1
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Bernal XE, Page RA. Tactics of evasion: strategies used by signallers to deter eavesdropping enemies from exploiting communication systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:222-242. [PMID: 36176190 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eavesdropping predators, parasites and parasitoids exploit signals emitted by their prey and hosts for detection, assessment, localization and attack, and in the process impose strong selective pressures on the communication systems of the organisms they exploit. Signallers have evolved numerous anti-eavesdropper strategies to mitigate the trade-off between the costs imposed from signal exploitation and the need for conspecific communication. Eavesdropper strategies fall along a continuum from opportunistic to highly specialized, and the tightness of the eavesdropper-signaller relationship results in differential pressures on communication systems. A wide variety of anti-eavesdropper strategies mitigate the trade-off between eavesdropper exploitation and conspecific communication. Antagonistic selection from eavesdroppers can result in diverse outcomes including modulation of signalling displays, signal structure, and evolutionary loss or gain of a signal from a population. These strategies often result in reduced signal conspicuousness and in decreased signal ornamentation. Eavesdropping enemies, however, can also promote signal ornamentation. While less common, this alternative outcome offers a unique opportunity to dissect the factors that may lead to different evolutionary pathways. In addition, contrary to traditional assumptions, no sensory modality is completely 'safe' as eavesdroppers are ubiquitous and have a broad array of sensory filters that allow opportunity for signal exploitation. We discuss how anthropogenic change affects interactions between eavesdropping enemies and their victims as it rapidly modifies signalling environments and community composition. Drawing on diverse research from a range of taxa and sensory modalities, we synthesize current knowledge on anti-eavesdropper strategies, discuss challenges in this field and highlight fruitful new directions for future research. Ultimately, this review offers a conceptual framework to understand the diverse strategies used by signallers to communicate under the pressure imposed by their eavesdropping enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena E Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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2
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Assis BA, Avery JD, Earley RL, Langkilde T. Masculinized Sexual Ornaments in Female Lizards Correlate with Ornament-Enhancing Thermoregulatory Behavior. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac029. [PMID: 36034057 PMCID: PMC9409079 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive significance of colorful or exaggerated traits (i.e., ornaments) expressed in females is often unclear. Competing hypotheses suggest that expression of female ornaments arises from maladaptive (or neutral) genetic inheritance from males along with incomplete epigenetic regulation, or from positive selection for ornaments in females under social competition. Whether costly or advantageous, the visibility of such traits can sometimes be behaviorally modulated in order to maximize fitness. Female eastern fence lizards express blue badges that are variable in size and color saturation. These are rudimentary compared to those seen in males and carry important costs such as reduced mating opportunities. Body temperature is a well-established enhancer of badge color, and thus thermoregulation may be one way these animals modulate badge visibility. We quantified realized body temperatures of female lizards paired in laboratory trials and observed that females with larger badges attained higher body temperatures when freely allowed to thermoregulate, sometimes beyond physiological optima. In this association between phenotype and behavior, females with larger badges exhibited thermoregulatory patterns that increase their badges’ visibility. This signal-enhancing behavior is difficult to reconcile with the widely held view that female ornaments are maladaptive, suggesting they may carry context-dependent social benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Assis
- Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802
| | - J D Avery
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802
| | - R L Earley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
| | - T Langkilde
- Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802
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3
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Rice EA, Lewis TR, Griffin RK, Grant PBC. Heads nods and boat bobs: Behavior of
Iguana iguana
is affected by environment and boat traffic in riparian tropical forest. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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White TE, Latty T, Umbers KDL. The exploitation of sexual signals by predators: a meta-analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220444. [PMID: 35642366 PMCID: PMC9156902 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual signals are often central to reproduction, and their expression is thought to strike a balance between advertising to mates and avoiding detection by predatory eavesdroppers. Tests of the predicted predation costs have produced mixed results, however. Here we synthesized 187 effects from 78 experimental studies in a meta-analytic test of two questions; namely, whether predators, parasites and parasitoids express preferences for the sexual signals of prey, and whether sexual signals increase realized predation risk in the wild. We found that predators and parasitoids express strong and consistent preferences for signals in forced-choice contexts. We found a similarly strong overall increase in predation on sexual signallers in the wild, though here it was modality specific. Olfactory and acoustic signals increased the incidence of eavesdropping relative to visual signals, which experienced no greater risk than controls on average. Variation in outcome measures was universally high, suggesting that contexts in which sexual signalling may incur no cost, or even reduce the incidence of predation, are common. Our results reveal unexpected complexity in a central viability cost to sexual signalling, while also speaking to applied problems in invasion biology and pest management where signal exploitation holds promise for bio-inspired solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. White
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2106, Australia
| | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2106, Australia
| | - Kate D. L. Umbers
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales 2751, Australia,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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5
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LaDage LD, Yu T, Zani PA. Higher Rate of Male Sexual Displays Correlates with Larger Ventral Posterior Amygdala Volume and Neuron Soma Volume in Wild-Caught Common Side-Blotched Lizards, Uta stansburiana. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2022; 97:298-308. [PMID: 35537399 DOI: 10.1159/000524915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several areas of the vertebrate brain are involved in facilitating and inhibiting the production of sexual behaviors and displays. In the laboratory, a higher rate of sexual displays is correlated with a larger ventral posterior amygdala (VPA), an area of the brain involved in the expression of sexual display behaviors, as well as larger VPA neuronal somas. However, it remains unclear if individuals in the field reflect similar patterns, as there are likely many more selective pressures in the field that may also modulate the VPA architecture. In this study, we examined variation in VPA volume and neuron soma volume in wild-caught common side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana) from two different populations. In a population from Nevada, males experience high predation pressure and have decreased sexual display rates during the breeding season, whereas a population in Oregon has lower levels of predation and higher rates of male sexual displays. We found that wild-caught males from the population with lower display rates also exhibited decreased VPA volume and VPA neuron cell soma volume, which may suggest that decreased display rate, possibly due to increased predation rate, covaries with VPA attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara D LaDage
- Division of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Penn State Altoona, Altoona, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tracy Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter A Zani
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
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6
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Zhao L, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang T, Yang Y, Tang Y, Halfwerk W, Cui J. Parasite defensive limb movements enhance acoustic signal attraction in male little torrent frogs. eLife 2022; 11:e76083. [PMID: 35522043 PMCID: PMC9122496 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals rely on complex signals that target multiple senses to attract mates and repel rivals. These multimodal displays can however also attract unintended receivers, which can be an important driver of signal complexity. Despite being taxonomically widespread, we often lack insight into how multimodal signals evolve from unimodal signals and in particular what roles unintended eavesdroppers play. Here, we assess whether the physical movements of parasite defense behavior increase the complexity and attractiveness of an acoustic sexual signal in the little torrent frog (Amolops torrentis). Calling males of this species often display limb movements in order to defend against blood-sucking parasites such as frog-biting midges that eavesdrop on their acoustic signal. Through mate choice tests we show that some of these midge-evoked movements influence female preference for acoustic signals. Our data suggest that midge-induced movements may be incorporated into a sexual display, targeting both hearing and vision in the intended receiver. Females may play an important role in incorporating these multiple components because they prefer signals which combine multiple modalities. Our results thus help to understand the relationship between natural and sexual selection pressure operating on signalers and how in turn this may influence multimodal signal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Jichao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Haodi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Tongliang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Yue Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Yezhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De BoelelaanAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jianguo Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
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7
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Properties of an attention-grabbing motion signal: a comparison of tail and body movements in a lizard. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:373-385. [PMID: 35113201 PMCID: PMC9123084 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-022-01544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animals signals must be detected by receiver sensory systems, and overcome a variety of local ecological factors that could otherwise affect their transmission and reception. Habitat structure, competition, avoidance of unintended receivers and varying environmental conditions have all been shown to influence how animals signal. Environmental noise is also crucial, and animals modify their behavior in response to it. Animals generating movement-based visual signals have to contend with wind-blown plants that generate motion noise and can affect the detection of salient movements. The lizard Amphibolurus muricatus uses tail flicking at the start of displays to attract attention, and we hypothesized that tail movements are ideally suited to this function. We compared visual amplitudes generated by tail movements with push-ups, which are a key component of the rest of the display. We show that tail movement amplitudes are highly variable over the course of the display but consistently greater than amplitudes generated by push-ups and not constrained by viewing position. We suggest that these features, combined with the tail being a light structure that does not compromise other activities, provide an ideal introductory component for attracting attention in the ecological setting in which they are generated.
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8
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Leavell BC, Beaty LE, McNickle GG, Bernal XE. Eavesdropping micropredators as dynamic limiters of sexual signal elaboration and intrasexual competition. Am Nat 2022; 199:653-665. [DOI: 10.1086/718967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Li J, Dirzo R, Wang Y, Zeng D, Liu J, Ren P, Zhong L, Ding P. Rapid morphological change in a small mammal species after habitat fragmentation over the past half‐century. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology and Woods Institute for the Environment Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Yanping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Di Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Juan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Peng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ping Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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10
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Ord TJ. Costs of territoriality: a review of hypotheses, meta-analysis, and field study. Oecologia 2021; 197:615-631. [PMID: 34716493 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of territoriality reflects the balance between the benefit and cost of monopolising a resource. While the benefit of territoriality is generally intuitive (improved access to resources), our understanding of its cost is less clear. This paper combines: 1. a review of hypotheses and meta-analytic benchmarking of costs across diverse taxa; and 2. a new empirical test of hypotheses using a longitudinal study of free-living male territorial lizards. The cost of territoriality was best described as a culmination of multiple factors, but especially costs resulting from the time required to maintain a territory (identified by the meta-analysis) or those exacerbated by a territory that is large in size (identified by the empirical test). The meta-analysis showed that physiological costs such as energetic expenditure or stress were largely negligible in impact on territory holders. Species that used territories to monopolise access to mates appeared to incur the greatest costs, whereas those defending food resources experienced the least. The single largest gap in our current understanding revealed by the literature review is the potential cost associated with increased predation. There is also a clear need for multiple costs to be evaluated concurrently in a single species. The empirical component of this study showcases a powerful analytical framework for evaluating a range of hypotheses using correlational data obtained in the field. More broadly, this paper highlights key factors that should be considered in any investigation that attempts to account for the evolutionary origin or ecological variation in territorial behaviour within and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Ord
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Ruether BF, Brady MJ, Derick TL, Dula BT, Smith SA, Trillo PA. Mechanisms of collateral damage: heterospecific neighbor density mediates parasitism by eavesdroppers on hourglass treefrogs. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.1975313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian F. Ruether
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Meghan J. Brady
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Taylor L. Derick
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Brendan T. Dula
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah A.R. Smith
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Paula A. Trillo
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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12
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Ord TJ, Blazek K, White TE, Das I. Conspicuous animal signals avoid the cost of predation by being intermittent or novel: confirmation in the wild using hundreds of robotic prey. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210706. [PMID: 34102889 PMCID: PMC8187999 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Social animals are expected to face a trade-off between producing a signal that is detectible by mates and rivals, but not obvious to predators. This trade-off is fundamental for understanding the design of many animal signals, and is often the lens through which the evolution of alternative communication strategies is viewed. We have a reasonable working knowledge of how conspecifics detect signals under different conditions, but how predators exploit conspicuous communication of prey is complex and hard to predict. We quantified predation on 1566 robotic lizard prey that performed a conspicuous visual display, possessed a conspicuous ornament or remained cryptic. Attacks by free-ranging predators were consistent across two contrasting ecosystems and showed robotic prey that performed a conspicuous display were equally likely to be attacked as those that remained cryptic. Furthermore, predators avoided attacking robotic prey with a fixed, highly visible ornament that was novel at both locations. These data show that it is prey familiarity-not conspicuousness-that determine predation risk. These findings replicated across different predator-prey communities not only reveal how conspicuous signals might evolve in high predation environments, but could help resolve the paradox of aposematism and why some exotic species avoid predation when invading new areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Ord
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina Blazek
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas E. White
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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13
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Zhu X, Qiu X, Tang X, Qi Y. Tail display is regulated by anaerobic metabolism in an Asian agamid lizard. Integr Zool 2021; 16:729-740. [PMID: 33733614 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism underlying signal variation is an important goal in the study of animal communication. Several potential causes have been proposed for signal variation, including environmental noise (e.g. wind, sound), energy limitation, and predation risk, among others, but the physiological control of many signals are often unclear. Here, we examined the correlation between tail display signal variation and energy metabolic activity using an Asian agamid lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii. Individual tail display signals were observed in the field, and blood lactate concentration as well as 2 energy metabolic enzymes was assayed. Our results showed that average tail coil speed was positively associated with blood lactate concentration, while tail coil duration was negatively associated with LDH activity. We also found that average tail lash speed was positively associated with blood lactate concentration, suggesting that the tail display behavior of P. vlangalii was regulated by anaerobic metabolism. Furthermore, the correlation between tail display behavior and energy metabolism was not sex-dependent. Taken together, our research provides insight into the physiological mechanisms underlying tail display variation in lizards, and suggests that tail display variation likely transmits important information on individual body condition and resource holding potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese academy of sciences, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese academy of sciences, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yin Qi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese academy of sciences, Chengdu, China
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14
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Wilson BC, Ramos JA, Peters RA. Intraspecific variation in behaviour and ecology in a territorial agamid, Ctenophorus fionni. AUST J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/zo20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation as a way to explore factors affecting the evolution of species traits in natural environments is well documented, and also important in the context of preserving biodiversity. In this study, we investigated the extent of behavioural, morphological and ecological variation in the peninsula dragon (Ctenophorus fionni), an endemic Australian agamid that displays extensive variation in colour across three allopatric populations. The aims of the study were to quantify variation across the different populations in terms of the environment, morphometric characteristics and behaviour. We found population level differences in habitat structure and encounter rates. Adult body size of C. fionni, as well as a range of morphometric traits, differed between populations, as well as the frequency of social interactions, which appears to be related to population density and abundance. Analysis of communicative signals showed differences between the southern and central populations, which appear consistent with variations in response to environmental differences between study sites. The findings of the present study, coupled with previous work examining colour variation in this species, show that the three populations of C. fionni have likely undergone substantial differentiation, and would make an interesting study system to explore trait variation in more detail.
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15
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Hallinger KK, Vitousek MN, Winkler DW. Differences in perceived predation risk associated with variation in relative size of extra-pair and within-pair offspring. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:282-296. [PMID: 31677203 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Extra-pair paternity (EPP) is a widespread phenomenon in birds. Researchers have long hypothesized that EPP must confer a fitness advantage to extra-pair offspring (EPO), but empirical support for this hypothesis is definitively mixed. This could be because genetic benefits of EPP only exist in a subset of environmental contexts to which a population is exposed. From 2013 to 2015, we manipulated perceived predator density in a population of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding in New York to see whether fitness outcomes of extra-pair and within-pair offspring (WPO) varied with predation risk. In nests that had been exposed to predators, EPO were larger, longer-winged and heavier than WPO. In nonpredator nests, WPO tended to be larger, longer-winged and heavier than EPO, though the effect was nonsignificant. We found no differences in age, morphology or stress physiology between extra-pair and within-pair sires from the same nest, suggesting that additive genetic benefits cannot fully explain the differences in nestling size that we observed. The lack of an effect of predator exposure on survival or glucocorticoid stress physiology of EPO and WPO further suggests that observed size differences do not reflect more general variation in intrinsic genetic quality. Instead, we suggest that size differences may have arisen through differential investment into EPO and WPO by females, perhaps because EPO and WPO represent different reproductive strategies, with each type of nestling conferring a fitness advantage in specific ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Hallinger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maren N Vitousek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David W Winkler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Ithaca, NY, USA
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16
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Kustra MC, Kahrl AF, Reedy AM, Warner DA, Cox RM. Sperm morphology and count vary with fine-scale changes in local density in a wild lizard population. Oecologia 2019; 191:555-564. [PMID: 31624957 PMCID: PMC6825022 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Given that sperm production can be costly, theory predicts that males should optimally adjust the quantity and/or quality of their sperm in response to their social environment to maximize their paternity success. Although experiments demonstrate that males can alter their ejaculates in response to manipulations of the social environment and studies show that ejaculate traits covary with social environment across populations, it is unknown whether individual variation in sperm traits corresponds to natural variation found within wild populations. Using an island population of brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei), we tested the prediction that sperm traits (sperm count, sperm morphology, sperm velocity) respond to natural variation in the risk of sperm competition, as inferred from the local density and operational sex ratio (OSR) of conspecifics. We found that males living in high-density areas of the island produced relatively larger sperm midpieces, smaller sperm heads, and lower sperm counts. Sperm traits were unrelated to OSR after accounting for the covariance between OSR and density. Our findings broaden the implications of sperm competition theory to intrapopulation social environment variation by showing that sperm count and sperm morphology vary with fine-scale differences in density within a single wild population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Kustra
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Ariel F Kahrl
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA. .,Stockholm University, Zoologiska institutionen: Etologi, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aaron M Reedy
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Daniel A Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Robert M Cox
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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17
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Trillo PA, Benson CS, Caldwell MS, Lam TL, Pickering OH, Logue DM. The Influence of Signaling Conspecific and Heterospecific Neighbors on Eavesdropper Pressure. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Cazzolla Gatti R, Messina G, Tiralongo F, Ursino LA, Lombardo BM. Learning from the environment: how predation changes the behavior of terrestrial Isopoda (Crustacea Oniscidea). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2019.1640799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Forestry and Natural Resources Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Giuseppina Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, Section “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Tiralongo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, Section “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Ursino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, Section “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Bianca M. Lombardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, Section “M. La Greca”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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19
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de Moraes PZ, Diniz P, Fernandez-Juricic E, Macedo RH. Flirting with danger: predation risk interacts with male condition to influence sexual display. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractSexual signaling coevolves with the sensory systems of intended receivers; however, predators may be unintended receivers of sexual signals. Conspicuous aerial displays in some species may place males at high risk of predation from eavesdropping predators. There are three different hypotheses to explain how signaling males can deal with increased predation risk: (1) males invest in survival by decreasing signal conspicuousness; (2) males invest in reproduction by increasing signal conspicuousness; and (3) male response is condition-dependent according to his residual reproductive value. Here, we used blue-black grassquits (Volatinia jacarina) to test these hypotheses, asking whether males modify leap displays under different levels of predation risk. Grassquit males develop an iridescent nuptial plumage and spend considerable time emitting a multimodal signal: while leaping from a perch, males clap their wings above their heads and emit a high-pitched short song. We exposed males to predator and nonpredator playbacks while video recording their displays. We found interactions between predation risk and 2 male condition variables (ectoparasite infestation and proportion of nuptial plumage coverage) that influenced display behavior. Less parasitized males and those with higher proportion of nuptial plumage showed no change in display behavior, while more parasitized males and those with lower proportion of nuptial plumage increased the vigor of displays under predation risk. In other words, males with low residual reproductive value increased reproductive effort when there was a high risk of extrinsic death. Our study provides some empirical support for the terminal investment hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Z de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratório de Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro Diniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Regina H Macedo
- Laboratório de Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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20
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Bian X, Chandler T, Pinilla A, Peters RA. Now You See Me, Now You Don't: Environmental Conditions, Signaler Behavior, and Receiver Response Thresholds Interact to Determine the Efficacy of a Movement-Based Animal Signal. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Stroud JT, Colom M, Ferrer P, Palermo N, Vargas V, Cavallini M, Lopez J, Jones I. Behavioral shifts with urbanization may facilitate biological invasion of a widespread lizard. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-0831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Theodosiou L, Hiltunen T, Becks L. The role of stressors in altering eco‐evolutionary dynamics. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loukas Theodosiou
- Community Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
- Department of Microbial Population BiologyMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
| | - Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Community Dynamics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön Germany
- Limnology ‐ Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological InstituteUniversity of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
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23
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Dufour CMS, Herrel A, Losos JB. The effect of recent competition between the native Anolis oculatus and the invasive A. cristatellus on display behavior. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4888. [PMID: 29922509 PMCID: PMC6005165 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are a global threat to biodiversity. Cases where the invasion has been tracked since its beginning are rare, however, such that the first interactions between invasive and native species remain poorly understood. Communication behavior is an integral part of species identity and is subject to selection. Consequently, resource use and direct interference competition between native and invasive species may drive its evolution. Here, we tested the role of interactions between the recently introduced invasive lizard Anolis cristatellus and the native Anolis oculatus on variation in behavior and communication in Calibishie (Dominica). From May to June 2016, we filmed 122 adult males of both species displaying in banana farms under two contexts (allopatry and sympatry). We then recorded (i) the proportion of time spent displaying and (ii) the relative frequency of dewlap vs. push-up displays. To control for habitat variation, we measured and compared the habitat characteristics (canopy openness and habitat openness) of 228 males in allopatry and sympatry. While the habitat characteristics and total display-time did not differ between the contexts for the two species, the proportion of display-time spent dewlapping by A. cristatellus decreased in sympatry. The display of A. oculatus did not differ between the contexts, however. Shifts in microhabitat use, predation pressure, or interspecific interference are potential factors which might explain the behavioral changes in display observed in A. cristatellus. This study highlights the role of behavioral traits as a first response of an invasive species to recent competition with a closely related native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M S Dufour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département 'Adaptations du vivant', UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
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24
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Lapiedra O, Schoener TW, Leal M, Losos JB, Kolbe JJ. Predator-driven natural selection on risk-taking behavior in anole lizards. Science 2018; 360:1017-1020. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aap9289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biologists have long debated the role of behavior in evolution, yet understanding of its role as a driver of adaptation is hampered by the scarcity of experimental studies of natural selection on behavior in nature. After showing that individualAnolis sagreilizards vary consistently in risk-taking behaviors, we experimentally established populations on eight small islands either with or withoutLeiocephalus carinatus, a major ground predator. We found that selection predictably favors different risk-taking behaviors under different treatments: Exploratory behavior is favored in the absence of predators, whereas avoidance of the ground is favored in their presence. On predator islands, selection on behavior is stronger than selection on morphology, whereas the opposite holds on islands without predators. Our field experiment demonstrates that selection can shape behavioral traits, paving the way toward adaptation to varying environmental contexts.
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25
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Baeckens S, Driessens T, Van Damme R. The brown anole dewlap revisited: do predation pressure, sexual selection, and species recognition shape among-population signal diversity? PeerJ 2018; 6:e4722. [PMID: 29761044 PMCID: PMC5947042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal signalling structures are amongst the most variable characteristics, as they are subjected to a diversity of selection pressures. A well-known example of a diverse signalling system in the animal kingdom is the dewlap of Anolis lizards. Dewlap characteristics can vary remarkably among and within species, and also between sexes. Although a considerable amount of studies have attempted to disentangle the functional significance of the staggering dewlap diversity in Anolis, the underlying evolutionary processes remain elusive. In this study, we focus on the contribution of biotic selective pressures in shaping geographic variation in dewlap design (size, colour, and pattern) and dewlap display behaviour at the intraspecific level. Notably, we have tried to replicate and extend previously reported results hereof in both sexes of the brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei). To do this, we assembled a dataset consisting of 17 A. sagrei heterogeneous island populations from the Caribbean and specifically tested whether predation pressure, sexual selection, or species recognition could explain interpopulational variation in an array of dewlap characteristics. Our findings show that in neither males nor females estimates of predation pressure (island size, tail break frequency, model attack rate, presence of predatory Leiocephalus lizards) or sexual selection (sexual size dimorphism) could explain variation in dewlap design. We did find that A. sagrei males from larger islands showed higher dewlap display intensities than males from smaller islands, but the direct connection with predation pressure remains ambiguous and demands further investigation. Last, we could show indirect support for species recognition only in males, as they are more likely to have a 'spotted' dewlap pattern when co-occurring with a higher number of syntopic Anolis species. In conclusion, we found overall limited support for the idea that the extensive interpopulational variability in dewlap design and use in A. sagrei is mediated by variation in their biotic environment. We propose a variety of conceptual and methodological explanations for this unexpected finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baeckens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tess Driessens
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Raoul Van Damme
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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26
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Parallel Behavioral Divergence with Macrohabitat inAnolis(Squamata: Dactyloidae) Lizards from the Dominican Republic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3099/mcz39.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Bian X, Chandler T, Laird W, Pinilla A, Peters R. Integrating evolutionary biology with digital arts to quantify ecological constraints on vision‐based behaviour. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bian
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Tom Chandler
- Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Caulfield East VIC Australia
| | - Warwick Laird
- Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Caulfield East VIC Australia
| | - Angela Pinilla
- Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Caulfield East VIC Australia
| | - Richard Peters
- Animal Behaviour Group Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Melbourne VIC Australia
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28
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Schoener TW, Kolbe JJ, Leal M, Losos JB, Spiller DA. A Multigenerational Field Experiment on Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of the Influential LizardAnolis sagrei: A Mid-term Report. COPEIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-16-549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Ord TJ, Stamps JA. Why does the rate of signal production in ectotherms vary with temperature? Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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30
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Ramos JA, Peters RA. Habitat-dependent variation in motion signal structure between allopatric populations of lizards. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Steinberg DS, Leal M. Visual motion detection and habitat preference in Anolis lizards. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:783-790. [PMID: 27558791 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The perception of visual stimuli has been a major area of inquiry in sensory ecology, and much of this work has focused on coloration. However, for visually oriented organisms, the process of visual motion detection is often equally crucial to survival and reproduction. Despite the importance of motion detection to many organisms' daily activities, the degree of interspecific variation in the perception of visual motion remains largely unexplored. Furthermore, the factors driving this potential variation (e.g., ecology or evolutionary history) along with the effects of such variation on behavior are unknown. We used a behavioral assay under laboratory conditions to quantify the visual motion detection systems of three species of Puerto Rican Anolis lizard that prefer distinct structural habitat types. We then compared our results to data previously collected for anoles from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Central America. Our findings indicate that general visual motion detection parameters are similar across species, regardless of habitat preference or evolutionary history. We argue that these conserved sensory properties may drive the evolution of visual communication behavior in this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Steinberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Manuel Leal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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32
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Vogt K, Hofer E, Ryser A, Kölliker M, Breitenmoser U. Is there a trade-off between scent marking and hunting behaviour in a stalking predator, the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx? Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Halfwerk W, Lea A, Guerra M, Page R, Ryan M. Vocal responses to noise reveal the presence of the Lombard effect in a frog. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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34
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Ord TJ, Charles GK, Palmer M, Stamps JA. Plasticity in social communication and its implications for the colonization of novel habitats. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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35
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Ramos JA, Peters RA. Dragon wars: Movement-based signalling by Australian agamid lizards in relation to species ecology. AUSTRAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Ramos
- Animal Behaviour Group; Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution; La Trobe University; Bundoora Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - Richard Anthony Peters
- Animal Behaviour Group; Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution; La Trobe University; Bundoora Victoria 3083 Australia
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36
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37
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Predation reduces visual communication distance in an
Anolis
lizard. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9026-7. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407884111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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