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Staruschenko A, Alexander RT, Caplan MJ, Ilatovskaya DV. Calcium signalling and transport in the kidney. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:541-555. [PMID: 38641658 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The kidney plays a pivotal role in regulating calcium levels within the body. Approximately 98% of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the nephron, and this process is tightly controlled to maintain calcium homeostasis, which is required to facilitate optimal bone mineralization, preserve serum calcium levels within a narrow range, and support intracellular signalling mechanisms. The maintenance of these functions is attributed to a delicate balance achieved by various calcium channels, transporters, and calcium-binding proteins in renal cells. Perturbation of this balance due to deficiency or dysfunction of calcium channels and calcium-binding proteins can lead to severe complications. For example, polycystic kidney disease is linked to aberrant calcium transport and signalling. Furthermore, dysregulation of calcium levels can promote the formation of kidney stones. This Review provides an updated description of the key aspects of calcium handling in the kidney, focusing on the function of various calcium channels and the physiological stimuli that control these channels or are communicated through them. A discussion of the role of calcium as an intracellular second messenger and the pathophysiology of renal calcium dysregulation, as well as a summary of gaps in knowledge and future prospects, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Hypertension and Kidney Research Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - R Todd Alexander
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Women's and Children's Health Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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2
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Ge WD, Du TT, Wang CY, Sun LN, Wang YQ. Calcium signaling crosstalk between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, a new drug development strategies of kidney diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116278. [PMID: 38740223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) acts as a second messenger and constitutes a complex and large information exchange system between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria; this process is involved in various life activities, such as energy metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Increasing evidence has suggested that alterations in Ca2+ crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria, including alterations in ER and mitochondrial Ca2+ channels and related Ca2+ regulatory proteins, such as sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), and calnexin (CNX), are closely associated with the development of kidney disease. Therapies targeting intracellular Ca2+ signaling have emerged as an emerging field in the treatment of renal diseases. In this review, we focused on recent advances in Ca2+ signaling, ER and mitochondrial Ca2+ monitoring methods and Ca2+ homeostasis in the development of renal diseases and sought to identify new targets and insights for the treatment of renal diseases by targeting Ca2+ channels or related Ca2+ regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Di Ge
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Du
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cao-Yang Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Ning Sun
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong-Qing Wang
- Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Held A, Lapka J, Sargeant J, Hojanazarova J, Shaheen A, Galindo S, Madreiter-Sokolowski C, Malli R, Graier WF, Hay JC. Steady-state regulation of COPII-dependent secretory cargo sorting by inositol trisphosphate receptors, calcium, and penta EF hand proteins. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105471. [PMID: 37979918 PMCID: PMC10750190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that agonist-stimulated Ca2+ signaling involving IP3 receptors modulates ER export rates through activation of the penta-EF Hand proteins apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG-2) and peflin. It is unknown, however, whether IP3Rs and penta-EF proteins regulate ER export rates at steady state. Here we tested this idea in normal rat kidney epithelial cells by manipulation of IP3R isoform expression. Under standard growth conditions, spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations occurred simultaneously in successive groups of contiguous cells, generating intercellular Ca2+ waves that moved across the monolayer periodically. Depletion of IP3R-3, typically the least promiscuous IP3R isoform, caused increased cell participation in intercellular Ca2+ waves in unstimulated cells. The increased spontaneous signaling was sufficient to cause increased ALG-2 and COPII coat subunit Sec31A and decreased peflin localization at ER exit sites, resulting in increased ER-to-Golgi transport of the COPII client cargo VSV-G. The elevated ER-to-Golgi transport caused greater concentration of VSV-G at ER exit sites and had reciprocal effects on transport of VSV-G and a bulk-flow cargo, though both cargos equally required Sec31A. Inactivation of client cargo sorting using 4-phenylbutyrate had opposing reciprocal effects on client and bulk-flow cargo and neutralized any effect of ALG-2 activation on transport. This work extends our knowledge of ALG-2 mechanisms and indicates that in normal rat kidney cells, IP3R isoforms regulate homeostatic Ca2+ signaling that helps determine the basal secretion rate and stringency of COPII-dependent cargo sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Held
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Jacob Lapka
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - John Sargeant
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Jennet Hojanazarova
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Alaa Shaheen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Samuel Galindo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Corina Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jesse C Hay
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
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4
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Jung HJ, Dixon EE, Coleman R, Watnick T, Reiter JF, Outeda P, Cebotaru V, Woodward OM, Welling PA. Polycystin-2-dependent transcriptome reveals early response of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:565-577. [PMID: 37720991 PMCID: PMC11178268 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00040.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in polycystin genes, Pkd1 and Pkd2, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. To identify genes and pathways that operate downstream of polycystin-2 (PC2), a comprehensive gene expression database was created, cataloging changes in the transcriptome immediately following PC2 protein depletion. To explore cyst initiation processes, an immortalized mouse inner medullary collecting duct line was developed with the ability to knock out the Pkd2 gene conditionally. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling was performed using RNA sequencing in the cells immediately after PC2 was depleted and compared with isogenic control cells. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and a bioinformatic analysis pipeline was implemented. Altered expression of candidate cystogenic genes was validated in Pkd2 knockout mice. The expression of nearly 900 genes changed upon PC2 depletion. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for genes encoding components of the primary cilia, the canonical Wnt pathway, and MAPK signaling. Among the PC2-dependent ciliary genes, the transcription factor Glis3 was significantly downregulated. MAPK signaling formed a key node at the epicenter of PC2-dependent signaling networks. Activation of Wnt and MAPK signaling, concomitant with the downregulation of Glis3, was corroborated in Pkd2 knockout mice. The data identify a PC2 cilia-to-nucleus signaling axis and dysregulation of the Gli-similar subfamily of transcription factors as a potential initiator of cyst formation in ADPKD. The catalog of PC2-regulated genes should provide a valuable resource for future ADPKD research and new opportunities for drug development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease. Mutations in polycystin genes cause the disease, but the underlying mechanisms of cystogenesis are unknown. To help fill this knowledge gap, we created an inducible cell model of ADPKD and assembled a catalog of genes that respond in immediate proximity to polycystin-2 depletion using transcriptomic profiling. The catalog unveils a ciliary signaling-to-nucleus axis proximal to polycystin-2 dysfunction, highlighting Glis, Wnt, and MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Eryn E Dixon
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Richard Coleman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Patricia Outeda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Valeriu Cebotaru
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul A Welling
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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5
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Chen Z, Drummond IA. Polycystin-2, mechanosensing, and left-right asymmetry in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2023; 104:638-640. [PMID: 37140526 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chen
- Department of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Davis Center for Aging and Regeneration, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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6
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Trinh A, Huang Y, Shao H, Ram A, Morival J, Wang J, Chung EJ, Downing TL. Targeting the ADPKD methylome using nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:026111. [PMID: 37305656 PMCID: PMC10257530 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation aberrancies are found in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which suggests the methylome to be a promising therapeutic target. However, the impact of combining DNA methylation inhibitors (DNMTi) and ADPKD drugs in treating ADPKD and on disease-associated methylation patterns has not been fully explored. To test this, ADPKD drugs, metformin and tolvaptan (MT), were delivered in combination with DNMTi 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Aza) to 2D or 3D cystic Pkd1 heterozygous renal epithelial cells (PKD1-Het cells) as free drugs or within nanoparticles to enable direct delivery for future in vivo applications. We found Aza synergizes with MT to reduce cell viability and cystic growth. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) was performed across four groups: PBS, Free-Aza (Aza), Free-Aza+MT (F-MTAza), and Nanoparticle-Aza+MT (NP-MTAza). Global methylation patterns showed that while Aza alone induces a unimodal intermediate methylation landscape, Aza+MT recovers the bimodality reminiscent of somatic methylomes. Importantly, site-specific methylation changes associated with F-MTAza and NP-MTAza were largely conserved including hypomethylation at ADPKD-associated genes. Notably, we report hypomethylation of cancer-associated genes implicated in ADPKD pathogenesis as well as new target genes that may provide additional therapeutic effects. Overall, this study motivates future work to further elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of observed drug synergy and apply these combination therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Aparna Ram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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7
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Márquez-Nogueras KM, Vuchkovska V, Kuo IY. Calcium signaling in polycystic kidney disease- cell death and survival. Cell Calcium 2023; 112:102733. [PMID: 37023534 PMCID: PMC10348384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease is typified by cysts in the kidney and extra-renal manifestations including hypertension and heart failure. The main genetic underpinning this disease are loss-of function mutations to the two polycystin proteins, polycystin 1 and polycystin 2. Molecularly, the disease is characterized by changes in multiple signaling pathways including down regulation of calcium signaling, which, in part, is contributed by the calcium permeant properties of polycystin 2. These signaling pathways enable the cystic cells to survive and avoid cell death. This review focuses on the studies that have emerged in the past 5 years describing how the structural insights gained from PC-1 and PC-2 inform the calcium dependent molecular pathways of autophagy and the unfolded protein response that are regulated by the polycystin proteins and how it leads to cell survival and/or cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla M Márquez-Nogueras
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Virdjinija Vuchkovska
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, USA; Graduate School, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ivana Y Kuo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, USA.
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8
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Englisch CN, Paulsen F, Tschernig T. TRPC Channels in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Renal Tubular System: What Do We Know? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010181. [PMID: 36613622 PMCID: PMC9820145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels has dramatically increased during the past few years. TRP channels function as sensors and effectors in the cellular adaptation to environmental changes. Here, we review literature investigating the physiological and pathophysiological roles of TRPC channels in the renal tubular system with a focus on TRPC3 and TRPC6. TRPC3 plays a key role in Ca2+ homeostasis and is involved in transcellular Ca2+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the collecting duct. TRPC3 also conveys the osmosensitivity of principal cells of the collecting duct and is implicated in vasopressin-induced membrane translocation of AQP-2. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) can often be attributed to mutations of the PKD2 gene. TRPC3 is supposed to have a detrimental role in ADPKD-like conditions. The tubule-specific physiological functions of TRPC6 have not yet been entirely elucidated. Its pathophysiological role in ischemia-reperfusion injuries is a subject of debate. However, TRPC6 seems to be involved in tumorigenesis of renal cell carcinoma. In summary, TRPC channels are relevant in multiples conditions of the renal tubular system. There is a need to further elucidate their pathophysiology to better understand certain renal disorders and ultimately create new therapeutic targets to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colya N. Englisch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-1626-100
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Single-Cell and CellChat Resolution Identifies Collecting Duct Cell Subsets and Their Communications with Adjacent Cells in PKD Kidneys. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010045. [PMID: 36611841 PMCID: PMC9818381 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ADPKD is a genetic disorder with a molecular complexity that remains poorly understood. In this study, we sampled renal cells to construct a comprehensive and spatiotemporally resolved gene expression atlas in whole Pkd1 mutant polycystic mouse kidneys at single-cell resolution. We characterized cell diversity and identified novel collecting duct (CD) cell subtypes in cystic kidneys. We further found that CD cells appear to take different cell fate trajectories, and the first and the most important step might take place around day 14 in Pkd1 homozygous kidneys. After that day, increased numbers of CD cells showed highly proliferative and fibrotic characteristics, as detected in later-stage Pkd1 homozygous kidneys, both of which should contribute to cyst growth and renal fibrosis. With a newly developed modeling algorithm, called CellChat Explorer, we identify cell-to-cell communication networks mediated by the ligand receptor, such as MIF-CD44/CD74, in cystic kidneys, and confirm them via the expression patterns of ligands and receptors in four major cell types, which addresses the key question as to whether and how Pkd1 mutant renal epithelial cells affect their neighboring cells. The allele-specific gene expression profiles show that the secretion of cytokines by Pkd1 mutant epithelial cells may affect the gene expression profiles in recipient cells via epigenetic mechanisms, and vice versa. This study can be used to drive precision therapeutic targeting of ADPKD.
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10
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Padhy B, Xie J, Wang R, Lin F, Huang CL. Channel Function of Polycystin-2 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Protects against Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1501-1516. [PMID: 35835458 PMCID: PMC9342640 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of PKD2, which encodes polycystin-2, cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The prevailing view is that defects in polycystin-2-mediated calcium ion influx in the primary cilia play a central role in the pathogenesis of cyst growth. However, polycystin-2 is predominantly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and more permeable to potassium ions than to calcium ions. METHODS The trimeric intracellular cation (TRIC) channel TRIC-B is an ER-resident potassium channel that mediates potassium-calcium counterion exchange for inositol trisphosphate-mediated calcium ion release. Using TRIC-B as a tool, we examined the function of ER-localized polycystin-2 and its role in ADPKD pathogenesis in cultured cells, zebrafish, and mouse models. RESULTS Agonist-induced ER calcium ion release was defective in cells lacking polycystin-2 and reversed by exogenous expression of TRIC-B. Vice versa, exogenous polycystin-2 reversed an ER calcium-release defect in cells lacking TRIC-B. In a zebrafish model, expression of wild-type but not nonfunctional TRIC-B suppressed polycystin-2-deficient phenotypes. Similarly, these phenotypes were suppressed by targeting the ROMK potassium channel (normally expressed on the cell surface) to the ER. In cultured cells and polycystin-2-deficient zebrafish phenotypes, polycystin-2 remained capable of reversing the ER calcium release defect even when it was not present in the cilia. Transgenic expression of Tric-b ameliorated cystogenesis in the kidneys of conditional Pkd2-inactivated mice, whereas Tric-b deletion enhanced cystogenesis in Pkd2-heterozygous kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Polycystin-2 in the ER appears to be critical for anticystogenesis and likely functions as a potassium ion channel to facilitate potassium-calcium counterion exchange for inositol trisphosphate-mediated calcium release. The results advance the understanding of ADPKD pathogenesis and provides proof of principle for pharmacotherapy by TRIC-B activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Padhy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jian Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Runping Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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11
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Caplan MJ. Polycystin-2 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Bending Ideas about the Role of the Cilium. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1433-1434. [PMID: 35906088 PMCID: PMC9342637 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Cantero MDR, Cantiello HF. Polycystin-2 (TRPP2): Ion channel properties and regulation. Gene 2022; 827:146313. [PMID: 35314260 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-2 (TRPP2, PKD2, PC2) is the product of the PKD2 gene, whose mutations cause Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD). PC2 belongs to the superfamily of TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) proteins that generally function as Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels implicated in Ca2+ signaling. PC2 localizes to various cell domains with distinct functions that likely depend on interactions with specific channel partners. Functions include receptor-operated, nonselective cation channel activity in the plasma membrane, intracellular Ca2+ release channel activity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mechanosensitive channel activity in the primary cilium of renal epithelial cells. Here we summarize our current understanding of the properties of PC2 and how other transmembrane and cytosolic proteins modulate this activity, providing functional diversity and selective regulatory mechanisms to its role in the control of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rocío Cantero
- Laboratorio de Canales Iónicos, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD, CONICET-UNSE), El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina.
| | - Horacio F Cantiello
- Laboratorio de Canales Iónicos, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD, CONICET-UNSE), El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero 4206, Argentina
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13
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Peña-Oyarzun D, Rodriguez-Peña M, Burgos-Bravo F, Vergara A, Kretschmar C, Sotomayor-Flores C, Ramirez-Sarmiento CA, De Smedt H, Reyes M, Perez W, Torres VA, Morselli E, Altamirano F, Wilson CAM, Hill JA, Lavandero S, Criollo A. PKD2/polycystin-2 induces autophagy by forming a complex with BECN1. Autophagy 2021; 17:1714-1728. [PMID: 32543276 PMCID: PMC8354594 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1782035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an intracellular process involved in the breakdown of macromolecules and organelles. Recent studies have shown that PKD2/PC2/TRPP2 (polycystin 2, transient receptor potential cation channel), a nonselective cation channel permeable to Ca2+ that belongs to the family of transient receptor potential channels, is required for autophagy in multiple cell types by a mechanism that remains unclear. Here, we report that PKD2 forms a protein complex with BECN1 (beclin 1), a key protein required for the formation of autophagic vacuoles, by acting as a scaffold that interacts with several co-modulators via its coiled-coil domain (CCD). Our data identified a physical and functional interaction between PKD2 and BECN1, which depends on one out of two CCD domains (CC1), located in the carboxy-terminal tail of PKD2. In addition, depletion of intracellular Ca2+ with BAPTA-AM not only blunted starvation-induced autophagy but also disrupted the PKD2-BECN1 complex. Consistently, PKD2 overexpression triggered autophagy by increasing its interaction with BECN1, while overexpression of PKD2D509V, a Ca2+ channel activity-deficient mutant, did not induce autophagy and manifested diminished interaction with BECN1. Our findings show that the PKD2-BECN1 complex is required for the induction of autophagy, and its formation depends on the presence of the CC1 domain of PKD2 and on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization by PKD2. These results provide new insights regarding the molecular mechanisms by which PKD2 controls autophagy.Abbreviations: ADPKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; ATG: autophagy-related; ATG14/ATG14L: autophagy related 14; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BCL2/Bcl-2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BCL2L1/BCL-XL: BCL2 like 1; BECN1: beclin 1; CCD: coiled-coil domain; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GOLGA2/GM130: golgin A2; GST: glutathione s-transferase; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PKD2/PC2: polycystin 2, transient receptor potential cation channel; RTN4/NOGO: reticulon 4; RUBCN/RUBICON: rubicon autophagy regulator; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzun
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Rodriguez-Peña
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francesca Burgos-Bravo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angelo Vergara
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Kretschmar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Sotomayor-Flores
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar A. Ramirez-Sarmiento
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Facultades de Ingenieria, Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humbert De Smedt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Montserrat Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - William Perez
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vicente A. Torres
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Altamirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christian A. M. Wilson
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph A. Hill
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Szymkowiak S, Sandler N, Kaplan DL. Aligned Silk Sponge Fabrication and Perfusion Culture for Scalable Proximal Tubule Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10768-10777. [PMID: 33621042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease and kidney failure are on the rise globally, yet there has not been a corresponding improvement in available therapies. A key challenge in a biological approach to developing kidney tissue is to identify scaffolding materials that support cell growth both in vitro and in vivo to facilitate translational goals. Scaffolds composed of silk fibroin protein possess the biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and stability required for tissue engineering. Here, we use a silk sponge system to support kidney cells in a perfused bioreactor system. Silk fibroin protein underwent directional freezing to form parallel porous structures that mimic the native kidney structure of aligned tubules and are able to support more cells than nonaligned silk sponges. Adult immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cells were seeded into the sponges and cultured under static conditions for 1 week, then grown statically or with perfusion with culture media flowing through the sponge to enhance cell alignment and maturation. The sponges were imaged with confocal and scanning electron microscopies to analyze and quantify cell attachment, alignment, and expression of proteins important to proximal tubule differentiation and function. The perfused tissue constructs showed higher number of cells that are more evenly distributed through the construct and increased gene expression of several key markers of proximal tubule epithelial cell function compared to sponges grown under static conditions. These perfused tissue constructs represent a step toward a scalable approach to engineering proximal tubule structures with the potential to be used as in vitro models or as in vivo implantable tissues to supplement or replace impaired kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Szymkowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Nathan Sandler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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15
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Shimomura Y, O'Shaughnessy R, Rajan N. PLCD1 and Pilar Cysts. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 139:2075-2077. [PMID: 31543210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trichilemmal or "pilar" cysts are commonly found on the scalp and are derived from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. Multiple trichilemmal cysts present in an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, yet the genetic mechanism has remained elusive. In this issue, Hörer et al. (2019) highlight predisposing variants in PLCD1 in such families and propose a monoallelic mutational mechanism that drives cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryan O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Rajan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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16
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Brill AL, Fischer TT, Walters JM, Marlier A, Sewanan LR, Wilson PC, Johnson EK, Moeckel G, Cantley LG, Campbell SG, Nerbonne JM, Chung HJ, Robert ME, Ehrlich BE. Polycystin 2 is increased in disease to protect against stress-induced cell death. Sci Rep 2020; 10:386. [PMID: 31941974 PMCID: PMC6962458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin 2 (PC2 or TRPP1, formerly TRPP2) is a calcium-permeant Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) cation channel expressed primarily on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and primary cilia of all cell and tissue types. Despite its ubiquitous expression throughout the body, studies of PC2 have focused primarily on its role in the kidney, as mutations in PC2 lead to the development of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a debilitating condition for which there is no cure. However, the endogenous role that PC2 plays in the regulation of general cellular homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we measure how PC2 expression changes in different pathological states, determine that its abundance is increased under conditions of cellular stress in multiple tissues including human disease, and conclude that PC2-deficient cells have increased susceptibility to cell death induced by stress. Our results offer new insight into the normal function of PC2 as a ubiquitous stress-sensitive protein whose expression is up-regulated in response to cell stress to protect against pathological cell death in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Tom T Fischer
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America.,Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer M Walters
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Arnaud Marlier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo R Sewanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Parker C Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Eric K Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Lloyd G Cantley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Stuart G Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States of America
| | - Marie E Robert
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America. .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States of America.
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17
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Brill AL, Ehrlich BE. Polycystin 2: A calcium channel, channel partner, and regulator of calcium homeostasis in ADPKD. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109490. [PMID: 31805375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polycystin 2 (PC2) is one of two main protein types responsible for the underlying etiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most prevalent monogenic renal disease in the world. This debilitating and currently incurable condition is caused by loss-of-function mutations in PKD2 and PKD1, the genes encoding for PC2 and Polycystin 1 (PC1), respectively. Two-hit mutation events in these genes lead to renal cyst formation and eventual kidney failure, the main hallmarks of ADPKD. Though much is known concerning the physiological consequences and dysfunctional signaling mechanisms resulting from ADPKD development, to best understand the requirement of PC2 in maintaining organ homeostasis, it is important to recognize how PC2 acts under normal conditions. As such, an array of work has been performed characterizing the endogenous function of PC2, revealing it to be a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family of proteins. As a TRP protein, PC2 is a nonselective, cation-permeant, calcium-sensitive channel expressed in all tissue types, where it localizes primarily on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), primary cilia, and plasma membrane. In addition to its channel function, PC2 interacts with and acts as a regulator of a number of other channels, ultimately further affecting intracellular signaling and leading to dysfunction in its absence. In this review, we describe the biophysical and physiological properties of PC2 as a cation channel and modulator of intracellular calcium channels, along with how these properties are altered in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disorder characterized by the relentless growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. Mutations in PKD1 and PKD2, genes that encode polycystin 1 and 2, respectively, are responsible for most cases of ADPKD. Currently, the cellular mechanisms responsible for cyst formation remain poorly understood. In vitro models have been used by researchers to investigate cellular processes for cyst formation in carefully controlled experimental conditions. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, a distal tubule epithelial cell line, were first used to form 3-dimensional (3-D) cysts within a hydrated collagen gel. This method was applied to epithelial cells cultured from cysts of human ADPKD kidneys, allowing investigators to study cellular mechanisms for cyst growth using cells that harbor the genetic mutations responsible for ADPKD in humans. Studies using ADPKD in vitro cysts have provided insight into cellular processes regulating cell proliferation, fluid secretion, and cell polarity. These assays were used to demonstrate the central role of cAMP agonists, such as arginine vasopressin, on cyst growth; and to test the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents, including tolvaptan. Results obtained from in vitro cyst experiments demonstrate the translational value of cell model systems for investigating the mechanisms for cyst formation in human ADPKD. In this chapter, we describe protocols for growing ADPKD cells in a 3-D in vitro cyst assay and measuring total cyst volume by microscopy and image analysis.
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19
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Kuo IY, Brill AL, Lemos FO, Jiang JY, Falcone JL, Kimmerling EP, Cai Y, Dong K, Kaplan DL, Wallace DP, Hofer AM, Ehrlich BE. Polycystin 2 regulates mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling, bioenergetics, and dynamics through mitofusin 2. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/580/eaat7397. [PMID: 31064883 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have an intimate functional relationship due to tethering proteins that bring their membranes in close (~30 nm) apposition. One function of this interorganellar junction is to increase the efficiency of Ca2+ transfer into mitochondria, thus stimulating mitochondrial respiration. Here, we showed that the ER cation-permeant channel polycystin 2 (PC2) functions to reduce mitochondria-ER contacts. In cell culture models, PC2 knockdown led to a 50% increase in mitofusin 2 (MFN2) expression, an outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase. Live-cell super-resolution and electron microscopy analyses revealed enhanced MFN2-dependent tethering between the ER and mitochondria in PC2 knockdown cells. PC2 knockdown also led to increased ER-mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling, bioenergetic activation, and mitochondrial density. Mutation or deletion of the gene encoding for PC2 results in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a condition characterized by numerous fluid-filled cysts. In cell culture models and mice with kidney-specific PC2 knockout, knockdown of MFN2 rescued defective mitochondrial Ca2+ transfer and diminished cell proliferation in kidney cysts. Consistent with these results, cyst-lining epithelial cells from human ADPKD kidneys had a twofold increase in mitochondria and MFN2 expression. Our data suggest that PC2 normally serves to limit key mitochondrial proteins at the ER-mitochondrial interface and acts as a checkpoint for mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics. Loss of this regulation may contribute to the increased oxidative metabolism and aberrant cell proliferation typical of kidney cysts in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Y Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fernanda O Lemos
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jason Y Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA 02132, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Falcone
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA 02132, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Erica P Kimmerling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University. Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine. New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine. New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University. Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Department of Medicine and the Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Aldebaran M Hofer
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA 02132, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA 02132, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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20
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Sensory primary cilium is a responsive cAMP microdomain in renal epithelia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6523. [PMID: 31024067 PMCID: PMC6484033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hair-like cellular extensions that sense microenvironmental signals surrounding cells. The role of adenylyl cyclases in ciliary function has been of interest because the product of adenylyl cyclase activity, cAMP, is relevant to cilia-related diseases. In the present study, we show that vasopressin receptor type-2 (V2R) is localized to cilia in kidney epithelial cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of V2R with tolvaptan increases ciliary length and mechanosensory function. Genetic knockdown of V2R, however, does not have any effect on ciliary length, although the effect of tolvaptan on ciliary length is dampened. Our study reveals that tolvaptan may have a cilia-specific effect independent of V2R or verapamil-sensitive calcium channels. Live-imaging of single cilia shows that V2R activation increases cilioplasmic and cytoplasmic cAMP levels, whereas tolvaptan mediates cAMP changes only in a cilia-specific manner. Furthermore, fluid-shear stress decreases cilioplasmic, but not cytoplasmic cAMP levels. Our data indicate that cilioplasmic and cytoplasmic cAMP levels are differentially modulated. We propose that the cilium is a critical sensor acting as a responsive cAMP microcompartment during physiologically relevant stimuli.
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21
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Mitochondrial TRPC3 promotes cell proliferation by regulating the mitochondrial calcium and metabolism in renal polycystin-2 knockdown cells. Int Urol Nephrol 2019; 51:1059-1070. [PMID: 31012036 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-019-02149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies indicate that autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cells exhibited dysregulated calcium homeostasis and enhanced cell proliferation. TRPC3 has been shown to function in the modulation of calcium and sodium entry, but whether TRPC3 plays a role in cellular abnormalities of ADPKD cells has not been defined. METHODS Human conditionally immortalized proximal tubular epithelial cells and mouse IMCD3 cells were used with polycystin-2 (PC2, TRPP2) knockdown. Cell proliferation assay was used to detect the cell proliferations upon different treatments. QRT-PCR and western blotting were used to measure the expression profiles of TRPP2 and other proteins. High-resolution respirometry, enzymic activities and ROS levels were detected to reflect the mitochondrial functions. Calcium and sodium uptakes were measured using Fura2-AM and SBFI dyes. RESULTS We showed that PC2 knockdown promoted cell proliferation, ROS productions and ERK phosphorylation, compared with negative control. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that receptor-operated calcium entry (ROCE) exhibited less reductions compared with store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) upon PC2 knockdown. Inhibition of ROCE and SOCE by specific inhibitors partially reversed the enhanced cell proliferation, ROS productions and ERK phosphorylation induced by PC2 knockdown. Moreover, TRPC3 upregulation was observed upon PC2 knockdown, which acted as both SOC and ROC, promoting cation entry, cell proliferation and ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, we showed that mitochondrial located TRPC3 was upregulated and modulating mitochondrial calcium uptake, thus promoting the ROS productions in the presence of PC2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that TRPC3 upregulation upon PC2 knockdown aggravated the mitochondrial abnormalities and cell proliferation by modulating mitochondrial calcium uptake. Targeting TRPC3 might be a promising target for ADPKD treatment.
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22
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Increased salt intake does not worsen the progression of renal cystic disease in high water-loaded PCK rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207461. [PMID: 30870430 PMCID: PMC6417693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-diuretic hormone arginine vasopressin is thought to be a detrimental factor in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). We previously reported that high water intake (HWI) reduced urine osmolality and urinary arginine vasopressin, improved renal function, and reduced the kidney/body weight ratio in PCK rats, an orthologous model of human PKD. In PKD patients, however, it is reported that HWI increases total kidney volume, urine volume, and urine sodium excretion, which could be a consequence of high salt intake. In the current study, we loaded PCK rats with high salt concurrently with HWI to determine whether this human-imitated condition exacerbates disease progression. PCK rats were assigned into 4 groups: control group (CONT: distilled water), HWI group (HWI: 5% glucose in water), HWI with 0.2% NaCl group (HWI+0.2%NaCl), and HWI with 0.45% NaCl group (HWI+0.45%NaCl). Total water intake during the experimental period was increased by 1.86-, 2.02-, and 2.42-fold in HWI, HWI+0.2%NaCl, and HWI+0.45%NaCl, and sodium intake was increased by 2.55- and 5.83-fold in HWI+0.2%NaCl and HWI+0.45%NaCl, respectively, compared with CONT. Systolic blood pressure was higher in HWI+0.2%NaCl and HWI+0.45%NaCl than in both CONT and HWI. Serum urea nitrogen, kidney/body weight ratio, cAMP, cystic area, and fibrosis index were significantly lower in HWI compared with CONT, and these ameliorative effects were not abrogated in either HWI+0.2%NaCl or HWI+0.45%NaCl. The amount of sodium excreted into the urine was increased by 2.50- and 8.38-fold in HWI+0.2%NaCl and HWI+0.45%NaCl, respectively, compared with HWI. Serum sodium levels were not different between the groups. These findings indicate that the beneficial effect of HWI against the progression of cystic kidney disease was not affected even by high salt-overload in this rodent model of PKD.
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23
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Ricci P, Magalhães P, Krochmal M, Pejchinovski M, Daina E, Caruso MR, Goea L, Belczacka I, Remuzzi G, Umbhauer M, Drube J, Pape L, Mischak H, Decramer S, Schaefer F, Schanstra JP, Cereghini S, Zürbig P. Urinary proteome signature of Renal Cysts and Diabetes syndrome in children. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2225. [PMID: 30778115 PMCID: PMC6379363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Cysts and Diabetes Syndrome (RCAD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the HNF1B gene encoding for the transcriptional factor hepatocyte nuclear factor-1B. RCAD is characterized as a multi-organ disease, with a broad spectrum of symptoms including kidney abnormalities (renal cysts, renal hypodysplasia, single kidney, horseshoe kidneys, hydronephrosis), early-onset diabetes mellitus, abnormal liver function, pancreatic hypoplasia and genital tract malformations. In the present study, using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS), we investigated the urinary proteome of a pediatric cohort of RCAD patients and different controls to identify peptide biomarkers and obtain further insights into the pathophysiology of this disorder. As a result, 146 peptides were found to be associated with RCAD in 22 pediatric patients when compared to 22 healthy age-matched controls. A classifier based on these peptides was generated and further tested on an independent cohort, clearly discriminating RCAD patients from different groups of controls. This study demonstrates that the urinary proteome of pediatric RCAD patients differs from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD1, PKD2), congenital nephrotic syndrome (NPHS1, NPHS2, NPHS4, NPHS9) as well as from chronic kidney disease conditions, suggesting differences between the pathophysiology behind these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierbruno Ricci
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS - UMR7622 - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Pedro Magalhães
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Erica Daina
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Ranica Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Laura Goea
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS - UMR7622 - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Iwona Belczacka
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), Aachen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Ranica Bergamo, Italy
| | - Muriel Umbhauer
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS - UMR7622 - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Jens Drube
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Pape
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stéphane Decramer
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Centre De Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares du Sud Ouest (SORARE), Toulouse, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Franz Schaefer
- University Children Hospital, Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Cereghini
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS - UMR7622 - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Paris, France
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Dixon EE, Woodward OM. Three-dimensional in vitro models answer the right questions in ADPKD cystogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F332-F335. [PMID: 29693448 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00126.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel technologies, new understanding of the basement membrane composition, and better comprehension of the embryonic development of the mammalian kidney have led to explosive growth in the use of three-dimensional in vitro models to study a range of human disease pathologies (Clevers H. Cell 165: 1586-1597, 2016; Shamir ER, Ewald AJ. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15: 647-664, 2014). The development of these effective model systems represents a new tool to study the progressive cystogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD is a prevalent and complex monogenetic disease, characterized by the pathological formation of fluid fill cysts in renal tissue (Grantham JJ, Mulamalla S, Swenson-Fields KI. Nat Rev Nephrol 7: 556-566, 2011; Takiar V, Caplan MJ. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812: 1337-1343, 2011). ADPKD cystogenesis is attributed to loss of function mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2, which encode for two transmembrane proteins, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, and progresses with loss of both copies of either gene through a proposed two-hit mechanism with secondary somatic mutations (Delmas P, Padilla F, Osorio N, Coste B, Raoux M, Crest M. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 322: 1374-1383, 2004; Pei Y, Watnick T, He N, Wang K, Liang Y, Parfrey P, Germino G, St George-Hyslop P. Am Soc Nephrol 10: 1524-1529, 1999; Wu G, D'Agati V, Cai Y, Markowitz G, Park JH, Reynolds DM, Maeda Y, Le TC, Hou H Jr, Kucherlapati R, Edelmann W, Somlo S. Cell 93: 177-188, 1998). The exaggerated consequences of large fluid filled cysts result in fibrosis and nephron injury, leading initially to functional compensation but ultimately to dysfunction (Grantham JJ. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 788-803, 1996; Norman J. Biochim Biophys Acta 1812: 1327-1336, 2011; Song CJ, Zimmerman KA, Henke SJ, Yoder BK. Results Probl Cell Differ 60: 323-344, 2017). The complicated disease progression has scattered focus and resources across the spectrum of ADPKD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn E Dixon
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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25
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Gao C, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wallace DP, Lopez-Soler RI, Higgins PJ, Zhang W. Insights into cellular and molecular basis for urinary tract infection in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F1077-F1083. [PMID: 28794066 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00279.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a broad term referring to an infection of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and/or urethra. Because of its prevalence, frequent recurrence, and rising resistance to antibiotics, UTI has become a challenge in clinical practice. Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common monogenic disorder of the kidney and is characterized by the growth of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys. Progressive cystic enlargement, inflammation, and interstitial fibrosis result in nephron loss with subsequent decline in kidney function. ADPKD patients frequently develop UTI; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the high UTI incidence in ADPKD patients remain virtually unaddressed. Emerging evidence suggests that α-intercalated cells (α-ICs) of the collecting ducts function in the innate immune defense against UTI. α-ICs inhibit bacterial growth by acidifying urine and secreting neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) that chelates siderophore-containing iron. It is necessary to determine, therefore, if ADPKD patients with recurrent UTI have a reduced number and/or impaired function of α-ICs. Identification of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms may lead to the development of novel strategies to reduce UTI in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology and The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and
| | - Reynold I Lopez-Soler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York;
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26
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Li A, Fan S, Xu Y, Meng J, Shen X, Mao J, Zhang L, Zhang X, Moeckel G, Wu D, Wu G, Liang C. Rapamycin treatment dose-dependently improves the cystic kidney in a new ADPKD mouse model via the mTORC1 and cell-cycle-associated CDK1/cyclin axis. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1619-1635. [PMID: 28244683 PMCID: PMC5543471 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although translational research into autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and its pathogenesis has made considerable progress, there is presently lack of standardized animal model for preclinical trials. In this study, we developed an orthologous mouse model of human ADPKD by cross‐mating Pkd2 conditional‐knockout mice (Pkd2f3) to Cre transgenic mice in which Cre is driven by a spectrum of kidney‐related promoters. By systematically characterizing the mouse model, we found that Pkd2f3/f3 mice with a Cre transgene driven by the mouse villin‐1 promoter (Vil‐Cre;Pkd2f3/f3) develop overt cysts in the kidney, liver and pancreas and die of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) at 4–6 months of age. To determine whether these Vil‐Cre;Pkd2f3/f3 mice were suitable for preclinical trials, we treated the mice with the high‐dose mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin. High‐dose rapamycin significantly increased the lifespan, lowered the cystic index and kidney/body weight ratio and improved renal function in Vil‐Cre;Pkd2f3/f3 mice in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. In addition, we further found that rapamycin arrested aberrant epithelial‐cell proliferation in the ADPKD kidney by down‐regulating the cell‐cycle‐associated cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and cyclins, namely cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin D1 and cyclin E, demonstrating a direct link between mTOR signalling changes and the polycystin‐2 dysfunction in cystogenesis. Our newly developed ADPKD model provides a practical platform for translating in vivo preclinical results into ADPKD therapies. The newly defined molecular mechanism by which rapamycin suppresses proliferation via inhibiting abnormally elevated CDK1 and cyclins offers clues to new molecular targets for ADPKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Song Fan
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xufeng Shen
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Mao
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guanqing Wu
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, PKD Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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27
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Choi PW, Yang J, Ng SK, Feltmate C, Muto MG, Hasselblatt K, Lafferty-Whyte K, JeBailey L, MacConaill L, Welch WR, Fong WP, Berkowitz RS, Ng SW. Loss of E-cadherin disrupts ovarian epithelial inclusion cyst formation and collective cell movement in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4110-21. [PMID: 26684027 PMCID: PMC4826193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased inclusion cyst formation in the ovary is associated with ovarian cancer development. We employed in vitro three-dimensional (3D) organotypic models formed by normal human ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells and ovarian cancer cells to study the morphologies of normal and cancerous ovarian cortical inclusion cysts and the molecular changes during their transitions into stromal microenvironment. When compared with normal cysts that expressed tenascin, the cancerous cysts expressed high levels of laminin V and demonstrated polarized structures in Matrigel; and the cancer cells migrated collectively when the cyst structures were positioned in a stromal-like collagen I matrix. The molecular markers identified in the in vitro 3D models were verified in clinical samples. Network analysis of gene expression of the 3D structures indicates concurrent downregulation of transforming growth factor beta pathway genes and high levels of E-cadherin and microRNA200 (miR200) expression in the cancerous cysts and the migrating cancer cells. Transient silencing of E-cadherin expression in ovarian cancer cells disrupted cyst structures and inhibited collective cell migration. Taken together, our studies employing 3D models have shown that E-cadherin is crucial for ovarian inclusion cyst formation and collective cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Wah Choi
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junzheng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu-Kay Ng
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Australia
| | - Colleen Feltmate
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael G Muto
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen Hasselblatt
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Laura MacConaill
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William R Welch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wing-Ping Fong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ross S Berkowitz
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu-Wing Ng
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Polycystins and intercellular mechanotransduction: A precise dosage of polycystin 2 is necessary for alpha-actinin reinforcement of junctions upon mechanical stimulation. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:23-35. [PMID: 27575580 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycystins 1 and 2, which are mutated in Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease, are involved in mechanotransduction through various mechanisms. In renal cells, polycystins not only have an important mechanotransductive role in primary cilia but are also present in intercellular contacts but their role there remains unclear. Here, we address the hypothesis that polycystins are involved in mechanotransduction via intercellular junctions, which would be expected to have consequences on tissue organization. We focused on the role of polycystin 2, which could be involved in mechanical organization at junctions either by its channel activity or by the direct recruitment of cytoskeleton components such as the F-actin cross-linker α-actinin. After mechanical stimulation of intercellular junctions in MDCK renal epithelial cells, α-actinin is rapidly recruited but this is inhibited upon overexpression of PC2 or the D509V mutant that lacks channel activity, and is also decreased upon PC2 silencing. This suggests that a precise dosage of PC2 is necessary for an adequate mechanosensitive α-actinin recruitment at junctions. At the multicellular level, a change in PC2 expression was associated with changes in velocity in confluent epithelia and during wound healing together with a loss of orientation. This study suggests that the mechanosensitive regulation of cytoskeleton by polycystins in intercellular contacts may be important in the context of ADPKD.
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29
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Li A, Tian X, Zhang X, Huang S, Ma Y, Wu D, Moeckel G, Somlo S, Wu G. Human polycystin-2 transgene dose-dependently rescues ADPKD phenotypes in Pkd2 mutant mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 185:2843-60. [PMID: 26435415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), few effective treatment is currently available. Here, we explore the in vivo effects of causal gene replacement in orthologous gene models of ADPKD in mice. Wild-type mice with human PKD2 transgene (PKD2(tg)) overexpressed polycystin (PC)-2 in several tissues, including the kidney and liver, and showed no significant cyst formation in either organ. We cross-mated PKD2(tg) with a Pkd2-null mouse model, which is embryonically lethal and forms renal and pancreatic cysts. Pkd2(-/-) mice with human PKD2 transgene (Pkd2(-/-);PKD2(tg)) were born in expected Mendelian ratios, indicating that the embryonic lethality of the Pkd2(-/-) mice was rescued. Pkd2(-/-);PKD2(tg) mice survived up to 12 months and exhibited moderate to severe cystic phenotypes of the kidney, liver, and pancreas. Moreover, Pkd2(-/-) mice with homozygous PKD2(tg)-transgene alleles (Pkd2(-/-);PKD2(tg/tg)) showed significant further amelioration of the cystic severity compared to that in Pkd2(-/-) mice with a hemizygous PKD2(tg) allele (Pkd2(-/-);PKD2(tg)), suggesting that the ADPKD phenotype was improved by increased transgene dosage. On further analysis, cystic improvement mainly resulted from reduced proliferation, rather apoptosis, of cyst-prone epithelial cells in the mouse model. The finding that the functional restoration of human PC2 significantly rescued ADPKD phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner suggests that increasing PC2 activity may be beneficial in some forms of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Center of Translational Cancer Research and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center of Translational Cancer Research and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shunwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yujie Ma
- Center of Translational Cancer Research and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guanqing Wu
- Center of Translational Cancer Research and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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30
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Yang Y, Ehrlich BE. Structural studies of the C-terminal tail of polycystin-2 (PC2) reveal insights into the mechanisms used for the functional regulation of PC2. J Physiol 2016; 594:4141-9. [PMID: 26857659 DOI: 10.1113/jp270933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in polycystin-2 (PC2) lead to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The molecular mechanism linking mutations in PC2 and the pathogenesis of ADPKD is not well understood. Therefore, understanding the functional regulation of PC2 and its interaction with other proteins under both physiological and pathogenic conditions is important for elucidating the disease mechanism and identifying potential molecular targets for treatment. Normally, PC2 functions as a calcium-permeable channel whose activity is regulated by calcium binding to the C-terminal domain of PC2 (PC2 Cterm). The PC2 Cterm is also involved in the PC2 channel assembly and hetero-oligomerization with other binding partners in cells. Different functional domains of the PC2 Cterm have been studied using structural approaches. Within the PC2 Cterm, there is a calcium-binding EF-hand domain, crucial for the calcium-dependent activity of the PC2 channel. Downstream of the EF-hand domain lies a coiled-coil region, which is involved in the assembly and hetero-interaction of the PC2 protein. The PC2 Cterm can form an oligomer, mediated by the coiled-coil region. Although PC2 Cterm has been extensively studied for its relationship with ADPKD and its importance in PC2 regulation, there are misunderstandings with respect to the definition of the domain topology within the PC2 Cterm and the functional role of each domain. Here, we review previous studies that connect the molecular properties of the domains of PC2 Cterm to distinct aspects of PC2 functions and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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31
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Bhaskar LVKS, Elumalai R, Periasamy S. Pathways, perspectives and pursuits in polycystic kidney disease. J Nephropharmacol 2015; 5:41-48. [PMID: 28197498 PMCID: PMC5297506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys. When cysts form in the kidneys, they are filled with fluid. PKD cysts can profoundly enlarge the kidneys while replacing much of the normal structure, resulting in reduced kidney function and leading to kidney failure. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a hereditary disease that occurs in one out of 1000 humans. PKD and its causes are being dissected through studies of human populations and through the use of animal models. Mouse models in particular have made a substantial contribution to our understanding of the gene pathways involved in the pathogenesis and the nature of signaling molecules that act in a tissue-specific manner at critical stages of cyst development. PKD has a number of characteristics that make it uniquely challenging for the development of therapies to slowdown disease progression. This review provides current understanding of the etiopathology, pathways involved and therapeutic targets of PKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. V. K. S. Bhaskar
- 1Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
,Corresponding author: Dr. L.V. K. S. Bhaskar,
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32
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Freedman BS, Brooks CR, Lam AQ, Fu H, Morizane R, Agrawal V, Saad AF, Li MK, Hughes MR, Werff RV, Peters DT, Lu J, Baccei A, Siedlecki AM, Valerius MT, Musunuru K, McNagny KM, Steinman TI, Zhou J, Lerou PH, Bonventre JV. Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8715. [PMID: 26493500 PMCID: PMC4620584 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived kidney cells (hPSC-KCs) have important potential for disease modelling and regeneration. Whether the hPSC-KCs can reconstitute tissue-specific phenotypes is currently unknown. Here we show that hPSC-KCs self-organize into kidney organoids that functionally recapitulate tissue-specific epithelial physiology, including disease phenotypes after genome editing. In three-dimensional cultures, epiblast-stage hPSCs form spheroids surrounding hollow, amniotic-like cavities. GSK3β inhibition differentiates spheroids into segmented, nephron-like kidney organoids containing cell populations with characteristics of proximal tubules, podocytes and endothelium. Tubules accumulate dextran and methotrexate transport cargoes, and express kidney injury molecule-1 after nephrotoxic chemical injury. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of podocalyxin causes junctional organization defects in podocyte-like cells. Knockout of the polycystic kidney disease genes PKD1 or PKD2 induces cyst formation from kidney tubules. All of these functional phenotypes are distinct from effects in epiblast spheroids, indicating that they are tissue specific. Our findings establish a reproducible, versatile three-dimensional framework for human epithelial disease modelling and regenerative medicine applications. Generating organized kidney tissues from human pluripotent stem cell is a major challenge. Here, Freedman et al. describe a differentiation system forming spheroids and tubular structures, characteristic of these kidney structures, and using CRISPR/Cas9, delete PKD1/2, to model polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 850 Republican Street, Room S565, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.,Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359606, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Craig R Brooks
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Albert Q Lam
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Boston Children's Hospital, Center for Life Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Room 3103, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vishesh Agrawal
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 823, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Abdelaziz F Saad
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michelle K Li
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild Biochemistry Building 160, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Ryan Vander Werff
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Derek T Peters
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild Biochemistry Building 160, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Junjie Lu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 823, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anna Baccei
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 823, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrew M Siedlecki
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Sherman Fairchild Biochemistry Building 160, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Theodore I Steinman
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue DA517, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Paul H Lerou
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 823, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Suite 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Nielsen BS, Malinda RR, Schmid FM, Pedersen SF, Christensen ST, Pedersen LB. PDGFRβ and oncogenic mutant PDGFRα D842V promote disassembly of primary cilia through a PLCγ- and AURKA-dependent mechanism. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3543-9. [PMID: 26290382 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles projecting from most quiescent mammalian cells, which disassemble in cells cultured in serum-deprived conditions upon re-addition of serum or growth factors. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) are implicated in deciliation, but the specific receptor isoforms and mechanisms involved are unclear. We report that PDGFRβ promotes deciliation in cultured cells and provide evidence implicating PLCγ and intracellular Ca(2+) release in this process. Activation of wild-type PDGFRα alone did not elicit deciliation. However, expression of constitutively active PDGFRα D842V mutant receptor, which potently activates PLCγ (also known as PLCG1), caused significant deciliation, and this phenotype was rescued by inhibiting PDGFRα D842V kinase activity or AURKA. We propose that PDGFRβ and PDGFRα D842V promote deciliation through PLCγ-mediated Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, causing activation of calmodulin and AURKA-triggered deciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Nielsen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Raj R Malinda
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Fabian M Schmid
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Stine F Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Søren T Christensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, The August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen OE DK-2100, Denmark
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Chebib FT, Sussman CR, Wang X, Harris PC, Torres VE. Vasopressin and disruption of calcium signalling in polycystic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:451-64. [PMID: 25870007 PMCID: PMC4539141 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common monogenic kidney disease and is responsible for 5-10% of cases of end-stage renal disease worldwide. ADPKD is characterized by the relentless development and growth of cysts, which cause progressive kidney enlargement associated with hypertension, pain, reduced quality of life and eventual kidney failure. Mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes, which encode polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively, cause ADPKD. However, neither the functions of these proteins nor the molecular mechanisms of ADPKD pathogenesis are well understood. Here, we review the literature that examines how reduced levels of functional PC1 or PC2 at the primary cilia and/or the endoplasmic reticulum directly disrupts intracellular calcium signalling and indirectly disrupts calcium-regulated cAMP and purinergic signalling. We propose a hypothetical model in which dysregulated metabolism of cAMP and purinergic signalling increases the sensitivity of principal cells in collecting ducts and of tubular epithelial cells in the distal nephron to the constant tonic action of vasopressin. The resulting magnified response to vasopressin further enhances the disruption of calcium signalling that is initiated by mutations in PC1 or PC2, and activates downstream signalling pathways that cause impaired tubulogenesis, increased cell proliferation, increased fluid secretion and interstitial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad T Chebib
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Caroline R Sussman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 200 First Street S. W., Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary (immotile) cilia are specialized organelles present on most cell types. Almost all of proteins associated with a broad spectrum of human cystic kidney diseases have been localized to the region in or around the cilia. Abnormal cilia structure and function have both been reported in animal models and human cystic kidneys. The goal of this review is to discuss current understanding of the mechanisms by which abnormal genes/proteins and cilia interact to potentially influence renal cystogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Novel direct recording of cilia calcium levels/channel activity suggests that cilia form a calcium-mediated signaling microenvironment separate from the cytoplasm, which could provide a mechanism for cilia-specific downstream signaling. Genetic-based studies confirm that cilia are not required for cystogenesis, but modulate cystic kidney disease severity through a novel, undefined mechanism. Mechanisms by which both cilia-associated and noncilia-associated proteins can alter cilia structure/function have also been identified. SUMMARY Considerable progress has been made in defining the mechanisms by which abnormal genes and proteins affect cilia structure and function. However, the exact mechanisms by which these interactions cause renal cyst formation and progression of cystic kidney disease are still unknown.
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DesRochers TM, Kuo IY, Kimmerling EP, Ehrlich BE, Kaplan DL. The effects of mycoplasma contamination upon the ability to form bioengineered 3D kidney cysts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120097. [PMID: 25793639 PMCID: PMC4368695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is a pervasive, often undiagnosed and ignored problem in many laboratories that can result in reduced cell proliferation and changes in gene expression. Unless contamination is specifically suspected, it is often undetected in two dimensional (2D) cultures and the resulting effects of mycoplasma contamination are rarely appreciated and can lead to incorrect conclusions. Three dimensional (3D) tissue cultures are increasingly utilized to explore tissue development and phenotype. However, 3D cultures are more complex than 2D cell cultures and require a more controlled cellular environment in order to generate structures necessary to mimic in vivo responses and are often maintained for longer time periods. Changes to the microenvironment are assumed to have a more extreme effect upon the success of 3D tissue cultures than 2D cell cultures, but the effects of mycoplasma have not been studied. To test this hypothesis, we grew 2D cell cultures and 3D tissues from pig kidney epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) that were contaminated with mycoplasma and the same stock of cells after mycoplasma removal. We did not observe an effect of mycoplasma contamination on proliferation in 2D monolayer cell culture. However, cyst formation in 3D tissues was altered, with effects upon the number, size and structure of cysts formed. These data serve to reinforce the necessity of testing cell stocks for mycoplasma contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. DesRochers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivana Y. Kuo
- Departments of Pharmacology and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erica P. Kimmerling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Ehrlich
- Departments of Pharmacology and of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BE); (DK)
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BE); (DK)
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