1
|
Apte RA, Smidler AL, Pai JJ, Chow ML, Chen S, Mondal A, Sánchez C. HM, Antoshechkin I, Marshall JM, Akbari OS. Eliminating malaria vectors with precision-guided sterile males. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312456121. [PMID: 38917000 PMCID: PMC11228498 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312456121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the principal African malaria vector, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, is considered essential to curtail malaria transmission. However, existing vector control technologies rely on insecticides, which are becoming increasingly ineffective. Sterile insect technique (SIT) is a powerful suppression approach that has successfully eradicated a number of insect pests, yet the A. gambiae toolkit lacks the requisite technologies for its implementation. SIT relies on iterative mass releases of nonbiting, nondriving, sterile males which seek out and mate with monandrous wild females. Once mated, females are permanently sterilized due to mating-induced refractoriness, which results in population suppression of the subsequent generation. However, sterilization by traditional methods renders males unfit, making the creation of precise genetic sterilization methods imperative. Here, we introduce a vector control technology termed precision-guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT), in A. gambiae for inducible, programmed male sterilization and female elimination for wide-scale use in SIT campaigns. Using a binary CRISPR strategy, we cross separate engineered Cas9 and gRNA strains to disrupt male-fertility and female-essential genes, yielding >99.5% male sterility and >99.9% female lethality in hybrid progeny. We demonstrate that these genetically sterilized males have good longevity, are able to induce sustained population suppression in cage trials, and are predicted to eliminate wild A. gambiae populations using mathematical models, making them ideal candidates for release. This work provides a valuable addition to the malaria genetic biocontrol toolkit, enabling scalable SIT-like confinable, species-specific, and safe suppression in the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reema A. Apte
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Andrea L. Smidler
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - James J. Pai
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Martha L. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Sanle Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Agastya Mondal
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Héctor M. Sánchez C.
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - John M. Marshall
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smidler AL, Apte RA, Pai JJ, Chow ML, Chen S, Mondal A, Sánchez C. HM, Antoshechkin I, Marshall JM, Akbari OS. Eliminating Malaria Vectors with Precision Guided Sterile Males. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.20.549947. [PMID: 37503146 PMCID: PMC10370176 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.20.549947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the principal African malaria vector, the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, is considered essential to curtail malaria transmission. However existing vector control technologies rely on insecticides, which are becoming increasingly ineffective. Sterile insect technique (SIT) is a powerful suppression approach that has successfully eradicated a number of insect pests, yet the A. gambiae toolkit lacks the requisite technologies for its implementation. SIT relies on iterative mass-releases of non-biting, non-driving, sterile males which seek out and mate with monandrous wild females. Once mated, females are permanently sterilized due to mating-induced refractoriness, which results in population suppression of the subsequent generation. However, sterilization by traditional methods renders males unfit, making the creation of precise genetic sterilization methods imperative. Here we develop precision guided Sterile Insect Technique (pgSIT) in the mosquito A. gambiae for inducible, programmed male-sterilization and female-elimination for wide scale use in SIT campaigns. Using a binary CRISPR strategy, we cross separate engineered Cas9 and gRNA strains to disrupt male-fertility and female-essential genes, yielding >99.5% male-sterility and >99.9% female-lethality in hybrid progeny. We demonstrate that these genetically sterilized males have good longevity, are able to induce population suppression in cage trials, and are predicted to eliminate wild A. gambiae populations using mathematical models, making them ideal candidates for release. This work provides a valuable addition to the malaria genetic biocontrol toolkit, for the first time enabling scalable SIT-like confinable suppression in the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Smidler
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Reema A. Apte
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - James J. Pai
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Martha L. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sanle Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Agastya Mondal
- Divisions of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Héctor M. Sánchez C.
- Divisions of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering (BBE), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - John M. Marshall
- Divisions of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Omar S. Akbari
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang G, Wu W, Chen Y, Zhi X, Zou P, Ning Z, Fan Q, Liu Y, Deng S, Zeng K, Zhou R. Balancing selection on an MYB transcription factor maintains the twig trichome color variation in Melastoma normale. BMC Biol 2023; 21:122. [PMID: 37226197 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The factors that maintain phenotypic and genetic variation within a population have received long-term attention in evolutionary biology. Here the genetic basis and evolution of the geographically widespread variation in twig trichome color (from red to white) in a shrub Melastoma normale was investigated using Pool-seq and evolutionary analyses. RESULTS The results show that the twig trichome coloration is under selection in different light environments and that a 6-kb region containing an R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene is the major region of divergence between the extreme red and white morphs. This gene has two highly divergent groups of alleles, one of which likely originated from introgression from another species in this genus and has risen to high frequency (> 0.6) within each of the three populations under investigation. In contrast, polymorphisms in other regions of the genome show no sign of differentiation between the two morphs, suggesting that genomic patterns of diversity have been shaped by homogenizing gene flow. Population genetics analysis reveals signals of balancing selection acting on this gene, and it is suggested that spatially varying selection is the most likely mechanism of balancing selection in this case. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrate that polymorphisms on a single transcription factor gene largely confer the twig trichome color variation in M. normale, while also explaining how adaptive divergence can occur and be maintained in the face of gene flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan, 643000, China
| | - Xueke Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peishan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zulin Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Qiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shulin Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Renchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Das S, Máquina M, Phillips K, Cuamba N, Marrenjo D, Saúte F, Paaijmans KP, Huijben S. Fine-scale spatial distribution of deltamethrin resistance and population structure of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis populations in Southern Mozambique. Malar J 2023; 22:94. [PMID: 36915131 PMCID: PMC10010967 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors can be spatially highly heterogeneous, yet population structure analyses frequently find relatively high levels of gene flow among mosquito populations. Few studies have contemporaneously assessed phenotypic, genotypic and population structure analysis on mosquito populations and none at fine geographical scales. In this study, genetic diversity, population structure, and insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis were examined across mosquito populations from and within neighbouring villages. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected from 11 towns in southern Mozambique, as well as from different neighbourhoods within the town of Palmeira, during the peak malaria transmission season in 2016. CDC bottle bioassay and PCR assays were performed with Anopheles mosquitoes at each site to determine phenotypic and molecular insecticide resistance profiles, respectively. Microsatellite analysis was conducted on a subsample of mosquitoes to estimate genetic diversity and population structure. RESULTS Phenotypic insecticide resistance to deltamethrin was observed in An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) throughout the area, though a high level of mortality variation was seen. However, 98% of An. funestus s.s. were CYP6P9a homozygous resistant. An. arabiensis was phenotypically susceptible to deltamethrin and 99% were kdr homozygous susceptible. Both Anopheles species exhibited high allelic richness and heterozygosity. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed, and high linkage disequilibrium was seen for An. funestus s.s., supporting population subdivision. However, the FST values were low for both anophelines (- 0.00457 to 0.04213), Nm values were high (9.4-71.8 migrants per generation), AMOVA results showed almost 100% genetic variation among and within individuals, and Structure analysis showed no clustering of An. funestus s.s. and An. arabiensis populations. These results suggest high gene flow among mosquito populations. CONCLUSION Despite a relatively high level of phenotypic variation in the An. funestus population, molecular analysis shows the population is admixed. These data indicate that CYP6P9a resistance markers do not capture all phenotypic variation in the area, but also that resistance genes of high impact are likely to easily spread in the area. Conversely, other strategies, such as transgenic mosquito release programmes will likely not face challenges in this locality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Das
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Keeley Phillips
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dulcisaria Marrenjo
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Manhica, Mozambique
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvie Huijben
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gene drive in species complexes: defining target organisms. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:154-164. [PMID: 35868886 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Engineered gene drives, which bias their own inheritance to increase in frequency in target populations, are being developed to control mosquito malaria vectors. Such mosquitoes can belong to complexes of both vector and nonvector species that can produce fertile interspecific hybrids, making vertical gene drive transfer (VGDT) to sibling species biologically plausible. While VGDT to other vectors could positively impact human health protection goals, VGDT to nonvectors might challenge biodiversity ones. Therefore, environmental risk assessment of gene drive use in species complexes invites more nuanced considerations of target organisms and nontarget organisms than for transgenes not intended to increase in frequency in target populations. Incorporating the concept of target species complexes offers more flexibility when assessing potential impacts from VGDT.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tricou T, Tannier E, de Vienne DM. Ghost lineages can invalidate or even reverse findings regarding gene flow. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001776. [PMID: 36103518 PMCID: PMC9473628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introgression, endosymbiosis, and gene transfer, i.e., horizontal gene flow (HGF), are primordial sources of innovation in all domains of life. Our knowledge on HGF relies on detection methods that exploit some of its signatures left on extant genomes. One of them is the effect of HGF on branch lengths of constructed phylogenies. This signature has been formalized in statistical tests for HGF detection and used for example to detect massive adaptive gene flows in malaria vectors or to order evolutionary events involved in eukaryogenesis. However, these studies rely on the assumption that ghost lineages (all unsampled extant and extinct taxa) have little influence. We demonstrate here with simulations and data reanalysis that when considering the more realistic condition that unsampled taxa are legion compared to sampled ones, the conclusion of these studies become unfounded or even reversed. This illustrates the necessity to recognize the existence of ghosts in evolutionary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Tricou
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eric Tannier
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, F-38334 Montbonnot, France
| | - Damien M. de Vienne
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Connolly JB, Mumford JD, Glandorf DCM, Hartley S, Lewis OT, Evans SW, Turner G, Beech C, Sykes N, Coulibaly MB, Romeis J, Teem JL, Tonui W, Lovett B, Mankad A, Mnzava A, Fuchs S, Hackett TD, Landis WG, Marshall JM, Aboagye-Antwi F. Recommendations for environmental risk assessment of gene drive applications for malaria vector control. Malar J 2022; 21:152. [PMID: 35614489 PMCID: PMC9131534 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on an exercise that identified potential harms from simulated investigational releases of a population suppression gene drive for malaria vector control, a series of online workshops identified nine recommendations to advance future environmental risk assessment of gene drive applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Connolly
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, UK.
| | - John D Mumford
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, UK
| | | | | | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sam Weiss Evans
- Program On Science, Technology & Society, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Geoff Turner
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, UK
| | | | - Naima Sykes
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, UK
| | - Mamadou B Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John L Teem
- Genetic Biocontrols LLC, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Willy Tonui
- Environmental Health and Safety (EHS Consultancy) Ltd, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Lovett
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
| | - Aditi Mankad
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Abraham Mnzava
- African Leaders Malaria Alliance, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Silke Fuchs
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Sunninghill, Ascot, UK
| | | | - Wayne G Landis
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - John M Marshall
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Payne C, Bovio R, Powell DL, Gunn TR, Banerjee SM, Grant V, Rosenthal GG, Schumer M. Genomic insights into variation in thermotolerance between hybridizing swordtail fishes. Mol Ecol 2022. [PMID: 35510780 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how organisms adapt to changing environments is a core focus of research in evolutionary biology. One common mechanism is adaptive introgression, which has received increasing attention as a potential route to rapid adaptation in populations struggling in the face of ecological change, particularly global climate change. However, hybridization can also result in deleterious genetic interactions that may limit the benefits of adaptive introgression. Here, we used a combination of genome-wide quantitative trait locus mapping and differential gene expression analyses between the swordtail fish species Xiphophorus malinche and X. birchmanni to study the consequences of hybridization on thermotolerance. While these two species are adapted to different thermal environments, we document a complicated architecture of thermotolerance in hybrids. We identify a region of the genome that contributes to reduced thermotolerance in individuals heterozygous for X. malinche and X. birchmanni ancestry, as well as widespread misexpression in hybrids of genes that respond to thermal stress in the parental species, particularly in the circadian clock pathway. We also show that a previously mapped hybrid incompatibility between X. malinche and X. birchmanni contributes to reduced thermotolerance in hybrids. Together, our results highlight the challenges of understanding the impact of hybridization on complex ecological traits and its potential impact on adaptive introgression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Payne
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Richard Bovio
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel L Powell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Theresa R Gunn
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Shreya M Banerjee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Victoria Grant
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
| | - Gil G Rosenthal
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Molly Schumer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", A.C., Calnali, Hidalgo, México
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
- Hanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
MacPherson A, Wang S, Yamaguchi R, Rieseberg L, Otto S. Parental Population Range Expansion Before Secondary Contact Promotes Heterosis. Am Nat 2022; 200:E1-E15. [DOI: 10.1086/719656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
10
|
Campos M, Rona LDP, Willis K, Christophides GK, MacCallum RM. Unravelling population structure heterogeneity within the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:422. [PMID: 34103015 PMCID: PMC8185951 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole genome re-sequencing provides powerful data for population genomic studies, allowing robust inferences of population structure, gene flow and evolutionary history. For the major malaria vector in Africa, Anopheles gambiae, other genetic aspects such as selection and adaptation are also important. In the present study, we explore population genetic variation from genome-wide sequencing of 765 An. gambiae and An. coluzzii specimens collected from across Africa. We used t-SNE, a recently popularized dimensionality reduction method, to create a 2D-map of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii genes that reflect their population structure similarities. Results The map allows intuitive navigation among genes distributed throughout the so-called “mainland” and numerous surrounding “island-like” gene clusters. These gene clusters of various sizes correspond predominantly to low recombination genomic regions such as inversions and centromeres, and also to recent selective sweeps. Because this mosquito species complex has been studied extensively, we were able to support our interpretations with previously published findings. Several novel observations and hypotheses are also made, including selective sweeps and a multi-locus selection event in Guinea-Bissau, a known intense hybridization zone between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. Conclusions Our results present a rich dataset that could be utilized in functional investigations aiming to shed light onto An. gambiae s.l genome evolution and eventual speciation. In addition, the methodology presented here can be used to further characterize other species not so well studied as An. gambiae, shortening the time required to progress from field sampling to the identification of genes and genomic regions under unique evolutionary processes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07722-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luisa D P Rona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katie Willis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Profile of Nora J. Besansky. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101734118. [PMID: 33627410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101734118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
12
|
Chromosomal evolution in Raphicerus antelope suggests divergent X chromosomes may drive speciation through females, rather than males, contrary to Haldane's rule. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3152. [PMID: 33542477 PMCID: PMC7862234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome structural change has long been considered important in the evolution of post-zygotic reproductive isolation. The premise that karyotypic variation can serve as a possible barrier to gene flow is founded on the expectation that heterozygotes for structurally distinct chromosomal forms would be partially sterile (negatively heterotic) or show reduced recombination. We report the outcome of a detailed comparative molecular cytogenetic study of three antelope species, genus Raphicerus, that have undergone a rapid radiation. The species are largely conserved with respect to their euchromatic regions but the X chromosomes, in marked contrast, show distinct patterns of heterochromatic amplification and localization of repeats that have occurred independently in each lineage. We argue a novel hypothesis that postulates that the expansion of heterochromatic blocks in the homogametic sex can, with certain conditions, contribute to post-zygotic isolation. i.e., female hybrid incompatibility, the converse of Haldane’s rule. This is based on the expectation that hybrids incur a selective disadvantage due to impaired meiosis resulting from the meiotic checkpoint network’s surveillance of the asymmetric expansions of heterochromatic blocks in the homogametic sex. Asynapsis of these heterochromatic regions would result in meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin and, if this persists, germline apoptosis and female infertility.
Collapse
|
13
|
A phylogenomic study of Steganinae fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae): strong gene tree heterogeneity and evidence for monophyly. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:141. [PMID: 33138771 PMCID: PMC7607883 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drosophilidae family is traditionally divided into two subfamilies: Drosophilinae and Steganinae. This division is based on morphological characters, and the two subfamilies have been treated as monophyletic in most of the literature, but some molecular phylogenies have suggested Steganinae to be paraphyletic. To test the paraphyletic-Steganinae hypothesis, here, we used genomic sequences of eight Drosophilidae (three Steganinae and five Drosophilinae) and two Ephydridae (outgroup) species and inferred the phylogeny for the group based on a dataset of 1,028 orthologous genes present in all species (> 1,000,000 bp). This dataset includes three genera that broke the monophyly of the subfamilies in previous works. To investigate possible biases introduced by small sample sizes and automatic gene annotation, we used the same methods to infer species trees from a set of 10 manually annotated genes that are commonly used in phylogenetics. RESULTS Most of the 1,028 gene trees depicted Steganinae as paraphyletic with distinct topologies, but the most common topology depicted it as monophyletic (43.7% of the gene trees). Despite the high levels of gene tree heterogeneity observed, species tree inference in ASTRAL, in PhyloNet, and with the concatenation approach strongly supported the monophyly of both subfamilies for the 1,028-gene dataset. However, when using the concatenation approach to infer a species tree from the smaller set of 10 genes, we recovered Steganinae as a paraphyletic group. The pattern of gene tree heterogeneity was asymmetrical and thus could not be explained solely by incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). CONCLUSIONS Steganinae was clearly a monophyletic group in the dataset that we analyzed. In addition to ILS, gene tree discordance was possibly the result of introgression, suggesting complex branching processes during the early evolution of Drosophilidae with short speciation intervals and gene flow. Our study highlights the importance of genomic data in elucidating contentious phylogenetic relationships and suggests that phylogenetic inference for drosophilids based on small molecular datasets should be performed cautiously. Finally, we suggest an approach for the correction and cleaning of BUSCO-derived genomic datasets that will be useful to other researchers planning to use this tool for phylogenomic studies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jones MR, Mills LS, Jensen JD, Good JM. The Origin and Spread of Locally Adaptive Seasonal Camouflage in Snowshoe Hares. Am Nat 2020; 196:316-332. [DOI: 10.1086/710022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
15
|
Courtier‐Orgogozo V, Danchin A, Gouyon P, Boëte C. Evaluating the probability of CRISPR-based gene drive contaminating another species. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1888-1905. [PMID: 32908593 PMCID: PMC7463340 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The probability D that a given clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene drive element contaminates another, nontarget species can be estimated by the following Drive Risk Assessment Quantitative Estimate (DRAQUE) Equation: D = h y b + t r a n s f × e x p r e s s × c u t × f l a n k × i m m u n e × n o n e x t i n c t with hyb = probability of hybridization between the target species and a nontarget species; transf = probability of horizontal transfer of a piece of DNA containing the gene drive cassette from the target species to a nontarget species (with no hybridization); express = probability that the Cas9 and guide RNA genes are expressed; cut = probability that the CRISPR-guide RNA recognizes and cuts at a DNA site in the new host; flank = probability that the gene drive cassette inserts at the cut site; immune = probability that the immune system does not reject Cas9-expressing cells; nonextinct = probability of invasion of the drive within the population. We discuss and estimate each of the seven parameters of the equation, with particular emphasis on possible transfers within insects, and between rodents and humans. We conclude from current data that the probability of a gene drive cassette to contaminate another species is not insignificant. We propose strategies to reduce this risk and call for more work on estimating all the parameters of the formula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Institut Cochin INSERM U1016 – CNRS UMR8104 – Université Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - Pierre‐Henri Gouyon
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, BiodiversitéMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUAParisFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Genetic analysis and population structure of the Anopheles gambiae complex from different ecological zones of Burkina Faso. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104261. [PMID: 32092481 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) is the most important vector for malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, besides other vectors such as Anopheles funestus. Malaria vector control should encompass specific identification, genetic diversity and population structure of An. gambiae to design vector control strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of sibling species of the An. gambiae complex according to climatic regions related to cotton-growing or cotton-free areas by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Then, variation in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) was used to assess the genetic structure within and between populations from our selected ecological zones. At the sibling species level, the following proportions were found across all samples (n = 180): An. coluzzii 65.56%, An. gambiae stricto sensu (s.s). 21.11%, and An. arabiensis 3.33%. Hybrids between An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii (7.78%) and hybrids between An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis (2.22%) were found. The phylogenetic tree and Integer Neighbour-Joining (IntNJ) haplotype network did not reveal any distinct genetic structure pattern related to climatic or agricultural conditions in Burkina Faso. The Fst (Wright's F-statistic) values close to zero showed a free gene flow and no differentiation in An. gambiae complex populations. Furthermore, neutrality indices calculated by Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D⁎, Fu and Li's F⁎, Fu's Fs tests suggested an excess of rare mutations in the populations. Overall, variation in the proportions of An. gambiae s.s., An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis was found according to climatic regions, but COI analysis did not evidence any population structuring of the An. gambiae complex. These scientific contributions can be used as a basis for further in-depth study of the genetic diversity of the An. gambiae complex for epidemiological risk assessment of malaria in Burkina Faso.
Collapse
|
17
|
Corrêa AS, Cordeiro EM, Omoto C. Agricultural insect hybridization and implications for pest management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2857-2864. [PMID: 31124266 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions, the expansion of agricultural frontiers, and climate change favor encounters of divergent lineages of animals and plants, increasing the likelihood of hybridization. However, hybridization of insect species and its consequences for agroecosystems have not received sufficient attention. Gene exchange between distinct and distant genetic pools can improve the survival and reproduction of insect pests, and threaten beneficial insects in disturbed agricultural environments. Hybridization may be the underlying explanation for the recurrent pest outbreaks and control failures in putative hybrid zones, as suspected for bollworm, corn borer, whiteflies, and stink bugs. Reliable predictions of the types of changes that can be expected in pest insect genomes and fitness, and of their impacts on the fate of species and populations remain elusive. Typical steps in pest management, such as insect identification, pest monitoring, and control are likely affected by gene flow and adaptive introgression mediated by hybridization, and we do not have ways to respond to or mitigate the problem. To address the adverse effects of farming intensification and global trade, we must ensure that current integrated pest management programs incorporate up-to-date monitoring and diagnostic tools. The rapid identification of hybrids, quantification of levels of introgression, and in-depth knowledge of what genes have been transferred may help to explain and predict insect population outbreaks and control failures in the future. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto S Corrêa
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Erick Mg Cordeiro
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Celso Omoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barrón MG, Paupy C, Rahola N, Akone-Ella O, Ngangue MF, Wilson-Bahun TA, Pombi M, Kengne P, Costantini C, Simard F, González J, Ayala D. A new species in the major malaria vector complex sheds light on reticulated species evolution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14753. [PMID: 31611571 PMCID: PMC6791875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexes of closely related species provide key insights into the rapid and independent evolution of adaptive traits. Here, we described and studied Anopheles fontenillei sp.n., a new species in the Anopheles gambiae complex that we recently discovered in the forested areas of Gabon, Central Africa. Our analysis placed the new taxon in the phylogenetic tree of the An. gambiae complex, revealing important introgression events with other members of the complex. Particularly, we detected recent introgression, with Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, of genes directly involved in vectorial capacity. Moreover, genome analysis of the new species allowed us to clarify the evolutionary history of the 3La inversion. Overall, An. fontenillei sp.n. analysis improved our understanding of the relationship between species within the An. gambiae complex, and provided insight into the evolution of vectorial capacity traits that are relevant for the successful control of malaria in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nil Rahola
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Kengne
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bakovic V, Schuler H, Schebeck M, Feder JL, Stauffer C, Ragland GJ. Host plant-related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4648-4666. [PMID: 31495015 PMCID: PMC6899720 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms and conditions facilitating the formation of biodiversity are central topics in evolutionary biology. A growing number of studies imply that divergent ecological selection may often play a critical role in speciation by counteracting the homogenising effects of gene flow. Several examples involve phytophagous insects, where divergent selection pressures associated with host plant shifts may generate reproductive isolation, promoting speciation. Here, we use ddRADseq to assess the population structure and to test for host‐related genomic differentiation in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This tephritid is distributed throughout Europe and western Asia, and has adapted to two different genera of host plants, Prunus spp. (cherries) and Lonicera spp. (honeysuckle). Our data imply that geographic distance and geomorphic barriers serve as the primary factors shaping genetic population structure across the species range. Locally, however, flies genetically cluster according to host plant, with consistent allele frequency differences displayed by a subset of loci between Prunus and Lonicera flies across four sites surveyed in Germany and Norway. These 17 loci display significantly higher FST values between host plants than others. They also showed high levels of linkage disequilibrium within and between Prunus and Lonicera flies, supporting host‐related selection and reduced gene flow. Our findings support the existence of sympatric host races in R. cerasi embedded within broader patterns of geographic variation in the fly, similar to the related apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vid Bakovic
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biology, IFM, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang G, Guo X, Song F, Zheng W, Tan W, Huang E, Wu J, Wang C, Yang Q, Li C, Zhao T. Is Genetic Continuity Between Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) and its Sibling Species Due to Gene Introgression or Incomplete Speciation? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1239-1252. [PMID: 31066895 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Anopheles mosquito Hyrcanus Group is widely distributed geographically across both Palearctic and Oriental regions and comprises 26 valid species. Although the species Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann (1828) is the most common in China and has a low potential vector rank, it has nevertheless long been thought to be an important natural malaria vector within the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A number of previous research studies have found evidence to support the occurrence of natural hybridization between An. sinensis and Anopheles kleini Rueda, 2005 (a competent malaria vector). We, therefore, collected a sample series of An. sinensis and morphologically similar species across China and undertook ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA analyses in order to assess genetic differentiation (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) amongst different groups. This enabled us to evaluate divergence times between morphologically similar species using the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. The results of this study reveal significant genetic similarities between An. sinensis, An. kleini, and Anopheles belenrae Rueda, 2005 and therefore imply that correct molecular identifications will require additional molecular markers. As results also reveal the presence of gene flow between these three species, their taxonomic status will require further work. Data suggest that An. kleini is the most basal of the three species, while An. sinensis and An. belenrae share the closest genetic relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang International Travel Healthcare Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Fenglin Song
- Liaoning International Travel Healthcare Center, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Zhejiang International Travel Healthcare Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilong Tan
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Enjiong Huang
- Fujian International Travel Healthcare Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chongcai Wang
- Hainan International Travel Healthcare Center, Haikou, China
| | - Qinggui Yang
- Jiangsu Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu International Travel Healthcare Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thawornwattana Y, Dalquen D, Yang Z. Coalescent Analysis of Phylogenomic Data Confidently Resolves the Species Relationships in the Anopheles gambiae Species Complex. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:2512-2527. [PMID: 30102363 PMCID: PMC6188554 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep coalescence and introgression make it challenging to infer phylogenetic relationships among closely related species that arose through radiative speciation events. Despite numerous phylogenetic analyses and the availability of whole genomes, the phylogeny in the Anopheles gambiae species complex has not been confidently resolved. Here we extract over 80, 000 coding and noncoding short segments (called loci) from the genomes of six members of the species complex and use a Bayesian method under the multispecies coalescent model to infer the species tree, which takes into account genealogical heterogeneity across the genome and uncertainty in the gene trees. We obtained a robust estimate of the species tree from the distal region of the X chromosome: (A. merus, ((A. melas, (A. arabiensis, A. quadriannulatus)), (A. gambiae, A. coluzzii))), with A. merus to be the earliest branching species. This species tree agrees with the chromosome inversion phylogeny and provides a parsimonious interpretation of inversion and introgression events. Simulation informed by the real data suggest that the coalescent approach is reliable while the sliding-window analysis used in a previous phylogenomic study generates artifactual species trees. Likelihood ratio test of gene flow revealed strong evidence of autosomal introgression from A. arabiensis into A. gambiae (at the average rate of ∼0.2 migrants per generation), but not in the opposite direction, and introgression of the 3 L chromosomal region from A. merus into A. quadriannulatus. Our results highlight the importance of accommodating incomplete lineage sorting and introgression in phylogenomic analyses of species that arose through recent radiative speciation events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuttapong Thawornwattana
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daniel Dalquen
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bartlow AW, Manore C, Xu C, Kaufeld KA, Del Valle S, Ziemann A, Fairchild G, Fair JM. Forecasting Zoonotic Infectious Disease Response to Climate Change: Mosquito Vectors and a Changing Environment. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E40. [PMID: 31064099 PMCID: PMC6632117 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are changing due to the environment and altered interactions among hosts, reservoirs, vectors, and pathogens. This is particularly true for zoonotic diseases that infect humans, agricultural animals, and wildlife. Within the subset of zoonoses, vector-borne pathogens are changing more rapidly with climate change, and have a complex epidemiology, which may allow them to take advantage of a changing environment. Most mosquito-borne infectious diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes in three genera: Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex, and the expansion of these genera is well documented. There is an urgent need to study vector-borne diseases in response to climate change and to produce a generalizable approach capable of generating risk maps and forecasting outbreaks. Here, we provide a strategy for coupling climate and epidemiological models for zoonotic infectious diseases. We discuss the complexity and challenges of data and model fusion, baseline requirements for data, and animal and human population movement. Disease forecasting needs significant investment to build the infrastructure necessary to collect data about the environment, vectors, and hosts at all spatial and temporal resolutions. These investments can contribute to building a modeling community around the globe to support public health officials so as to reduce disease burden through forecasts with quantified uncertainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bartlow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Carrie Manore
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth Systems Observations, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Kaufeld
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Sara Del Valle
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Amanda Ziemann
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Space Data Science and Systems, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Geoffrey Fairchild
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Information Systems and Modeling, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
SUMMARYMosquitoes’ importance as vectors of pathogens that drive disease underscores the importance of precise and comparable methods of taxa identification among their species. While several molecular targets have been used to study mosquitoes since the initiation of PCR in the 1980s, its application to mosquito identification took off in the early 1990s. This review follows the research's recent journey into the use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI or COX1) as a DNA barcode target for mosquito species identification – a target whose utility for discriminating mosquitoes is now escalating. The pros and cons of using a mitochondrial genome target are discussed with a broad sweep of the mosquito literature suggesting that nuclear introgressions of mtDNA sequences appear to be uncommon and that the COI works well for distantly related taxa and shows encouraging utility in discriminating more closely related species such as cryptic/sibling species groups. However, the utility of COI in discriminating some closely related groups can be problematic and investigators are advised to proceed with caution as problems with incomplete lineage sorting and introgression events can result in indistinguishable COI sequences appearing in reproductively independent populations. In these – if not all – cases, it is advisable to run a nuclear marker alongside the mtDNA and thus the utility of the ribosomal DNA – and in particular the internal transcribed spacer 2 – is also briefly discussed as a useful counterpoint to the COI.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hanemaaijer MJ, Houston PD, Collier TC, Norris LC, Fofana A, Lanzaro GC, Cornel AJ, Lee Y. Mitochondrial genomes of Anopheles arabiensis, An. gambiae and An. coluzzii show no clear species division. F1000Res 2018; 7:347. [PMID: 31069048 PMCID: PMC6489993 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13807.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the complete mitochondrial sequences of 70 individual field collected mosquito specimens from throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. We generated this dataset to identify species specific markers for the following Anopheles species and chromosomal forms: An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii (The Forest and Mopti chromosomal forms) and An. gambiae (The Bamako and Savannah chromosomal forms). The raw Illumina sequencing reads were mapped to the NC_002084 reference mitogenome sequence. A total of 783 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected on the mitochondrial genome, of which 460 are singletons (58.7%). None of these SNPs are suitable as molecular markers to distinguish among An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae or any of the chromosomal forms. The lack of species or chromosomal form specific markers is also reflected in the constructed phylogenetic tree, which shows no clear division among the operational taxonomic units considered here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Hanemaaijer
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Parker D. Houston
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Travis C. Collier
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laura C. Norris
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Abdrahamane Fofana
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, E2528, Mali
| | - Gregory C. Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anthony J. Cornel
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Kearney Agricultural Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Heppenheimer E, Cosio DS, Brzeski KE, Caudill D, Van Why K, Chamberlain MJ, Hinton JW, vonHoldt B. Demographic history influences spatial patterns of genetic diversityin recently expanded coyote (Canis latrans) populations. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 120:183-195. [PMID: 29269931 PMCID: PMC5836586 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-mediated range expansions have increased in recent decades and represent unique opportunities to evaluate genetic outcomes of establishing peripheral populations across broad expansion fronts. Over the past century, coyotes (Canis latrans) have undergone a pervasive range expansion and now inhabit every state in the continental United States. Coyote expansion into eastern North America was facilitated by anthropogenic landscape changes and followed two broad expansion fronts. The northern expansion extended through the Great Lakes region and southern Canada, where hybridization with remnant wolf populations was common. The southern and more recent expansion front occurred approximately 40 years later and across territory where gray wolves have been historically absent and remnant red wolves were extirpated in the 1970s. We conducted a genetic survey at 10 microsatellite loci of 482 coyotes originating from 11 eastern U.S. states to address how divergent demographic histories influence geographic patterns of genetic diversity. We found that population structure corresponded to a north-south divide, which is consistent with the two known expansion routes. Additionally, we observed extremely high genetic diversity, which is atypical of recently expanded populations and is likely the result of multiple complex demographic processes, in addition to hybridization with other Canis species. Finally, we considered the transition of allele frequencies across geographic space and suggest the mid-Atlantic states of North Carolina and Virginia as an emerging contact zone between these two distinct coyote expansion fronts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Heppenheimer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106 A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Daniela S Cosio
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106 A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kristin E Brzeski
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106 A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Danny Caudill
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
- Alaska Department of Fish Game, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK, 99701, USA
| | - Kyle Van Why
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, PO Box 60827, Harrisburg, PA, 17106, USA
| | - Michael J Chamberlain
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, GA, 30621, USA
| | - Joseph W Hinton
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, GA, 30621, USA
| | - Bridgett vonHoldt
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106 A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pfennig KS, Kelly AL, Pierce AA. Hybridization as a facilitator of species range expansion. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 283:rspb.2016.1329. [PMID: 27683368 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining the evolution of species geographical ranges is fundamental to understanding how biodiversity is distributed and maintained. The solution to this classic problem in ecology and evolution remains elusive: we still do not fully know how species geographical ranges evolve and what factors fuel range expansions. Resolving this problem is now more crucial than ever with increasing biodiversity loss, global change and movement of species by humans. Here, we describe and evaluate the hypothesis that hybridization between species can contribute to species range expansion. We discuss how such a process can occur and the empirical data that are needed to test this hypothesis. We also examine how species can expand into new environments via hybridization with a resident species, and yet remain distinct species. Generally, hybridization may play an underappreciated role in influencing the evolution of species ranges. Whether-and to what extent-hybridization has such an effect requires further study across more diverse taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin S Pfennig
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Audrey L Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Amanda A Pierce
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pierce AA, Gutierrez R, Rice AM, Pfennig KS. Genetic variation during range expansion: effects of habitat novelty and hybridization. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0007. [PMID: 28381622 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How species' ranges evolve remains an enduring problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. Species' range limits are potentially set by the inability of peripheral populations to adapt to range-edge habitat. Indeed, peripheral populations are often assumed to have reduced genetic diversity and population sizes, which limit evolvability. However, support for this assumption is mixed, possibly because the genetic effects of range expansion depend on two factors: the extent that habitat into which expansion occurs is novel and sources of gene flow. Here, we used spadefoot toads, Spea bombifrons, to contrast the population genetic effects of expansion into novel versus non-novel habitat. We further evaluated gene flow from conspecifics and from heterospecifics via hybridization with a resident species. We found that range expansion into novel habitat, relative to non-novel habitat, resulted in higher genetic differentiation, lower conspecific gene flow and bottlenecks. Moreover, we found that hybridizing with a resident species introduced genetic diversity in the novel habitat. Our results suggest the evolution of species' ranges can depend on the extent of differences in habitat between ancestral and newly occupied ranges. Furthermore, our results highlight the potential for hybridization with a resident species to enhance genetic diversity during expansions into novel habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Pierce
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amber M Rice
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karin S Pfennig
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lindtke D, Lucek K, Soria-Carrasco V, Villoutreix R, Farkas TE, Riesch R, Dennis SR, Gompert Z, Nosil P. Long-term balancing selection on chromosomal variants associated with crypsis in a stick insect. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6189-6205. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Lindtke
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Romain Villoutreix
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Timothy E. Farkas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT USA
| | - Rüdiger Riesch
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway; University of London; Egham UK
| | - Stuart R. Dennis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Zach Gompert
- Department of Biology; Utah State University; Logan UT USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cornel AJ, Brisco KK, Tadei WP, Secundino NF, Rafael MS, Galardo AK, Medeiros JF, Pessoa FA, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Lee Y, Pimenta PF, Lanzaro GC. Anopheles darlingi polytene chromosomes: revised maps including newly described inversions and evidence for population structure in Manaus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:335-46. [PMID: 27223867 PMCID: PMC4878303 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland polytene chromosomes of 4th instar Anopheles darlingi
Root were examined from multiple locations in the Brazilian Amazon. Minor
modifications were made to existing polytene photomaps. These included changes to the
breakpoint positions of several previously described paracentric inversions and
descriptions of four new paracentric inversions, two on the right arm of chromosome 3
and two on the left arm of chromosome 3 that were found in multiple locations. A
total of 18 inversions on the X (n = 1) chromosome, chromosome 2 (n = 7) and 3 (n =
11) were scored for 83 individuals from Manaus, Macapá and Porto Velho
municipalities. The frequency of 2Ra inversion karyotypes in Manaus shows significant
deficiency of heterozygotes (p < 0.0009). No significant linkage disequilibrium
was found between inversions on chromosome 2 and 3. We hypothesize that at least two
sympatric subpopulations exist within the An. darlingi population at
Manaus based on inversion frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Cornel
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine K Brisco
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wanderli P Tadei
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Nágila Fc Secundino
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Miriam S Rafael
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Allan Kr Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | - Jansen F Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Felipe Ac Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Infecciosas na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Claudia M Ríos-Velásquez
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Infecciosas na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paulo Fp Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Leo SST, Millien V. Microsatellite markers reveal low frequency of natural hybridization between the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) in southern Quebec, Canada. Genome 2016; 60:454-463. [PMID: 28177836 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In some parts of southern Quebec, two closely related rodent species - the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) - have recently come in contact because of climate-driven changes in the distribution of the former. Both species share similar morphology, ecology, and life history traits, which suggests that natural hybridization may be possible. Hybridization among these two species can have important implications on the ecological roles these rodents play in disease transmission, yet few researchers have attempted to examine this phenomenon and results from previous hybridization experiments have remained inconclusive and conflicting. In this study, we attempt to investigate the occurrence of hybridization among white-footed mice and deer mice in southern Quebec by genotyping wild caught specimens with selectively neutral, polymorphic microsatellite markers. Our analyses suggest that hybridization may be occurring at extremely low frequency between both species in our study area. The presence of such hybridization events, even at low frequencies, may have implications on disease transmission risk in the region and further detailed studies are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S T Leo
- a Department of Biology, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.,b Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Virginie Millien
- b Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang G, Li C, Zheng W, Song F, Guo X, Wu Z, Luo P, Yang Y, He L, Zhao T. An evaluation of the suitability of COI and COII gene variation for reconstructing the phylogeny of, and identifying cryptic species in, anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 28:769-777. [PMID: 27937065 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1186665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the practicality and effectiveness of using variation in the mitochondrial COI and COII genes to discriminate species and reconstruct the phylogeny of anophelene mosquitoes. Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily Anophelinae were inferred from portions of the mitochondrial COI (92 species) and COII genes (108 species). Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed on the basis of parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The suitability of COI and COII gene variation for identifying cryptic species was compared by comparing the sequence divergence within species groups and complexes. The results show that the COI gene was more useful for identifying sibling and cryptic species, but that phylogenetic relationships reconstructed using the COII gene were more similar to those based on morphological data. We conclude that: (1) there is a significant molecular divergence among An. sinensis; (2) the COI and COII are valid genetic markers for resolving taxonomic relationships among anopheline mosquitoes and the resultant phylogeny raises some questions about the taxonomic status of anopheline species groups and complexes; (3) the genus Anopheles is not demonstrably monophyletic with regard to the genus Bironella; (4) the subgenera Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus are monophyletic; (5) below the group-level, COI data support the existence of monophyletic taxa within the Anopheles funestus, Anopheles maculipennis and Anopheles strode and Anopheles barbirostris subgroups, and within the Anopheles nuneztovari complex, whereas COII data support the monophyletic taxa within the Anopheles minimus and Anopheles oswaldoi subgroups, and Anopheles hyrcanus group. The monophyletic taxa within the Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles albitarsis complexes are supported by both COI and COII data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- a Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,b Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Hangzhou , China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- a Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Zheng
- b Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fenglin Song
- c Dalian Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Dalian , China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- a Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- b Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Hangzhou , China
| | - Peng Luo
- b Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yongyao Yang
- b Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Hangzhou , China
| | - Lei He
- b Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Hangzhou , China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- a Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A CRISPR-Cas9 sex-ratio distortion system for genetic control. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31139. [PMID: 27484623 PMCID: PMC4971495 DOI: 10.1038/srep31139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic control aims to reduce the ability of insect pest populations to cause harm via the release of modified insects. One strategy is to bias the reproductive sex ratio towards males so that a population decreases in size or is eliminated altogether due to a lack of females. We have shown previously that sex ratio distortion can be generated synthetically in the main human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, by selectively destroying the X-chromosome during spermatogenesis, through the activity of a naturally-occurring endonuclease that targets a repetitive rDNA sequence highly-conserved in a wide range of organisms. Here we describe a CRISPR-Cas9 sex distortion system that targets ribosomal sequences restricted to the member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Expression of Cas9 during spermatogenesis resulted in RNA-guided shredding of the X-chromosome during male meiosis and produced extreme male bias among progeny in the absence of any significant reduction in fertility. The flexibility of CRISPR-Cas9 combined with the availability of genomic data for a range of insects renders this strategy broadly applicable for the species-specific control of any pest or vector species with an XY sex-determination system by targeting sequences exclusive to the female sex chromosome.
Collapse
|
33
|
Korunes KL, Noor MAF. Gene conversion and linkage: effects on genome evolution and speciation. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:351-364. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
34
|
Kirkpatrick M. The Evolution of Genome Structure by Natural and Sexual Selection. J Hered 2016; 108:3-11. [PMID: 27388336 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress on understanding how genome structure evolves is accelerating with the arrival of new genomic, comparative, and theoretical approaches. This article reviews progress in understanding how chromosome inversions and sex chromosomes evolve, and how their evolution affects species' ecology. Analyses of clines in inversion frequencies in flies and mosquitoes imply strong local adaptation, and roles for both over- and under dominant selection. Those results are consistent with the hypothesis that inversions become established when they capture locally adapted alleles. Inversions can carry alleles that are beneficial to closely related species, causing them to introgress following hybridization. Models show that this "adaptive cassette" scenario can trigger large range expansions, as recently happened in malaria mosquitoes. Sex chromosomes are the most rapidly evolving genome regions of some taxa. Sexually antagonistic selection may be the key force driving transitions of sex determination between different pairs of chromosomes and between XY and ZW systems. Fusions between sex-chromosomes and autosomes most often involve the Y chromosome, a pattern that can be explained if fusions are mildly deleterious and fix by drift. Sexually antagonistic selection is one of several hypotheses to explain the recent discovery that the sex determination system has strong effects on the adult sex ratios of tetrapods. The emerging view of how genome structure evolves invokes a much richer constellation of forces than was envisioned during the Golden Age of research on Drosophila karyotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kirkpatrick
- From the Department of Integrative Biology C-0990, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA (Kirkpatrick).
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
He Q, Knowles LL. Identifying targets of selection in mosaic genomes with machine learning: applications inAnopheles gambiaefor detecting sites within locally adapted chromosomal inversions. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2226-43. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixin He
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; 1109 Geddes Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109-1079 USA
| | - L. Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology; University of Michigan; 1109 Geddes Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109-1079 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kang S, Jung J, Kim W. Population Genetic Structure of the Malaria Vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Sensu Stricto and Evidence for Possible Introgression in the Republic of Korea. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1270-1281. [PMID: 26336253 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann sensu stricto (s.s.) is a dominant mosquito and considered a secondary malaria vector in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Despite the potential significance for malaria control, population genetics studies have been conducted using only mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and studies of the genetics of hybridization have never been attempted. In this study, 346 specimens from 23 localities were subject to experiments. Among them, 305 An. sinensis s.s. specimens from 20 localities were used for mtDNA analysis, and 346 specimens comprising 341 An. sinensis s.s. from 22 localities and five Anopheles kleini Rueda from one locality were examined in the microsatellite study. Neighbor-joining analysis of pairwise FST and RST based on microsatellite results showed that the populations are divided into two groups, as did the mtDNA results. However, the Bayesian analysis and factorial correspondence analysis plots showed three distinct clusters. Among the mtDNA and microsatellite results, only microsatellites represented small but positive and significant isolation-by-distance patterns. Both molecular markers show the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountain ranges as barriers between the northern and southern parts of the ROK. The newly recognized third group suggests possible introgressive hybridization of An. sinensis s.s. with closely related species. The slightly different composition of populations in each group based on different markers is probably because of different population dynamics in each group. These results imply that there is restricted gene flow of epidemiologically important malaria-related genes between the northern and southern parts of the ROK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Kang
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Jung
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Artemov GN, Sharakhova MV, Naumenko AN, Karagodin DA, Baricheva EM, Stegniy VN, Sharakhov IV. A standard photomap of ovarian nurse cell chromosomes in the European malaria vector Anopheles atroparvus. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 29:230-237. [PMID: 25776224 PMCID: PMC4515173 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles atroparvus (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the main malaria vectors of the Maculipennis group in Europe. Cytogenetic analysis based on salivary gland chromosomes has been used in taxonomic and population genetic studies of mosquitoes from this group. However, a high-resolution cytogenetic map that could be used in physical genome mapping in An. atroparvus is still lacking. In the present study, a high-quality photomap of the polytene chromosomes from ovarian nurse cells of An. atroparvus was developed. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization, 10 genes from the five largest genomic supercontigs on the polytene chromosome were localized and 28% of the genome was anchored to the cytogenetic map. The study established chromosome arm homology between An. atroparvus and the major African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, suggesting a whole-arm translocation between autosomes of these two species. The standard photomap constructed for ovarian nurse cell chromosomes of An. atroparvus will be useful for routine physical mapping. This map will assist in the development of a fine-scale chromosome-based genome assembly for this species and will also facilitate comparative and evolutionary genomics studies in the genus Anopheles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gleb N. Artemov
- Tomsk State University, Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maria V. Sharakhova
- Tomsk State University, Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk, Russia
- Virginia Tech, Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Anastasia N. Naumenko
- Virginia Tech, Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Igor V. Sharakhov
- Virginia Tech, Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Su X, Wu G, Li L, Liu J. Species delimitation in plants using the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau endemic Orinus (Poaceae: Tridentinae) as an example. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:35-48. [PMID: 25987712 PMCID: PMC4479750 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Accurate identification of species is essential for the majority of biological studies. However, defining species objectively and consistently remains a challenge, especially for plants distributed in remote regions where there is often a lack of sufficient previous specimens. In this study, multiple approaches and lines of evidence were used to determine species boundaries for plants occurring in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, using the genus Orinus (Poaceae) as a model system for an integrative approach to delimiting species. METHODS A total of 786 individuals from 102 populations of six previously recognized species were collected for niche, morphological and genetic analyses. Three plastid DNA regions (matK, rbcL and trnH-psbA) and one nuclear DNA region [internal transcribed space (ITS)] were sequenced. KEY RESULTS Whereas six species had been previously recognized, statistical analyses based on character variation, molecular data and niche differentiation identified only two well-delimited clusters, together with a third possibly originating from relatively recent hybridization between, or historical introgression from, the other two. CONCLUSIONS Based on a principle of integrative species delimitation to reconcile different sources of data, the results provide compelling evidence that the six previously recognized species of the genus Orinus that were examined should be reduced to two, with new circumscriptions, and a third, identified in this study, should be described as a new species. This empirical study highlights the value of applying genetic differentiation, morphometric statistics and ecological niche modelling in an integrative approach to re-circumscribing species boundaries. The results produce relatively objective, operational and unbiased taxonomic classifications of plants occurring in remote regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Environments and Resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Geography and Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, PR China State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Environments and Resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Geography and Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, PR China
| | - Guili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Environments and Resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Geography and Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, PR China
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Environments and Resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Geography and Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, PR China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China and Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Environments and Resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, School of Geography and Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gante HF, Doadrio I, Alves MJ, Dowling TE. Semi-permeable species boundaries in Iberian barbels (Barbus and Luciobarbus, Cyprinidae). BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:111. [PMID: 26066794 PMCID: PMC4465174 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of species boundaries and the relative impact of selection and gene flow on genomic divergence are best studied in populations and species pairs exhibiting various levels of divergence along the speciation continuum. We studied species boundaries in Iberian barbels, Barbus and Luciobarbus, a system of populations and species spanning a wide degree of genetic relatedness, as well as geographic distribution and range overlap. We jointly analyze multiple types of molecular markers and morphological traits to gain a comprehensive perspective on the nature of species boundaries in these cyprinid fishes. RESULTS Intraspecific molecular and morphological differentiation is visible among many populations. Genomes of all sympatric species studied are porous to gene flow, even if they are not sister species. Compared to their allopatric counterparts, sympatric representatives of different species share alleles and show an increase in all measures of nucleotide polymorphism (S, Hd, K, π and θ). High molecular diversity is particularly striking in L. steindachneri from the Tejo and Guadiana rivers, which co-varies with other sympatric species. Interestingly, different nuclear markers introgress across species boundaries at various levels, with distinct impacts on population trees. As such, some loci exhibit limited introgression and population trees resemble the presumed species tree, while alleles at other loci introgress more freely and population trees reflect geographic affinities and interspecific gene flow. Additionally, extent of introgression decreases with increasing genetic divergence in hybridizing species pairs. CONCLUSIONS We show that reproductive isolation in Iberian Barbus and Luciobarbus is not complete and species boundaries are semi-permeable to (some) gene flow, as different species (including non-sister) are exchanging genes in areas of sympatry. Our results support a speciation-with-gene-flow scenario with heterogeneous barriers to gene flow across the genome, strengthening with genetic divergence. This is consistent with observations coming from other systems and supports the notion that speciation is not instantaneous but a gradual process, during which different species are still able to exchange some genes, while selection prevents gene flow at other loci. We also provide evidence for a hybrid origin of a barbel ecotype, L. steindachneri, suggesting that ecology plays a key role in species coexistence and hybridization in Iberian barbels. This ecotype with intermediate, yet variable, molecular, morphological, trophic and ecological characteristics is the local product of introgressive hybridization of L. comizo with up to three different species (with L. bocagei in the Tejo, with L. microcephalus and L. sclateri in the Guadiana). In spite of the homogenizing effects of ongoing gene flow, species can still be discriminated using a combination of morphological and molecular markers. Iberian barbels are thus an ideal system for the study of species boundaries, since they span a wide range of genetic divergences, with diverse ecologies and degrees of sympatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo F Gante
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287-4601, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica 58, 1250-102, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Current address: Zoological Institute, University of Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ignacio Doadrio
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Judite Alves
- Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica 58, 1250-102, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Thomas E Dowling
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287-4601, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, 48202, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Norris LC, Norris DE. Phylogeny of anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) species in southern Africa, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:16-27. [PMID: 26047180 PMCID: PMC4882763 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A phylogeny of anthropophilic and zoophilic anopheline mosquito species was constructed, using the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. The ITS2 alignment, typically difficult due to its noncoding nature and large size variations, was aided by using predicted secondary structure, making this phylogenetically useful gene more amenable to investigation. This phylogeny is unique in explicitly including zoophilic, non-vector anopheline species in order to illustrate their relationships to malaria vectors. Two new, cryptic species, Anopheles funestus-like and Anopheles rivulorum-like, were found to be present in Zambia for the first time. Sequences from the D3 region of the 28S rDNA suggest that the Zambian An. funestus-like may be a hybrid or geographical variant of An. funestus-like, previously reported in Malawi. This is the first report of An. rivulorum-like sympatric with An. rivulorum (Leeson), suggesting that these are separate species rather than geographic variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Norris
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A..
| | - Douglas E Norris
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lohse K, Clarke M, Ritchie MG, Etges WJ. Genome-wide tests for introgression between cactophilic Drosophila implicate a role of inversions during speciation. Evolution 2015; 69:1178-90. [PMID: 25824653 PMCID: PMC5029762 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Models of speciation‐with‐gene‐flow have shown that the reduction in recombination between alternative chromosome arrangements can facilitate the fixation of locally adaptive genes in the face of gene flow and contribute to speciation. However, it has proven frustratingly difficult to show empirically that inversions have reduced gene flow and arose during or shortly after the onset of species divergence rather than represent ancestral polymorphisms. Here, we present an analysis of whole genome data from a pair of cactophilic fruit flies, Drosophila mojavensis and D. arizonae, which are reproductively isolated in the wild and differ by several large inversions on three chromosomes. We found an increase in divergence at rearranged compared to colinear chromosomes. Using the density of divergent sites in short sequence blocks we fit a series of explicit models of species divergence in which gene flow is restricted to an initial period after divergence and may differ between colinear and rearranged parts of the genome. These analyses show that D. mojavensis and D. arizonae have experienced postdivergence gene flow that ceased around 270 KY ago and was significantly reduced in chromosomes with fixed inversions. Moreover, we show that these inversions most likely originated around the time of species divergence which is compatible with theoretical models that posit a role of inversions in speciation with gene flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Lohse
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.
| | - Magnus Clarke
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Ritchie
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - William J Etges
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kirkpatrick M, Barrett B. Chromosome inversions, adaptive cassettes and the evolution of species' ranges. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2046-55. [PMID: 25583098 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A chromosome inversion can spread when it captures locally adapted alleles or when it is introduced into a species by hybridization with adapted alleles that were previously absent. We present a model that shows how both processes can cause a species range to expand. Introgression of an inversion that carries novel, locally adapted alleles is a particularly powerful mechanism for range expansion. The model supports the earlier proposal that introgression of an inversion triggered a large range expansion of a malaria mosquito. These results suggest a role for inversions as cassettes of genes that can accelerate adaptation by crossing species boundaries, rather than protecting genomes from introgression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kirkpatrick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fontaine MC, Pease JB, Steele A, Waterhouse RM, Neafsey DE, Sharakhov IV, Jiang X, Hall AB, Catteruccia F, Kakani E, Mitchell SN, Wu YC, Smith HA, Love RR, Lawniczak MK, Slotman MA, Emrich SJ, Hahn MW, Besansky NJ. Mosquito genomics. Extensive introgression in a malaria vector species complex revealed by phylogenomics. Science 2015; 347:1258524. [PMID: 25431491 PMCID: PMC4380269 DOI: 10.1126/science.1258524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introgressive hybridization is now recognized as a widespread phenomenon, but its role in evolution remains contested. Here, we use newly available reference genome assemblies to investigate phylogenetic relationships and introgression in a medically important group of Afrotropical mosquito sibling species. We have identified the correct species branching order to resolve a contentious phylogeny and show that lineages leading to the principal vectors of human malaria were among the first to split. Pervasive autosomal introgression between these malaria vectors means that only a small fraction of the genome, mainly on the X chromosome, has not crossed species boundaries. Our results suggest that traits enhancing vectorial capacity may be gained through interspecific gene flow, including between nonsister species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Fontaine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - James B Pease
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Aaron Steele
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. The Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaofang Jiang
- The Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Andrew B Hall
- The Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Evdoxia Kakani
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara N Mitchell
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Wu
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hilary A Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - R Rebecca Love
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mara K Lawniczak
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michel A Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Scott J Emrich
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chown SL, Hodgins KA, Griffin PC, Oakeshott JG, Byrne M, Hoffmann AA. Biological invasions, climate change and genomics. Evol Appl 2015; 8:23-46. [PMID: 25667601 PMCID: PMC4310580 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of biological invasions is expected to increase as the effects of climate change on biological communities become widespread. Climate change enhances habitat disturbance which facilitates the establishment of invasive species, which in turn provides opportunities for hybridization and introgression. These effects influence local biodiversity that can be tracked through genetic and genomic approaches. Metabarcoding and metagenomic approaches provide a way of monitoring some types of communities under climate change for the appearance of invasives. Introgression and hybridization can be followed by the analysis of entire genomes so that rapidly changing areas of the genome are identified and instances of genetic pollution monitored. Genomic markers enable accurate tracking of invasive species' geographic origin well beyond what was previously possible. New genomic tools are promoting fresh insights into classic questions about invading organisms under climate change, such as the role of genetic variation, local adaptation and climate pre-adaptation in successful invasions. These tools are providing managers with often more effective means to identify potential threats, improve surveillance and assess impacts on communities. We provide a framework for the application of genomic techniques within a management context and also indicate some important limitations in what can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash UniversityClayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash UniversityClayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Philippa C Griffin
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - John G Oakeshott
- CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Black Mountain LaboratoriesCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Bentley Delivery CentreBentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Departments of Zoology and Genetics, Bio21 Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fontoura NG, Araki AS, Van Der Maas Azevedo R, Galardo AKR, Peixoto AA, Lima JBP. Hybrid sterility in crosses between two Brazilian sibling species of the Anopheles albitarsis complex. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:559. [PMID: 25471342 PMCID: PMC4264609 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complexes of cryptic species are common in several taxa and this is
also the case in the Anopheles genus, a group
including all known human malaria vectors. The Anopheles
albitarsis complex comprises at least nine cryptic species, some of
which are implicated as vectors of human malaria. Several different types of data
have been generated for this species complex such as cytogenetics, alloenzymes,
morphological and feeding behavioral, hybridization experiments, RAPD-PCR and RFLP
and mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Studies focused on its postzygotic
isolation are still somewhat rare in the literature despite their importance to
understand the speciation process and the level of gene flow potentially occurring
among the different sibling species. Methods Hybridization experiments between Anopheles
albitarsis s.s. and Anopheles
marajoara, as well as backcrosses between hybrids and Anopheles albitarsis s.s., were performed using the
induced mating technique. Results were compared to intraspecific crosses.
Larva-to-adult viability and sex ratio were also assessed. Results Male hybrids show very low insemination rates and nearly complete
sterility, apparently due to abnormalities in their reproductive organs. Evidence
of partial sterility among the hybrid females was also observed. Conclusions Our data indicated that Anopheles albitarsis
s.s. and Anopheles marajoara show
a high level of postzygotic isolation with a strong hybrid male sterility. This
result is consistent with the Haldane’s rule which states that in interspecific
crosses the heterogametic sex is the first to be affected. However, the fact that
the females are not completely sterile raises the possibility of introgression
between these two siblings species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Giglio Fontoura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Alejandra Saori Araki
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | | | | | - Alexandre Afranio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Weetman D, Steen K, Rippon EJ, Mawejje HD, Donnelly MJ, Wilding CS. Contemporary gene flow between wild An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:345. [PMID: 25060488 PMCID: PMC4124135 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In areas where the morphologically indistinguishable malaria mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae Giles and An. arabiensis Patton are sympatric, hybrids are detected occasionally via species-diagnostic molecular assays. An. gambiae and An. arabiensis exhibit both pre- and post-reproductive mating barriers, with swarms largely species-specific and male F1 (first-generation) hybrids sterile. Consequently advanced-stage hybrids (back-crosses to parental species), which would represent a route for potentially-adaptive introgression, are expected to be very rare in natural populations. Yet the use of one or two physically linked single-locus diagnostic assays renders them indistinguishable from F1 hybrids and levels of interspecific gene flow are unknown. Methods We used data from over 350 polymorphic autosomal SNPs to investigate post F1 gene flow via patterns of genomic admixture between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis from eastern Uganda. Simulations were used to investigate the statistical power to detect hybrids with different levels of crossing and to identify the hybrid category significantly admixed genotypes could represent. Results A range of admixture proportions were detected for 11 field-collected hybrids identified via single-locus species-diagnostic PCRs. Comparison of admixture data with simulations indicated that at least seven of these hybrids were advanced generation crosses, with backcrosses to each species identified. In addition, of 36 individuals typing as An. gambiae or An. arabiensis that exhibited outlying admixture proportions, ten were identified as significantly mixed backcrosses, and at least four of these were second or third generation crosses. Conclusions Our results show that hybrids detected using standard diagnostics will often be hybrid generations beyond F1, and that in our study area around 5% (95% confidence intervals 3%-9%) of apparently ‘pure’ species samples may also be backcrosses. This is likely an underestimate because of rapidly-declining detection power beyond the first two backcross generations. Post-F1 gene flow occurs at a far from inconsequential rate between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, and, especially for traits under strong selection, could readily lead to adaptive introgression of genetic variants relevant for vector control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-345) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Craig S Wilding
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ayala D, Ullastres A, González J. Adaptation through chromosomal inversions in Anopheles. Front Genet 2014; 5:129. [PMID: 24904633 PMCID: PMC4033225 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal inversions have been repeatedly involved in local adaptation in a large number of animals and plants. The ecological and behavioral plasticity of Anopheles species-human malaria vectors-is mirrored by high amounts of polymorphic inversions. The adaptive significance of chromosomal inversions has been consistently attested by strong and significant correlations between their frequencies and a number of phenotypic traits. Here, we provide an extensive literature review of the different adaptive traits associated with chromosomal inversions in the genus Anopheles. Traits having important consequences for the success of present and future vector control measures, such as insecticide resistance and behavioral changes, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ayala
- UMR 224 MIVEGEC/BEES, IRD Montpellier, France ; Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville Franceville, Gabon
| | - Anna Ullastres
- Comparative and Computational Genomics, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa González
- Comparative and Computational Genomics, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The speciation continuum: population structure, gene flow, and maternal ancestry in the Simulium arcticum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 78:43-55. [PMID: 24821619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Comparative analyses of populations at different stages of divergence can yield insights into the process of speciation. We assess population structure, gene flow, and maternal ancestry at five locations containing sympatric members of the Simulium arcticum complex at different stages of chromosome divergence. We analyze both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers, including 11 microsatellite loci, as well as COI, COII, cytb, and ND4 gene sequences. Simulium negativum, representing the later stages of divergence, shows both nuclear and mitochondrial differentiation when compared with allopatric and sympatric chromosomal forms, as well as both low contemporary and historical gene flow in sympatry. At intermediate stages of chromosome divergence, populations differ at nuclear, but not mitochondrial, loci in allopatry and sympatry. In one comparison of intermediate stage chromosomal forms (S. arcticum sensu stricto and S. apricarium), populations demonstrate low contemporary, but higher historical, gene flow in sympatry. In a second sympatric comparison (S. arcticum s. s. and S. brevicercum), both contemporary and historical gene flow are high. All analyses of sympatric populations at the earliest stages of chromosome divergence demonstrate panmixia; yet, some nuclear differentiation in allopatry is apparent. These findings suggest that molecular divergence is tracking chromosome divergence along a chromosomally-defined continuum of speciation in black flies.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kamali M, Marek PE, Peery A, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Ndo C, Tu Z, Simard F, Sharakhov IV. Multigene phylogenetics reveals temporal diversification of major African malaria vectors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93580. [PMID: 24705448 PMCID: PMC3976319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The major vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa belong to subgenus Cellia. Yet, phylogenetic relationships and temporal diversification among African mosquito species have not been unambiguously determined. Knowledge about vector evolutionary history is crucial for correct interpretation of genetic changes identified through comparative genomics analyses. In this study, we estimated a molecular phylogeny using 49 gene sequences for the African malaria vectors An. gambiae, An. funestus, An. nili, the Asian malaria mosquito An. stephensi, and the outgroup species Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. To infer the phylogeny, we identified orthologous sequences uniformly distributed approximately every 5 Mb in the five chromosomal arms. The sequences were aligned and the phylogenetic trees were inferred using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining methods. Bayesian molecular dating using a relaxed log normal model was used to infer divergence times. Trees from individual genes agreed with each other, placing An. nili as a basal clade that diversified from the studied malaria mosquito species 47.6 million years ago (mya). Other African malaria vectors originated more recently, and independently acquired traits related to vectorial capacity. The lineage leading to An. gambiae diverged 30.4 mya, while the African vector An. funestus and the Asian vector An. stephensi were the most closely related sister taxa that split 20.8 mya. These results were supported by consistently high bootstrap values in concatenated phylogenetic trees generated individually for each chromosomal arm. Genome-wide multigene phylogenetic analysis is a useful approach for discerning historic relationships among malaria vectors, providing a framework for the correct interpretation of genomic changes across species, and comprehending the evolutionary origins of this ubiquitous and deadly insect-borne disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kamali
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul E Marek
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ashley Peery
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Cyrille Ndo
- Malaria Research Laboratory, OCEAC, Yaounde, Cameroon; MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224-CNRS5290-UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Frederic Simard
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224-CNRS5290-UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Choochote W, Min GS, Intapan PM, Tantrawatpan C, Saeung A, Lulitanond V. Evidence to support natural hybridization between Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles kleini (Diptera: Culicidae): possibly a significant mechanism for gene introgression in sympatric populations. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:36. [PMID: 24443885 PMCID: PMC3899613 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is still a public health problem in the Republic of Korea (ROK), particularly regarding the recent re-emergence of this malarial species near the demilitarized zone in northwestern Paju City, Gyeonggi-do Province. Currently, at least 4 species (An. kleini, An. pullus, An. belenrae and An. lesteri) of the Hyrcanus Group are reported as possible natural vectors of vivax malaria in the ROK, and An. sinensis, which is the most dominant species, has long been incriminated as an important natural vector of this P. vivax. However, An. sinensis was ranked recently as a low potential vector. According to the discovery of natural hybrids between An. sinensis (a low potential vector for P. vivax) and An. kleini (a high potential vector for P. vivax) in Paju City, intensive investigation of this phenomenon is warranted under laboratory conditions. Methods Mosquitoes were collected during 2010-2012 from Paju City, ROK. Hybridization experiments used iso-female line colonies of these anophelines together with DNA analysis of ribosomal DNA [second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2)] and mitochondrial DNA [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] of the parental colonies, F1-hybrids and repeated backcross progenies were performed intensively by using a PCR-based assay and pyrosequencing technology. Results The results from hybridization experiments and molecular investigations revealed that the mitochondrial COI gene was introgressed from An. sinensis into An. kleini. The An. sinensis progenies obtained from consecutive repeated backcrosses in both directions, i.e., F2-11 progeny [(An. sinensis x An. kleini) x An. sinensis] and F3-5 progeny [(An. kleini x An. sinensis) x An. kleini] provided good supportive evidence. Conclusions This study revealed introgression of the mitochondrial COI gene between An. sinensis and An. kleini through consecutive repeated backcrosses under laboratory conditions. This new body of knowledge will be emphasized in reliable promising strategies in order to replace the population of An. kleini as a high potential vector for P. vivax, with that of a low potential vector, An. sinensis, through the mechanism of gene introgression in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wej Choochote
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|