1
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Heinz JL, Hinke DM, Maimaitili M, Wang J, Sabli IKD, Thomsen M, Farahani E, Ren F, Hu L, Zillinger T, Grahn A, von Hofsten J, Verjans GMGM, Paludan SR, Viejo-Borbolla A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Mogensen TH. Varicella zoster virus-induced autophagy in human neuronal and hematopoietic cells exerts antiviral activity. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29690. [PMID: 38804180 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradational pathway with pivotal roles in cellular homeostasis and survival, including protection of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). The significance of autophagy as antiviral defense mechanism is recognized and some viruses hijack and modulate this process to their advantage in certain cell types. Here, we present data demonstrating that the human neurotropic herpesvirus varicella zoster virus (VZV) induces autophagy in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, in which the pathway exerts antiviral activity. Productively VZV-infected SH-SY5Y cells showed increased LC3-I-LC3-II conversion as well as co-localization of the viral glycoprotein E and the autophagy receptor p62. The activation of autophagy was dependent on a functional viral genome. Interestingly, inducers of autophagy reduced viral transcription, whereas inhibition of autophagy increased viral transcript expression. Finally, the genotype of patients with severe ocular and brain VZV infection were analyzed to identify potential autophagy-associated inborn errors of immunity. Two patients expressing genetic variants in the autophagy genes ULK1 and MAP1LC3B2, respectively, were identified. Notably, cells of both patients showed reduced autophagy, alongside enhanced viral replication and death of VZV-infected cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a neuro-protective role for autophagy in the context of VZV infection and suggest that failure to mount an autophagy response is a potential predisposing factor for development of severe VZV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Heinz
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniëla M Hinke
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jiayi Wang
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ira K D Sabli
- Dept of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lili Hu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Grahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joanna von Hofsten
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Halland Hospital Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Viroscience, HerpeslabNL, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Dept of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Virology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Waisner H, Lasnier S, Suma SM, Kalamvoki M. Effects on exocytosis by two HSV-1 mutants unable to block autophagy. J Virol 2023; 97:e0075723. [PMID: 37712703 PMCID: PMC10617559 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00757-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogens often hijack extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis pathways for assembly, egress, and cell-to-cell spread. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection stimulated EV biogenesis through a CD63 tetraspanin biogenesis pathway and these EVs activated antiviral responses in recipient cells restricting the infection. HSV-1 inhibits autophagy to evade the host, and increased CD63 exocytosis could be a coping mechanism, as CD63 is involved in both cargo delivery to lysosomes during autophagy and exocytosis. We analyzed exocytosis after infection with two HSV-1 mutants, a ΔICP34.5 and a ΔICP0, that could not inhibit autophagy. Unlike HSV-1(F), neither of these viruses stimulated increased EV biogenesis through the CD63 pathway. ΔICP34.5 stimulated production of microvesicles and apoptotic bodies that were CD63-negative, while ΔICP0 displayed an overall reduced production of EVs. These EVs activated innate immunity gene expression in recipient cells. Given the potential use of these mutants for therapeutic purposes, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs associated with them may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Waisner
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sarah Lasnier
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sreenath Muraleedharan Suma
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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3
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Tommasi C, Breuer J. The Biology of Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication in the Skin. Viruses 2022; 14:982. [PMID: 35632723 PMCID: PMC9147561 DOI: 10.3390/v14050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in skin is critical to its pathogenesis and spread. Primary infection causes chickenpox, which is characterised by centrally distributed skin blistering lesions that are rich in infectious virus. Cell-free virus in the cutaneous blistering lesions not only spreads to cause further cases, but infects sensory nerve endings, leading to the establishment of lifelong latency in sensory and autonomic ganglia. The reactivation of virus to cause herpes zoster is again characterised by localised painful skin blistering rash containing infectious virus. The development of in vitro and in vivo models of VZV skin replication has revealed aspects of VZV replication and pathogenesis in this important target organ and improved our understanding of the vaccine strain vOKa attenuation. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on VZV interaction with host signalling pathways, the viral association with proteins associated with epidermal terminal differentiation, and how these interconnect with the VZV life cycle to facilitate viral replication and shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tommasi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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4
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Liu C, Gu L, Ding J, Meng Q, Li N, Dai G, Li Q, Wu X. Autophagy in skin barrier and immune-related skin diseases. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1827-1837. [PMID: 34655245 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process which is highly conserved in eukaryotes to degrade or recycle cytoplasmic components through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that autophagy also plays critical roles in cell apoptosis, inflammation, pathogen clearance, and so on under stressed conditions and thereby has been linked to a variety of human disorders. The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as the first line of defense against environmental insult. Skin as a nutrient-poor environment requires recycling of limited resources via the autophagy machinery to maintain homeostasis. Therefore, dysregulation of autophagy has been linked to skin diseases. In this review, we describe the molecular machinery and regulation of autophagy, discuss its role in keratinocytes and skin barrier, skin immune cells, and immune-related skin diseases including autoimmune skin disorders, allergic skin diseases, infectious skin disorders, and antitumor immunity against skin tumor. Finally, we highlight the potential of autophagy as a therapeutic target for immune-related skin diseases, and delivery of autophagy-related molecules (such as inducers, inhibitors, or nucleic acid molecules) by virtue of physical materials (such as nanoparticles) or biological materials (such as peptides) to skin topically may obtain clinical benefits in immune-related skin diseases. Moreover, developing autophagy-related gene product-based biomarkers may be promising to diagnose immune-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Shende Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Gerontology, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianchao Meng
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guifeng Dai
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinying Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyong Wu
- Department of Geriatrics Center & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Kennedy PGE, Mogensen TH, Cohrs RJ. Recent Issues in Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102018. [PMID: 34696448 PMCID: PMC8540691 DOI: 10.3390/v13102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpes virus which causes varicella (chicken pox) as a primary infection, and, following a variable period of latency in neurons in the peripheral ganglia, may reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles) as well as a variety of neurological syndromes. In this overview we consider some recent issues in alphaherpesvirus latency with special focus on VZV ganglionic latency. A key question is the nature and extent of viral gene transcription during viral latency. While it is known that this is highly restricted, it is only recently that the very high degree of that restriction has been clarified, with both VZV gene 63-encoded transcripts and discovery of a novel VZV transcript (VLT) that maps antisense to the viral transactivator gene 61. It has also emerged in recent years that there is significant epigenetic regulation of VZV gene transcription, and the mechanisms underlying this are complex and being unraveled. The last few years has also seen an increased interest in the immunological aspects of VZV latency and reactivation, in particular from the perspective of inborn errors of host immunity that predispose to different VZV reactivation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Randall J. Cohrs
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 80045 Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Duggan MR, Torkzaban B, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K. Potential Role for Herpesviruses in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:855-869. [PMID: 33074235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Across the fields of virology and neuroscience, the role of neurotropic viruses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has received renewed enthusiasm, with a particular focus on human herpesviruses (HHVs). Recent genomic analyses of brain tissue collections and investigations of the antimicrobial responses of amyloid-β do not exclude a role of HHVs in contributing to or accelerating AD pathogenesis. Due to continued expansion in our aging cohort and the lack of effective treatments for AD, this composition examines a potential neuroviral theory of AD in light of these recent data. Consideration reveals a possible viral "Hit-and-Run" scenario of AD, as well as neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., neuroinflammation, protein quality control, oxidative stress) that may increase risk for AD following neurotropic infection. Although limitations exist, this theoretical framework reveals several novel therapeutic targets that may prove efficacious in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Heinz J, Kennedy PGE, Mogensen TH. The Role of Autophagy in Varicella Zoster Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061053. [PMID: 34199543 PMCID: PMC8227580 DOI: 10.3390/v13061053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved cellular process serving to degrade cytosolic organelles or foreign material to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy has also emerged as an important process involved in complex interactions with viral pathogens during infection. It has become apparent that autophagy may have either proviral or antiviral roles, depending on the cellular context and the specific virus. While evidence supports an antiviral role of autophagy during certain herpesvirus infections, numerous examples illustrate how herpesviruses may also evade autophagy pathways or even utilize this process to their own advantage. Here, we review the literature on varicella zoster virus (VZV) and autophagy and describe the mechanisms by which VZV may stimulate autophagy pathways and utilize these to promote cell survival or to support viral egress from cells. We also discuss recent evidence supporting an overall antiviral role of autophagy, particularly in relation to viral infection in neurons. Collectively, these studies suggest complex and sometimes opposing effects of autophagy in the context of VZV infection. Much remains to be understood concerning these virus–host interactions and the impact of autophagy on infections caused by VZV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Heinz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (J.H.); (T.H.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (J.H.); (T.H.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Thomsen MM, Tyrberg T, Skaalum K, Carter-Timofte M, Freytag MR, Norberg P, Helleberg M, Storgaard M, Nielsen H, Bodilsen J, Grahn A, Mogensen T. Genetic variants and immune responses in a cohort of patients with varicella zoster virus encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2122-2132. [PMID: 33974706 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) may involve different central nervous system (CNS) manifestations, including meningitis, encephalitis, and vasculitis. In cases where otherwise healthy individuals are affected, an inborn error of immunity may underlie increased susceptibility or severity of infection. METHODS We collected a cohort of 17 adults who experienced VZV encephalitis and performed whole exome sequencing. Patient PBMCs were infected with VZV and innate antiviral interferon and cytokine responses as well as viral replication was evaluated. Data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS We identified a total of 21 different potentially disease-causing variants in a total of 13 of the 17 patients included. These gene variants were within two major functional clusters: i) innate viral sensors and immune pathways and ii) autophagy pathways. Antiviral interferon (IFN) and cytokine responses were abnormal in the majority of patients, whereas viral replication was increased in only 2/17. CONCLUSION This study identifies a list of variants of pathogenic potential, which may serve as a platform for generating hypotheses for future studies addressing genetic and immunological factors associated with susceptibility to VZV encephalitis. Collectively, these data suggest that disturbances in innate sensing and autophagy pathways may predispose to VZV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Tyrberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Skaalum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mette R Freytag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Norberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Storgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bodilsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Anna Grahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Michiels E, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of interactions between human amyloids and viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2485-2501. [PMID: 33244624 PMCID: PMC7690653 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins and their amyloid deposition in affected tissue in disease has been studied for decades assuming a sole pathogenic role of amyloids. It is now clear that amyloids can also encode important cellular functions, one of which involves the interaction potential of amyloids with microbial pathogens, including viruses. Human expressed amyloids have been shown to act both as innate restriction molecules against viruses as well as promoting agents for viral infectivity. The underlying molecular driving forces of such amyloid-virus interactions are not completely understood. Starting from the well-described molecular mechanisms underlying amyloid formation, we here summarize three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that have been proposed to drive amyloid-virus interactions. Viruses can indirectly drive amyloid depositions by affecting upstream molecular pathways or induce amyloid formation by a direct interaction with the viral surface or specific viral proteins. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapeutic interventions using the sequence specificity of amyloid interactions to drive viral interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Michiels
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Viral Infection and Autophagy Dysregulation: The Case of HHV-6, EBV and KSHV. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122624. [PMID: 33297368 PMCID: PMC7762304 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) are viruses that share with other member of the Herpesvirus family the capacity to interfere with the autophagic process. In this paper, mainly based on the findings of our laboratory, we describe how, through different mechanisms, these viruses converge in reducing autophagy to impair DC immune function and how, by infecting and dysregulating autophagy in different cell types, they promote the pathologies associated with their infection, from the neurodegenerative diseases such Alzheimer’s disease to cancer.
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11
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Exocytosis of Progeny Infectious Varicella-Zoster Virus Particles via a Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor Pathway without Xenophagy following Secondary Envelopment. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00800-20. [PMID: 32493818 PMCID: PMC7394889 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00800-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on the egress of different herpesviruses after secondary envelopment is contradictory. In this report, we investigated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) egress in a cell line from a child with Pompe disease, a glycogen storage disease caused by a defect in the enzyme required for glycogen digestion. In Pompe cells, both the late autophagy pathway and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) pathway are interrupted. We have postulated that intact autophagic flux is required for higher recoveries of VZV infectivity. To test that hypothesis, we infected Pompe cells and then assessed the VZV infectious cycle. We discovered that the infectious cycle in Pompe cells was remarkably different from that of either fibroblasts or melanoma cells. No large late endosomes filled with VZV particles were observed in Pompe cells; only individual viral particles in small vacuoles were seen. The distribution of the M6PR pathway (trans-Golgi network to late endosomes) was constrained in infected Pompe cells. When cells were analyzed with two different anti-M6PR antibodies, extensive colocalization of the major VZV glycoprotein gE (known to contain M6P residues) and the M6P receptor (M6PR) was documented in the viral highways at the surfaces of non-Pompe cells after maximum-intensity projection of confocal z-stacks, but neither gE nor the M6PR was seen in abundance at the surfaces of infected Pompe cells. Taken together, our results suggested that (i) Pompe cells lack a VZV trafficking pathway within M6PR-positive large endosomes and (ii) most infectious VZV particles in conventional cell substrates are transported via large M6PR-positive vacuoles without degradative xenophagy to the plasma membrane.IMPORTANCE The long-term goal of this research has been to determine why VZV, when grown in cultured cells, invariably is more cell associated and has a lower titer than other alphaherpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) or pseudorabies virus (PRV). Data from both HSV1 and PRV laboratories have identified a Rab6 secretory pathway for the transport of single enveloped viral particles from the trans-Golgi network within small vacuoles to the plasma membrane. In contrast, after secondary envelopment in fibroblasts or melanoma cells, multiple infectious VZV particles accumulated within large M6PR-positive late endosomes that were not degraded en route to the plasma membrane. We propose that this M6PR pathway is most utilized in VZV infection and least utilized in HSV1 infection, with PRV's usage being closer to HSV1's usage. Supportive data from other VZV, PRV, and HSV1 laboratories about evidence for two egress pathways are included.
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12
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Subramanian G, Popli S, Chakravarty S, Taylor RT, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. The interferon-inducible protein TDRD7 inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase and thereby restricts autophagy-independent virus replication. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6811-6822. [PMID: 32273341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon system is the first line of defense against virus infection. Recently, using a high-throughput genetic screen of a human interferon-stimulated gene short-hairpin RNA library, we identified a viral restriction factor, TDRD7 (Tudor domain-containing 7). TDRD7 inhibits the paramyxo-/pneumoviruses (e.g. Sendai virus and respiratory syncytial virus) by interfering with the virus-induced cellular autophagy pathway, which these viruses use for their replication. Here, we report that TDRD7 is a viral restriction factor against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). Using knockdown, knockout, and ectopic expression systems, we demonstrate the anti-HSV-1 activity of TDRD7 in multiple human and mouse cell types. TDRD7 inhibited the virus-activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which was essential for HSV-1 replication. Genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of AMPK activity suppressed HSV-1 replication in multiple human and mouse cells. Mechanistically, HSV-1 replication after viral entry depended on AMPK but not on its function in autophagy. The antiviral activity of TDRD7 depended on its ability to inhibit virus-activated AMPK. In summary, our results indicate that the newly identified viral restriction factor TDRD7 inhibits AMPK and thereby blocks HSV-1 replication independently of the autophagy pathway. These findings suggest that AMPK inhibition represents a potential strategy to manage HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Sonam Popli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - R Travis Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
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13
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Inhibition of ULK1 and Beclin1 by an α-herpesvirus Akt-like Ser/Thr kinase limits autophagy to stimulate virus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26941-26950. [PMID: 31843932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915139116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a powerful host defense that restricts herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) pathogenesis in neurons. As a countermeasure, the viral ICP34.5 polypeptide, which is exclusively encoded by HSV, antagonizes autophagy in part through binding Beclin1. However, whether autophagy is a cell-type-specific antiviral defense or broadly restricts HSV-1 reproduction in nonneuronal cells is unknown. Here, we establish that autophagy limits HSV-1 productive growth in nonneuronal cells and is repressed by the Us3 gene product. Phosphorylation of the autophagy regulators ULK1 and Beclin1 in virus-infected cells was dependent upon the HSV-1 Us3 Ser/Thr kinase. Furthermore, Beclin1 was unexpectedly identified as a direct Us3 kinase substrate. Although disabling autophagy did not impact replication of an ICP34.5-deficient virus in primary human fibroblasts, depleting Beclin1 and ULK1 partially rescued Us3-deficient HSV-1 replication. This shows that autophagy restricts HSV-1 reproduction in a cell-intrinsic manner in nonneuronal cells and is suppressed by multiple, independent viral functions targeting Beclin1 and ULK1. Moreover, it defines a surprising role regulating autophagy for the Us3 kinase, which unlike ICP34.5 is widely encoded by alpha-herpesvirus subfamily members.
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Wu X, Jia R, Wang M, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Yin Z, Zhang S, Huang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Pan L, Tian B, Rehman MU, Chen X, Cheng A. Downregulation of microRNA-30a-5p contributes to the replication of duck enteritis virus by regulating Beclin-1-mediated autophagy. Virol J 2019; 16:144. [PMID: 31771604 PMCID: PMC6880601 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) is increasingly recognized as an important element in regulating virus-host interactions. Our previous results showed that cellular miR-30a-5p was significantly downregulated after duck enteritis virus (DEV) infection cell. However, whehter or not the miR-30a-5p is involved in DEV infection has not been known. METHODS Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the expression levels of miRNAs(miR-30a-5p) and Beclin-1 mRNA. The miR-30a-5p - Beclin-1 target interactions were determined by Dual luciferase reporter assay (DLRA). Western blotting was utilized to analyze Beclin-1-mediated duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells autophagy activity. DEV titers were estimated by the median tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). RESULTS The miR-30a-5p was significantly downregulated and the Beclin-1 mRNA was significantly upregulated in DEV-infected DEF cells. DLRA confirmed that miR-30a-5p directly targeted the 3'- UTR of the Beclin-1 gene. Overexpression of miR-30a-5p significantly reduced the expression level of Beclin-1protein (p < 0.05), leading to the decrease of Beclin-1-mediated autophagy activity, which ultimately suppressed DEV replication (P < 0.05). Whereas transfection of miR-30a-5p inhibitor increased Beclin-1-mediated autophagy and triggered DEV replication during the whole process of DEV infection (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that miR-30a-5p can inhibit DEV replication through reducing autophagy by targeting Beclin-1. These findings suggest a new insight into virus-host interaction during DEV infection and provide a potential new antiviral therapeutic strategy against DEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
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15
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Tommasi C, Rogerson C, Depledge DP, Jones M, Naeem AS, Venturini C, Frampton D, Tutill HJ, Way B, Breuer J, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Kallikrein-Mediated Cytokeratin 10 Degradation Is Required for Varicella Zoster Virus Propagation in Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:774-784.e11. [PMID: 31626786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a skin-tropic virus that infects epidermal keratinocytes and causes chickenpox. Although common, VZV infection can be life-threatening, particularly in the immunocompromized. Therefore, understanding VZV-keratinocyte interactions is important to find new treatments beyond vaccination and antiviral drugs. In VZV-infected skin, kallikrein 6 and the ubiquitin ligase MDM2 are upregulated concomitant with keratin 10 (KRT10) downregulation. MDM2 binds to KRT10, targeting it for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Preventing KRT10 degradation reduced VZV propagation in culture and prevented epidermal disruption in skin explants. KRT10 knockdown induced expression of NR4A1 and enhanced viral propagation in culture. NR4A1 knockdown prevented viral propagation in culture, reduced LC3 levels, and increased LAMP2 expression. We therefore describe a drug-able pathway whereby MDM2 ubiquitinates and degrades KRT10, increasing NR4A1 expression and allowing VZV replication and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tommasi
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rogerson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Meleri Jones
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aishath S Naeem
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Frampton
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena J Tutill
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Way
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Livingstone Skin Research Centre, Immunobiology and Dermatology, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Interactions between Autophagy and DNA Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090776. [PMID: 31450758 PMCID: PMC6784137 DOI: 10.3390/v11090776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic biological process in the body. By targeting exogenous microorganisms and aged intracellular proteins and organelles and sending them to the lysosome for phagocytosis and degradation, autophagy contributes to energy recycling. When cells are stimulated by exogenous pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, activation or inhibition of autophagy is often triggered. As autophagy has antiviral effects, many viruses may escape and resist the process by encoding viral proteins. At the same time, viruses can also use autophagy to enhance their replication or increase the persistence of latent infections. Here, we give a brief overview of autophagy and DNA viruses and comprehensively review the known interactions between human and animal DNA viruses and autophagy and the role and mechanisms of autophagy in viral DNA replication and DNA virus-induced innate and acquired immunity.
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17
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Progeny Varicella-Zoster Virus Capsids Exit the Nucleus but Never Undergo Secondary Envelopment during Autophagic Flux Inhibition by Bafilomycin A1. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00505-19. [PMID: 31217243 PMCID: PMC6694825 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00505-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that lacks the herpesviral neurovirulence protein ICP34.5. The underlying hypothesis of this project was that inhibitors of autophagy reduce VZV infectivity. We selected the vacuolar proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 for analysis because of its well-known antiautophagy property of impeding acidification during the late stage of autophagic flux. We documented that bafilomycin treatment from 48 to 72 h postinfection lowered VZV titers substantially (P ≤ 0.008). Because we were unable to define the site of the block in the infectious cycle by confocal microscopy, we turned to electron microscopy. Capsids were observed in the nucleus, in the perinuclear space, and in the cytoplasm adjacent to Golgi apparatus vesicles. Many of the capsids had an aberrant appearance, as has been observed previously in infections not treated with bafilomycin. In contrast to prior untreated infections, however, secondary envelopment of capsids was not seen in the trans-Golgi network, nor were prototypical enveloped particles with capsids (virions) seen in cytoplasmic vesicles after bafilomycin treatment. Instead, multiple particles with varying diameters without capsids (light particles) were seen in large virus assembly compartments near the disorganized Golgi apparatus. Bafilomycin treatment also led to increased numbers of multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm, some of which contained remnants of the Golgi apparatus. In summary, we have defined a previously unrecognized property of bafilomycin whereby it disrupted the site of secondary envelopment of VZV capsids by altering the pH of the trans-Golgi network and thereby preventing the correct formation of virus assembly compartments.IMPORTANCE This study of VZV assembly in the presence of bafilomycin A1 emphasizes the importance of the Golgi apparatus/trans-Golgi network as a platform in the alphaherpesvirus life cycle. We have previously shown that VZV induces levels of autophagy far above the basal levels of autophagy in human skin, a major site of VZV assembly. The current study documented that bafilomycin treatment led to impaired assembly of VZV capsids after primary envelopment/de-envelopment but before secondary reenvelopment. This VZV study also complemented prior herpes simplex virus 1 and pseudorabies virus studies investigating two other inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi apparatus function: brefeldin A and monensin. Studies with porcine herpesvirus demonstrated that primary enveloped particles accumulated in the perinuclear space in the presence of brefeldin A, while studies with herpes simplex virus 1 documented an impaired secondary assembly of enveloped viral particles in the presence of monensin.
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18
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Romeo MA, Faggioni A, Cirone M. Could autophagy dysregulation link neurotropic viruses to Alzheimer's disease? Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1503-1506. [PMID: 31089040 PMCID: PMC6557098 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.253508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic herpesviruses have been associated with the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, a common form of dementia that afflicts a large percentage of elderly individuals. Interestingly, among the neurotropic herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus-1, human herpesvirus-6A, and human herpesvirus-6B have been reported to infect several cell types present in the central nervous system and to dysregulate autophagy, a process required for homeostasis of cells, especially neurons. Indeed autophagosome accumulation, indicating an unbalance between autophagosome formation and autophagosome degradation, has been observed in neurons of Alzheimer’s disease patients and may play a role in the intracellular and extracellular accumulation of amyloid β and in the altered protein tau metabolism. Moreover, herpesvirus infection of central nervous system cells such as glia and microglia can increase the production of oxidant species through the alteration of mitochondrial dynamics and promote inflammation, another hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. This evidence suggests that it is worth further investigating the role of neurotropic herpesviruses, particularly human herpesvirus-6A/B, in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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19
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Buckingham EM, Girsch J, Jackson W, Cohen JI, Grose C. Autophagy Quantification and STAT3 Expression in a Human Skin Organ Culture Model for Innate Immunity to Herpes Zoster. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2935. [PMID: 30568636 PMCID: PMC6290052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this project was to document the autophagy response in human neonatal skin organ culture (SOC) after infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The VZV-infected SOC model has attributes of herpes zoster, in that an injection of virus into the skin is analogous to exit of virus from the sensory nerve termini into skin during herpes zoster. Cultures were maintained for 28 days and periodically examined for an autophagy response by quantitation of autophagosomes with Imaris software. Expression of the STAT3 protein was plentiful in the VZV-infected SOC. Abundant autophagy was observed in VZV-infected SOC between 14 and 28 days after infection, while autophagy in mock-infected SOC was minimal (p = 0.0003). The autophagic response after infection of SOC with a recombinant VZV genome containing the herpes simplex virus ICP34.5 neurovirulence gene was similar to wild-type VZV (p = 0.3). These results suggested that the VZV-infected SOC system resembled biopsy data from herpes zoster infection of skin. An enhanced autophagy response has now been reported after infection with two additional alpha herpesviruses besides VZV, namely, pseudorabies virus and duck enteritis herpes virus; both lack the ICP34.5 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Buckingham
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - James Girsch
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wallen Jackson
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Charles Grose
- Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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20
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Romeo MA, Masuelli L, Gaeta A, Nazzari C, Granato M, Gilardini Montani MS, Faggioni A, Cirone M. Impact of HHV-6A and HHV-6B lytic infection on autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:89-98. [PMID: 30427305 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are known to manipulate autophagy to optimize their replication, counteract immune response and probably to promote tumourigenesis. This study explored, for the first time, the impact of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 lytic infection on autophagy and demonstrated that HHV-6A and B (viruses sharing more than 80 % homology) differently affected this cellular process. Indeed, while HHV-6A (GS) infection of HSB2 cells promoted autophagy, HHV-6B (Z29) or the virus isolated from the serum of roseola infantum-affected patient-inhibited autophagy in Molt-3 cells or in PBMCs, respectively. Interestingly, the different behaviour of HHV-6A and B on the autophagic process was accompanied by different effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response and cell survival that was more strongly reduced by HHV-6B infection. We hypothesize that the ability to inhibit autophagy displayed by HHV-6B could be due to the fact that it contains gene homologues of those encoding for TRS1; the protein responsible for the block of autophagy by human cytomegalovirus. Understanding how HHV-6A/B infection regulates autophagy could be of particular interest, as it has been recently shown that this virus may be involved in Alzheimer's disease in which a dysregulation of autophagy may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Masuelli
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Nazzari
- 2Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Granato
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Faggioni
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- 1Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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21
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Lv Y, Zhou S, Gao S, Deng H. Remodeling of host membranes during herpesvirus assembly and egress. Protein Cell 2018; 10:315-326. [PMID: 30242641 PMCID: PMC6468031 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, enveloped or non-enveloped, remodel host membrane structures for their replication, assembly and escape from host cells. Herpesviruses are important human pathogens and cause many diseases. As large enveloped DNA viruses, herpesviruses undergo several complex steps to complete their life cycles and produce infectious progenies. Firstly, herpesvirus assembly initiates in the nucleus, producing nucleocapsids that are too large to cross through the nuclear pores. Nascent nucleocapsids instead bud at the inner nuclear membrane to form primary enveloped virions in the perinuclear space followed by fusion of the primary envelopes with the outer nuclear membrane, to translocate the nucleocapsids into the cytoplasm. Secondly, nucleocapsids obtain a series of tegument proteins in the cytoplasm and bud into vesicles derived from host organelles to acquire viral envelopes. The vesicles are then transported to and fuse with the plasma membrane to release the mature virions to the extracellular space. Therefore, at least two budding and fusion events take place at cellular membrane structures during herpesviruses assembly and egress, which induce membrane deformations. In this review, we describe and discuss how herpesviruses exploit and remodel host membrane structures to assemble and escape from the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengyan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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22
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Dai W, Liu J, Li Q, Liu W, Li YX, Li YY. A comparison of next-generation sequencing analysis methods for cancer xenograft samples. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:345-350. [PMID: 30055875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in cancer is influenced by the quality and purity of tissue samples. This issue is especially critical for patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, which have proven to be by far the best preclinical tool for investigating human tumor biology, because the sensitivity and specificity of NGS analysis in xenograft samples would be compromised by the contamination of mouse DNA and RNA. This definitely affects downstream analyses by causing inaccurate mutation calling and gene expression estimates. The reliability of NGS data analysis for cancer xenograft samples is therefore highly dependent on whether the sequencing reads derived from the xenograft could be distinguished from those originated from the host. That is, each sequence read needs to be accurately assigned to its original species. Here, we review currently available methodologies in this field, including Xenome, Disambiguate, bamcmp and pdxBlacklist, and provide guidelines for users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Dai
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation & Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jixiang Liu
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation & Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Quanxue Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation & Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Xue Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation & Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation & Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
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23
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Graybill C, Morgan MJ, Levin MJ, Lee KS. Varicella-zoster virus inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion and the degradation stage of mTOR-mediated autophagic flux. Virology 2018; 522:220-227. [PMID: 30053655 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a lysosomal degradation mechanism that is important for maintaining homeostasis and for coping with cellular stress such as nutrient deprivation. Previously, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was reported to modulate the autophagy pathway in the host. However, how VZV affects the autophagy pathway is still unclear. In this study, we examined how wild-type rOka and attenuated vOka strains of cell-associated VZV affect autophagy in MRC-5 fibroblasts by using ratiometric flow cytometry and immunoblotting methods. While VZV does not prevent autophagosome formation, we demonstrate that, particularly when autophagy is upregulated, VZV inhibits late-stage autophagic flux, likely at the point where autophagosomes and lysosomes fuse or where vesicle contents are degraded. Importantly, inhibition of autophagy yields higher VZV titers. These results substantially contribute to the current view of the interaction between VZV and autophagy, and to a better understanding of VZV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Graybill
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Michael J Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Myron J Levin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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24
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Zhao C, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Jia R, Sun K, Chen X. Programmed cell death: the battlefield between the host and alpha-herpesviruses and a potential avenue for cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30704-30719. [PMID: 30093980 PMCID: PMC6078129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Programed cell death is an antiviral mechanism by which the host limits viral replication and protects uninfected cells. Many viruses encode proteins resistant to programed cell death to escape the host immune defenses, which indicates that programed cell death is more favorable for the host immune defense. Alpha-herpesviruses are pathogens that widely affect the health of humans and animals in different communities worldwide. Alpha-herpesviruses can induce apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis through different molecular mechanisms. This review concisely illustrates the different pathways of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis induced by alpha-herpesviruses. These pathways influence viral infection and replication and are a potential avenue for cancer treatment. This review will increase our understanding of the role of programed cell death in the host immune defense and provides new possibilities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankuo Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City 611130, Sichuan, P.R. China
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25
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Yamaguchi M, Kajiya H, Egashira R, Yasunaga M, Hagio-Izaki K, Sato A, Toshimitsu T, Naito T, Ohno J. Oxidative Stress-induced Interaction between Autophagy and Cellular Senescence in Human Keratinocytes. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.27.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Hiroshi Kajiya
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
- Section of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Rui Egashira
- Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Madoka Yasunaga
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Kanako Hagio-Izaki
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
- Section of General Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Ayako Sato
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
- Section of Oral Implantology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Takuya Toshimitsu
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
- Dentistry for the Disabled, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Toru Naito
- Section of Geriatric Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College
| | - Jun Ohno
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College
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26
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Buckingham EM, Foley MA, Grose C, Syed NA, Smith ME, Margolis TP, Thurtell MJ, Kardon R. Identification of Herpes Zoster-Associated Temporal Arteritis Among Cases of Giant Cell Arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 187:51-60. [PMID: 29294312 PMCID: PMC5866091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether herpes zoster antigen (also called varicellazoster virus antigen) was detectable in temporal artery biopsies taken from individuals with giant cell arteritis (GCA). DESIGN Retrospective comparative case series. METHODS Sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded temporal arteries were examined first by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining to establish the diagnosis of GCA. Adjacent sections of the same biopsy were then examined by immunohistochemistry, using 2 different monoclonal antibodies against a major antigen of varicella-zoster virus called gE. Pathologic specimens were obtained from patients cared for at the University of Iowa and Washington University in St. Louis ophthalmology clinics. RESULTS The study included biopsies from 25 patients with symptoms of GCA as well as positive H&E pathology and 25 patients with symptoms compatible with GCA but negative H&E pathology. Among the GCA-positive group, 3 patients had positive staining for herpes zoster antigen. Among the GCA-negative group, herpes zoster antigen was not detected in any biopsy. In both groups of patients, false-positive staining for herpes zoster antigen was detected in the presence of calcifications in the arteries. False-positive staining was also detected on some extra-arterial skeletal muscle and erythrocytes. CONCLUSION Herpes zoster antigen was detected in 3 of 25 temporal arteries from patients with biopsy-proven GCA. One of the 3 positive cases was noteworthy because the patient had had herpes zoster ophthalmicus diagnosed 3 weeks before the onset of GCA symptoms. False-positive staining for herpes zoster antigen was detected on several temporal artery biopsies.
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27
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Xu C, Wang M, Song Z, Wang Z, Liu Q, Jiang P, Bai J, Li Y, Wang X. Pseudorabies virus induces autophagy to enhance viral replication in mouse neuro-2a cells in vitro. Virus Res 2018; 248:44-52. [PMID: 29452162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy of cytoplasmic components plays an essential role in the pathogenic infection process. Furthermore, research suggests that autophagy is an extremely important component of the innate immune response. Our study aimed to reveal the effect of virus-induced autophagy on pseudorabies virus (PRV) replication. Our results confirmed that light chain 3 (LC3)-I was converted into LC3-II after PRV infection; this transition is considered an important indicator of autophagy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that PRV infection could notably increase the number of autophagosomes in mouse neuro-2a (N2a) cells. In addition, LC3-II accumulated in response to chloroquine (CQ) treatment, indicating that PRV infection induced a complete autophagic flux response. Furthermore, our analyses verified differences in the magnitude of autophagy induction by two different PRV isolates, LA and ZJ01. Subsequent analysis showed that the induction of autophagy by rapamycin facilitated PRV replication, while inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reduced PRV replication. These results indicated that PRV induced autophagy via the classical Beclin-1-Atg7-Atg5 pathway to enhance viral replication in N2a cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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28
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Li L, Chen X, Gu H. The signaling involved in autophagy machinery in keratinocytes and therapeutic approaches for skin diseases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50682-50697. [PMID: 27191982 PMCID: PMC5226613 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is responsible for the lysosomal degradation of proteins, organelles, microorganisms and exogenous particles. Epidermis primarily consists of keratinocytes which functions as an extremely important barrier. Investigation on autophagy in keratinocytes has been continuously renewing, but is not so systematic due to the complexity of the autophagy machinery. Here we reviewed recent studies on the autophagy in keratinocyte with a focus on interplay between autophagy machinery and keratinocytes biology, and novel autophagy regulators identified in keratinocytes. In this review, we discussed the roles of autophagy in apoptosis, differentiation, immune response, survival and melanin metabolism, trying to reveal the possible involvement of autophagy in skin aging, skin disorders and skin color formation. Since autophagy routinely plays a double-edged sword role in various conditions, its functions in skin homeostasis and potential application as a therapeutic target for skin diseases remains to be clarified. Furthermore, more investigations are needed on optimizing designed strategies to inhibit or enhance autophagy for clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Gu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
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29
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Brothers KM, Kowalski RP, Tian S, Kinchington PR, Shanks RMQ. Bacteria induce autophagy in a human ocular surface cell line. Exp Eye Res 2017; 168:12-18. [PMID: 29288646 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy protects cells from intracellular pathogens, but can be exploited by some infectious agents to their benefit. Currently it is not known if bacteria induce autohpagy in cells of the cornea. The goal of this study was to develop an ocular surface autophagy reporter cell line and determine whether ocular bacterial pathogens influence host responses through autophagy induction. The cell line was made using lentivirus transduction of an LC3-GFP fusion protein in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells. LC3-GFP puncta in HCLEs were induced by rapamycin and ammonium chloride treatments, and prevented by the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3'MA) and bafilomycin. Importantly, secretomes from Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin sensitive (MSSA) and resistant (MRSA), were found to induce autophagy, whereas other bacteria, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella sp., and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, did not. Our data indicates differences between tested ocular isolates of MRSA and MSSA in the activation of autophagy. HCLEs treated with 3'MA were slightly more susceptible to cytotoxic factors produced by S. marcescens and MRSA keratitis isolates, by contrast, bafilomycin A1 treatment caused no difference. This work demonstrates the successful development and validation of an autophagy reporter corneal cell line and indicates differences between ocular bacterial isolates in the activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Brothers
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Regis P Kowalski
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shenghe Tian
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Q Shanks
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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30
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Lussignol M, Esclatine A. Herpesvirus and Autophagy: "All Right, Everybody Be Cool, This Is a Robbery!". Viruses 2017; 9:v9120372. [PMID: 29207540 PMCID: PMC5744147 DOI: 10.3390/v9120372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential vacuolar process of the cell, leading to lysosomal degradation and recycling of proteins and organelles, which is extremely important in maintaining homeostasis. Multiple roles have been now associated with autophagy, in particular a pro-survival role in nutrient starvation or in stressful environments, a role in life span extension, in development, or in innate and adaptive immunity. This cellular process can also take over microorganisms or viral proteins inside autophagosomes and degrade them directly in autolysosomes and is then called xenophagy and virophagy, respectively. Several Herpesviruses have developed strategies to escape this degradation, by expression of specific anti-autophagic proteins. However, we are increasingly discovering that Herpesviruses hijack autophagy, rather than just fight it. This beneficial effect is obvious since inhibition of autophagy will lead to decreased viral titers for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), for example. Conversely, autophagy stimulation will improve viral multiplication. The autophagic machinery can be used in whole or in part, and can optimize viral propagation or persistence. Some viruses block maturation of autophagosomes to avoid the degradation step, then autophagosomal membranes are used to contribute to the envelopment and/or the egress of viral particles. On the other hand, VZV stimulates the whole process of autophagy to subvert it in order to use vesicles containing ATG (autophagy-related) proteins and resembling amphisomes for their transport in the cytoplasm. During latency, autophagy can also be activated by latent proteins encoded by different oncogenic Herpesviruses to promote cell survival and achieve long term viral persistence in vivo. Finally, reactivation of gammaherpesvirus Murid Herpesvirus 68 (MHV68) in mice appears to be positively modulated by autophagy, in order to control the level of inflammation. Therefore, Herpesviruses appear to behave more like thieves than fugitives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lussignol
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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31
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Yin HC, Zhao LL, Li SQ, Niu YJ, Jiang XJ, Xu LJ, Lu TF, Han LX, Liu SW, Chen HY. Autophagy activated by duck enteritis virus infection positively affects its replication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:486-495. [PMID: 28008822 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is an acute, septic, sexually transmitted disease that occurs in ducks, geese and other poultry. Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient pathway that is important in many viral infections. Despite extensive study, the interplay between DEV and autophagy of host cells is not clearly understood. In this study, we found that DEV infection triggers autophagy in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells, as demonstrated by the appearance of autophagosome-like double- or single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells and the number of GFP-LC3 dots. In addition, increased conversion of the autophagy marker protein LC3-I and LC3-II and decreased p62/SQSTM1 indicated complete autophagy flux. Heat-inactivated DEV infection did not induce autophagy, suggesting that the trigger of autophagy in DEF cells depended on DEV replication. When autophagy was pharmacologically inhibited by LY294002 or wortmannin, DEV replication decreased. The DEV offspring yield decreased when small interference RNA was used to interfere with autophagy related to the genes Beclin-1 and ATG5. In contrast, after treating DEF cells with rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, DEV replication increased. These results indicated that DEV infection induced autophagy in DEF cells and autophagy facilitated DEV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Si-Qi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, 191 Wenhua Street, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Yin-Jie Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xin-Jie Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, 191 Wenhua Street, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China
| | - Li-Jing Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Tao-Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Ling-Xia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Sheng-Wang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China
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32
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Meier JL, Grose C. Variable Effects of Autophagy Induction by Trehalose on Herpesviruses Depending on Conditions of Infection. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:25-33. [PMID: 28356891 PMCID: PMC5369042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar formed from two glucose units. Trehalose induces abundant autophagy in cultured cells and also reduces the rate of aggregation of the huntingtin protein in the animal model of Huntington disease, a chronic neurological disease in humans. The mechanism of this effect on autophagy is now known to be caused by starvation secondary to inhibition of a family of glucose transporters known as the solute carrier 2 or the glucose transporter family. Variable effects of trehalose treatment have been observed during infections with two herpesviruses-human cytomegalovirus and varicella-zoster virus. The reasons for differing results have now been delineated. These differences are caused by two variables in conditions of infection: timing of addition of trehalose and type of inoculum (cell-free virus vs. infected cells). When monolayers pretreated with trehalose were inoculated with cell-free virus, there was a decline in virus spread by as much as 93 percent when compared with untreated monolayers. However, when monolayers were inoculated with infected cells rather than cell-free virus, there was no decline in virus spread. These results demonstrated that the effect of trehalose was limited to monolayers that were starved when inoculated with cell-free virus. In contrast, sufficient virus was already present in infected cell inocula so as to minimize any inhibitory effect of a starved monolayer. These results also showed that trehalose did not specifically inhibit a herpesvirus; rather, addition of trehalose to cell culture media altered the intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L. Meier
- Virology laboratories, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Charles Grose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Varicella-Zoster Virus Infectious Cycle: ER Stress, Autophagic Flux, and Amphisome-Mediated Trafficking. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5040067. [PMID: 27973418 PMCID: PMC5198167 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) induces abundant autophagy. Of the nine human herpesviruses, the VZV genome is the smallest (~124 kbp), lacking any known inhibitors of autophagy, such as the herpes simplex virus ICP34.5 neurovirulence gene. Therefore, this review assesses the evidence for VZV-induced cellular stress, endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), and autophagic flux during the VZV infectious cycle. Even though VZV is difficult to propagate in cell culture, the biosynthesis of the both N- and O-linked viral glycoproteins was found to be abundant. In turn, this biosynthesis provided evidence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including a greatly enlarged ER and a greatly diminished production of cellular glycoproteins. Other signs of ER stress following VZV infection included detection of the alternatively spliced higher-molecular-weight form of XBP1 as well as CHOP. VZV infection in cultured cells leads to abundant autophagosome production, as was visualized by the detection of the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II). The degree of autophagy induced by VZV infection is comparable to that induced in uninfected cells by serum starvation. The inhibition of autophagic flux by chemicals such as 3-methyladenine or ATG5 siRNA, followed by diminished virus spread and titers, has been observed. Since the latter observation pointed to the virus assembly/trafficking compartments, we purified VZ virions by ultracentrifugation and examined the virion fraction for components of the autophagy pathway. We detected LC3-II protein (an autophagy marker) as well as Rab11 protein, a component of the endosomal pathway. We also observed that the virion-containing vesicles were single-walled; thus, they are not autophagosomes. These results suggested that some VZ virions after secondary envelopment were transported to the outer cell membrane in a vesicle derived from both the autophagy and endosomal pathways, such as an amphisome. Thus, these results demonstrate that herpesvirus trafficking pathways can converge with the autophagy pathway.
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Exocytosis of Varicella-Zoster Virus Virions Involves a Convergence of Endosomal and Autophagy Pathways. J Virol 2016; 90:8673-85. [PMID: 27440906 PMCID: PMC5021422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00915-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an extremely cell-associated herpesvirus with limited egress of viral particles. The induction of autophagy in VZV-infected monolayers is easily detectable; inhibition of autophagy leads to decreased VZV glycoprotein biosynthesis and diminished viral titers. To explain how autophagic flux could exert a proviral effect on the VZV infectious cycle, we postulated that the VZV exocytosis pathway following secondary envelopment may converge with the autophagy pathway. This hypothesis depended on known similarities between VZV gE and autophagy-related (Atg) Atg9/Atg16L1 trafficking pathways. Investigations were carried out with highly purified fractions of VZV virions. When the virion fraction was tested for the presence of autophagy and endosomal proteins, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (MAP1LC3B) and Ras-like GTPase 11 (Rab11) were detected. By two-dimensional (2D) and 3D imaging after immunolabeling, both proteins also colocalized with VZV gE in a proportion of cytoplasmic vesicles. When purified VZV virions were enumerated after immunoelectron microscopy, gold beads were detected on viruses following incubation with antibodies to VZV gE (∼100%), Rab11 (50%), and LC3B (30%). Examination of numerous electron micrographs demonstrated that enveloped virions were housed in single-membraned vesicles; viral particles were not observed in autophagosomes. Taken together, our data suggested that some viral particles after secondary envelopment accumulated in a heterogeneous population of single-membraned vesicular compartments, which were decorated with components from both the endocytic pathway (Rab11) and the autophagy pathway (LC3B). The latter cytoplasmic viral vesicles resembled an amphisome. IMPORTANCE VZV infection leads to increased autophagic flux, while inhibition of autophagy leads to a marked reduction in virus spread. In this investigation of the proviral role of autophagy, we found evidence for an intersection of viral exocytosis and autophagy pathways. Specifically, both LC3-II and Rab11 proteins copurified with some infectious VZV particles. The results suggested that a subpopulation of VZV particles were carried to the cell surface in single-walled vesicles with attributes of an amphisome, an organelle formed from the fusion of an endosome and an autophagosome. Our results also addressed the interpretation of autophagy/xenophagy results with mutated herpes simplex virus lacking its ICP34.5 neurovirulence gene (HSVΔ34.5). The VZV genome lacks an ICP34.5 ortholog, yet we found no evidence of VZV particles housed in a double-membraned autophagosome. In other words, xenophagy, a degradative process documented after infection with HSVΔ34.5, was not observed in VZV-infected cells.
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Mauthe M, Langereis M, Jung J, Zhou X, Jones A, Omta W, Tooze SA, Stork B, Paludan SR, Ahola T, Egan D, Behrends C, Mokry M, de Haan C, van Kuppeveld F, Reggiori F. An siRNA screen for ATG protein depletion reveals the extent of the unconventional functions of the autophagy proteome in virus replication. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:619-35. [PMID: 27573464 PMCID: PMC5004442 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process regulated by the orchestrated action of the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Recent work indicates that some of the ATG proteins also have autophagy-independent roles. Using an unbiased siRNA screen approach, we explored the extent of these unconventional functions of ATG proteins. We determined the effects of the depletion of each ATG proteome component on the replication of six different viruses. Our screen reveals that up to 36% of the ATG proteins significantly alter the replication of at least one virus in an unconventional fashion. Detailed analysis of two candidates revealed an undocumented role for ATG13 and FIP200 in picornavirus replication that is independent of their function in autophagy as part of the ULK complex. The high numbers of unveiled ATG gene-specific and pathogen-specific functions of the ATG proteins calls for caution in the interpretation of data, which rely solely on the depletion of a single ATG protein to specifically ablate autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mauthe
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xingdong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Jones
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wienand Omta
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Tero Ahola
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dave Egan
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christian Behrends
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michal Mokry
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
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Trehalose, sucrose and raffinose are novel activators of autophagy in human keratinocytes through an mTOR-independent pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28423. [PMID: 27328819 PMCID: PMC4916512 DOI: 10.1038/srep28423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural disaccharide that is found in a diverse range of organisms but not in mammals. Autophagy is a process which mediates the sequestration, lysosomal delivery and degradation of proteins and organelles. Studies have shown that trehalose exerts beneficial effects through inducing autophagy in mammalian cells. However, whether trehalose or other saccharides can activate autophagy in keratinocytes is unknown. Here, we found that trehalose treatment increased the LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, acridine orange-stained vacuoles and GFP-LC3B (LC3B protein tagged with green fluorescent protein) puncta in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line, indicating autophagy induction. Trehalose-induced autophagy was also observed in primary keratinocytes and the A431 epidermal cancer cell line. mTOR signalling was not affected by trehalose treatment, suggesting that trehalose induced autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway. mTOR-independent autophagy induction was also observed in HaCaT and HeLa cells treated with sucrose or raffinose but not in glucose, maltose or sorbitol treated HaCaT cells, indicating that autophagy induction was not a general property of saccharides. Finally, although trehalose treatment had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, it had a cytoprotective effect on cells exposed to UVB radiation. Our study provides new insight into the saccharide-mediated regulation of autophagy in keratinocytes.
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Granato M, Santarelli R, Filardi M, Gonnella R, Farina A, Torrisi MR, Faggioni A, Cirone M. The activation of KSHV lytic cycle blocks autophagy in PEL cells. Autophagy 2015; 11:1978-1986. [PMID: 26391343 PMCID: PMC4824593 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1091911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study confirms that autophagy is activated concomitantly with KSHV lytic cycle induction, and that autophagy inhibition by BECN1 knockdown reduces viral lytic gene expression. In addition, we extend previous observations and show that autophagy is blocked at late steps, during viral replication. This is indicated by the lack of colocalization of autophagosomes and lysosomes and by the LC3-II level that does not increase in the presence of bafilomycin A1 in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells induced to enter the lytic cycle, either by TPA/sodium butyrate (BC3 and BCBL1) or by doxycycline (TRExBCBL1-Rta). The autophagic block correlates with the downregulation of RAB7, whose silencing with specific siRNA results in an autophagic block in the same cells. Finally, by electron microscopy analysis, we observed viral particles inside autophagic vesicles in the cytoplasm of PEL cells undergoing viral replication, suggesting that they may be involved in viral transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Granato
- a Department of Experimental Medicine ; "Sapienza" University of Rome ; Rome , Italy
| | - Roberta Santarelli
- a Department of Experimental Medicine ; "Sapienza" University of Rome ; Rome , Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Filardi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine ; "Sapienza" University of Rome ; Rome , Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- a Department of Experimental Medicine ; "Sapienza" University of Rome ; Rome , Italy
| | - Antonella Farina
- a Department of Experimental Medicine ; "Sapienza" University of Rome ; Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- b Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti ; Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare ; Sapienza Università di Roma ; Rome , Italy.,c Azienda Ospedaliera S. Andrea ; Rome , Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- a Department of Experimental Medicine ; "Sapienza" University of Rome ; Rome , Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- a Department of Experimental Medicine ; "Sapienza" University of Rome ; Rome , Italy
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Trehalose, an mTOR-Independent Inducer of Autophagy, Inhibits Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Multiple Cell Types. J Virol 2015; 90:1259-77. [PMID: 26559848 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02651-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major viral cause of birth defects and a serious problem in immunocompromised individuals and has been associated with atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that the induction of autophagy can inhibit the replication of several different types of DNA and RNA viruses. The goal of the work presented here was to determine whether constitutive activation of autophagy would also block replication of HCMV. Most prior studies have used agents that induce autophagy via inhibition of the mTOR pathway. However, since HCMV infection alters the sensitivity of mTOR kinase-containing complexes to inhibitors, we sought an alternative method of inducing autophagy. We chose to use trehalose, a nontoxic naturally occurring disaccharide that is found in plants, insects, microorganisms, and invertebrates but not in mammals and that induces autophagy by an mTOR-independent mechanism. Given the many different cell targets of HCMV, we proceeded to determine whether trehalose would inhibit HCMV infection in human fibroblasts, aortic artery endothelial cells, and neural cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. We found that in all of these cell types, trehalose induces autophagy and inhibits HCMV gene expression and production of cell-free virus. Treatment of HCMV-infected neural cells with trehalose also inhibited production of cell-associated virus and partially blocked the reduction in neurite growth and cytomegaly. These results suggest that activation of autophagy by the natural sugar trehalose or other safe mTOR-independent agents might provide a novel therapeutic approach for treating HCMV disease. IMPORTANCE HCMV infects multiple cell types in vivo, establishes lifelong persistence in the host, and can cause serious health problems for fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. HCMV, like all other persistent pathogens, has to finely tune its interplay with the host cellular machinery to replicate efficiently and evade detection by the immune system. In this study, we investigated whether modulation of autophagy, a host pathway necessary for the recycling of nutrients and removal of protein aggregates, misfolded proteins, and pathogens, could be used to target HCMV. We found that autophagy could be significantly increased by treatment with the nontoxic, natural disaccharide trehalose. Importantly, trehalose had a profound inhibitory effect on viral gene expression and strongly impaired viral spread. These data constitute a proof-of-concept for the use of natural products targeting host pathways rather than the virus itself, thus reducing the risk of the development of resistance to treatment.
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Yakoub AM, Shukla D. Basal Autophagy Is Required for Herpes simplex Virus-2 Infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12985. [PMID: 26248741 PMCID: PMC4528227 DOI: 10.1038/srep12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process of the cell, which plays an important role in regulating plethora of infections. The role of autophagy in Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection is unknown. Here, we found that HSV-2 does not allow induction of an autophagic response to infection, but maintains basal autophagy levels mostly unchanged during productive infection. Thus, we investigated the importance of basal autophagy for HSV-2 infection, using pharmacological autophagy suppression or cells genetically deficient in an autophagy-essential gene (ATG5). Interference with basal autophagy flux in cells significantly reduced viral replication and diminished the infection. These results indicate that basal autophagy plays an indispensable role required for a productive infection. Importantly, this study draws a sharp distinction between induced and basal autophagy, where the former acts as a viral clearance mechanism abrogating infection, while the latter supports infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraam M Yakoub
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL USA, 60612 [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA, 60612
| | - Deepak Shukla
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL USA, 60612 [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA, 60612
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Gershon AA, Breuer J, Cohen JI, Cohrs RJ, Gershon MD, Gilden D, Grose C, Hambleton S, Kennedy PGE, Oxman MN, Seward JF, Yamanishi K. Varicella zoster virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15016. [PMID: 27188665 PMCID: PMC5381807 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox), which can be severe in immunocompromised individuals, infants and adults. Primary infection is followed by latency in ganglionic neurons. During this period, no virus particles are produced and no obvious neuronal damage occurs. Reactivation of the virus leads to virus replication, which causes zoster (shingles) in tissues innervated by the involved neurons, inflammation and cell death - a process that can lead to persistent radicular pain (postherpetic neuralgia). The pathogenesis of postherpetic neuralgia is unknown and it is difficult to treat. Furthermore, other zoster complications can develop, including myelitis, cranial nerve palsies, meningitis, stroke (vasculopathy), retinitis, and gastroenterological infections such as ulcers, pancreatitis and hepatitis. VZV is the only human herpesvirus for which highly effective vaccines are available. After varicella or vaccination, both wild-type and vaccine-type VZV establish latency, and long-term immunity to varicella develops. However, immunity does not protect against reactivation. Thus, two vaccines are used: one to prevent varicella and one to prevent zoster. In this Primer we discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of VZV infections, with an emphasis on the molecular events that regulate these diseases. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/14xVI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Gershon
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Don Gilden
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charles Grose
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Children's Hospital, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter G E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Michael N Oxman
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jane F Seward
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Koichi Yamanishi
- Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Interference with the Autophagic Process as a Viral Strategy to Escape from the Immune Control: Lesson from Gamma Herpesviruses. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:546063. [PMID: 26090494 PMCID: PMC4451563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/546063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarized the most recent findings on the role of autophagy in antiviral immune response. We described how viruses have developed strategies to subvert the autophagic process. A particular attention has been given to Epstein-Barr and Kaposi's sarcoma associated Herpesvirus, viruses studied for many years in our laboratory. These two viruses belong to γ-Herpesvirus subfamily and are associated with several human cancers. Besides the effects on the immune response, we have described how autophagy subversion by viruses may also concur to the enhancement of their replication and to viral tumorigenesis.
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42
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Jackson WT. Viruses and the autophagy pathway. Virology 2015; 479-480:450-6. [PMID: 25858140 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the cellular autophagy pathway have exploded over the past twenty years. Now appreciated as a constitutive degradative mechanism that promotes cellular homeostasis, autophagy is also required for a variety of developmental processes, cellular stress responses, and immune pathways. Autophagy certainly acts as both an anti-viral and pro-viral pathway, and the roles of autophagy depend on the virus, the cell type, and the cellular environment. The goal of this review is to summarize, in brief, what we know so far about the relationship between autophagy and viruses, particularly for those who are not familiar with the field. With a massive amount of relevant published data, it is simply not possible to be comprehensive, or to provide a complete "parade of viruses", and apologies are offered to researchers whose work is not described herein. Rather, this review is organized around general themes regarding the relationship between autophagy and animal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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