillary S. Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paula DP, Andow DA. Melting curve analysis for detection and identification of ghost parasitoids in host carcasses a month after host death. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Débora P. Paula
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e BiotecnologiaParque Estação Biológica Brasília Brazil
| | - David A. Andow
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
A dearth of data: fitting parasitoids into ecological networks. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:863-874. [PMID: 34030983 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studying parasitoids can provide insights into global diversity estimates, climate change impacts, and agroecosystem service provision. However, this potential remains largely untapped due to a lack of data on how parasitoids interact with other organisms. Ecological networks are a useful tool for studying and exploiting the impacts of parasitoids, but their construction is hindered by the magnitude of undescribed parasitoid species, a sparse knowledge of host ranges, and an under-representation of parasitoids within DNA-barcode databases (we estimate <5% have a barcode). Here, we advocate the use of DNA metabarcoding to construct the host-parasitoid component of multilayer networks. While the incorporation of parasitoids into network-based analyses has far ranging applications, we focus on its potential for assessing ecosystem service provision within agroecosystems.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nugent CM, Elliott TA, Ratnasingham S, Hebert PDN, Adamowicz SJ. Debar: A sequence-by-sequence denoiser for COI-5P DNA barcode data. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2832-2846. [PMID: 33749132 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA barcoding and metabarcoding are now widely used to advance species discovery and biodiversity assessments. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has expanded the volume and scope of these analyses, but elevated error rates introduce noise into sequence records that can inflate estimates of biodiversity. Denoising -the separation of biological signal from instrument (technical) noise-of barcode and metabarcode data currently employs abundance-based methods which do not capitalize on the highly conserved structure of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region employed as the animal barcode. This manuscript introduces debar, an R package that utilizes a profile hidden Markov model to denoise indel errors in COI sequences introduced by instrument error. In silico studies demonstrated that debar recognized 95% of artificially introduced indels in COI sequences. When applied to real-world data, debar reduced indel errors in circular consensus sequences obtained with the Sequel platform by 75%, and those generated on the Ion Torrent S5 by 94%. The false correction rate was less than 0.1%, indicating that debar is receptive to the majority of true COI variation in the animal kingdom. In conclusion, the debar package improves DNA barcode and metabarcode workflows by aiding the generation of more accurate sequences aiding the characterization of species diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Nugent
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler A Elliott
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Building food networks from molecular data: Bayesian or fixed-number thresholds for including links. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Eitzinger B, Roslin T, Vesterinen EJ, Robinson SI, O'Gorman EJ. Temperature affects both the Grinnellian and Eltonian dimensions of ecological niches – A tale of two Arctic wolf spiders. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
21
|
Coupling ecological network analysis with high-throughput sequencing-based surveys: Lessons from the next-generation biomonitoring project. ADV ECOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
22
|
Hemprich-Bennett DR, Oliveira HFM, Le Comber SC, Rossiter SJ, Clare EL. Assessing the impact of taxon resolution on network structure. Ecology 2020; 102:e03256. [PMID: 33226629 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Constructing ecological networks has become an indispensable approach in understanding how different taxa interact. However, the methods used to generate data in network research vary widely among studies, potentially limiting our ability to compare results meaningfully. In particular, methods of classifying nodes vary in their precision, likely altering the architecture of the network studied. For example, rather than being classified as Linnaean species, taxa are regularly assigned to morphospecies in observational studies, or to molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) in molecular studies, with the latter defined based on an arbitrary threshold of sequence similarity. Although the use of MOTUs in ecological networks holds great potential, especially for allowing rapid construction of large data sets of interactions, it is unclear how the choice of clustering threshold can influence the conclusions obtained. To test the impact of taxonomic precision on network architecture, we obtained and analyzed 16 data sets of ecological interactions, inferred from metabarcoding and observations. Our comparisons of networks constructed under a range of sequence thresholds for assigning taxa demonstrate that even small changes in node resolution can cause wide variation in almost all key metric values. Moreover, relative values of commonly used metrics such as robustness were seen to fluctuate continuously with node resolution, thereby potentially causing error in conclusions drawn when comparing multiple networks. In observational networks, we found that changing node resolution could, in some cases, lead to substantial changes to measurements of network topology. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of classifying nodes to the greatest precision possible, and demonstrate the need for caution when comparing networks that differ with respect to node resolution, even where taxonomic groups and interaction types are similar. In such cases, we recommend that comparisons of networks should focus on relative differences rather than absolute values between the networks studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Hemprich-Bennett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Department of Zoology, Zoology Research and Administration Building, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Hernani F M Oliveira
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Steven C Le Comber
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pringle RM, Hutchinson MC. Resolving Food-Web Structure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Food webs are a major focus and organizing theme of ecology, but the data used to assemble them are deficient. Early debates over food-web data focused on taxonomic resolution and completeness, lack of which had produced spurious inferences. Recent data are widely believed to be much better and are used extensively in theoretical and meta-analytic research on network ecology. Confidence in these data rests on the assumptions ( a) that empiricists correctly identified consumers and their foods and ( b) that sampling methods were adequate to detect a near-comprehensive fraction of the trophic interactions between species. Abundant evidence indicates that these assumptions are often invalid, suggesting that most topological food-web data may remain unreliable for inferences about network structure and underlying ecological and evolutionary processes. Morphologically cryptic species are ubiquitous across taxa and regions, and many trophic interactions routinely evade detection by conventional methods. Molecular methods have diagnosed the severity of these problems and are a necessary part of the cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Matthew C. Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Metabarcoding for parallel identification of species, sex and diet of obligate scavengers: an application to globally-threatened Gyps vultures. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-020-01171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Saine S, Ovaskainen O, Somervuo P, Abrego N. Data collected by fruit body‐ and DNA‐based survey methods yield consistent species‐to‐species association networks in wood‐inhabiting fungal communities. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Saine
- Dept of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Helsinki Finland
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Univ. of Helsinki Finland
| | - Panu Somervuo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Univ. of Helsinki Finland
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Dept of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dong Y, Xi X, Chen H, Yang Y, Sun S. A Protocol to Identify the Host of Parasitoids by DNA Barcoding of Vestigial Tissues. ANN ZOOL FENN 2020. [DOI: 10.5735/086.057.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Dong
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, CN-210046 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinqiang Xi
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, CN-210046 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanxiang Chen
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, CN-210046 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yangheshan Yang
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, CN-210046 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, CN-210046 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Evans DM, Kitson JJ. Molecular ecology as a tool for understanding pollination and other plant-insect interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 38:26-33. [PMID: 32087411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular ecology offer unprecedented opportunities to understand the ecology and evolution of insects, the complex ways in which they interact and their role in ecosystem functioning. Rapidly developing DNA sequencing technologies are resolving previously intractable questions in taxonomic and functional biodiversity and provide significant potential to determine formerly difficult to observe plant-insect interactions. We provide an overview of the state-of-the-art and critically appraise the range of molecular approaches currently available for the study of insect pollination, host-parasitoid interactions and/or wider food-web studies. Species-interaction data are increasingly being incorporated into ecological network analyses. DNA metabarcoding offers opportunities to scale-up efforts to create large, highly resolved, phylogenetically structured networks within an exciting framework to study pressing questions in ecology and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| | - James Jn Kitson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mutanen M, Ovaskainen O, Várkonyi G, Itämies J, Prosser SWJ, Hebert PDN, Hanski I. Dynamics of a host-parasitoid interaction clarified by modelling and DNA sequencing. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:851-859. [PMID: 32207239 PMCID: PMC7187309 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesised that the 2-year oscillations in abundance of Xestia moths are mediated by interactions with 1-year Ophion parasitoid wasps. We tested this hypothesis by modelling a 35-year time series of Xestia and Ophion from Northern Finland. Additionally, we used DNA barcoding to ascertain the species diversity of Ophion and targeted amplicon sequencing of their gut contents to confirm their larval hosts. Modelling of the time-series data strongly supported the hypothesised host-parasitoid dynamics and that periodic occurrence of Xestia moths is mediated by Ophion. DNA barcodes revealed that Ophion included five species rather than just one while targeted amplicon sequencing verified that Ophion does parasitise Xestia. At least one Ophion species employs 1-year Syngrapha interrogationis as an alternate host, but it did not detectably affect Xestia-Ophion dynamics. We also demonstrate the previously unrecognised complexity of this system due to cryptic parasitoid diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mutanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Finland, Oulu
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland, Helsinki.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gergely Várkonyi
- Friendship Park Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, FI-88900, Kuhmo, Finland
| | | | - Sean W J Prosser
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Taylor JJ, Lawler JP, Aronsson M, Barry T, Bjorkman AD, Christensen T, Coulson SJ, Cuyler C, Ehrich D, Falk K, Franke A, Fuglei E, Gillespie MA, Heiðmarsson S, Høye T, Jenkins LK, Ravolainen V, Smith PA, Wasowicz P, Schmidt NM. Arctic terrestrial biodiversity status and trends: A synopsis of science supporting the CBMP State of Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report. AMBIO 2020; 49:833-847. [PMID: 31955399 PMCID: PMC6989707 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a synopsis of the main findings of individual papers in the special issue Terrestrial Biodiversity in a Rapidly Changing Arctic. The special issue was developed to inform the State of the Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report developed by the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) of the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), Arctic Council working group. Salient points about the status and trends of Arctic biodiversity and biodiversity monitoring are organized by taxonomic groups: (1) vegetation, (2) invertebrates, (3) mammals, and (4) birds. This is followed by a discussion about commonalities across the collection of papers, for example, that heterogeneity was a predominant pattern of change particularly when assessing global trends for Arctic terrestrial biodiversity. Finally, the need for a comprehensive, integrated, ecosystem-based monitoring program, coupled with targeted research projects deciphering causal patterns, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Taylor
- U.S. National Park Service, PO Box 517, Skagway, AK 99840 USA
| | - James P. Lawler
- U.S. National Park Service, 240 West 5th Ave, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA
| | - Mora Aronsson
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tom Barry
- CAFF Secretariat Borgir, Nordurslod 600, Akureyri, Iceland
- Department of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland, Sæmundargata 2, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Anne D. Bjorkman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tom Christensen
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Stephen J. Coulson
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Cuyler
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Dorothee Ehrich
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Alastair Franke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Bldg., CW 405, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 UK
- Arctic Raptor Project, P.O. Box 626, Rankin Inlet, NT X0C 0G0 Canada
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Mark A. Gillespie
- Department of Engineering and Natural Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal Campus, 6851 Sogndal, Norway
| | - Starri Heiðmarsson
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Borgir Nordurslod, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Toke Høye
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Liza K. Jenkins
- Michigan Tech Research Institute (MTRI), Michigan Technological University, 3600 Green Court, Suite 100, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA
| | - Virve Ravolainen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Postbox 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - Paul A. Smith
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Canada
| | - Pawel Wasowicz
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Borgir Nordurslod, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Niels Martin Schmidt
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
A DNA Barcoding Survey of an Arctic Arthropod Community: Implications for Future Monitoring. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010046. [PMID: 31936447 PMCID: PMC7023425 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and cost-effective methods for tracking changes in arthropod communities are needed to develop integrative environmental monitoring programs in the Arctic. To date, even baseline data on their species composition at established ecological monitoring sites are severely lacking. We present the results of a pilot assessment of non-marine arthropod diversity in a middle arctic tundra area near Ikaluktutiak (Cambridge Bay), Victoria Island, Nunavut, undertaken in 2018 using DNA barcodes. A total of 1264 Barcode Index Number (BIN) clusters, used as a proxy for species, were recorded. The efficacy of widely used sampling methods was assessed. Yellow pan traps captured 62% of the entire BIN diversity at the study sites. When complemented with soil and leaf litter sifting, the coverage rose up to 74.6%. Combining community-based data collection with high-throughput DNA barcoding has the potential to overcome many of the logistic, financial, and taxonomic obstacles for large-scale monitoring of the Arctic arthropod fauna.
Collapse
|
31
|
Compson ZG, Monk WA, Hayden B, Bush A, O'Malley Z, Hajibabaei M, Porter TM, Wright MTG, Baker CJO, Al Manir MS, Curry RA, Baird DJ. Network-Based Biomonitoring: Exploring Freshwater Food Webs With Stable Isotope Analysis and DNA Metabarcoding. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
32
|
A protocol for fast identification of larval tephritid flies with a community-wide COI reference bank. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-019-01120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
33
|
Roslin T, Traugott M, Jonsson M, Stone GN, Creer S, Symondson WOC. Introduction: Special issue on species interactions, ecological networks and community dynamics - Untangling the entangled bank using molecular techniques. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:157-164. [PMID: 30548494 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mattias Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cirtwill AR, Eklöf A, Roslin T, Wootton K, Gravel D. A quantitative framework for investigating the reliability of empirical network construction. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Cirtwill
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM)Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kate Wootton
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologieUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sow A, Brévault T, Benoit L, Chapuis MP, Galan M, Coeur d'acier A, Delvare G, Sembène M, Haran J. Deciphering host-parasitoid interactions and parasitism rates of crop pests using DNA metabarcoding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3646. [PMID: 30842584 PMCID: PMC6403368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate estimation of parasitism rates and diversity of parasitoids of crop insect pests is a prerequisite for exploring processes leading to efficient natural biocontrol. Traditional methods such as rearing have been often limited by taxonomic identification, insect mortality and intensive work, but the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques, such as DNA metabarcoding, is increasingly seen as a reliable and powerful alternative approach. Little has been done to explore the benefits of such an approach for estimating parasitism rates and parasitoid diversity in an agricultural context. In this study, we compared the composition of parasitoid species and parasitism rates between rearing and DNA metabarcoding of host eggs and larvae of the millet head miner, Heliocheilus albipunctella De Joannis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), collected from millet fields in Senegal. We first assessed the detection threshold for the main ten endoparasitoids, by sequencing PCR products obtained from artificial dilution gradients of the parasitoid DNAs in the host moth. We then assessed the potential of DNA metabarcoding for diagnosing parasitism rates in samples collected from the field. Under controlled conditions, our results showed that relatively small quantities of parasitoid DNA (0.07 ng) were successfully detected within an eight-fold larger quantity of host DNA. Parasitoid diversity and parasitism rate estimates were always higher for DNA metabarcoding than for host rearing. Furthermore, metabarcoding detected multi-parasitism, cryptic parasitoid species and differences in parasitism rates between two different sampling sites. Metabarcoding shows promise for gaining a clearer understanding of the importance and complexity of host-parasitoid interactions in agro-ecosystems, with a view to improving pest biocontrol strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadou Sow
- Département de Biologie Animale, FST-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal. .,BIOPASS, CIRAD-IRD-ISRA-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Thierry Brévault
- BIOPASS, CIRAD-IRD-ISRA-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.,CIRAD, UPR AIDA, F-34398, Montpellier, France.,AIDA, University Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Benoit
- CIRAD, CBGP, Montpellier, France.,CBGP, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chapuis
- CIRAD, CBGP, Montpellier, France.,CBGP, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Galan
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Coeur d'acier
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Delvare
- CIRAD, CBGP, Montpellier, France.,CBGP, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mbacké Sembène
- Département de Biologie Animale, FST-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal.,BIOPASS, CIRAD-IRD-ISRA-UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Julien Haran
- CIRAD, CBGP, Montpellier, France.,CBGP, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu C, Gravel D, He F. Seeing is believing? Comparing plant-herbivore networks constructed by field co-occurrence and DNA barcoding methods for gaining insights into network structures. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1764-1776. [PMID: 30847071 PMCID: PMC6392357 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interaction networks provide information about community organization. Two methods are currently used to document pairwise interactions among plants and insect herbivores. One is the traditional method that collects plant-herbivore interaction data by field observation of insect occurrence on host plants. The other is the increasing application of newly developed molecular techniques based on DNA barcodes to the analysis of gut contents. The second method is more appealing because it documents realized interactions. To construct complete interaction networks, each technique of network construction is urgent to be assessed. We addressed this question by comparing the effectiveness and reliability of the two methods in constructing plant-Lepidoptera larval network in a 50 ha subtropical forest in China. Our results showed that the accuracy of diet identification by observation method increased with the number of observed insect occurrences on food plants. In contrast, the molecular method using three plant DNA markers were able to identify food residues for 35.6% larvae and correctly resolved 77.3% plant (diet) species. Network analysis showed molecular networks had threefold more unique host plant species but fewer links than the traditional networks had. The molecular method detected plants that were not sampled by the traditional method, for example, bamboos, bryophytes and lianas in the diets of insect herbivores. The two networks also possessed significantly different structural properties. Our study indicates the traditional observation of co-occurrence is inadequate, while molecular method can provide higher species resolution of ecological interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunchao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong National Station for Forest Research, School of Ecology and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuebecCanada
| | - Fangliang He
- ECNU‐Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Study, Tiantong National Station for Forest Research, School of Ecology and Environmental SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Clare EL, Fazekas AJ, Ivanova NV, Floyd RM, Hebert PDN, Adams AM, Nagel J, Girton R, Newmaster SG, Fenton MB. Approaches to integrating genetic data into ecological networks. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:503-519. [PMID: 30427082 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As molecular tools for assessing trophic interactions become common, research is increasingly focused on the construction of interaction networks. Here, we demonstrate three key methods for incorporating DNA data into network ecology and discuss analytical considerations using a model consisting of plants, insects, bats and their parasites from the Costa Rica dry forest. The simplest method involves the use of Sanger sequencing to acquire long sequences to validate or refine field identifications, for example of bats and their parasites, where one specimen yields one sequence and one identification. This method can be fully quantified and resolved and these data resemble traditional ecological networks. For more complex taxonomic identifications, we target multiple DNA loci, for example from a seed or fruit pulp sample in faeces. These networks are also well resolved but gene targets vary in resolution and quantification is difficult. Finally, for mixed templates such as faecal contents of insectivorous bats, we use DNA metabarcoding targeting two sequence lengths (157 and 407 bp) of one gene region and a MOTU, BLAST and BIN association approach to resolve nodes. This network type is complex to generate and analyse, and we discuss the implications of this type of resolution on network analysis. Using these data, we construct the first molecular-based network of networks containing 3,304 interactions between 762 nodes of eight trophic functions and involving parasitic, mutualistic and predatory interactions. We provide a comparison of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these data types in network ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aron J Fazekas
- The Arboretum, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalia V Ivanova
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin M Floyd
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda M Adams
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Juliet Nagel
- Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, Frostburg, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Girton
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven G Newmaster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Derocles SAP, Lunt DH, Berthe SCF, Nichols PC, Moss ED, Evans DM. Climate warming alters the structure of farmland tritrophic ecological networks and reduces crop yield. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4931-4946. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane A. P. Derocles
- INRA; UMR 1347 Agroécologie; Dijon France
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Hull; Hull UK
| | - David H. Lunt
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Hull; Hull UK
| | | | - Paul C. Nichols
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Hull; Hull UK
| | - Ellen D. Moss
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Hull; Hull UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Hull; Hull UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bennett AE, Evans DM, Powell JR. Potentials and pitfalls in the analysis of bipartite networks to understand plant–microbe interactions in changing environments. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Bennett
- Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Eitzinger B, Abrego N, Gravel D, Huotari T, Vesterinen EJ, Roslin T. Assessing changes in arthropod predator–prey interactions through
DNA
‐based gut content analysis—variable environment, stable diet. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:266-280. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Eitzinger
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Tea Huotari
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Eero J Vesterinen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Biodiversity Unit University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Koskinen J, Roslin T, Nyman T, Abrego N, Michell C, Vesterinen EJ. Finding flies in the mushroom soup: Host specificity of fungus-associated communities revisited with a novel molecular method. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:190-202. [PMID: 30040155 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fruiting bodies of fungi constitute an important resource for thousands of other taxa. The structure of these diverse assemblages has traditionally been studied with labour-intensive methods involving cultivation and morphology-based species identification, to which molecular information might offer convenient complements. To overcome challenges in DNA extraction and PCR associated with the complex chemical properties of fruiting bodies, we developed a pipeline applicable for extracting amplifiable total DNA from soft fungal samples of any size. Our protocol purifies DNA in two sequential steps: (a) initial salt-isopropanol extraction of all nucleic acids in the sample is followed by (b) an extra clean-up step using solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) magnetic beads. The protocol proved highly efficient, with practically all of our samples-regardless of biomass or other properties-being successfully PCR-amplified using metabarcoding primers and subsequently sequenced. As a proof of concept, we apply our methods to address a topical ecological question: is host specificity a major characteristic of fungus-associated communities, that is, do different fungus species harbour different communities of associated organisms? Based on an analysis of 312 fungal fruiting bodies representing 10 species in five genera from three orders, we show that molecular methods are suitable for studying this rich natural microcosm. Comparing to previous knowledge based on rearing and morphology-based identifications, we find a species-rich assemblage characterized by a low degree of host specialization. Our method opens up new horizons for molecular analyses of fungus-associated interaction webs and communities. Fruiting bodies of fungi constitute an important resource for thousands of other taxa. The structure of these diverse assemblages has traditionally been studied with labour-intensive methods involving cultivation and morphology-based species identification, to which molecular information might offer convenient complements. To overcome challenges in DNA extraction and PCR associated with the complex chemical properties of fruiting bodies, we developed a pipeline applicable for extracting amplifiable total DNA from soft fungal samples of any size. Our protocol purifies DNA in two sequential steps: (a) initial salt-isopropanol extraction of all nucleic acids in the sample is followed by (b) an extra clean-up step using solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) magnetic beads. The protocol proved highly efficient, with practically all of our samples-regardless of biomass or other properties-being successfully PCR-amplified using metabarcoding primers and subsequently sequenced. As a proof of concept, we apply our methods to address a topical ecological question: is host specificity a major characteristic of fungus-associated communities, that is, do different fungus species harbour different communities of associated organisms? Based on an analysis of 312 fungal fruiting bodies representing 10 species in five genera from three orders, we show that molecular methods are suitable for studying this rich natural microcosm. Comparing to previous knowledge based on rearing and morphology-based identifications, we find a species-rich assemblage characterized by a low degree of host specialization. Our method opens up new horizons for molecular analyses of fungus-associated interaction webs and communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Koskinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Nerea Abrego
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig Michell
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Eero J Vesterinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Qin Y, Zhou Q, Yu F, Wang X, Wei J, Zhu C, Zhang Y, Vogler AP. Host specificity of parasitoids (Encyrtidae) toward armored scale insects (Diaspididae): Untangling the effect of cryptic species on quantitative food webs. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7879-7893. [PMID: 30250670 PMCID: PMC6144978 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host specificity of parasitoids may be measured by various specialization indices to assess the variation of interaction strength among species and the structure of the wider interaction network. However, the conclusions from analyses at the species and network levels may differ, which remains poorly explored. In addition, the recovery of cryptic species of hosts and parasitoids with molecular data may affect the structure of inferred interaction links. We quantified host specificity of hymenopteran parasitoids (family Encyrtidae) on armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) from a wide geographic sampling range across the Chinese Mainland based on both morphological and molecular species delimitation. Mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S markers detected high cryptic species diversity in the encyrtids and to a lesser degree in the diaspidids, which divided generalist morphospecies into complexes of specialists and generalists. One-to-one reciprocal host-parasite links were increased in the molecular data set, but different quantitative species-level indices produced contrasting estimates of specificity from various one-to-multiple and multiple-to-multiple host-parasite links. Network indices calculated from DNA-based species, compared to morphology-based species definitions, showed lower connectance and generality, but greater specialization and compartmentalization of the interaction network. We conclude that a high degree of cryptic species in host-parasitoid systems refines the true network structure and may cause us overestimating the stability of these interaction webs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao‐Guang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Qing‐Song Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Fang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Xu‐Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiu‐Feng Wei
- College of AgricultureShanxi Agricultural UniversityShanxiChina
| | - Chao‐Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Yan‐Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and EvolutionInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS)BeijingChina
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotUK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gresty CEA, Clare E, Devey DS, Cowan RS, Csiba L, Malakasi P, Lewis OT, Willis KJ. Flower preferences and pollen transport networks for cavity-nesting solitary bees: Implications for the design of agri-environment schemes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7574-7587. [PMID: 30151172 PMCID: PMC6106195 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral foraging resources are valuable for pollinator conservation on farmland, and their provision is encouraged by agri-environment schemes in many countries. Across Europe, wildflower seed mixtures are widely sown on farmland to encourage pollinators, but the extent to which key pollinator groups such as solitary bees exploit and benefit from these resources is unclear. We used high-throughput sequencing of 164 pollen samples extracted from the brood cells of six common cavity-nesting solitary bee species (Osmia bicornis, Osmia caerulescens, Megachile versicolor, Megachile ligniseca, Megachile centuncularis and Hylaeus confusus) which are widely distributed across the UK and Europe. We documented their pollen use across 19 farms in southern England, UK, revealing their forage plants and examining the structure of their pollen transport networks. Of the 32 plant species included currently in sown wildflower mixes, 15 were recorded as present within close foraging range of the bees on the study farms, but only Ranunculus acris L. was identified within the pollen samples. Rosa canina L. was the most commonly found of the 23 plant species identified in the pollen samples, suggesting that, in addition to providing a nesting resource for Megachile leafcutter bees, it may be an important forage plant for these species. Higher levels of connectance and nestedness were characteristic of pollen transport networks on farms with abundant floral resources, which may increase resilience to species loss. Our data suggest that plant species promoted currently by agri-environment schemes are not optimal for solitary bee foraging. If a diverse community of pollinators is to be supported on UK and European farmland, additional species such as R. canina should be encouraged to meet the foraging requirements of solitary bees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine J. Willis
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmondUK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Roubinet E, Jonsson T, Malsher G, Staudacher K, Traugott M, Ekbom B, Jonsson M. High Redundancy as well as Complementary Prey Choice Characterize Generalist Predator Food Webs in Agroecosystems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8054. [PMID: 29795226 PMCID: PMC5966386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food web structure influences ecosystem functioning and the strength and stability of associated ecosystem services. With their broad diet, generalist predators represent key nodes in the structure of many food webs and they contribute substantially to ecosystem services such as biological pest control. However, until recently it has been difficult to empirically assess food web structure with generalist predators. We utilized DNA-based molecular gut-content analyses to assess the prey use of a set of generalist invertebrate predator species common in temperate agricultural fields. We investigated the degree of specialization of predator-prey food webs at two key stages of the cropping season and analysed the link temperature of different trophic links, to identify non-random predation. We found a low level of specialization in our food webs, and identified warm and cool links which may result from active prey choice or avoidance. We also found a within-season variation in interaction strength between predators and aphid pests which differed among predator species. Our results show a high time-specific functional redundancy of the predator community, but also suggest temporally complementary prey choice due to within-season succession of some predator species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Roubinet
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ecological Modelling group, School of Biosciences, Skövde University, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Gerard Malsher
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Staudacher
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Ekbom
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Limited dietary overlap amongst resident Arctic herbivores in winter: complementary insights from complementary methods. Oecologia 2018; 187:689-699. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
46
|
Kitson JJN, Hahn C, Sands RJ, Straw NA, Evans DM, Lunt DH. Detecting host–parasitoid interactions in an invasive Lepidopteran using nested tagging DNA metabarcoding. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:471-483. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James J. N. Kitson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Evolutionary and Environmental Genomics Group School of Environmental Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
| | - Christoph Hahn
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Institute of Zoology Karl‐Franzens‐Universität Graz Austria
| | - Richard J. Sands
- Forest Research Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity Farnham UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences Highfield Campus The University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Nigel A. Straw
- Forest Research Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity Farnham UK
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - David H. Lunt
- Evolutionary and Environmental Genomics Group School of Environmental Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Toju H, Baba YG. DNA metabarcoding of spiders, insects, and springtails for exploring potential linkage between above- and below-ground food webs. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:4. [PMID: 29468086 PMCID: PMC5815251 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding feedback between above- and below-ground processes of biological communities is a key to the effective management of natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, as above- and below-ground food webs are often studied separately, our knowledge of material flow and community dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems remains limited. RESULTS We developed a high-throughput sequencing method for examining how spiders link above- and below-ground food webs as generalist predators. To overcome problems related to DNA-barcoding-based analyses of arthropod-arthropod interactions, we designed spider-specific blocking primers and Hexapoda-specific primers for the selective PCR amplification of Hexapoda prey sequences from spider samples. By applying the new DNA metabarcoding framework to spider samples collected in a temperate secondary forest in Japan, we explored the structure of a food web involving 15 spider species and various taxonomic groups of Hexapoda prey. These results support the hypothesis that multiple spider species in a community can prey on both above- and below-ground prey species, potentially coupling above- and below-ground food-web dynamics. CONCLUSIONS The PCR primers and metabarcoding pipeline described in this study are expected to accelerate nuclear marker-based analyses of food webs, illuminating poorly understood trophic interactions in ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Yuki G. Baba
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The Araneae of Svalbard: the relationships between specific environmental factors and spider assemblages in the High Arctic. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
49
|
Biomonitoring for the 21st Century: Integrating Next-Generation Sequencing Into Ecological Network Analysis. ADV ECOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
50
|
Berger JS, Birkhofer K, Hanson HI, Hedlund K. Landscape configuration affects herbivore-parasitoid communities in oilseed rape. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2018; 91:1093-1105. [PMID: 29937705 PMCID: PMC5978837 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-018-0965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to consider the effects of large-scale drivers on species presences and ecological interactions to understand what structures communities. In our study, we investigated how the species composition and the potential interaction networks of herbivore and parasitoid communities in oilseed rape fields are affected by agricultural landscape characteristics. Insect communities of 26 winter oilseed rape fields in southern Sweden were captured in water traps over a continuous time span of 30 ± 2 days. In total, 31% of the variation in the composition of herbivore host communities was explained by a combination of the surrounding oilseed rape area in the study year and the previous year and distance to the nearest forest. The oilseed rape area in the study year and distance to forest also explained 14% of the variation in the composition of parasitoid communities. Distance to the nearest forest together with the area of oilseed rape in the previous year explained 45% of the variation in asymmetry of interaction webs. These results indicate that several measures of landscape configuration are important both for the composition of host and parasitoid communities and also for the structure of interaction networks. Our results support the view that it is an appropriate strategy to cultivate oilseed rape in landscapes that are far away from forests, in order to minimize recolonization by pest species and at the same time to attract parasitoid species from the open landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef S. Berger
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Helena I. Hanson
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hedlund
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|